ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to give my grateful thanks for God. Secondly I gave my thanks for oda
construction and industrial college who provide all materials for my project. In addition to this I also
like to give my respectful thanks for technology transfer and industry extension KibromWolde
Lastly I also like to thanks all mechanics department instructors and I give special thanks for
instructors who supports me with in all technical, professional and design issues.
i
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ABSTRACT
This project is named as manual tile mould machine. It is created for producing construction material
called tiles. This leads us to produce and use construction materials like terrazzo and tiles in our
country. As we know the habit of producing and using of construction materials in locally is very
low in our country, this leads us for unexpected cost during any construction work.
The main purpose of designing this project is to minimize unemployment of the youths and to give
good job opportunities for women. In addition to this using this technology also minimize
extravagancy of the construction materials in our country. And spreading home country technologies
to solve our problems related with construction technology. In other word it also can minimize our
import economy.
Main areas recognized for this manual tile mould machine are that place doesn’t develop with
construction. Our potential customers are also identified through data collection. There for our
customers are small and medium enterprise found in telo woreda and neighbours city.
An operation of this machine is very simple. This leads our technology to be effectual. All operations
are actually done by manually but it does not needs a lot of human power. As we said, the operation
is very simple so women can operate fully; this makes our technology to be simple for operations.
If any fault is happened during operation period it can be maintained simply and can be reused. All
resource for our technology is available in our country this makes our technology to be used
everywhere in our country.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................................. ii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Objective .................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 General objective ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4.2 Specific objective ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Significance of the technology ................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 High Volume Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Quantity Production............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2.2 Flow line production ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Material Handling Systems (MHS) ...................................................................................................... 6
2.2.4 Facility Layout ..................................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................................... 8
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Survey team ............................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 survey area. ................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 survey period. ............................................................................................................................................ 8
3.4 data collection............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.6 Value Chain Selection Criteria .................................................................................................................... 9
3.6.1 Growth and transformation plan (GTP) .............................................................................................. 9
3.6.2 Result for the value chain selection from the above selection criteria .............................................. 10
3.7 Method of data analysis........................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................................. 12
THE DESINING PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 12
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
4.2 Feasibility analysis .................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Part drawing and 3D drawing .................................................................................................................. 13
4.3.1 Part drawing ...................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2 3D drawing ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 Part description ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.5 Drive mechanisms .................................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 Material selection criteria ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.61 Bill of materials .................................................................................................................................. 21
4.7 Manufacturing process ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.8 Assembly and maintenance manual ........................................................................................................ 21
4.9 Cost analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 21
4.9.1 Direct material cost ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.6.2 Direct labour cost .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.6.3 Manufacturing overhead cost........................................................................................................... 21
4.6.4 Grand total cost ................................................................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 23
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 Recommendation..................................................................................................................................... 23
References:- ................................................................................................................................................... 24
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
BEI.
Building Electrical Installation.
GC.
Gregorian Calendar.
GMFA. General Metal Fabrication and Assembly.
GTP.
Growth and Transformation Plan.
MHS.
Material Handling System.
SME.
Small and Micro Enterprise.
SNNPR. South Nation Nationality and People Region.
TVET. Technical and Vocational Education and Training.
UK.
United Kingdom.
US.
United State.
USA.
United State of America.
WIP.
Work-in-process.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
This is manual tile production machine, which is used in some mini construction areas. Since it is
simple and easy to operate, only two people can operate it fully. It has two parts which means upper
part or it is called frame and lower part called mould holder. All operations in this machine are done
by manually but these operations are so simple.
Main importance of this technology is to reduce unemployment of the country by creating good job
opportunity. As we know many of countries women and youths are unemployed, we create this
technology to eliminate unemployment from our countries by transferring technology for small and
medium enterprises.
1.2 Background
As we know construction technology occupies major parts in the development of the countries. So,
many countries need construction materials like cement, sand, gravel/aggregate, stone, brick, hollow
concrete block tiles and some pre-castes for their developments.
All those above construction materials need some producing machines. But due to lack of those
machineries many construction machines are imported from foreign countries. These lead us to be
late in our economic developments. There for, to minimize import economy and to use our
machineries instead of imported machineries we need to produce this manual tile production or
mould machine. We expect that, it can solve some problem related with import economy and scarcity
of mould producing machine in home country. This machine is operated by manually, but it does not
need high amount of human power. For this reason it also gives good job opportunities for women.
In addition to this, manual tile production or mould machine also decrease unemployment from our
country by giving good job opportunities for youths.
Hence, this manual tile mould machine is light and easy to operate; it can produce averagely one
hundred products per day.
This mould machine also operated by two and above two persons. As whole to operate this mould
machine we need to follow some procedures. Such procedures are, firstly fill mixed ingredients in
the form work and secondly compact the concrete with frame and pull the form work to up.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
1.3 Statement of the problem
In our country many construction materials are transported from place to place, due to this reason; so
many construction materials and wealth are wasted. These problems are also happened or seen in our
woreda /TELO woreda and some neighbours’ woredas of KAFA zone. In addition to this there is
also high unemployment of youth in our woreda, zone and country as whole. This unemployment
leads so many youths for unexpected actions like gambling, robbing, larceny and addiction. So to
minimize those problems we need to construct this manual tile mould machine to create job
opportunity for women and youths.
In KAFA zone more than half woreda including TELO are under developed with in construction.
Especially our wereda TELO needs construction material producing machines, because all time the
construction materials are transported from other place. There for, to minimize this problem we need
to produce some construction material producing machine called manual tile mould machine. This
machine gives job opportunity for many youths and SMS’s. If we didn’t use this machine our
economy will be wasted by extravagance of construction materials during transportations.
1.4 Objective
1.4.1 General objective
General objective of this project is minimizing imported construction machineries. As we know all
construction producing machineries are imported from foreign countries so to stop this we need to
produces manual tile production machine.
1.4.2 Specific objective
Specific objectivises of this project are:
Minimizing unemployment’s.

