1
1 H 1.008
BarCharts, Inc.®
18
2 He 4.003
WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE
Hydrogen
Helium
1s2
1s1
Oxidation States
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Electroneg.
1
2.2
–
–
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
37
–
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.75
13.60
Unstable Anion
24.59
13
2
3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01
Lithium
Beryllium
1s22s1
1s22s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
0.98
2
1.57
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
152
(+1)76
111
(+2)45
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.62
5.39
Unstable Anion
9.32
Atomic Radius:
given in “pm”; 1 pm = 1x10-12m
Sodium
Magnesium
[Ne]3s1
[Ne]3s2
Electron Affinity:
energy released in the formation of an
anion: given in “eV”
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Atomic Number: number of protons
16
17
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
1s22s2p1
1s22s2p2
1s22s2p3
1s22s2p4
1s22s2p5
1s22s2p6
Oxidation States
Ionic Radius:
given in “pm”; 1 pm = 1x10-12m
11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31
15
5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18
Electronegativity:
Pauling scale; measures ability of atom
to attract electrons in a chemical bond
Electroneg.
1
Atomic Radius
14
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
3
2.04
4,2
2.55
3.04
-2
3.44
-1
3.98
–
–
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
80
–
77
(+4)16
74
(+3)16
74
(-2)140
71
(-1)133
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.28
8.30
1.26
11.26
Unstable Anion
14.53
1.46
13.62
3.40
17.42
Unstable Anion
21.57
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
+
– 3,5,4,2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95
1st Ionization Potential:
energy required to remove one electron,
forming a cation; given in “eV”
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
[Ne]3s2p1
[Ne]3s2p2
[Ne]3s2p3
[Ne]3s2p4
[Ne]3s2p5
[Ne]3s2p6
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
3
1.61
4
1.90
3.16
–
–
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
143
(+3)54
118
(+4)40
110
(+5)17
103
(-2)184
99
(-1)181
–
–
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
7.65
0.44
5.99
1.39
8.15
0.75
10.49
2.08
10.36
3.61
12.97
Unstable Anion
15.76
Electroneg.
1
0.93
2
1.31
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
186
(+1)102
160
(+2)72
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
0.55
5.14
Unstable Anion
Atomic Weight: weighted average of atomic masses of natural isotopes
- mass number of the most stable isotope for each radioactive element
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
+
– 3,5,4
2.19
+
– 2,4,6
2.58
+
– 1,3,5,7
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
10
11
12
19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.87 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
[Ar]4s1
[Ar]4s2
[Ar]3d14s2
[Ar]3d24s2
[Ar]3d34s2
[Ar]3d54s1
[Ar]3d54s2
[Ar]3d64s2
[Ar]3d74s2
[Ar]3d84s2
[Ar]3d104s1
[Ar]3d104s2
[Ar]3d104s2p1
[Ar]3d104s2p2
[Ar]3d104s2p3
[Ar]3d104s2p4
[Ar]3d104s2p5
[Ar]3d104s2p6
Oxidation States
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
1
0.82
2
1.00
3
1.36
4
1.54
5.3
1.63
6,3,2
1.66
7,6,4,2,3
1.55
2,3
1.83
2,3
1.88
2,3
1.91
2,1
1.90
2
1.65
3
1.81
4
2.01
2.96
–
–
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
227
(+1)151
197
(+2)100
161
(+3)75
145
(+4)61
131
(+5)54
125
(+3)62
137
(+2)67
124
(+3)55
125
(+2)65
125
(+2)69
128
(+2)73
133
(+2)74
122
(+3)62
123
(+4)53
125
(+3)58
116
(-2)198
114
(-1)196
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.50
4.34
0.04
6.11
0.19
6.56
0.08
6.83
0.53
6.75
0.67
6.77
Unstable Anion
7.43
0.151
7.90
0.66
7.88
1.16
7.64
1.24
7.73
Unstable Anion
9.39
0.3
5.10
1.23
7.90
0.81
9.81
2.02
9.75
3.36
11.81
Unstable Anion
14.00
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
+
– 3,5
2.18
+
– 2,4,6
2.55
+
– 1,5
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc 98 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
[Kr]5s1
[Kr]5s2
[Kr]4d15s2
[Kr]4d25s2
[Kr]4d45s1
Oxidation States
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
[Kr]4d105s1
[Kr]4d105s2
[Kr]4d105s2p1
[Kr]4d105s2p2
[Kr]4d105s2p3
[Kr]4d105s2p4
[Kr]4d105s2p5
[Kr]4d105s2p6
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
0.95
3
1.22
4
1.33
5,3
1.60
6,5,4,3,2
2.16
7
2.10
2,3,4,6,8
2.20
2,3,4
2.28
2,4
2.20
1
1.93
2
1.69
3
1.78
4,2
1.96
2.66
–
2.60
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
248
(+1)161
215
(+2)126
178
(+3)102
159
(+4)84
143
(+5)64
136
(+6)59
135
–
133
(+3)68
135
(+3)67
138
(+2)64
145
(+1)115
149
(+2)95
163
(+3)80
141
(+4)45
145
(+3)76
143
(-2)221
133
(-1)220
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.49
4.18
0.11
5.70
0.31
6.22
0.43
6.63
0.90
6.76
0.75
7.09
0.55
7.28
1.05
7.36
1.14
7.46
0.56
8.34
1.30
7.58
Unstable Anion
8.99
0.30
5.79
1.11
7.34
1.07
8.64
1.97
9.01
3.06
10.45
Unstable Anion
12.13
