SALT ANALYSIS - 1 (𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐂𝐥)
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
Observation
Colourless gas with odour that gives dense
white fumes when a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl
brought near the mouth of test tube
No crackling sound
White sublimate
No observation
NH4+
Inference
may be present
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be present
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be absent
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Take small quantity of the salt No brisk effervescence
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of
dil. sulphuric acid
Inference
Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is absent
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test Colourless pungent smelling gas Chloride ion (Cl− ) may be
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc. which gives dense white fumes present
sulphuric acid
when a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide solution
brought near the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory Test for Chloride (𝐂𝐥− ) ion
(a) Silver nitrate test:
Acidify salt solution with dil. A white precipitate is formed which
Nitric acid. Boil, cool and add is soluble in ammonium hydroxide
silver nitrate solution
(b) Chromyl chloride test:
Mix a pinch of salt with A yellow precipitate is formed
potassium dichromate in a test
tube and add Conc. H2 SO4 .
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Heat and pass the red vapours
into NaOH solution and add dil.
Acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of salt add Characteristic ammoniacal smell
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat
Inference
Ammonium ion (NH4+ )
may be present
Confirmatory Test for Ammonium (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ ) ion
(a) Dil. HCl Test: Bring a glass rod A white fume is evolved
dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth
of the heated test tube containing
salt and NaOH solution.
(b) Nessler’s reagent test:
To the original solution add Brown precipitate is formed
Nessler’s reagent and NaOH
solution.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Chloride ion (𝑪𝒍− )
2. Basic Radical: Ammonium ion (𝑵𝑯+
𝟒)
Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
confirmed
Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
confirmed
SALT ANALYSIS - 2 (𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐁𝐫)
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
Observation
Reddish brown fumes evolved
No crackling sound
White sublimate
No observation
Inference
−
NO−
3 or Br may be present
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be present
2+
2+
2+
2+
Ca , Sr , Ba , Mg
may be absent
etc.
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Take small quantity of the salt No brisk effervescence
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of
dil. sulphuric acid
Inference
Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is absent
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test Reddish brown pungent smelling Bromide ion (Br − ) may be
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc. gas is evolved
present
sulphuric acid
Confirmatory Test for Bromide (𝐁𝐫 − ) ion
(a) Silver nitrate test:
Acidify salt solution with dil.
Nitric acid. Boil, cool and add
silver nitrate solution
(b) Chlorine water test:
Acidify salt solution with dil.
HCl and add 1-2 mL of carbon
disulphide and then chlorine
water. Shake vigorously and
allow to stand.
A light yellow precipitate is formed
which is partially soluble in Bromide ion
ammonium hydroxide
confirmed
Carbon disulphide layer acquire Bromide ion
orange colouration.
confirmed
(Br − )
is
(Br − )
is
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of salt add Characteristic ammoniacal smell
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat
Inference
Ammonium ion (NH4+ )
may be present
Confirmatory Test for Ammonium (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ ) ion
(a) Dil. HCl Test: Bring a glass rod A white fume is evolved
dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth
of the heated test tube containing
salt and NaOH solution.
(b) Nessler’s reagent test:
To the original solution add Brown precipitate is formed
Nessler’s reagent and NaOH
solution.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Bromide ion (𝑩𝒓− )
2. Basic Radical: Ammonium ion (𝑵𝑯+
𝟒)
Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
confirmed
Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
confirmed
SALT ANALYSIS - 3 (𝐀𝐥𝟐 (𝐒𝐎𝟒 )𝟑 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
Observation
No gas is evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
Inference
or Br − may
be absent
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be present
+
−
CO2−
3 , NH4 , NO3
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt No Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns absent
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc.
sulphuric acid
To the above solution add
copper turnings and heat
Observation
Inference
No Colourless or reddish brown Chloride ion (Cl− ) and
pungent smelling gas is evolved
Bromide ion (Br − ) is
absent
No Brown colour gas and solution Nitrate ion (NO3− ) is absent
turns blue
c) Detection of III group anion: (𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 )
Experiment
(a) Barium chloride test:
To a part of aqueous solution
add barium chloride solution.
