BarCharts, Inc.®
WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE
VOLUME (LIQUID)
BASIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
All measurement is derived from seven basic units and is described internationally as the Systéme International d’Unitiés (SI) or sometimes referred to
as SI-metric. These basic units are:
Ampere
A
Electric Current
Candela
cd
Luminosity (intensity of light)
Kelvin
K
Thermodynamic Temperature
Kilogram
kg
Weight (mass)
Meter (Metre)
m
Length
Mole
mol
Substance (molecule)
Second
s
Time
Unit
LENGTH
Unit
Angstrom
Cable
Centimeter
Chain (Gunter’s/surveyor’s)
Chain (Ramden’s/engineer’s)
Decimeter
Dekameter
Fathom
Foot
Furlong
Hand (horse’s height)
Inch
Kilometer
League
Link (Gunter’s)
Link (Ramden’s)
Meter
Micrometer (Micron)
Mile (statute/land)
Mile (nautical/sea)
Millimeter
Mil
Point (type size)
Pica (type size)
Rod
Yard
Abbr SI/metric
Å
cb
cm
chG
chR
dm
dam
fm
ft
fur
–
in
km
–
–
–
m
µ
mi
nmi
mm
mil
–
–
rd
yd
Imperial
.0001µ (10-10)
219.456 m
.01 m
20.1168 m
30.48 m
.1 m
10 m
1.83 m
.3048 m
201.168 m
10.16 cm
2.54 cm
1,000 m
4.8 km
.201 m
.305 m
–
.001 mm
1.609 km
1.85 km
.001 m
.0254 mm
.353 mm
4 mm
5.029 m
.9144 m
.000,000,004 in
120 fathoms/720 ft
.3937 in
66 feet/4 rods
100 ft
3.937 in
32.8 ft
6 ft
12 in
¹⁄₈ statute mi
4 in
–
.621 mi
3 statute mi
7.92 in
12 in
39.37 in
3.9370x10-5 in
5,280 ft
6076.11549 ft
.03937 in
.001 in
.0138 in
12 points (.1668 in)
16.5 ft
3 ft
Unit
Abbr SI/metric
A
a
ha
cm 2
ft 2
in 2
km 2
m2
mi 2
mm 2
rd 2
yd 2
Unit
Unit
Dram (avdp)
Grain
Gram
Kilogram
Milligram
Ounce (avdp)
Ounce (troy)
Pennyweight
Pound (avdp)
Stone
Ton (long or British)
Tonne (metric)
Ton (short)
Abbr
Equivalent
Btu
cal15
HP
J
Kw
.0002929 Kw
4.1858 J
746 watts
.7376 ft/lbs
1.341 HP
cm3
ft3
in3
ST
yd3
SI/Metric
1,000 mm3
.02832 m3
16.387 cm3
1 m3
.7646 m3
Abbr
SI/Metric
dr (avdp)
gr
g
kg
mg
oz
oz tr
dwt
lb
st
lt
mt
sh t
1.772 g
.0648 g
.001 kg
1,000 g
.001 g
.0280 kg
.03 kg
1.555 g
.454 kg
6.35 kg
1,016 kg
1,000 kg
907.18 kg
NUMERICAL
PREFIXES
1
/10
1
/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
ENERGY
Unit
Imperial
Imperial
.061 in3
1,728 in3
–
1.3 yd3
27 ft3
WEIGHT
43,560 ft 2
1076.39 ft 2
2.471 A
.155 in 2
144 in 2
.386 mi 2
10.764 ft 2
640 A
.00155 in 2
272.25 ft 2
9 ft 2
British Thermal Unit
Calorie (@15.5˚c)
Horsepower (mechanical)
Joule (absolute)
Kilowatt
Abbr
Cubic centimeter
Cubic foot
Cubic inch
Stere (cubic meter)
Cubic yard
Imperial
4,047 m 2
100 m 2
10,000 m 2
100 mm 2
.0929 m 2
6.4516 cm 2
1,000,000 m 2
10,000 cm 2
2.59 km 2
–
25.293 m 2
.836 m 2
SI/Metric
VOLUME (DRY)
AREA
Acre
Are
Hectare
Square centimeter
Square foot
Square inch
Square kilometer
Square meter
Square mile
Square millimeter
Square rod
Square yard
Abbr
Barrel (US) fluid
bbl
26.2 gal (UK)
31.5 gal*
Dram (US)
dr
3.697 ml
.125 oz
gi
.142 L
4.8038 oz
Gill (¹⁄₄ UK pint)
Gallon (UK)
gal
4.546 L
1.201 gal
Gallon (US)
gal
3.785 L
4 qt
Liter
L
.001 m3
1.057 qt
Ounce, fluid (UK)
oz
.028 L
.96 oz
Ounce, fluid (US)
oz
.02957 L
2 tbs
Pint (UK)
pt
1.2 pt (US)
19.2 oz
Pint (US)
pt
.833 pt (UK)
16 oz
Quart
qt
.946 L
2 pt
*A barrel may be recognized by different liquid sizes in different states and
for different substances. Sizes may be stated in gallons, cubic inches or
weight. See notes on page 2.