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Silver
[Kr]4d10
2
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Palladium
[Kr]4d85s1
Atomic Radius
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Rhodium
0.82
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
[Kr]4d75s1
Ionic Radius
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
[Kr]4d55s2
1
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
[Kr]4d55s1
Atomic Radius
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
+
– 3,5
2.05
+
– 2,4,6
2.10
+
– 1,5,7
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57 La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po 209 85 At 210 86 Rn 222
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
[Xe]6s1
[Xe]6s2
[Xe]5d16s2
Oxidation States
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
1
0.79
2
0.89
3
1.10
4
1.3
5
1.5
6,5,4,3,2
1.7
7,6,4,2,-1
1.9
2,3,4,6,8
2.2
2,3,4,6
2.2
2,4
2.2
3,1
2.4
2,1
1.9
3,1
1.8
4,2
1.8
3,5
1.9
4,2
2.0
2.2
–
–
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
265
(+1)174
217
(+2)142
187
(+3)116
156
(+4)83
143
(+5)64
137
(+6)60
137
(+7)53
134
(+4)63
136
(+4)63
139
(+4)63
144
(+3)85
150
(+2)102
170
(+1)159
175
(+2)119
155
(+3)103
118
(+4)–
–
–
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.47
3.89
0.15
5.21
0.5
5.77
~0
6.83
0.32
7.89
0.86
7.98
0.15
7.88
1.10
8.7
1.57
9.1
2.13
9.0
2.31
9.23
Unstable Anion
10.44
0.2
6.11
0.36
7.42
0.95
7.29
1.9
8.42
2.8
-
Unstable Anion
10.75
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Tantalum
Atomic Radius
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Hafnium
[Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
+
– 1,3,5,7
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
87 Fr 223 88 Ra 226 89 Ac 227 104 Rf 261 105 Db 262 106 Sg 266 107 Bh 264 108 Hs 269 109 Mt 268 110 Ds 281 111 Uuu 272 112 Uub 277 113 Uut 284 114 Uuq 289 115 Uup 288 116 ?
[Rn]7s2
Rutherfordium
[Rn]6d17s2
[Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d67s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1
Darmstats, Germany
disc.1981
disc.1964
disc.1967
disc.1974
disc.1984
disc.1982
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
1
0.7
2
0.9
3
1.1
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
–
–
–
(+2)162
188
(+3) -
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
0.46
–
–
5.28
–
5.17
ALKALI
METALS
ALKALINE
EARTH
METALS
visit us at
quickstudy.com
ISBN 142320003-9
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission from the publisher.
©2002, 2005 BarCharts, Inc.
$4.95 U.S. / $7.50 CAN
REFERENCE: CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics • 81st edition, 2000-2001
CONTENT ADVISOR: Mark Jackson, PhD
Chemistry Professor - Florida Atlantic University
DESIGN / LAYOUT: John Ford, CEO Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522
March 2005
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Actinium
Hassium
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Unununium
Ununbium
? 117 ?
? 118 ?
?
Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Not discovered Not discovered Not discovered
disc.1994
disc.1996
disc.2004
disc.1999
disc.2004
-
-
-
Darmstats, Germany
Darmstats, Germany
Dubna, Russia
Dubna, Russia
Dubna, Russia
-
-
-
HALOGENS
LANTHANIDE
SERIES
[Rn]7s1
Radium
ACTINIDE
SERIES
Francium
NOBLE GASES
58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm 145 62 Sm150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0
Cerium
[Xe]4f15d16s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
[Xe]4f36s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
[Xe]4f46s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
[Xe]4f56s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
[Xe]4f66s2
[Xe]4f76s2
[Xe]4f75d16s2
[Xe]4f96s2
[Xe]4f106s2
[Xe]4f116s2
[Xe]4f126s2
[Xe]4f136s2
[Xe]4f146s2
[Xe]4f145d16s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
3,4
1.12
3,4
1.13
3
1.14
3
–
3,2
1.17
3,2
–
3
1.20
3,4
–
3
1.22
3
1.23
3
1.24
3,2
1.25
3,2
–
3
1.0
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
183
(+3)114
182
(+3)113
181
(+3)114
181
(+3)109
180
(+3)108
199
(+3)107
179
(+3)105
176
(+3)118
175
(+3)103
174
–
173
(+3)100
173
(+3)109
194
(+3)99
172
(+3)98
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
–
5.54
–
5.46
–
5.53
–
5.55
–
5.64
–
5.67
–
6.15
–
5.86
–
5.94
–
6.02
–
6.11
–
6.18
–
6.25
–
5.43
90 Th 232.0 91 Pa 231.0 92 U 238.0 93 Np 237 94 Pu 244 95 Am 243 96 Cm 247 97 Bk 247 98 Cf 251 99 Es 252 100Fm 257 101Md 258 102 No 259 103 Lr 262
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
[Rn]6d27s2
[Rn]5f26d17s2
[Rn]5f36d17s2
[Rn]5f46d17s2
[Rn]5f67s2
[Rn]5f77s2
[Rn]5f76d17s2
[Rn]5f97s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Californium Einsteinium
[Rn]5f107s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
[Rn]5f117s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
[Rn]5f127s2
[Rn]5f137s2
[Rn]5f147s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
Lawrencium
[Rn]5f146d17s2
Oxidation States
Electroneg.