To the above solution add dil.
HCl and shake
(b) Lead acetate test:
To a part of aqueous solution
add lead acetate solution
Observation
A white precipitate is formed
Inference
Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) may
be present
White precipitate is insoluble in dil. Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) is
HCl
confirmed
A white precipitate is formed which
is soluble in excess hot ammonium Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) is
acetate solution
confirmed
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a White gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ )
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
may be present
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
Confirmatory Test for Aluminium (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ ) ion
(a) Lake test: Dissolve the white Blue precipitate floating in the Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
ppt. in dil. HCl. Add to it two drops colourless solution.
confirmed
of blue litmus solution. To this,
add NH4 OH dropwise till blue
colour develops.
(b) Ash test: Dip a filter paper in Blue ash observed
Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
a watch glass containing salt in
confirmed
conc. HCl / HNO3 and cobalt
nitrate solution. Burn
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Sulphate ion (𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 )
2. Basic Radical: Aluminium ion (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
SALT ANALYSIS - 4 (𝒁𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
Observation
No gas is evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
Inference
or Br − may
be absent
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be present
+
−
CO2−
3 , NH4 , NO3
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt No Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns absent
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc.
sulphuric acid
To the above solution add
copper turnings and heat
Observation
Inference
No Colourless or reddish brown Chloride ion (Cl− ) and
pungent smelling gas is evolved
Bromide ion (Br − ) is
absent
No Brown colour gas and solution Nitrate ion (NO3− ) is absent
turns blue
c) Detection of III group anion: (𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 )
Experiment
(a) Barium chloride test:
To a part of aqueous solution
add barium chloride solution.
To the above solution add dil.
HCl and shake
(b) Lead acetate test:
To a part of aqueous solution
add lead acetate solution
Observation
A white precipitate is formed
Inference
Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) may
be present
White precipitate is insoluble in dil. Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) is
HCl
confirmed
A white precipitate is formed which
is soluble in excess hot ammonium Sulphate ion (SO2−
4 ) is
acetate solution
confirmed
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
𝟐+
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛 )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a Dull white precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
Inference
Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) may be
present
Confirmatory Test for Zinc (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ ) ion
(a) NaOH test: To one part of salt
solution add sodium hydroxide
solution dropwise.
(b) Pot. Ferrocyanide test:
To another part add pot.
Ferrocyanide solution.
(c) Ash test: Dip a filter paper in a
watch glass containing salt in
conc. HCl / HNO3 and cobalt
nitrate solution. Burn
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Sulphate ion (𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 )
2. Basic Radical: Zinc ion (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
A white precipitate is formed Zinc ion
which dissolves in excess NaOH confirmed
solution
(Zn2+ )
is
White or bluish white precipitate Zinc ion
is formed
confirmed
Green ash observed
Zinc ion
confirmed
(Zn2+ )
is
(Zn2+ )
is
SALT ANALYSIS - 5 (𝒁𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟑 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Amorphous
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
Observation
Colourless and odourless gas which turns lime
water milky
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
Yellow when hot, white when cold
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
CO2−
3
Inference
may be present
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Zn2+ may be present
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
-
-
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns present
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
Confirmatory Test for Carbonate (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 ) ion
(a) Dil. HCl Test: To a portion
of salt solution, add dil. HCl.
Pass the gas evolved through
lime water.
(b) Barium chloride test: To
the water extract of the salt add
barium chloride solution.
Brisk effervescence and the gas Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
turns lime water milky
confirmed
White precipitate
soluble in dil. HCl
formed
and Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
confirmed
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with dil. HCl.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a Dull white precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
Inference
Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) may be
present
Confirmatory Test for Zinc (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ ) ion
(a) NaOH test: To one part of salt
solution add sodium hydroxide
solution dropwise.