1
Deci
Semi, hemi, demi
Uni
Bi, di
Tri, ter
Tetra, tetr, quadri
Penta, quint
Sex, hex, hexa
Hept, sept, septo
Oct, octo
Non, ennea
Dec, deca, deka
Hendeca, undeca
Dodeca
Quindeca
Imperial
.0625 oz
.00229 oz
.03527 oz
2.2 lb
.00003 oz
.0625 lb
1.0971 oz
.05486 oz
16 oz
14 lb
2,240 lb
2204.6 lb
2,000 lb
SI PREFIXES
Factor
10 24
10 21
10 18
10 15
10 12
10 9
10 6
10 3
10 2
10
10 -1
10 -2
10 -3
10 -6
10 -9
10 -12
10 -15
10 -18
10 -21
10 -24
Prefix
yottazettaexapetateragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
Symbol
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ or r
n
p
f
a
z
y
LENGTH
AREA
LIQUID
CAPACITY
DRY
CAPACITY
Centimeters & Inches
cm x .394 = in
in x 2.54 = cm
Sq. Centimeters & Sq. In.
cm2 x .155 = in2
in2 x 6.452 = cm2
UK & US Gallons
UK gal x 1.201 = US gal
US gal x .833 = UK gal
Cubic Centimeters &
Cubic Inches
cm3 x .061 = in3
3
in x 16.387 = cm3
Centimeters & Millimeters
cm x 10 = mm
mm x .1 = cm
Sq. Meters & Sq. Chains (G)*
m2 x .0025 = ch2
ch2 x 404.686 = m2
UK & US Quarts
UK qt x 1.201 = US qt
US qt x .833 = UK qt
Sq. Rods & Sq. Chains (G)*
rd2 x 625 = ch2 (G)
ch2 x 16 = rd2
UK & US Pints
UK pt x 1.201 = US pt
US pt x .833 = UK pt
Sq. Chains & Acres
ch2 (G) x .1 = A
A x 10 = ch2(G)
UK & US Ounces
UK oz x .961 = US oz
US oz x 1.041 = UK oz
Sq. Chains (G)* & Sq. Feet
ch2 (G) x 4,356 = ft2
ft2 x .00023 = ch2 (G)
UK Gallons & Liters
UK gal x 4.546 = L
L x .220 = UK gal
Hectares & Sq. Miles
ha x .0039 = mi2
mi2 x 258.999 = ha
UK Quarts & Liters
UK qt x 1.137 = L
L x .880 = UK qt
Cubic Meters &
Cubic Feet
m3 x 35.315 = ft3
ft3 x .028 = m3
Hectares & Acres
ha x 2.471 = A
A x .405 = ha
UK Pints & Liters
UK pt x .568 = L
L x 1.760 = UK pt
Pints & Quarts
pt x .5 = qt
qt x 2 = pt
Acres & Sq. Miles
A x .00156 = mi2
mi2 x 640 = A
UK Ounces & Milliliters
UK oz x 28.413 = ml
ml x .035 = UK oz
Sq. Kilometers & Sq. Miles
km2 x .386 = mi2
mi2 x 2.590 = km2
US Gallons & Liters
US gal x 3.785 = L
L x .264 = US gal
Sq. Meters & Acres
m2 x .000247 = A
A x 4046.856 = m2
US Quarts & Liters
US qt x .947 = L
L x 1.056 = US qt
Sq. Meters & Hectares
m2 x .0001 = ha
ha x 10,000 = m2
US Pints & Liters
US pt x .473 = L
L x 2.113 = US pt
Sq. Meters & Sq. Feet
m2 x 10.764 = ft2
ft2 x .093 = m2
US Ounces & Liters
US oz x .03 = L
Liter x 33.8 = US oz