4
1.3
5,4
1.5
6,5,4,3
1.7
6,5,4,3
1.3
6,5,4,3
1.3
6,5,4,3
–
3
–
4,3
–
3
–
3
–
3
–
3,2
–
3,2
–
3
–
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
180
(+4)94
161
(+5)78
139
(+6)73
–
(+5)75
151
(+4)86
131
(+3)98
–
(+3)97
–
(+3)96
–
(+3)95
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
Electron Affinity
1st Ion. Pot.
–
6.08
–
5.89
–
6.19
–
6.27
–
6.06
–
5.99
–
6.02
–
6.23
–
6.30
–
6.42
–
6.50
–
6.58
–
6.65
–
–
M = Generic symbol for element in compound; E = Element raw material form; A = Alloy, blend or mixture; C = Compound; Bold = Most Important Use
NATURAL FORM
H2
gas
Li
Be
bcc
hex
Na Mg
bcc
K
hex
Ca Sc
bcc
He
solid - for solid, most stable crystal form
liquid
gas
fcc
Rb Sr
hex
V
bcc
rhom
hex
N2 O2
gas
gas
F2 Ne
Al
B
Si
P
S
fcc
fcc
cubic
ortho
Cl2 Ar
bcc
bcc
bcc
hex
fcc
fcc
hex
ortho
In
hex
hex
bcc
bcc
Cs Ba La
Hf
Ta
W
hex
bcc
bcc
bcc
Fr
–
fcc
bcc
hex
Ra Ac
bcc
C
gas
gas
gas
gas
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
bcc
Y
Ti
hex
gas
hex
hex
Re Os
hex
hex
fcc
rhom
hex
Sn Sb Te
liquid
I2
gas
Xe
fcc
hex
hex
Th Pa
U
fcc
tetra
ortho
hex
Li
Be
0.53
1.85
Solid, liquid: g/cm3 (20°C and 1atm)
gas: g/liter (0°C and 1atm)
Na Mg
0.97
1.74
K
Ca Sc
Ti
V
1.54
4.51
6.0
0.89
2.99
Rb Sr
7.87
8.86
tetra
tetra
rhom
4.47
6.52
8.57
10.2
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po At Rn
Cs Ba La
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
fcc
fcc
hex
fcc
rhom
cubic
1.93
3.62
13.3
16.4
19.3
20.8
Fr
Ra Ac
fcc
liquid
ortho
–
gas
gas
rhom
bcc
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
fcc
–
hex
6.15
5.0
6.77
Th Pa
ortho
hex
11.7
hex
hex
hex
hex
–
–
–
11
6.77
Es Fm Md No Lr
mono
N2 O2
*1.43
P
S
2.70
2.33
1.82
2.07
1
Cs
F2 Ne
*1.70
*.90
Cl2 Ar
8.90
8.96
7.14
5.91
12.1
12.4
22.6
12.0
Ir
22.5
10.5
5.32
5.72
4.80
*3.21
Sn Sb Te
3.12
*1.78
I2
Xe
8.69
7.31
7.26
6.68
6.24
Pt Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po At Rn
21.5
11.8
11.3
9.79
19.3
13.53
9.2
4.92
*3.73
–
*5.89
*9.73
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
10.0
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
cubic = SIMPLE CUBIC,
bcc = BODY CENTERED CUBIC
hex = HEXAGONAL;
ortho = ORTHOHOMBIC;
tetra = TETRAGONAL mono = MONOCLINIC;
*1.25
Si
In
fcc
hex
C
2.26
Al
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Pt Au Hg
hex
2.64
7.3
Ir
fcc
1.53
Y
B
2.34
He
*.179
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
7.15
fcc
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
fcc
DENSITY
H2
.089*
–
7.01
7.26
U
15.4
7.52
5.24
7.90
8.23
8.55
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
19.1
20.2
19.7
13.6
13.5
14.8
–
8.80
9.07
9.32
6.90
9.84
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
–
–
–
–
fcc = FACE CENTERED CUBIC;
rhom = RHOMBOHEDRAL;
– = unknown
Alkali metals; compounds with M(1+) valences
Cesium
E - Photoelectric cells
E - Atomic clocks, infrared lamps
2
0.90
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION
Li
Be
134.7
308.8
kJ/mole
Liquid ➜ Gas
∆Hvap at boiling point
Na Mg
89.04
K
77.5
128.7
Ca Sc
150.0
Rb Sr
69.2
References: CRC; The Elements, 3rd ed., J. Emsley, 1998
139.0
305.0
Y
393.0
Cs Ba La
65.9
Fr
–
140.0
399.6
Ti
V
429.0
458.6
696.6
594.1
Hf
Ta
W
661.1
753.1
799.1
711.0
5.57
6.82
Al
Si
P
S
294.0
383.0
12.40
45.0
0.12
Li
Be
3.00
7.9
351.0
382.4
371.8
304.6
115.5
585.0
567.8
Re Os
707.1
627.6
495.4
Ir
563.6
393.0
255.1
99.87
Pt Au Hg
510.5
324.0
59.11
314.0
333.0
481.0
284.0
U
423.0
–
192.0
176.0
312.0
391.0
8.54
14.10
254.0
In
334.0
31.9
95.48
Sn Sb Te
226.4
290.4
67.9
114.1
Tl
Pb
Bi
162.1
179.5
151.0
29.96
I2
41.57
293.0
251.0
293.0
Ti
V
