Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) Chapter 1: Introduction To CAA 1.1. • - Any form of information processing by a programmable machine. Definitions Informatics Automatic Information Processing Letters/ Symbols/ PC/Microcomputer/GPS/ Numbers/ Videos/ Robot/Smart Pho Radar/Wi-Fi/Signals Informatics Automatic Information • Computer - A computer, is a complex electronic device designed to manipulate and process data according to a set of instructions known as programs or algorithms, typically represented as binary digits (0s and 1s), to perform - It is a multidisciplinary field that involves the study, design, development, logical and arithmetic operations. and the application of information technology to various domains, such as computer science, data management, and information systems. Collection Storage Retrieval In Order To Support Decision-making Problem-solving Processing Using Knowledge management Computer Components 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Information Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core - Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) The fundamental operations of a computer involve: data input, storage, Library and - Cataloging, organizing, and retrieving library resources. processing, and output, and these operations are carried out through the Information - Developing information retrieval systems and databases. Science manipulation of binary data, using logic gates and circuits. 1.2. Applications The applications of informatics and computers continue to expand as technology advances and becomes more integrated into various aspects of our • Computer General Computing lives and work: • Informatics - Managing patient records and healthcare data. Health -Analyzing biological data, including DNA sequences. Biology Computing Graphics and Multimedia - Studying genetics, genomics, and proteomics. - Predicting protein structures and functions. - Managing and optimizing business processes. Business Scientific - Supporting medical diagnosis and treatment. - Researching diseases and healthcare trends. Data Storage and Retrieval - Analyzing financial data and market trends. - Supporting decision-making and resource allocation. - Mapping and spatial analysis for urban planning. Geography - Environmental monitoring and natural resource management. - Enhancing information access and research. Education and Research - Performing calculations and data processing. - Running software applications for various tasks. - Browsing the internet and communication. - Simulating physical and natural phenomena. - Analyzing scientific data, such as climate modeling. - Conducting complex mathematical calculations. - Creating and editing graphics, images, and videos. - Supporting animation and 3D modeling. - Gaming and entertainment. - Storing and managing vast amounts of data. - Efficient data retrieval and search. - Backing up and archiving information. - Supporting learning and educational resources. - Conducting scientific research and experimentation. - Enabling online collaboration and distance learning. - Location-based services for navigation and logistics. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Control Systems and Automation Information Security 1.3. Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) - Operating industrial machinery and robotics. - Managing smart home devices and IoT (Internet of Generation Technology First Generation (1940s-1950s) Vacuum tubes and plugboard wiring. Second Generation (1950s-1960s) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Third Generation (1960s-1970s) Integrated circuits (ICs) introduced. Things). - Automation in manufacturing and process control. - Ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data. - Detecting and preventing cyber threats. - Managing access control and encryption. History Computers have evolved through different generations, each generation represents a leap in computing power and capabilities, with a focus on miniaturization, speed, and versatility. Computer Generations Here are the primary computer generations along with their essential characteristics: 2023/2024 Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s) Microprocessors and microcomputers. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present) Highly integrated microprocessors, VLSI, and AI. Characteristics Huge, unreliable, consumes a lot of power, used for numerical calculations. Smaller, more reliable, and less power-hungry. Punched cards and batch processing. Faster, smaller, and more versatile. Time-sharing and multiprogramming. Personal computers emerge. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and networking Advancements in AI, expert systems, and natural language processing. The internet becomes globally accessible. Example ENIAC UNIVAC IBM 1401 7090 IBM System/360 and DEC PDP11 IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, and early gaming consoles like Atari 2600 The era of modern PCs and supercomputers GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) The ongoing advancement of technology continues to shape the future 1.4.1. Computer Hardware generations of computers. Where a Sixth Generation is expected to include The computer hardware typically consists of several key components, quantum computing, AI, and advanced materials in order to be applied in including a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input and output devices, future in fields like materials science and healthcare. and storage. 1.4. • Computer Architecture Memory In a computer system, hardware and software are two fundamental A computer contains various types of memory, each serving a specific purpose components that work together to enable the computer to perform tasks and in the storage and retrieval of data and instructions. Here are the primary functions. It encompasses the machinery and physical parts, that make up a memory components in a computer: computer system. RAM (Random Access Memory) Computer Components Hardware Software - RAM is the computer's main memory. - It provides fast and temporary storage for data and programs that are currently in use. - Data in RAM is volatile, meaning it is lost when the computer is powered off. It encompasses the machinery and physical parts, that make up a computer system. It refers to the non-physical set of instructions, programs, and data that control and direct the operation of computer hardware. - RAM is essential for multitasking and the efficient operation of software applications. ROM (Read-Only Memory) - ROM is non-volatile memory that stores firmware and low-level software instructions. