MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION
Magnetism is a long-known phenomena in which materials exert an attracting or
repulsive force or influence on other materials. The underlying principles and
mechanisms that explain the magnetic phenomenon, on the other hand, are complex
and delicate, and their comprehension has escaped scientists until recently. Magnetism
and magnetic materials are used in many modern technical gadgets, including electrical
power generators and transformers, electric motors, radios, televisions, telephones,
computers, and components of sound and video reproduction systems.
BASIC CONCEPTS

Magnetic dipoles
A magnetic dipole is a fundamental concept in physics that describes a type of
magnetic field produced by a pair of equal and opposite magnetic charges or poles.
These poles are analogous to the positive and negative charges of an electric dipole,
but instead of electric charges, magnetic dipoles involve magnetic moments.
An example of a magnetic dipole is a bar magnet, which has north and south poles
that produce a magnetic field around them. The strength of the magnetic field produced
by a magnetic dipole depends on the distance from the poles.
Figure : Magnetic field lines of force around current loop
and a bas magnet.

Magnetic Field Vectors
Magnetic field vectors can be visualized as arrows pointing in the direction
of the magnetic field at each point in space. The length of the arrow represents the
strength of the magnetic field, while the direction of the arrow represents the direction of
the magnetic field.
Magnetic Field Strength- externally applied magnetic field.
𝐻=
𝑁𝐼
𝐿
Magnetic Induction – or magnetic flux density, denoted as B, represents the
magnitude of the internal field strength within a substance that is subjected to an
field.
Permeability - µ, the property of the specific medium through which H field
passes and in which B is measured.
𝐵𝑜= 𝜇𝑜 𝐻
Magnetization - Another field of and H field , is defined by the expression
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 + 𝜇𝑜 𝑀