14.15
21.5
1484
2836
Rb Sr
Y
1897
4603
5458
5555
5596
Fr
Ra Ac
159.0
–
428.0
–
C - Fireworks, flourescent lamps
3
196.0
–
–
–
–
He
–
B
C
50.2
117
N2 O2
0.71
0.44
Al
Si
P
S
10.71
50.21
0.66
1.72
F2 Ne
0.51
0.33
Cl2 Ar
Li
Be
181
1287
Na Mg
98
650
Ca Sc
64
842
16.2
17.48
13.26
7.32
5.59
36.94
24.44
6.69
7.03
19.87
Cs Ba La
Hf
Ta
W
Pt Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
2.09
27.2
36.57
52.31
4.14
4.77
11.3
33.29
38.59
Re Os
60.43
57.85
26.59
Ir
41.12
16.74
22.17
11.30
12.55
2.29
17.49
10.57
1.64
I2
Xe
15.52
2.27
Po At Rn
–
–
2.89
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
6.89
Th Pa
12.34
7.14
U
9.14
7.7
8.62
9.21
10.0
10.15
11.06
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
3.20
2.82
14.39
15.0
–
17.0
19.9
16.84
7.66
22.0
1541
Rb Sr
Ti
V
1668
1910
–
–
–
–
-196
-183
Al
Si
P
S
2519
3265
280
445
-188
Cl2 Ar
-34
2913
2562
907
4150
5012
3695
2963
Ir
2162
767
Pt Au Hg
4428
3825
2856
357
2204
In
2833
603sp
685
Sn Sb Te
-186
59
-153
I2
Xe
184
2072
2602
1587
988
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po At Rn
1473
1749
1564
962
–
3520
3074
U
–
3000
1794
1529
3273
3230
2567
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
4131
–
3228
2011
3100
–
–
2700
2868
1950
1196
–
–
–
Lanthanum
4
-62
Y
3402
–
He
–
C
2075
4492tp
N2 O2
-210
-219
Al
Si
P
S
660
1414
44
120
F2 Ne
-220tp
-249
Cl2 Ar
Hafnium
Hf
-102
-189
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
1907
1246
1538
1495
1455
1085
420
30
939
817tp
221
-7
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn Sb Te
2477
2623
2157
157
232
631
450
Cs Ba La
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
Pt Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po At Rn
2233
3017
3422
3186
1768
304
328
271
254
28
727
Fr
918
Ra Ac
27
700
2334
3033
1964
1555
Ir
2446
962
321
1064
-39
I2
114
302
Xe
-112tp
-71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
1051
798
931
1021
Th Pa
–
1750
U
1572
1042
1074
822
1313
1356
1412
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
1135
644
640
1176
1345
1050
900
1474
1529
1545
819
1663
Es Fm Md No Lr
860
1527
827
827
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
H2
J/(g K) (at 25°C and 1atm)
He
5.19
Li
Be
B
C
3.58
1.83
1.03
0.71
Na Mg
Al
1.23
0.90
K
0.76
1.02
Ca Sc
Ti
V
0.65
0.52
0.49
Rb Sr
0.36
0.30
0.57
Y
0.30
P
S
0.71
0.77
0.71
0.32
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn Sb Te
0.28
0.23
0.23
Pt Au Hg
Tl
0.13
0.13
–
0.24
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
Fr
Ra Ac
0.12
Si
0.37
0.25
0.45
0.20
–
0.92
0.39
0.27
0.48
0.24
–
1.04
F2 Ne
0.82
1.03
Cl2 Ar
0.48
0.52
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
0.45
Cs Ba La
0.20
N2 O2
0.13
0.42
0.24
Ir
0.13
0.44
0.25
0.39
0.24
0.13
0.23
0.14
0.33
0.32
1627
6
0.19
Th Pa
0.11
–
0.19
U
0.12
–
0.20
0.18
0.24
0.18
0.17
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
–
–
–
–
–
–
2.37
1.49
0.002
K
1.56
Ca Sc
Ti
V
2.01
0.22
0.31
Rb Sr
0.16
0.58
Bi
Po At Rn
0.12
0.16
1.41
Xe
0.13
0.17
P
I2
Pb
0.17
Si
1.03
0.15
–
0.09
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
0.19
Al
0.16
0.16
Y
0.35
0.17
0.41
0.60
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn Sb Te
0.23
0.82
0.67
Pt Au Hg
Tl
0.72
0.46
–
–
–
0.51
1.00
1.17
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
0.58
1.74
0.48
Fr
Ra Ac
–
0.88
0.91
1.50
0.23
0.72
Ir
1.47
4.01
4.29
3.17
0.97
0.08
0.50
0.11
0.13
0.17
Th Pa
–
0.54
U
–
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.10
0.11
0.11
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
0.28
0.06
0.07
–
–
H
He
1400
0.008