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core - It contains the computer's BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System), which Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) - initializes hardware during startup. - Unlike RAM, ROM retains its data even when the computer is turned off. RAM. - Cache Memory - - - crashes. • (Central Processing Unit). The processor, also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the Its primary purpose is to store frequently accessed data and instructions for primary component responsible for executing instructions and performing faster access, reducing the need to fetch data from slower RAM. calculations in a computer. It is often considered the "brain" of the computer. Cache memory is divided into levels, with L1 and L2 caches being the most Here is an overview of the composition and function of a processor in a common. computer: These are the primary storage devices in a computer, used for long-term HDDs use spinning magnetic disks, while SSDs use flash memory chips - - It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls the flow of data between various CPU components. They retain data even when the computer is powered off and provide non- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) volatile storage. - The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. - It can perform tasks like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, Virtual Memory - The control unit manages the operation of the CPU and coordinates the execution of instructions. for storage. - Processor Control Unit (CU) data storage. - Virtual memory is slower than RAM but helps prevent memory-related Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located on or near the CPU Hard Drive (HDD) and Solid-State Drive (SSD) - It allows the computer to run more applications than can fit into physical Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses a portion of comparisons, and Boolean operations. the hard drive (or SSD) as an extension of RAM. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Registers - - Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) - Registers are the smallest, fastest, and most frequently used memory headphones. locations within the CPU. Storage Devices They are used to store data temporarily during CPU operations and - calculations. - Common examples include monitors (displays), printers, speakers, and Registers are directly accessed by the CPU for fast data processing. Storage devices are used to store data, both for short-term and long-term purposes. - The CPU is composed of several key elements, and its function revolves Common storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, and memory cards. around processing data and managing the execution of software programs. Input/ Output (I/O) Ports • - Peripheral Devices These are connectors on the computer where peripheral devices can be plugged in. Peripheral devices are hardware components that are connected to a computer Examples include USB ports, HDMI ports, VGA ports, and audio jacks. to provide additional functionality and interact with the computer. There are - several types of peripheral devices, each serving specific purposes. Some Others common types of peripheral devices include: Communication Devices/Pointing Devices/Biometric Devices/Smart Card Input Devices Readers/ Game Controllers/Barcode Readers/Print Servers/External Storage/ - These devices allow you to input data into the computer. Devices/Optical Drives/Scanners/Multimedia Devices. - Examples include keyboards, mice, touchpads, graphic tablets, and The specific peripherals needed will depend on computing needs and the tasks barcode scanners. the user want to accomplish. Output Device - Output devices display or produce results from the computer. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) In addition to memory, the processor, and peripheral devices, there are several • other important computer components that contribute to the overall To prevent components from overheating, computers typically include cooling functionality of a computer system. Here are some additional components: systems like fans, heat sinks, or liquid cooling solutions. • • Motherboard (Mainboard) Cooling System Chassis/Computer Case The motherboard is the central circuit board in a computer that houses the The chassis houses all the internal components, providing physical protection CPU, memory, and various connectors for other components. It serves as the and organization. It also includes power and reset buttons, LED indicators, backbone for connecting and coordinating all the hardware components. and various ports on the front or top panel. • • Power Supply Unit (PSU) Others The power supply unit provides electrical power to all the components within Network Interface Card (NIC) the computer. It converts AC power from an electrical outlet into the DC Expansion Slots power needed by the computer's internal components. Ports and Connectors • Sensors… Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) The GPU, also known as a graphics card, is responsible for rendering images These components work together to create a functional computer system. The and video. It is particularly important for gaming, graphic design, and video specific configuration and components may vary depending on the type and editing. purpose of the computer, whether it's a desktop PC, laptop, server, or other • specialized devices. Sound Card (Audio Card) The sound card is responsible for processing audio signals and generating 1.4.2. Computer Software sound output to speakers or headphones. Many modern motherboards have These are the essential types of software that enable computers to perform integrated audio capabilities. various functions and cater to a wide range of user needs. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) Firmware: Firmware is software embedded in hardware components to provide low-level control and initialization. This includes BIOS/UEFI firmware, microcode for CPUs, and firmware for peripheral devices. • Application Software Productivity Software: Productivity software includes applications used for tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, presentation creation, and email. Examples are Microsoft Office, Google Workspace, and LibreOffice. Type of Softwares • System Software Graphics and Design Software: These applications are used for graphic design, image editing, 3D modeling, and desktop publishing. Examples Operating System (OS): The operating system is a core piece of system include Adobe Photoshop, AutoCAD, and Adobe InDesign. software that manages hardware resources and provides essential services for Multimedia Software: Multimedia software encompasses media players, the computer and its users. Common examples include Windows, macOS, audio editing, video editing, and media management software. Examples Linux, and Android. include VLC Media Player, Adobe Premiere Pro, and iTunes. Device Drivers: Device drivers are software components that enable the Gaming Software: This category includes video games and related game operating system to communicate with and control hardware devices like development software. Popular gaming platforms include Steam, Xbox Game printers, graphics cards, and storage devices. Pass, and game engines like Unity and Unreal Engine. Utilities: System utilities are tools that help manage, optimize, and maintain the Internet and Web Browsers: Web browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari) computer system. Examples include disk cleanup tools, antivirus software, and are essential for accessing websites and web applications. Internet-related backup utilities. software includes email clients, FTP clients, and chat applications. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core Educational Software: Educational software is designed for teaching and learning, including e-learning platforms, interactive simulations, and educational games. Business Software: Business applications cover various needs, including accounting, customer relationship management (CRM), project management, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. Entertainment Software: Entertainment software includes applications for streaming movies, TV shows, music, and social media platforms. Utility Software: Utility software includes a wide range of tools that perform specific functions, such as file compression (WinZip), system optimization (CCleaner), and data recovery (Recuva). Security Software: Security applications include antivirus, anti-malware, firewall, and encryption software designed to protect the computer from threats and vulnerabilities. Programming and Development Software: These tools are used by software developers to write, test, and debug code. Examples include integrated development environments (IDEs) like Visual Studio and code editors like Visual Studio Code. 2023/2024 Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) 1.5. Abbreviations and Keywords • Abbreviations Term CPU RAM ROM GPU HDD SSD BIOS UAL CCU USB LAN WAN DNS HTML URL VPN ISP API IDE GUI IoT PDF JPEG WLAN API Signification Central Processing Unit Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory Graphics Processing Unit Hard Disk Drive Solid-State Drive Basic Input/ Output System Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Universal Serial Bus Local Area Network Wide Area Network Domain Name System Hypertext Markup Language Uniform Resource Locator Virtual Private Network Internet Service Provider Application Programming Interface Integrated Development Environment Graphical User Interface Internet of Things Portable Document Format Joint Photographic Experts Group Wireless Local Area Network Application Programming Interface GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core • Definitions - - - or performing a task in a finite amount of time. making. Programming: the process of designing, writing, and testing code to create Software: the collection of programs, data, and instructions that control and decisions based on data. - Hardware: the physical components of a computer system, including the User Interface (UI): the means by which a user interacts with a software application, including elements like buttons, menus, and graphical displays. - Programming Language: A formal language with specific syntax and Operating System (OS): software that manages computer hardware semantics used to write computer programs. Examples include Python, resources, provides services to software applications, and allows users to Java, and C++. - Data Structure: a way of organizing and storing data for efficient access and Compiler: a program that translates high-level programming code into machine code that can be executed by a computer. - Encryption: the process of converting data into a secure, unreadable format to protect it from unauthorized access. - Machine Learning: a subset of AI that involves the development of algorithms that allow computers to learn from and make predictions or manipulation. Common examples include arrays, linked lists, and trees. - - software applications or systems. interact with the computer. - Artificial Intelligence (AI): the simulation of human intelligence in computers to perform tasks like problem-solving, learning, and decision- CPU, memory, storage devices, and peripherals. - - Algorithm: a finite set of well-defined steps for solving a specific problem enable the operation of computer hardware. - Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) Debugging: the process of identifying and fixing errors or defects in software code. - Reading: refers to the process of retrieving data or information from a Database: a structured collection of data that can be easily stored, retrieved, storage device or source, such as a file or database, for use in software and manipulated. applications or analysis. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T Kasdi Merbah University-Ouargla FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES - Engineer Program - Field of Science and Technology First-Year Common Core - Computer Architecture & Applications (CAA) Writing: involves storing or adding data to a storage device or destination, such as creating or updating files, adding records to a database, or sending output information. It is the process of saving or recording data. - The binary system: is a numerical system used in computing and digital electronics. It uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent numeric values and data. It's a fundamental system for encoding and manipulating data in the digital world. - Encoding: is the process of converting data from one format to another for various purposes, such as data compression, data transmission, or storage. - Processing: in informatics is the manipulation and transformation of data or information through computational operations and algorithms to achieve specific tasks, including data analysis, computation, and control of instructions. - Instructions: in informatics are specific commands written in a programming language that direct computers to perform tasks like calculations, data manipulation, and controlling program flow. They are essential for defining the behavior of software and computer systems. 2023/2024 GOUASMIA. T