Chains (G)* & Yards
ch x 22 = yd
yd x .455 = ch
Sq. Meters & Sq. Yards
m2 x 1.196 = yd2
yd2 x .836 = m2
US Ounces & Milliliters
US oz x 29.572 = ml
ml x .034 = US oz
Fathoms & Feet
fa x 6 = ft
ft x .167 = fa
Sq. Meters & Sq. Rods
m2 x .03954 = rd2
rd2 x 25.293 = m2
Gills (US) & Ounces (US)
gi x 4 = oz
oz x .25 = gi
Kilometers & Feet
km x 3280.84 = ft
ft x (3.048 x 10–4) = km
Sq. Yards & Sq. Feet
yd2 x 9 = ft2
ft2 x .1111 = yd2
Gills (US) & Cubic Centimeters
Kilometers & Yards
km x 1093.6 = yd
yd x .00091 = km
*(G) = Gunter’s
or surveyor’s chain
Gills (UK) & Cubic Centimeters
gi x 142.065 = cc
cc x .00704 = gi
Centimeters & Picas
cm x 2.371 = picas
picas x .4233 = cm
Centimeters & Points
cm x 28.4528 = points
points x .0351 = cm
Millimeters & Inches
mm x .0394 = in
in x 25.4 = mm
Millimeters & Micrometers
(Microns)
mm x 1,000 = µ
µ x .001 = mm
Meters & Chains (G)
m x .04971 = ch
ch x 20.117 = m
Meters & Fathoms
m x .547 = fm
fm x 1.83 = m
Meters & Feet
m x 3.281 = ft
ft x .305 = m
Meters & Yards
m x 1.094 = yd
yd x .914 = m
Meters & Furlongs
m x .005 = fur
fur x 201.17 = m
Chains (G)* & Feet
ch x 66 = ft
ft x .015 = ch
Chains (G)* & Rods
ch x 4 = rd
rd x .25 = ch
Kilometers & Statute Miles
km x .621 = mi
mi x 1.609 = km
Kilometers & Nautical Miles
km x .540 = n mi
n mi x 1.852 = km
Nautical Miles & Statute Miles
n mi x 1.15 = s mi
s mi x .869 = n mi
*(G) = Gunter’s or
surveyor’s chain
gi x 118.29 = cc
cc x .00845 = gi
KITCHEN LIQUID MEASURES
1 gal
¹⁄₂ gal
¹⁄₄ gal
4 qt
2 qt
1 qt
¹⁄₂ qt
¹⁄₄ qt
8
4
2
1
¹⁄₂
pt 16 cups 128 fl
pt 8 cups 64 fl
pt 4 cups 32 fl
pt 2 cups 16 fl
pt 1 cup
8 fl
¹⁄₂ cup
4 fl
¹⁄₄ cup
2 fl
¹⁄₈ cup
1 fl
¹⁄₂ fl
oz 3.79L
oz 1.89L
oz
.95L
.47L
oz
oz
.24L
oz
.12L 8 Tbs 24 tsp
oz
.06L 4 Tbs 12 tsp
oz
.03L 2 Tbs 6 tsp
oz .015L 1 Tbs 3 tsp
2
WEIGHT
Grains (gr) & Grams
gr x .065 = g
g x 15.432 = gr
(g)
Drams
(avdp)* & Ounces (avdp)
dr (avdp) x .062 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x 16 = dr (avdp)
Cubic Inches &
Cubic Feet
in3 x .000579 = ft3
3
ft x 1,728 = in3
Pennyweight & Grams
dwt x 1.5552 = g
g x .643 = dwt
Cubic Feet &
Cubic Yards
ft3 x .037 = yd3
yd3 x 27 = ft3
Grams & Ounces (US)
g x .035 = oz
oz x 28.349 = g
Cubic Meters &
Cubic Yards
m3 x 1.308 = yd3
yd3 x .765 = m3
Ounces (troy) & Grains
oz tr x 480 = gr