minimizing transportations of construction materials

Create job opportunity.

Adding values for SME’s

Involve women in economic aspect
1.5 Scope
This tile production machine addresses all GTP priority Sectors and Sub Sectors, TVET, Research
institutes, Universities, Industries and those who are working for the development and
competitiveness of micro, small and medium (manufacturing) enterprises at the sectors, subsectors
and commodity levels, who lead efforts to implement value chain analysis in their organizations.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
1.6 Significance of the technology
The use of this manual tile production machine has so many advantages, some of them are:
 It provides better option to use locally made construction materials instead of purchasing
from other places.
 It results in the saving of money, time, energy and materials which wasted during the
transportation of the construction materials.
 It provides good job opportunities for women, youths and small and medium enterprises in
our society.
 This technology also solve economic problem related with infrastructure by providing
construction materials for construction sectors.
 Product diversification for sake of job creation
 Improve the market share of SME’s engaged in tile production by the intervention of join
action of stakeholders.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Manufacturing is a global business that was started during the industrial revolution in
the late 19th century to cater for the large scale production of products (Jovane et al., 2008).
Since then, the manufacturing business has changed tremendously through the
innovations of technology, processes, materials, communication and transportation.
According to Chryssolouris et al. (2008), the major challenge of manufacturing is to produce
more products with less material, less energy and less labour involvement.
In order to face these challenges, manufacturing companies must have strategy and
competitive priority in order for them to compete in a dynamic market (Thun, 2008).
According to Skinner (2007), “a manufacturing strategy is a set of manufacturing policies designed
to maximize performance among trade-offs among success criteria to meet the manufacturing task
determined by a corporate strategy”.
It is the responsibility of the top management of the company to ensure that there is a coherent
manufacturing strategy and policies derived from internal and external sources of information
to support the whole company’s mission (Paiva et al., 2008). According to Miltenburg
(2008), a competitive strength of a company is based on the structural and infrastructural
readiness.
There are four structural areas that are comprised of capacity, facilities, technology, and
sourcing. The infrastructural areas are workforce, quality, production planning, and
organisation.
According to Swink et al. (2007), the company must have a specific and
strategic goal based on the individual competitive strength, in order to compete in the
marketplace. Furthermore, according to Balakrishnan et al. (2007), the global competitiveness
of economic manufacturing requires high quality products and low prices. This is due to
dynamic competition among the manufacturers to secure their customers (Kost and
Zdanowicz, 2005). As a result, the demand for high quality, low cost and on- time delivery
has increased product variety.
Quality conformance processes achieve reduced cost, higher productivity and higher reputation
in the global market.
According to
Amoako-Gyampah and Acquaah (2008), quality strategy
plays an important role in capturing customer satisfaction that can potentially lead to increased
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sales growth and market share. They also added that, a company which develops a strategy to
achieve volume and mix flexibility while keeping low costs and high quality will be able to
react faster to market demands and finally achieve higher performance. Arecent study by
Karim etal. (2008), revealed that product quality and reliability has become the main
competitive factor in the global trend. According to Stewart (2010), too much growth in
demand also takes focus away from quality with results of defects in finished products, such as
the case for Toyota Motor with resulting tremendous costs (financial and reputation) for the
company.
Depending on the nature of business of a company, the decomposition of manufacturing
processes is categorised as high volume, medium volume and low volume. The decomposition
shows that each sub-process has its own characteristics and depends on the nature of the
company’s business. Two extreme processes are continuous line production (extreme fast) and
project shop (extreme slow). The other processes lie in between these two extremes of
the manufacturing environment. It has been shown that process flow patterns become less
complex with cellular, line and continuous flow compared to jobbing and project. When
the product is high variety and low volume, it suggests that project or functional production is
applied.
2.2 High Volume Manufacturing
High volume manufacturing (also known as mass production) involves producing
products in large quantities (Váncza and Egri, 2006).
According to Partanen and
Haapasalo (2004), the term mass production is used because of the high demand rate of the
particular product. Normally, for high volume manufacturing, only small numbers of different