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
20
2.8
10
200
19
461000
585
0.005
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
1050
350
mg of element per kg of crust
Na Mg
23600 23300
K
82300 282000
Ca Sc
145
3.5
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
120
102
20900 41500
22
5650
Rb Sr
Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
33
165
20
1.2
0.25
2.3
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
Ir
Tl
Pb
3
2
1.3
<0.001 0.002
0.001
0.85
14
90
370
Cs Ba La
3
Fr
425
39
Ra Ac
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001
950
synthetic
56300
0.001
25
0.001
84
0.015
60
0.075
70
0.15
Pt Au Hg
0.005
I2
Xe
0.03
Pb
Bi
Po At Rn
0.35
0.08
0.20
–
–
0.16
0.15
0.004
0.085
19
1.5
1.8
0.05
Sn Sb Te
2.4
<0.001
I
Xe
0.45
<0.001
0.2
0.001
Bi
Po At Rn
0.17
0.004 <0.001
0.02
<0.001
0.39
–
–
Zirconium
Titanium titanate TiO4(4-)
metatitanate TiO3(2-)
Ti
E - Nuclear fuel rods, catalytic converters
A - Percussion caps
E - Heat exchanger A - Airplane motors
C - Furnace bricks
A - Bone pins C - Pigments for paint/paper
H
Mg
Ti
1 - 99.98%
2 - 0.02%
24 - 79.0%
25 - 10.0%
26 - 11.0%
46
47
48
49
50
Niobium
V
Vanadium
vanadate VO4(3-)
He
4 - ~100%
E - Construction materials, tools
E - Springs, jet engines
Tc
8
Technetium
synthetic
27 - 100%
Li
67-
Chromium
chromate CrO4(2-)
dichromate Cr2O7(2-)
E - Plating for car parts
A - Tools, knives C - Camouflage paint
C - Stereo, video tape, lasers
Cr
Mn
E - Radiation source for medical
research
7.5%
92.5%
Be
9-
Manganese
permanganate MnO4(1-)
A - Fountain pen points, compass
needles, clock bearings, decorations
9
31 - 100%
10 - 19.9%
11 - 80.1%
S
C
32 - 95.0%
33 - 0.8%
34 - 4.2%
12 - 98.9%
13 - 1.1%
Iron
Fe-cyanate Fe(CN)6(3-and4-)
ferrate FeO4(2-)
E - Eye treatment, thickness meters
for egg shells
A - Bikes,cars, bridges, magnets, machines
A - Fountain pen point, electrical contacts C - Nails, tools, tin cans
Ru
Fe
N
14 - 99.63%
15 - 0.37%
Rhodium
rhenate ReO4(1-)
E - Cancer irradiation
E - Headlight reflectors, telephone
A - Hypodermic needles, helicopter spark E - Relays, fountain pen points
plugs, standard one-meter bar
A - Airplane spark plugs
Rh
O
Cobalt
cobaltate CoO4(4- 3-)
Co-cyanate Co(CN)6 (3- and 4-)
E -Gamma radiation A - Permanent magnet
A - Razor blades C - Catalytic converter
Co
16 - 99.8%
18 - 0.2%
10
F
Metal; compounds: M(1+...6+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)
A - Dental crowns C - Anti-tumor agent
11
seperation A - Dental crowns, tel. relays E - White gold C-Rechargeable batteries
Metal; compounds: M(1+...3+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)
Au E -Gold
Precious metal
A - Jewelry
A - Electrical contacts, dental crowns
12
C - Photograph film and paper
Cd
36 - 0.3%
40 - 99.6%
Ne
Ca
55 - 100%
Fe
Ni
58
60
61
62
64
Indium
In
E - Thermometer filling
C - Insecticides, infrared detectors
C - Heart muscle research
Ga
E - Solar cells, mirrors
A - Regulator in nuclear power
C - Photo cells, transistors
C - Blood and lung research
Gallium
40 - 96.9%
42 - 0.7%
44 - 2.1%
Na
Sc
23 - 100%
45 - 100%
Al
E - Quartz thermometers
C - Computer memory, transistors laser
C - Laser diodes, used to locate tumors
-
68.1%
26.2%
1.1%
3.6%
0.9%
Zn
Aluminum
E - Window frames, doorknobs, tube
E - Cable, foil, fireworks, flashbulbs
A - Cars, rockets, planes
-
69 - 60.1%
71 - 39.9%
90
91
92
94
96
Ge
70
72
73
74
78
-
21.2%
27.7%
7.7%
35.9%
7.4%
75 - 100%
Se
74
76
77
78
80
82
-
0.9%
9.4%
7.6%
23.8%
49.6%
8.7%
79 - 50.7%
81 - 49.3%
Kr
-
48.6%
27.9%
4.1%
18.8%
B
51.5%
11.2%
17.2%
17.4%
2.8%
Nb
93 - 100%
2.3%
11.6%
11.5%
57.0%
17.3%