gr x .00208 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Grams
oz tr x 31.103 = g
g x .032 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Ounces (avdp)
oz tr x 1.097 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x .911 = oz tr
Ounces (avdp) & Pounds (avdp)
oz (avdp) x .0625 = lb (avdp)
lb (avdp) x 16 = oz (avdp)
Quarts & Pecks
qt x .125 = pk
pk x 8 = qt
Milligrams & Grains
mg x .015 = gr
gr x 64.799 = mg
Pecks (US) &
Bushels (US)
pk x .25 = bu
bu x 4 = pk
Grains & Carats
gr x .32399 = c
c x 3.0865 = gr
Grams & Carats (metric)
g x 5 = c (metric)
c (metric) x .2 = g
Bushels (US) &
Barrels (US)*
bu x .0305 = bbl
bbl x 3.281 = bu
Bushels (UK) &
Bushels (US)
bu (US) x .969 = bu (UK)
bu (UK) x 1.032 = bu (US)
* A barrel is not the same container as a steel drum, which
typically holds 55 gallons (US).
Barrels come in different sizes
based on their contents, as
defined by various statutes.
Oil = 42 gal
Beer = 31 gal (US)
Beer = 50 liters (Europe)
Dry Goods = 7,056 in3
Cranberries = 5,826 in3
Flour = 196 lbs.
Cornmeal = 200 lbs.
Cement = 376 lbs.
Lime = 280 lbs.
Milligrams & Carats (metric)
mg x .005 = c (metric)
c (metric) x 200 = mg
Pounds & Kilograms
lb x .454 = kg
kg x 2.205 = lb
Tons (long) & Pounds (avdp)
lt x 2,240 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004464 = lt
Tons (short) & Pounds (avdp)
sht x 2,000 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0005 = sht
Tonnes (metric) & Pounds (avdp)
t x 2204.62 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004536 = t
*avdp = avoirdupois
(from French), meaning “goods
of weight”
KITCHEN DRY MEASURES
1 cup
³⁄₄ cup
²⁄₃ cup
¹⁄₂ cup
¹⁄₃ cup
¹⁄₄ cup
¹⁄₈ cup
¹⁄₁₆ cup
¹⁄₄₈ cup
8 fl
6 fl
5¹⁄₃ fl
4 fl
2 ²⁄₃ fl
2 fl
1 fl
¹⁄₂ fl
¹⁄₆ fl
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
16 Tbs
12 Tbs
10²⁄₃ Tbs
8 Tbs
5¹⁄₃ Tbs
4 Tbs
2 Tbs
1 Tbs
¹⁄₃ Tbs
48
36
32
24
16
12
6
3
1
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
237
177
158
118
79
59
30
15
5
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
LUMBER SIZES
Nominal
inches
Actual (dry)
inches
mm
COMMON NAILS
Actual (green)
inches
mm
60d
THICKNESS
1
1¹⁄₄
1¹⁄₂
2
2¹⁄₂
3
3¹⁄₂
4
4¹⁄₂
6
8
³⁄₄
1
1¹⁄₄
1¹⁄₂
2
2¹⁄₂
3
3¹⁄₂
4
5¹⁄₂
7¹⁄₂
19
25
32
38
51
64
76
89
102
140
191
²⁵⁄₃₂
1¹⁄₃₂
1⁹⁄₃₂
1⁹⁄₁₆
2¹⁄₁₆
2⁹⁄₁₆
3¹⁄₁₆
3⁹⁄₁₆
4¹⁄₁₆
5⁹⁄₁₆
7⁹⁄₁₆
20
26
33
