Module 1: Introduction 1. Humanities - Comes from the Greek word “Humanus” - Humanus – Human, Refined and Cultured - Deals with the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, law, history, philosophy, religion, films and visual and performing arts. - Study of how people record and document human experiences Domains of learning humanities - Cognitive Domain - Psychomotor Domain - Affective Domain or the CPA DOMAIN Cognitive Domain - Acquisition of knowledge facts and information, ideas, and the ability to reason to think critically Affective Domain - Attitudinal learning which refers to the formation of good and acceptable attitudes, judgements, and appreciation Psychomotor Domain - Relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement. Being shown through physical skills and motor skills 2. Art and Art Appreciation Art - According to Webster, art is "human ingenuity in adapting natural things to man’s use. - Art came from the word "ars" which means skill. Art Appreciation - Is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual and work experience with art tools and materials or possession of these works of art for one’s admiration and satisfaction 3. Functions of Art - Art serves several functions which are corollary to its purposes Functions of Art - Personal/ Individual Function - Social Function - Economic Function - Political Function - Historical Function - Religious Function - Physical Function - Aesthetic Function Personal/ Individual Function - Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in art. Key word is passion Social Function - Art is used as a way for man to associate with others. Economic Function - Artists uses art as their source of income. Political Function - Artists uses art to promote political programs. Historical Function - Arts serves as a medium to record historical figures and events. Religious Function - Art is used to profess faith or to worship God. Physical Function - Art is used for architectural designs. In addition, the view of art can cause exhilarating experience. Aesthetic Function - Artworks serves to beautify. 4. Genres of Art - Artists abound since there are many genres of art. And the number of artists keeps on increasing as new forms of art emerge. Visual Arts - are those forms perceived by the eyes. These include painting, sculpture, and architecture. Graphic Arts - are those visual arts that have length and width; thus, they are also called two dimensional arts. Plastic Arts - are those visual arts that have length, width, and volume; thus, they are also called three-dimensional arts. Audio-Visual Arts - are those forms perceived by both ears (audio) and eyes (video). They are called performing arts in as much as the artists render a performance in front of an audience. Literary Arts - are those presented in the written mode and intended to be read. 5. Factors Affecting Art Styles - Every artist has his way of presenting his work. Factors Affecting Art Styles - Geographical Factors - Historical Factors - Social Factors - Ideational Factors - Psychological Factors - Technical Factors Geographical Factors - The place where the artist stays influence his works. Historical Factors - Historical events exert a great influence on artists, particularly the writers. Social Factors - Not only personal relationships but social issues affect the artists. Ideational Factors - The ideas coming from various people also influence artists. Psychological Factors The artists are affected by their psychological make-up or frame of mind. Technical Factors - The artists are affected by their current set of skills. 6. Divisions of Art - humanities deal with the four divisions of art study. 4 Divisions of Art: - Aesthetics or Art Appreciation - Art history - Art Production - Art Criticism Aesthetics or Art Appreciation - the science of beauty, is that division of art study in which the student learns to admire the artists, value highly different works of art, and appreciate the role of art in society. Art History - is that division of art study in which the student acquires knowledge of the artists, their backgrounds, their masterpieces, and their significant contributions in various fields of art. Art Production - is that division of art study in which the student learns to use his creativity and apply his artistic knowledge and skills in producing his own works of art. Art Criticism - is that division of art study in which the student earns to use his judgment in evaluating different artworks based on the criteria set. Module 1.2: Visual Arts 1. Four Common Essentials of Arts - Art has to be man-made; - Art must be creative, not imitative; - Art must benefit and satisfy man; - Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist communicates himself to his audience. 2. Elements of Visual Arts - Line - Color - Texture - Shape - Space and Perspective - Volume/ Value - Form Line - a series of connected dots or a prolongation of a point to show the shape or form of any piece of art. Expressive Lines – tend to be found in nature and are very organic. Constructive lines – lines that are very measured, geometric, directional, and angular. They tend to appear to be man-made because of their precision. Expressive Lines – tend to be found in nature and are very organic. Constructive lines – lines that are very measured, geometric, directional, and angular. They tend to appear to be man-made because of their precision. Color - the most important and most noticeable of all the elements of visual arts. Dependent on the presence of light, it is that property of an object that makes it appealing the visual sense. Among the persons who studied colors were Munsell, who came up with five primary colors. - The colors have some psychological and other connotations. White is used to connote purity, chastity, holiness, mourning, surrender, meekness, and goodness. Black is used to signify death, mourning, darkness, and evil. Blue is used to indicate the sky, the heaven, the sea, serenity, sadness, peace, and masculinity. Green is used to connote life, nature, good health, and wellbeing. Yellow is used to signify jealousy, divinity, deceit, treason, degradation, and lately Ninoy Aquino. Brown is used to mean the earth, spiritual death, and renunciation of the world. Orange is used to indicate food. Gray is used to signify old age, gloom, and decay. Pink is used to mean love and femininity. Light Colors/Tints - are those colors with values lower than the normal value. For example, pink or fuchsia is a tint of red and azure (sky blue) is a tint of blue. Dark Colors/Shades - are those colors with values higher than the normal value. For example, maroon is a shade of red and navy blue is a shade of blue. Rainbow or Prismatic Colors - are those colors that form a rainbow or a prism. These are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV or VIBGYOR). Neutral Colors - are those which serve to balance colors. Examples are white, gray, black, brown, peach, cream, gold, silver, and bronze. White is the absence of all colors, while