Sr
86 - 9.9%
87 - 7.0%
88 - 82.6%
Y
89 - 100%
In
113 - 4.3%
115 - 95.7%
112 - 1.0%
116 - 14.5%
117 - 7.7%
118 - 24.2%
119 - 8.6%
120 - 32.6%
122 - 4.6%
124 - 5.8%
Tc
Te
93 - synthetic
122
123
124
125
126
128
130
96 - 5.5%
98 - 1.9%
99 - 12.7%
100 - 12.6%
101 - 17.1%
102 - 31.6%
104 - 18.6%
-
–
–
14
Pb
Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+,4+)
Lead
metal
E - Radiation protection
A - Batteries, roof coverings, solders
A - Ammunition C - Gas additives
15
Sn
Tin
metal
hydroxy stannate Sn(OH)6(-2)
A - Cups, plates, coins, organ pipes
C - Opalescent glass, enamel
Silicon
metalloid
silicates SiO4(-4) silanes (Sihydrides) Si(4-) silicides silicic
acid H4SiO4
E - Infrared prisms, reflector in projectors E - Microchips, solar cells C - Tools
E - Wide angle lenses A - Dentistry
C - Quartz, cement, glass, grease, oils
Ge
Germanium
metalloid
germanate GeO2(2-) GeO3(2-)
Si
Bi
Solid; compounds: M(3+,5+,3-)
Bismuth
Sb
E - Catalyst in rubber production
A - Fuses, sprinklers
C - Glass, ceramics
16
121 - 57.4%
123 - 42.6%
176
177
178
179
180
-
2.6%
0.9%
4.8%
7.1%
18.9%
31.7%
33.9%
I
W
Ce
140 - 88.4%
142 - 11.1%
182
183
184
186
Pr
Re
141 - 100%
-
102 - 1.02%
104 - 11.1%
105 - 22.3%
106 - 27.3%
108 - 26.5%
110 - 11.7%
128
129
130
131
132
134
136
Ag
Cs
Pd
107 - 51.8%
109 - 48.2%
-
1.9%
26.4%
4.1%
21.2%
26.9%
10.4%
8.9%
133 - 100%
C - Tennis rackets, regulator in nuclear plants, heat resistant glass, eye disinfectant
C
Carbon
C(2+,4+,4-) carbonate CO3(2-)
bicarbonate HCO3(1-), acetate C2H3O2(1-)
oxalate C2O4(2-), carbides (4-)
E - Pencils, diamonds, steel, controls nuclear reaction
E - Tire colorant
C - Plastics, life
Po
metal
E - Nuclear batteries, neutron source
E - Antistatic agents, film cleaner
17
At
Antimony
As
A - Solder, bearings, lead batteries
C - Mascara, infrared detectors
Arsenic
arsenide (3-)
P
E - Shotgun pellets
A - Metal for mirrors
C - Glass, lasers
C - Light-emmiting diodes=LED
Phosphorus
phosphide (3-)
phosphate (PO4(-3)
phosphoric acid H3PO4
E - Fireworks, matches C - Pesticides
C - Fertilizer, detergents, toothpaste
N2 gas
Nitrogen
N(3-...5+); ammonium NH4(1+)
cyanide CN(1-) nitrate NO3(1-)
nitrite NO2(1-) nitride N(3-) oxides - NOx
azide N3(1-) diimide N2(2-) amide NH2(1-)
acid: nitric HNO3 nitrous HNO2
E - Cryogenic surgery, liquid coolant, ammonia production
C - Rocket fuel
N
Te
Tellurium
tellurate TeO4(2-)
metalloid
Se
Selenium
Selenides Se(2-)
selenate SeO4(2)
acids of SeOx
S
Sulfur
solid
sulfide S(2-) sulfate SO4(2-) sulfite SO3(2-)
thiosulfate S2O3(2-) thio...(S added or subst. for an O)
acids: sulfuric H2SO4, sulfurous H2SO3
E - Vulcanization of rubber, percussion
caps, battery plate protector
E - Light meters, copy machines, solar cells E - Matches, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber
A - Electric resistors
C - Anti-dandruff shampoo
C - Permanent wave lotion
Halogens, X2, compounds: M(1-), Halide (1-), Acid=HX
Astinate
metalloid
0.009 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
I
Iodine
acid: Hl, iodide(1-)
iodate IO3(1-)
periodate IO4(1-)
I2 solid
E - Disinfectant, halogen lamps
C - Ink pigments, salt additive
Br
Bromine
acid: HBr
bromides Br(1-)
bromate BrO3(1-)
Br2 liquid
C - Photographic film, tear gas
C - fire retardants, disinfectant
O
Oxygen o(2-,1-)
ozone O3 oxide (2-)
peroxide O2(2-)
hydroxide OH(1-)
O2 gas
E - Combustion, steel production
E - Water purification
C - Sand, water, cement
F
Fluorine
F2 gas
fluoride(1-) acid: HF
hydrofluoric, oxyfluorideshalofluorides
Chlorine
Cl2 gas
chloride Cl(1-) chlorate ClO3(1-)
chlorite ClO2(1-) hypochlorite ClO(1-)