40
52
65
78
90
103
141
194
1⁹⁄₁₆
2⁹⁄₁₆
3⁹⁄₁₆
4⁵⁄₈
5⁵⁄₈
6⁵⁄₈
7¹⁄₂
8¹⁄₂
9¹⁄₂
10¹⁄₂
11¹⁄₂
13¹⁄₂
15¹⁄₂
40
65
90
117
143
168
190
216
241
267
292
343
394
50d
40d
30d
20d
16d
12d
WIDTH
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
1¹⁄₂
2¹⁄₂
3¹⁄₂
4¹⁄₂
5¹⁄₂
6¹⁄₂
7¹⁄₄
8¹⁄₄
9¹⁄₄
10¹⁄₄
11¹⁄₄
13¹⁄₄
15¹⁄₄
38
64
89
114
140
165
184
210
235
260
286
337
387
10d
9d
8d
7d
6d
5d
4d
1
2
3
4
5
6
NOT TO SCALE
BOLT GRADES
GEOMETRY
LENGTH
h
Rectangle
Stove Bolt
Area (A) = Width (w) x Height (h)
SAE Strength Standard Markings
Strongest
Weakest
Hex Bolt
w
Carriage Bolt
Triangle
h
Machine Screw
8
7
b
Bolt to Screw
Pythagorean Theorem:
c
b
If a right triangle has hypotenuse
(c) and sides (a) and (b), then:
c2 = a2 + b2
a
a
h
5
3
0, 1 & 2
¹⁄₁₆
¹⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₃
1
⁵⁄₆₄
¹⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₃₂
2
³⁄₃₂
¹⁄₃₂ ³⁄₆₄
3
⁷⁄₆₄
³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆
4
⁷⁄₆₄
³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆
5
¹⁄₈
¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄
Cone
6
¹⁄₈
¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄
Volume (V) = πr2h
3
Area of curved surface:
A = πr√r2+h2
⁵⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂
8 ¹¹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂
9 ³⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄ ⁷⁄₆₄
10 ³⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂ ⁷⁄₆₄
Sphere
11 ¹³⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₈
Circle
r
Area (A) = πr 2
Circumference (C) = 2πr
π = 3.1416 r= radius
h
r
r
LENGTH IN INCHES
0
Volume (V) = 4πr3
3
Surface Area: A = 4πr2
S
O
F
T
W
O
O
D
H
A
R
D
W
O
O
D
¹⁄₄
³⁄₈ ¹⁄₂
⁵⁄₈
³⁄₄
⁷⁄₈
12 ⁷⁄₃₂
⁷⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₈
¹⁄₄
⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄
Oval Head
Round Head
Flat Head
16 ¹⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₃₂
h
Right Cylinder
18 ¹⁹⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ³⁄₁₆
Common Sizes
Volume (V) = πr2h
Lateral surface area (A) = 2πrh
20 ²¹⁄₆ ¹¹⁄₆₄ ¹³⁄₆₄
Some Availability
24
³⁄₈
³⁄₁₆ ⁷⁄₃₂
3
1 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 1³⁄₄ 2 2¹⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂ 2³⁄₄ 3 3¹⁄₂ 4 4¹⁄₂ 5
Screw Length
7
14
NOTE: There is no “4” grade.