(b) Pot. Ferrocyanide test:
To another part add pot.
Ferrocyanide solution.
(c) Ash test: Dip a filter paper in a
watch glass containing salt in
conc. HCl / HNO3 and cobalt
nitrate solution. Burn
A white precipitate is formed Zinc ion
which dissolves in excess NaOH confirmed
solution
(Zn2+ )
is
White or bluish white precipitate Zinc ion
is formed
confirmed
Green ash observed
Zinc ion
confirmed
(Zn2+ )
is
(Zn2+ )
is
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Carbonate ion (𝐂𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 )
2. Basic Radical: Zinc ion (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
SALT ANALYSIS - 6 (𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Amorphous
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
Observation
Colourless and odourless gas which turns lime
water milky
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
CO2−
3
Inference
may be present
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be present
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
-
-
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns present
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
Confirmatory Test for Carbonate (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 ) ion
(a) Dil. HCl Test: To a portion
of salt solution, add dil. HCl.
Pass the gas evolved through
lime water.
(b) Barium chloride test: To
the water extract of the salt add
barium chloride solution.
Brisk effervescence and the gas Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
turns lime water milky
confirmed
White precipitate
soluble in dil. HCl
formed
and Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
confirmed
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with dil. HCl.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No Dull white precipitate is Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) is absent
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
f) Detection of V group cation: (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ , 𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ , 𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a White precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution
and
ammonium
carbonate solution.
Inference
Group V may be present.
May be Ba2+ , Sr 2+ , Ca2+
Confirmatory Test for Barium (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Potassium chromate test:
To the original solution add few No yellow precipitate is formed
drops of potassium chromate
solution.
Barium ion (Ba2+ ) is
absent
Confirmatory Test for Strontium (𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Ammonium sulphate test:
To the original solution add few No white precipitate is formed
drops of ammonium sulphate
solution.
Strontium ion (Sr 2+ ) is
absent
Confirmatory Test for Calcium (𝐂𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Ammonium oxalate test:
To the original solution add few White precipitate is formed
drops of ammonium oxalate
solution.
(b) Flame test: To a small amount Brick red flame
of salt in a watch glass, add few
drops of conc. HCl and made into
paste. Introduce the paste to
flame.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Carbonate ion (𝐂𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 )
2. Basic Radical: Calcium ion (𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) is
confirmed
Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) is
confirmed
SALT ANALYSIS - 7 (𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
Observation
Reddish brown fumes evolved
Crackling sound
No white sublimate
Brown when hot, yellow when cold
Inference
−
NO−
3 or Br may be present
NO−
3 may be present
NH4+ may be absent
2+
Pb
may be present
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt No Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns absent
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc.
sulphuric acid
To the above solution add
copper turnings and heat
Observation
Inference
No Colourless or reddish-brown Chloride ion (Cl− ) and
pungent smelling gas is evolved
Bromide ion (Br − ) is
absent
Brown colour gas and solution Nitrate ion (NO3− ) may be
turns blue
present
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate (𝐍𝐎𝟑− ) ion
(a) Brown ring test:
Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the Nitrate ion
prepared solution of ferrous junction of the layers of the acid confirmed
sulphate to a part of the and the solution.
aqueous solution and then add
conc. sulphuric acid slowly
along the sides of the test tube.
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
(NO3− )
is
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original White precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) may be
present
Confirmatory Test for Lead (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Boil the above solution and White precipitate dissolve in hot
cool the one part of the solution
water and reappear in cold water
(b) Potassium chromate test:
To another part of the above Yellow precipitate is formed
solution add potassium chromate
solution.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Nitrate ion (𝐍𝐎𝟑− )
2. Basic Radical: Lead ion (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Lead ion
confirmed
(Pb2+ )
is
Lead ion
confirmed
(Pb2+ )
is
SALT ANALYSIS - 8 (𝐒𝐫(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
Observation
Reddish brown fumes evolved
Crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
Inference
−
NO−
3 or Br may be present
NO−
3 may be present
NH4+ may be absent
2+
2+
2+
2+
Ca , Sr , Ba , Mg
may be present
etc.