products are manufactured by the company. This type of manufacturing is associated with long
assembly lines where factory workers or machines continuously turn out the same product
month after month. There are two categories of high volume production; quantity
production and flow line production. According to Özcan and Toklu (2009), the obvious
characteristic of a high volume production is that operations are linked together in an assembly
line. After completion of one operation on a product, it moves directly to the next operation in
the assembly line. The process is continued until the final station in the assembly line where the
finished product is expected.
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ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
2.2.1 Quantity Production
Quantity production is one category of high volume manufacturing, which concentrates on the
mass production of a single product by using single standard equipment (Cárdenas-Barrón,
2009), for instance, products that come out from stamping press which is a repetitive
process especially for the blank shapes (Kamalapurkar and Date, 2006). The process is a
continuous operation whereby material is fed to the machine either manually or automatically.
The machine will then turn the material into the final product and the same process continues
until the desired quantity is achieved.
2.2.2 Flow line production
Flow line production is concentrated on multiple equipment or workstations that are arranged
in the process sequence (Quadt and Kuhn, 2007). According to Drira et al. (2007), flow line
production is characterised by high volume, repetitive and short cycle work. The work piece is
physically moved through this sequence in order to complete the process and finally becomes
the product. The sequence is also known as product layout because it is arranged in a long line
of workstations and usually connected by conveyors. Product layouts are designed for a
specific product such as Product X and Product Y (Kara et al., 2009). In flow line
production, machines are oriented such that the product flows in sequence down the line
and has all necessary set-ups to perform operations on the products (Chen and Chen, 2009).
For these reasons machines in flow line are often 16 designed specifically for the products and
are not easily adapted to other products (Quadt and Kuhn, 2007).
There are several types of high volume manufacturing methods that are being implemented in various
industries
2.2.3 Material Handling Systems (MHS)
Material Handling Systems (MHS) are an important component of manufacturing systems
which act as an inter-connector for facilities and facilitate the process of delivering the right
amount of materials, to the right place, at the right time and at the lowest cost (Raman et al.,
2009a). According to Mirhosseyni and Webb (2009), MHS are responsible for transporting
materials between workstations efficiently by joining all workstations and workshops in
manufacturing systems with minimum obstruction.
6
Similarly Sujono and Lashkari (2007)
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
state that MHS integrate functions within a manufacturing system and plays a very important
role in the manufacturing system because they accounts for 30–75% of the total cost of a
product. An effective MHS should improve the performance of a manufacturing system,
especially by reducing Work-In-Process (WIP).
2.2.4 Facility Layout
In a manufacturing system, facility layout is considered to be one of the important criteria
which has a significant effect towards manufacturing productivity in terms of cost and time.
Raman et al. (2009b) suggested that the objectives of a layout is to minimise material handling
cost, improve flexibility for arrangement and operation, utilise the available area and minimise
overall production time. According to Drira et al. (2007), “a facility layout is an arrangement
of everything needed for production of goods or delivery of services”
. In general, the
facility layout has a lifecycle which consists of design, implementation, growth, maturity
and obsolescence phases (Raman et al., 2009b). In each phase of the lifecycle many
considerations have to be made which include design, evaluation and selection of an effective
layout, production planning and scheduling.
7 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project team
Project teams were oda construction and industrial college trainers.
N
NAME trainers
INSTITUTION
POSITION
o
1
2
Yohannes Adamu
Wasehun Mengistu
CONTACT
NUMBER
SWERS Oda
>>
BSc in material
Construction and
science and
Industrial college
lengineering
BSc in
mechanical
engineering
3
Yechale Achenf
>>
BSc in
information
technology
4
Eyasu Ambaye
>>
BSc in
construction
management
The team members initially participated in appraisal needs assessment workshop to create a
questionnaire tool and TILE PRODUCTION Value Chain Benchmark to collect and field-test
information from MSE participants.
3.2 survey area.
The following areas were selected for the survey based on the presence of competitive MSEs
producing manual ceramic tile.
Survey is mainly conducted in kiltot town and some neighbor villages in silte zone.
3.3 survey period.
The survey was conducted during the period of MARCH 25to APRILE 30 2023 GC
8 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
3.4 data collection

Creation of team composed of 1 experts.