STANDARD WOOD SCREWS
S
H
A
N
K
Area (A) = (a+b) x h
2
Bolt to Bolt
PILOT
HOLE
SIZES
G
A
U
G
E
Trapezoid
b
r
6
Area (A) = ¹⁄₂ Base (b) x Height (h)
FAHRENHEIT-TO-CELSIUS CONVERSION
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
˚F
˚C
-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-45.6
-45.0
-44.4
-43.9
-43.3
-42.8
-42.2
-41.7
-41.1
-40.6
-40.0
-39.4
-38.9
-38.3
-37.8
-37.2
-36.7
-36.1
-35.6
-35.0
-34.4
-33.9
-33.3
-32.8
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-32.2
-31.7
-31.1
-30.6
-30.0
-29.4
-28.9
-28.3
-27.8
-27.2
-26.7
-26.1
-25.6
-25.0
-24.4
-23.9
-23.3
-22.8
-22.2
-21.7
-21.1
-20.6
-20.0
-19.4
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
-18.9
-18.3
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.5
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.6
-11.1
-10.5
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
-5.5
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.5
6.1
6.7
7.2
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.5
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.5
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.5
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.5
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
34.4
35.0
35.5
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38.3
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.5
41.1
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45.0
45.5
46.1
46.7
47.2
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
47.8
48.3
48.9
49.4
50.0
50.5
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
53.9
54.4
55.0
55.5
56.1
56.7
57.2
57.8
58.3
58.9
59.4
60.0
60.5
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
61.1
61.7
62.2
62.8
63.3
63.9
64.4
65.0
65.5
66.1
66.7
67.2
67.8
68.3
68.9
69.4
70.0
70.5
71.1
71.7
72.2
72.8
73.3
73.9
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
74.4
75.0
75.5
76.1
76.7
77.2
77.8
78.3
78.9
79.4
80.0
80.5
81.1
81.7
82.2
82.8
83.3
83.9
84.4
85.0
85.5
86.1
86.7
87.2
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
87.8
88.3
88.9
89.4
90.0
90.5
91.1
91.7
92.2
92.8
93.3
93.9
94.4
95.0
95.5
96.1
96.7
97.2
97.8
98.3
98.9
99.4
100.0
TC X 1.8 + 32 = TF
WIND CHILL INDEX (˚F) REVISED 2001
0 mph
40˚
35˚
30˚
25˚
20˚
15˚
10˚
5˚
0˚
5 mph
36
31
25
19
13
7
1
-5
-11
10 mph 34
15 mph 32
27
25
21
19
15
13
9
6
3
-4
0
-7
20 mph 30
24
17
11
4
-2
-9
25 mph 29
23
16
9
3
-4
-11
30 mph 28
22
15
8
1
-5
-12
35 mph 28
21
14
7
0
-7
-14
40 mph 27
20
13
6
-1
-8
45 mph 26
19
12
5
-2
-9
-10
-16
-13
-19
-15
HEAT INDEX
-16
-22
-22
-28
-26
-32
-35
-28
-34
-35
-41
-39
-45
-42
-48
-40
-47
-51
-55
-46
-53
-58
-61
-52
-59
-64
-68
-57 -63
-66 -72
-71 -77
-22
-29
-74 -81
-17
-24
-31
-37
-44
-51
-58
-64
-71
-78 -84
-19
-26
-33
-39
-46
-53
-60
-67
-73
-80 -87
-21
-27
-34
-41
-48
-55
-62
-69
-76
-52 -89
-15
-22
-29
-36
-43
-50
-57
-64
-71
-78
-84 -91
-16
-23
-30
-37
-44
-51
-58
-65
-72
-79
-86 -93
50 mph 26
19 12
4
-3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95
WINDCHILL (˚F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T - 35.75(V0.16) + 0.4275T(V0.16 ) V = WIND SPEED (mph) T (˚F) = AIR TEMP.
SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE
CAT.
IN. MERCURY MILLIBARS
> 28.94
1
WIND/KPH
WIND/MPH
WIND/KNOTS SURGE/FT
74-95
119-153
> 980
CURRENT TEMPERATURE ˚F
-5˚ -10˚ -15˚ -20˚ -25˚ -30˚ -35˚ -40˚ -45˚
64-82
4-5
R
E
L
A
T
I
V
E
H
U
M
I
D
I
T
Y
Moderate. Overturned mobile homes, downed trees,
shingles blown off and some signs down.