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take small quantity of the salt No Colourless, odourless gas with Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of brisk effervescence which turns absent
dil. sulphuric acid
lime water milky
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc.
sulphuric acid
To the above solution add
copper turnings and heat
Observation
Inference
No Colourless or reddish-brown Chloride ion (Cl− ) and
pungent smelling gas is evolved
Bromide ion (Br − ) is
absent
Brown colour gas and solution Nitrate ion (NO3− ) may be
turns blue
present
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate (𝐍𝐎𝟑− ) ion
(a) Brown ring test:
Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the Nitrate ion
prepared solution of ferrous junction of the layers of the acid confirmed
sulphate to a part of the and the solution.
aqueous solution and then add
conc. sulphuric acid slowly
along the sides of the test tube.
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
(NO3− )
is
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No Dull white precipitate is Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) is absent
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
f) Detection of V group cation: (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ , 𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ , 𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a White precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution
and
ammonium
carbonate solution.
Inference
Group V may be present.
May be Ba2+ , Sr 2+ , Ca2+
Confirmatory Test for Barium (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Potassium chromate test:
To the original solution add few No yellow precipitate is formed
drops of potassium chromate
solution.
Barium ion (Ba2+ ) is
absent
Confirmatory Test for Strontium (𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Ammonium sulphate test:
To the original solution add few White precipitate is formed
drops of ammonium sulphate
solution.
(b) Flame test: To a small amount Crimson red flame
of salt in a watch glass, add few
drops of conc. HCl and made into
paste. Introduce the paste to
flame.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Nitrate ion (𝐍𝐎𝟑− )
2. Basic Radical: Strontium ion (𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ )
Strontium ion (Sr 2+ ) is
confirmed
Strontium ion (Sr 2+ ) is
confirmed
SALT ANALYSIS - 9 (𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
Observation
No gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
Inference
−
, NH4+ , NO−
3 or Br
may be absent
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be absent
CO2−
3
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Take small quantity of the salt No brisk effervescence
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of
dil. sulphuric acid
Inference
Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is absent
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test Colourless pungent smelling gas Chloride ion (Cl− ) may be
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc. which gives dense white fumes present
sulphuric acid
when a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide solution
brought near the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory Test for Chloride (𝐂𝐥− ) ion
(a) Silver nitrate test:
Acidify salt solution with dil. A white precipitate is formed which
Nitric acid. Boil, cool and add is soluble in ammonium hydroxide
silver nitrate solution
(b) Chromyl chloride test:
Mix a pinch of salt with A yellow precipitate is formed
potassium dichromate in a test
tube and add Conc. H2 SO4 .
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Heat and pass the red vapours
into NaOH solution and add dil.
Acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No Dull white precipitate is Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) is absent
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
f) Detection of V group cation: (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ , 𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ , 𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a White precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution
and
ammonium
carbonate solution.
Inference
Group V may be present.
May be Ba2+ , Sr 2+ , Ca2+
Confirmatory Test for Barium (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Potassium chromate test:
To the original solution add few No yellow precipitate is formed
drops of potassium chromate
solution.
Barium ion (Ba2+ ) is
absent
Confirmatory Test for Strontium (𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Ammonium sulphate test:
To the original solution add few No white precipitate is formed
drops of ammonium sulphate
solution.
Strontium ion (Sr 2+ ) is
absent
Confirmatory Test for Calcium (𝐂𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Ammonium oxalate test:
To the original solution add few White precipitate is formed
drops of ammonium oxalate
solution.