perchlorate ClO4(1-) acid: hydrochloric HCl,
C - Toothpaste additives, teflon
perchloric HClO4, chloric HClO3
C - Uranium enrichment
E - Water purification
C - Bleach, hydrochloric acid, PVC plastics, stain removers C - Refrigerator coolants
Cl
26.3%
14.3%
30.7%
28.6%
Os
27.1%
12.2%
23.8%
8.3%
17.2%
5.8%
5.6%
186
187
188
189
190
192
-
1.6%
1.6%
13.3%
16.1%
26.4%
41.0%
Ir
145 - synthetic
191 - 37.3%
193 - 62.7%
Sm
Pt
144
147
148
149
150
152
154
-
194
195
196
198
3.1%
15.0%
11.3%
13.8%
7.4%
26.7%
22.7%
Hg
198
199
200
201
202
204
Gd
-
2.2%
14.8%
20.5%
15.7%
24.8%
21.9%
-
10.0%
16.9%
23.1%
13.2%
29.9%
6.9%
Tl
203 - 29.5%
205 - 70.5%
Pb
159 - 100%
204
206
207
208
Dy
Bi
Tb
160
161
162
163
164
32.9%
33.8%
25.3%
7.2%
197 - 100%
151 - 47.8%
153 - 52.2%
154
155
156
157
158
160
-
Au
Eu
Xe
-
185 - 37.4%
187 - 62.6%
Nd
142
143
144
145
146
148
150
5.2%
18.6%
27.3%
13.6%
35.1%
180 - 0.01%
181 - 99.99%
138 - 0.1%
139 - 99.9%
127 - 100%
Rh
-
Ta
La
Pm
Boron
metalloid
B(2+,3+,3-)
compounds: borates (BO4, BO3)
tetraborates B4O7(2-), boranes, borides
Solid; compounds: M(2+,4+,6+,2-)
Polonium
E, A, C - Seldom found in nature
-
1.4%
24.1%
22.1%
52.4%
209 - 100%
- 2.3%
- 18.9%
- 25.5%
- 24.9%
- 28.2%
Po
209 - 100%
At
Ho
210 - 100%
165 - 100%
Rn
222 - 100%
Er
164
166
167
168
170
-
Fr
1.6%
33.6%
23.0%
26.8%
14.9%
223 - 100%
Ra
226 - 100%
Ac
Tm
227 - 100%
169 - 100%
Th
Yb
170
171
172
173
174
176
232 - 100%
-
3.1%
14.3%
21.9%
16.1%
31.8%
12.7%
Pa
231 - 100%
U
235 - 0.7%
238 - 99.3%
Lu
175 - 97.4%
176 - 2.6%
Elements >
#92 are
synthetic and
radioactive
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
66.5
9.2
Th Pa
9.6
<0.001
41.5
U
2.7
<0.001
7.05
2.0
6.2
1.2
5.2
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
1.3
3.5
0.52
3.2
0.8
Es Fm Md No Lr
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
synthetic
H2
Hf
2.4%
6.6%
7.9%
11.2%
71.7%
Sn
Sb
103 - 100%
Rb
134
135
136
137
138
92 - 14.8%
94 - 9.3%
95 - 15.9%
96 - 16.7%
97 - 9.6%
98 - 24.1%
100 - 9.6%
Ru
Br
80
82
83
84
86
-
Mo
85 - 72.2%
87 - 27.8%
63 - 69.2%
65 - 30.8%
64
66
67
68
Zr
As
4.4%
83.8%
9.5%
2.4%
Mn
Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(1+...3+)
Thallium
-
Cu
20 - 90.5%
21 - 0.3%
22 - 9.3%
Zn
50
52
53
54
59 - 100%
A - Bronze sculpture, Statue of Liberty
Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+)
Cr
Co
39 - 93.3%
41 - 6.7%
Mercury Hg2(2+)
Cadmium
Zinc
E - Barometers,thermometers, street
E - Rechargeable batteries A- Nuclear
E - Anti-corrosion coating, batteries
lights A -Dental fillings C -Seed protection reactor regulator C -Red/yellow pigments A-Water/gas valves C -White rubber pigment
50 - 0.3%
51 - 99.7%
35 - 75.8%
37 - 24.2%
19 - 100%
Copper
Ag E Silver
- Mirror, batteries; A - Silverware Cu E - Cable, wire A - Pennies, bells
V
54 - 5.9%
56 - 91.7%
57 - 2.1%
K
Palladium
Nickel
Pt E Platinum
- Crucibles, nitric acid production Pd E - Catalytic converters, hydrogen Ni E - Coins A-Knives, forks, spoons
8.0%
7.3%
73.8%
5.5%
5.4%
Cl
Ar
Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+)
Iridium
28 - 92.2%
29 - 4.7%
30 - 3.1%
P
A - Tools, axles, steel for rail switches
C - Safes, plows, batteries
Ruthenium
Si
100%
B
Metal; compounds: M(1+...8+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+)
Osmium
Al
-
Ga
Ba
106 - 0.9%
108 - 0.9%
110 - 12.5%
111 - 12.8%
112 - 24.1%
113 - 12.2%
114 - 28.7%
116 - 7.5%
0.16
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
Isotopes have the same number of protons,
but different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes not listed are radioactive or synthetic.