70˚
75˚
80˚
85˚
90˚
95˚
100˚
64
69
73
78
83
87
91
10%
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
20%
66
72
77
82
87
93
99
30%
67
73
78
84
90
96
10 4
40%
68
74
79
86
93
101
11 0
50%
69
75
81
88
96
107
12 0
60%
70
76
82
90
100
114
13 2
70%
70
77
85
93
106
124
14 4
80%
71
78
86
97
113
136
15 7
90%
71
79
88
102
122
150
17 0
100%
72
80
91
108
133
166
184
BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
DAMAGE LIKELY
Minimal. Broken trees, shrubs and street signs. Inwater boat and mobile home damage.
0˚
0%
WIND SPEED
KPH
MPH
KNOTS
#
DESCRIPTION
0
0
0
0
calm
1-5
1-3
1-3
1
light air
6 - 11
4-7
4-6
2
light breeze
2
28.50-28.91
965-979
154-177
96-110
83-95
6-8
3
27.91-28.47
945-964
178-209
111-130
96-113
9-12
4
27.17-27.88
920-944
210-249
131-155
114-135
13-18
Extreme. Roofs blown off, building walls collapsed.
Storm surge near beach flooding homes.
12 - 19
8 - 12
7 - 10
3
gentle breeze
> 18
Catastrophic. Concrete structures damaged. Small
structures and cars overturned and blown away.
20 - 28
13 - 18
11 - 16
4
moderate breeze
29 - 38
19 - 24
17 - 21
5
fresh breeze
39 - 49
25 - 31
22 - 27
6
strong breeze
50 - 61
32 - 38
28 - 33
7
near gale
5
< 27.17
< 920
> 249
> 155
> 135
FUJITA-PEARSON
SUN TANNING INDEX
TORNADO SCALE REVISED 2007
SKIN PROTECTION FACTOR # TO USE
CLASS
TYPE SKIN REACTION
Tans little or not at all,
1 always burns easily &
severely, then peels
Usually burns easily &
2 severely; tans minimally
& lightly, also peels
EXAMPLES
People with fair skin, blue
12-20
or hazel eyes, blonde or
red hair
Burns moderately, gains Average caucasian
Burns minimally, tans
4 easily & above average
with each exposure
People with light brown
skin, dark brown hair,
dark eyes
Rarely burns, tans easily Brown-skinned persons
5 & substantially
6 Tans profusely & never
burns
SPF#
People with fair skin, blue
eyes, freckles, white,
20-30
unexposed skin
3 average tan
Black-skinned persons
Extensive. Large trees down; signs, awnings and
windows broken. Mobile homes destroyed.
F
F
F
F
F
F
0
1
2
3
4
5
KPH
MPH
DAMAGE LIKELY
64 - 116
117 - 180
181 - 253
254 - 332
333 - 419
420 - 512
40 - 72
73 - 112
113 - 157
158 - 207
208 - 260
261 - 318
light
moderate
considerable
severe
devastating
incredible
62 - 74
39 - 46
34 - 40
8
gale
75 - 88
47 - 54
41 - 47
9
strong gale
89 - 102
55 - 63
48 - 55
10
storm
103 - 117 64 - 72
56 - 63
11
violent storm
> 64
12
hurricane
> 118
> 73
SMALL CRAFT
ADVISORY
GALE
WARNING
STORM
WARNING
HURRICANE WARNING
8-10
ULTRAVIOLET
INDEX
Price: U.S. $4.95 / CAN. $7.50
5-8
VALUE EXPOSURE
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4
2
0-2
Minimal
3-4
Low
5-6
Moderate
7-9
High
> 10
Very High
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in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,
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Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522
4
TROPICAL STORM
WARNING
(TF - 32)/1.8 = TC
ISBN-13: 978-142320710-8
ISBN-10: 142320710-6