(b) Flame test: To a small amount Brick red flame
of salt in a watch glass, add few
drops of conc. HCl and made into
paste. Introduce the paste to
flame.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Chloride ion (𝐂𝐥− )
2. Basic Radical: Calcium ion (𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) is
confirmed
Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) is
confirmed
SALT ANALYSIS - 10 (𝐁𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 )
AIM: To determine the acid radical and basic radical present in the given inorganic salt.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
: Crystalline
a) State
b) Colour : White (or) colourless
c) Dry Heating Test: Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry test tube.
1. Gas evolved
Observation
No gas evolved
2. Decrepitation
3. Sublimates
4. Residue
No crackling sound
No white sublimate
White residue, glows on heating
Inference
−
, NH4+ , NO−
3 or Br
may be absent
NO−
3 may be absent
NH4+ may be absent
Ca2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Mg 2+ etc.
may be absent
CO2−
3
(d) Solubility test:
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil. HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil. 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑
Cold
Hot
+
II. DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS (ANION)
a) Detection of I group anion: (𝐂𝐎−𝟐
𝟑 )
Experiment
Observation
Take small quantity of the salt No brisk effervescence
in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of
dil. sulphuric acid
Inference
Carbonate ion (CO3−2) is absent
b) Detection of II group anion: (𝐂𝐥− , 𝐁𝐫 − , 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑)
Experiment
Observation
Inference
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test Colourless pungent smelling gas Chloride ion (Cl− ) may be
tube and add 1-2 mL of Conc. which gives dense white fumes present
sulphuric acid
when a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide solution
brought near the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory Test for Chloride (𝐂𝐥− ) ion
(a) Silver nitrate test:
Acidify salt solution with dil. A white precipitate is formed which
Nitric acid. Boil, cool and add is soluble in ammonium hydroxide
silver nitrate solution
(b) Chromyl chloride test:
Mix a pinch of salt with A yellow precipitate is formed
potassium dichromate in a test
tube and add Conc. H2 SO4 .
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Chloride ion
confirmed
(Cl− )
is
Heat and pass the red vapours
into NaOH solution and add dil.
Acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
III. DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S): Dissolve a small amount of salt with water.
a) Detection of zero group cation: (𝐍𝐇𝟒+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To a small amount of salt add No characteristic ammoniacal Ammonium ion (NH4+ ) is
1-2 mL of NaOH solution and heat smell
absent
b) Detection of I group cation: (𝐏𝐛𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No white precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution
Inference
Lead ion (Pb2+ ) is absent
c) Detection of II group cation: (𝐂𝐮𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To a small amount of original No black precipitate is formed
solution add dil. HCl solution and
warm. Through this solution pass
H2 S gas
Inference
Copper ion (Cu2+ ) is
absent
d) Detection of III group cation: (𝐀𝐥𝟑+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No white gelatinous precipitate is Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) is
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
absent
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution.
e) Detection of IV group cation: (𝐙𝐧𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
Inference
To the original solution add a No Dull white precipitate is Zinc ion (Zn2+ ) is absent
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve. formed
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution. Pass H2 S gas
f) Detection of V group cation: (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ , 𝐒𝐫 𝟐+ , 𝐂𝐚𝟐+ )
Experiment
Observation
To the original solution add a White precipitate is formed
pinch of solid NH4 Cl and dissolve.
Then add excess of NH4 OH
solution
and
ammonium
carbonate solution.
Inference
Group V may be present.
May be Ba2+ , Sr 2+ , Ca2+
Confirmatory Test for Barium (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ ) ion
(a) Potassium chromate test:
To the original solution add few Yellow precipitate is formed
drops of potassium chromate
solution.
(b) Flame test: To a small amount Grassy green flame
of salt in a watch glass, add few
drops of conc. HCl and made into
paste. Introduce the paste to
flame.
IV. REPORT
1. Acid radical: Chloride ion (𝐂𝐥− )
2. Basic Radical: Barium ion (𝐁𝐚𝟐+ )
Barium ion (Ba2+ ) is
confirmed
Barium ion (Ba2+ ) is
confirmed