Cd
0.001 <0.001
0.24
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
1. Oxygen
2. Silicon
3. Aluminum
4. Iron
5. Calcium
6. Sodium
7. Magnesium
8. Potassium
9. Titanium
10. Hydrogen
0.02
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
–
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
1.38
0.80
0.18
–
0.003 <0.001 <0.001
1.16
0.54
0.08
0.36
0.15
S
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
0.94
Cs Ba La
0.13
<0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001
A - Watch springs, sparkfree tools
MAJOR NATURAL ISOTOPES
WITH % OF OCCURRENCE
Metal; compounds: M(1+...7+); ligand complexes: M(3-...1+)
A - Oven filaments, electrodes, jewelry
A - Plating, thermocouples
Cl2 Ar
Na Mg
materials C - Seed germinating agents
Mo
Rhenium
Re tungstate
WO (2-)
Tl
1.96
C - Fireplace bricks, pigments, fillers
Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+)
7
13
C
0.27
C - Camera lenses, fireproof bricks
Molybdenum
molybdate MoO3, MoO4(2-)
dimolybdate Mo2O7(2-)
Mo-cyanate Mo-CN8(4-)
E - Lamp filaments, TV, welding electrodes
A - Rocket nozzles
E - Filament in electric heaters
C - Cutting & boring tools
A - Rocket motors C - Lubricant
F2 Ne
B
2.00
Scandium
Sc
E - Leak detectors, A - Space industry
A - Cutting tools, pipelines
A - Super magnets, welding rods
Tungsten
tungstate WO4(2-)
W
N2 O2
Be
0.25
0.20
W/(cm K) (at 25°C and 1atm, W = watt)
He
Li
Yttrium
Y
C - Color TV screens, radar, lasers
Nb
E - Condensers
A - Weights, cutting tools
E - Vacuum tube filaments
0.002
0.85
0.23
0.21
–
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
H2
0.002
C - Fertilizer, concrete, plaster of Paris
Metal; compounds: M(2+...5+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)
Tantalum
Ta
Hg
14.30
V - Fireworks, phosphorescent paint
Calcium
Ca
M g Magnesium
Be Beryllium
E - Metallurgy A-Cable insulation, batteries E - Flashbulbs A-Airplanes, racing bikes E - X-ray tube windows
-157tp
1855
777
Strontium
Sr
C - Nuclear batteries in bouys
Zr
E - Nuclear submarines
E - Controls nuclear reactors
E - Gas scavenger in vacuum tubes
Ir
H
Li E -Lithium
Pacemaker Batteries
E - Street lights A - Nuclear reactor
coolant, batteries C - Salt, soda, glass
Metal; compounds: M(2+...4+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+)
Os
B
C - Fertilizer, glass, lenses
C - Matches, gunpowder, salt substitute
-108
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
E - Photoelectric cells
E - Vacuum tubes, heart research
Hydrogen
H(1+) compounds,
acids: metal hydrides H(1-)
A - Lubricant additive, alloys used in space E - Rocket fuel, hydrogenation of fats
E - Petroleum desulfurization, H2O, ammonia
C - Glass & pharmaceuticals
Sodium
Na
-246
1522
39
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
2927
°C and 1atm; Solid ↔ Liquid
tp = triple point
K
13.81
6.4
3825sp
F2 Ne
MELTING POINT
H2
-259
1.18
12.91
3443
Th Pa
310.0
4000
N2 O2
Potassium
K
Metal; compounds and ligand complexes M(3+)
La
2
4
4788
387.0
C
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
3198
Es Fm Md No Lr
–
2861
671
133.0
344.0
2061
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
3464
B
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
2671
101.0
247.0
1382
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
21.0
V
3407
Re Os
18.1
688
Ti
3287
W
Sn Sb Te
13.81
Ca Sc
Ta
In
5.46
K
759
Hf
–
-269
1090
Cs Ba La
3.28
14.2
883
Po At Rn
6.19
Ra Ac
Na Mg
4265
37.48
7.15
Xe
12.57
2471
4639
30.0
6.20
9.08
1342
He
°C and 1atm; Liquid ↔ Gas
sp = sublimation point
4744
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
7.12
Y
6.43
Be
4409
21.0
–
Cl2 Ar
20.41
Li
3345
11.4
7.43
1.71
-253
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
8.48
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Fr
6.62
BOILING POINT
H2
337.0
kJ/mole
Solid ➜ Liquid
∆Hfus at Melting point
Na Mg
2.19
F2 Ne
ENTHALPY OF FUSION
H2
2.33
480.0
N2 O2
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
418.0
Th Pa
K
219.7
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
543.9
2.60
C
0.08
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
348.8
581.6
Ra Ac
136.8
B
He
Rubidium
Alkaline earth metals; compounds with M(2+) valences
Barium
Ba
A - Sparkplugs, vacuum tubes
5
H2
Rb
18
Noble Gases; not reactive; unstable low temperature complexes
Xenon Forms compounds
with F
E- Earthquake prediction, health threat in E - UV lamps, sun lamps, electronic
homes built on granite
flashes, projection lamps, paint testers
Rn
Radon
Xe
Kr
Krypton
E - Flourescent bulbs, flashbulbs
E - UV lasers, wavelength standard
Ar
Argon
Ne
Neon
E - Light bulbs, gas discharge tubes lasers E - Neon lights, fog lamps, TV tubes
E - Geiger counters, welding blanket gas E - Lasers, voltage detectors
He E Helium
- Balloons, blimps, lasers
E - Diving bell atmosphere, leak detectors
E - Nuclear power plant coolant