Coordination with different trainers

1 MSEs for tile production to be surveyed.

Introduction of survey team to the MSEs; restating aim of survey and activities

Compilation of information using value chain analysis
3.5 Data Analysis
The data will be analyzed by using the following methods

table

Graphs

Diagrams
3.6 Value Chain Selection Criteria
Value chain exploration begins with the selection of the product/service out of the priority sectors
(sectors that the Ethiopian Government gave prior attention during the second growth &
transformation plan-GTP-II) based on set of criteria developed by Federal TVET agency.
3.6.1 Growth and transformation plan (GTP)
PRIORITY SECTORS
1
Agriculture
4.2
Road Transport
2
Industry
development
4.3
Shipping Transport
2.1
Textile and Garment
4.4
Air Transport
2.2
Leather Industry
4.5
Energy
2.3
Sugar
4.6
Water and Irrigation
2.4
Cement
4.7
Telecommunication
2.5
Metal Engineering
4.8
Urban Development
2.6
Chemical
5.
Trade
2.7
Agro Processing
6.
Health
9 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
3
Mining
7.
Culture, Tourism, Sport
4
Economy and
infrastructure
Rail Transport
8.
Social
4.1
3.6.2 Result for the value chain selection from the above selection criteria
No
Sector
Subsector
1
Economy
infrastructure
Economy
infrastructure
Economy
infrastructure
Construction
2
3
Construction
Construction
Value chain
title
Brick
production
Rating out Rank
of 5%
1.916
3
Hollow
concrete block
production
Tile production
2.08
2
2.31
1
Remark
10 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
3.7 Method of data analysis
Tile Manufacturing Market: Regional Analysis
COUNTRIES
RANK
U.S
1
U.K.
2
Canada
3
Germany
4
France
5
Spain
6
Italy
7
Brazil
8
Mexico
9
China
10
India
11
Vietnam
12
South Africa
13
Rest of Middle East & Africa (Ethiopia)
14
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CHAPTER FOUR
THE DESINING PROCESS
4.1 Introduction
The design process of the project combines all of the part drawings with their functions and three
dimensional drawings of the project.
The function of including design in the documentation is to know all part of the machine and their
usage at all.
4.2 Feasibility analysis
Using this technology has so many advantages; some these are increasing our economic
developments by reducing imported tile production machine.
Since imported hydraulic tile production machine made in chain expenses approximately above one
hundred thousand Ethiopian birr (100,000ETB). But to produce this manual tile production machine
we expenses approximately five thousand two hundred ninty six (5296) ETB only. So, we can sell
this tile producing machine up to six thousand five hundred (6500) ETB only.
There for, using this technology can increase our economic development by reducing imported
construction producing machines specially tile producing machines.
12 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
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4.3 Part drawing and 3D drawing
4.3.1 Part drawing
DRAWN
CHKD
APPVD
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DATE
MEHARU TESFAYE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
13 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DATE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
DRAWN
CHKD
APPVD
14 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DRAWN
DATE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
MEHARU TESFAYE
CHKD
APPVD
15 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DATE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
DRAWN
CHKD
APPVD
16 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DATE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
DRAWN
CHKD
APPVD
17 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NAME
DATE
TITLE ; MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
DRAWN
CHKD
APPVD
18 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
ODA CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
4.3.2 3D drawing
4.4 Part description
Part one of the project is done by sheet metal and its function is smoothing the surface of the tile
during the production.
Part two of the project is done by RHS and its function is holding part one of the project called sheet
metal used for smoothing.
Part three of the project is done RHS and round bar. In this part we used round bar for handling part
and RHS for moulding part. Function of this part is to mould all tile producing materials during the
production.
Part four of the project is done by angular and RHS. Its main purpose is to hold all structures or parts
of the project. It is also called as frame of the project.
Part nine of the structure is done by round pipe and sheet metal and it is used for compaction during
the production of tile.
19 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
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4.5 Drive mechanisms
This machine was driven by minimum of two person and all activities are operated by manually.
