Fevidal, Ellyrizza
Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Well, yes! It’s a
Super
alloy
Superalloys are alloys with high
resistance to severe operating
conditions and are generally Nickel,
Iron, or Cobalt-based.
01
Uses of Superalloys
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
(Kracke, 2010)
(Cobalt Institute, n.d.)
Jet Engines for
Aircraft
(Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023)
Space Shuttle
Components for
Space Exploration
(Wolften, n.d.)
Oil & Gas
Exploration and
Production
02
Uses of Superalloys
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
(Kracke, 2010)
(Metallurgy for Dummies, n.d.)
Gas & Steam
Turbines for Power
Generation
(MirusMed, 2019)
Biomedical
Implants
(Altempy Alloys, n.d.)
Defense Systems
03
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
Properties
The properties of superalloys make it suitable for crucial
and high-performing machinery.
(Kollova & Pauerova, 2022; Rao, 2018)
01. HIGH STRENGTH
400-1200 MPa
7.75-9.25 gm/cm^3
03. HIGH MELTING
POINT
04. HIGH HEAT
RESISTANCE
1435-1466 Celsius
900-1200 Celsius max
operating temperature
05. LOW THERMAL
EXPANSION
06. HIGH OXIDATION
& CORRISION
RESISTANCE
(9-16)*10^-6 1/K
04
02. LOW DENSITY
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Chemical Compostion
The
chemical
composition
of
elements alloyed with superalloys
affect its properties. Listed below
are
selected
Nickel-based
superalloys and their composition.
05
(Kollova & Pauerova, 2022)
WASPALOY SUPERALLOY
58% Nickel
20% Chromium
14% Cobalt
4% Molybdenum
1% Aluminum
3% Titanium
INCONCEL 718 SUPERALLOY
53% Nickel
19% Chromium
1% Cobalt
3% Molybdenum
1% Titanium
4% Niobium
Inconel 718 (Rosler, 2019)
Waspaloy (Yao, 2022)
Hastelloy X (Lee, 2023)
47% Nickel
22% Chromium
2% Cobalt
9% Molybdenum
1% Manganese
1% Silicon
1% Tungsten
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
HASTELLOY X SUPERALLOY
06
History of Superalloys
(Kracke, 2010)
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
During the industrial revolution, Nickel,
Cobalt, and Chromium were added to
Iron to create high-temperature alloys
for materials with stronger resistance to
loading under static, fatigue, and creep
conditions to be used in turbines and
engines.
When vacuum melting was invented in
1917, it allowed for the merging of metals
with
more
controlled
chemical
compositions and less impurities such
as atmospheric gasses to create
stronger metals. Vacuum melting served
to accelerate alloy development later
leading to the birth of superalloys.
07
History of Superalloys
(Kracke, 2010)
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
Automobile developments drove the
demand for stronger alloys which are
more cost-efficient, strong, and heat
resistant.
By the 1940s, during World War II, the
demand for aircraft engines grew
rapidly. Frank Whittle from England and
Hans von ohains from Germany laid the
foundations for turbojet engines which
drove the need for better-performing
alloys. This led to the rise of vacuum
melting and efficient mass production
for new high performance alloys to be
known as superalloys.
Im 1988, the Superalloy Committee
(SAC) was formed to define and
categorize superalloys compared to
other forms of alloys, and to discover
new ways of improving and utilizing
superalloys.
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
The Future of
Superalloys
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Lea, 2023)
08
(Kracke, 2010)
With ongoing exploration under and above
the earth’s surface, this will push the
development of more quality and better
performing new superalloys.
References:
09
Fevidal, Ellyrizza
Kracke, A. (2010) SUPERALLOYS, THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ALLOY SYSTEM OF MODERN TIMES - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 7th
International Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatoves. TMS (The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society) Retrieved from
https://www.tms.org/superalloys/10.7449/2010/Superalloys_2010_13_50.pdf
Kollova, A. Pauerova, K. (2022). Superalloys - Characterization, Usage and Recycling. Manufacturing Technology November 2022 Vol.
22, No. 5. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2022.070
Rao, K. (2018). Nickel Based Superalloys – Properties and Their Applications. International Journal of Management, Technology, and
Engineering Vol. 8 Issue 5. ISSN NO: 2249-7455. Retrieved from https://www.ijamtes.org/gallery/40.%20may%20ijmte%20%20515.pdf
Images:
Cobalt Institute (n.d.) Superalloys. Retrieved from https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/essential-cobalt-2/cobaltinnovations/superalloys/
Metallurgy for Dummies (n.d.) Superalloys. Retrieved from https://www.metallurgyfordummies.com/superalloys.html
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2023). Space Shuttle. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/space-shuttle
Wolften (n.d.) Petrochemical Industry. Retrieved from https://wolften.pl/en/petrochemical-industry/
MirusMed (2019) Europa Pedicle Screw. Retrieved from https://www.mirusmed.com/
Altemp Alloys (n.d.) Defense. Retrieved from https://www.altempalloys.com/defense.html
Lea, R. (2023) What is the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope? Space.com. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/nancy-graceroman-space-telescope
Rosler, J. Hentrich, T. Gehrmann, B. (2019) On the Development Concept for a New 718-Type Superalloy with Improved Temperature
Capability. Metals, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/met9101130
Yao, H. Dong, J. Gong, Z. Zhao, J. Yang, G. (2022) Influence of Replacing Molybdenum with Tungsten on the Creep Fracture Property
of Waspaloy Nickel-Based Alloy. Metals, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111842
Lee, Y. Sung, J. (2023) Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hastelloy X Fabricated Using Directed Energy Deposition. Metals,
13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050885