Firstly to produce a tile by this machine an operator must mix all ingredients used to produce a tile.
Then the mixed ingredients are filled in the mould formwork and it can be compacted by manually.
Lastly we must push the mortar on the formwork by the frame and pull up the formwork.
4.6 Material selection criteria
4.61 Bill of materials
No
Item
Specification
Unit
Quantity Unit price
Total price
1
Electrode
∅3.2mm
Packet
½
250
175
2
RHS
1.5*30*30mm
No
1
350
350
3
Angular
3*30*30mm
No
½
350
175
4
Angular
4*40*40mm
No
1
400
400
5
Sheet metal
1.5*100*200m
No
½
800
800
¼
150
38
½
140
70
m
6
Round bar
7
Paint
∅8mm
litter
Sub total
2008
4.7 Manufacturing process
Manufacturing of this manual tile production machine is as follows
Firstly we must measure and cut all RHS, angle iron, sheet metals and round bars with their
appropriate dimensions. Then those cut parts are filled and welded properly as the specifications to
be done. After we weld all parts we must grind those welded part of our project. Lastly we must
paint the technology to increase its appearance.
4.8 Assembly and maintenance manual
Since this technology holds many parts we need to assembly the parts to use and to check its
functionality. After we finished welding of the frame part we need to assemble all the rest parts by
welding in the proper positions.
If any failure is happened in the machine, during the production of the tile we can maintain its parts
welding properly.
20 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
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4.9 Cost analysis
4.9.1 Direct material cost
No
Item
Specification
Unit
Quantity Unit price
Total price
1
Electrode
∅2.5mm
Packet
1/10
500
50
2
RHS
1.5*30*30mm
No
1
2000
2000
3
Angular
3*30*30mm
No
½
1000
500
4
Sheet metal
1.5*100*200m
No
½
2500
1250
1/6
180
30
½
300
150
m
5
Round bar
6
Paint
∅8mm
litter
Sub total
3980
4.6.2 Direct labour cost
No
Type of work
No of worker
Total hour
Labor cost/hour
Total cost
1
Cutting
1
3
35
0
105
0
2
Welding
1
4
50
0
200
0
3
Bench working 1
1
30
0
30
0
4
Grinding
1
1
45
0
45
0
5
Assembling
1
2
40
0
80
0
6
Painting
1
1
50
0
50
0
510
0
Sub total
4.6.3 Manufacturing overhead cost
No Types of machine
No of workers
Total hour
Labor cost/hour
Total cost
1
MIG and TIG welding
1
1
75
0
75
0
2
Arc welding
1
3
50
0
150
0
3
Portable grinding
1
1
50
0
50
0
4
Compressor
1
1
50
0
50
0
325
0
Sub total
21 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
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4.6.4 Grand total cost
No
Type of cost
Total cost
1
Material
3980
00
2
Labor
510
00
3
Machine
325
00
Direct cost
4815
00
Overhead cost 10%
481
50
Grand total
5296
50
22 MANUAL TILE PRODUCTION MACHINE
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The result of the study showed that practices in producing ceramic tiles are still traditional. MSEs
Yield, quality and income is very low. What they produce is just enough for local consumption and
source money. Improved technology which increases productivity production and income of MSEs
are still great problem. MSEs Machineries and equipment that will facilitate mixing, proportioning
and moulding are not yet in use. They have less access to high yield and new varieties. Due to this
and other problems in ceramic tile production MSEs cannot compete in the market in terms of
quality and quantity. However, this can be remedied only if all efforts and resources are put in place
to increase productivity and quality.
5.2 Recommendation
Moreover, enterprise participation and involvement in the technology adoption from production to
marketing is deemed necessary for they are the direct beneficiaries of the program. Small and micro
enterprises responsible in the marketing of tile production inputs and products should also be
involved.
There is also a need for an irrigation development program responsible in the
identification; technical feasibility and tile production infrastructure to ensure that enterprises have
the right amount of water at the right time during different stages tile capitally growth.
We recommended that all identified technologies should we use properly; we can compute current
ceramic tile production markets.
14. Conclusion
When we use this technology in our area it can minimize unemployment of the country and also
it give good job opportunity for women and to motivate the other person to do or to create
technology.
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References:1. Ruini, G. And Arnal J.V (1990): La qualita estetica dell piastrella. Ceramic Information, 293.
461-464
2. Reed, J. (1987). Extrusion of Ceramics, short course, Alfred University, 9 July 1987
3. Reed, J. Principles of Ceramic Processing, New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred
University
4. Morakinyo, A. D. (2012) Design and Fabrication of a Tile Making Machine (TMM).
5. Nagpal, G. R. (2002). Machine Design: (3rd ed.).
6. Khurmi, R. S. And Gupta J. K. (2004). A Textbook of Machine Design:
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