black is the presence of all colors. Gray is produced by combining black and white; it results from the partial reflection of the color rays. Texture - the element of the visual arts. associated with the sense of touch. It is the surface characteristic of an area. Tactile (or Real) Texture - the way the surface of an object actually feels. Examples would be sandpaper, cotton balls, tree bark, puppy fur, etc. Implied Texture - is the way the surface of an object looks like it feels. This is the type of texture that artists use when they draw and paint. Textures may look rough, fuzzy, gritty, or scruffy, but can’t actually be felt. Shape - the external appearance of clearly defined area. It contributes to the final form of the artwork. Geometric shapes - have smooth even edges and are measurable. The include the square, the circle, the triangle, and the rectangle. Organic shapes - have more complicated edges and are usually found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc. Forms - refers to the overall composition of the artwork. - It describes the entire shape or organization of the thing or object created. - A Form is a shape that has become 3-Dimensional (3-D) Form has HEIGHT, WIDTH and DEPTH--which is the 3rd dimension. Depth shows the thickness of the object. - Forms are NOT flat like shapes are! Geometric shapes - have smooth even edges and are measurable. The include the square, the circle, the triangle, and the rectangle. Organic shapes - have more complicated edges and are usually found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc. Volume/ Value - the lightness or darkness of a color. Value makes objects appear more real because it imitates natural light. When showing value in a work of art, you will need a LIGHT SOURCE. Cross-hatching - is when you use irregular lengths of parallel lines that cross over each other diagonally. The closer together the lines are placed, the darker the value. SPACE and Perspective Space - is the area or surface occupied by the artwork. - is basically divided into 3 parts: Foreground, Middle Ground and Background Perspective - is synonymous with point of view, angle of vision, or frame of reference. - is manifested in these two situations: that nearer objects appear bigger and taller than farther objects and that parallel lines seem to meet at the farthest end. Background area is considered to be the upper 1/3 of the picture plane. Middle Ground area is considered to be the middle 1/3 of the picture plane. Foreground area is considered to be the lower 1/3 of the picture plane. 3. Methods of Presenting Subject - Every artist has his individual style of doing his artwork. This style is almost always governed by his choice of the method of presenting his subject. Methods: - Realism - Abstractionism - Surrealism - Symbolism - Fauvism - Dadaism - Expressionism - Impressionism - Futurism Realism - Also termed naturalism, realism is the method of presenting subjects as they appear in real life. If an apple is the subject, it is shown as is with either red or green color. Abstractionism - is "drawing away from realism. - The word abstractionism was derived from the verb abstract meaning to draw away. Therefore, an abstractionist draws away from reality as he creates his artwork. Types of Abstractionism: - Distortion - Mangling - Elongation - Cubism - Abstract - Expressionism Distortion - is presenting the subject in a misshaped form. Mangling - is presenting the subject with parts which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002). Elongation - As the word suggests, elongation is presenting the subject in an elongated form. It is done by stretching the object, for example, the human body, vertically. A good sample of this is El Greco's "The Resurrection of Christ. Cubism - is presenting the subject with the use of cubes and other geometric figures (triangles, squares, rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.). Abstract Expressionism - having its origin in New York City, abstract expressionism is presenting the subject with the use of strong color, uneven brush strokes, and rough texture and with the deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint. Surrealism - "beyond realism. It is presenting the subject as if the subject does not form part of the real world but belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy. This method was influenced by Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis. Symbolism - is presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist shows his subject as it appears in real life, but he intends to let it represent something. Fauvism - is optimistic realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy, and pleasure. The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple, and the like are used instead of blue, black, gray, green, and brown. Dadaism - is shocking realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to shock the audience through the exposition of the evils in Society. Derived from the French word dada meaning hobby horse, Dadaism Started as a protest art movement composed of painters and writers whose desire was to revolutionize the outworn art traditions. Expressionism - is emotional realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to express emotions, pathos, chaos. fear, Violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy. Introduced in Germany (Central Europe) Impressionism - is realism based on the artist’s Impression. It Is presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on the impression left in the artist's mind or perception, particularly the effect of light on the object used as subject. Going beyond what is real, the artist may distort color or form. For example, an apple on a table is presented not as entirely red, but with white areas showing the spots where the light rays fall upon. Impressionism is a late 19th-century style of painting which puts stress on capture of transient atmospheric effects, use of broken color and color complementariness to render form, and direct observation of subjects emphasized. Futurism - is realism in the future. It is presenting a subject that relates not to the present, but to the future. Module 2: Painting 1. Painting - is the art of applying pigments to a surface in order to present a picture of the subject. - The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of Pigments: Oil Painting, Fresco, Watercolor, Tempera, Pastel, Acrylic, Encaustic Tools: - Paint brush - Palette - Palette Knife/ Spatula - Easel 2. Mediums - Refers to the materials used by the Artist. - Means by which the artist communicates his/her ideas. - Mediums are essential to Arts. Pigment Application - Wet/ Dry Plaster, Canvas, Wood, Paper Pigments - Oil, Tempera, Plaster, Watercolor, Pastel, Fresco, Acrylic a. Oil Painting - Pigments are mixed in oil - Oil + Pigment →Oil Canvas - The most familiar type of painting is done in an oil canvas - The surface to be suitable must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes, and not crack a pigment on it - Pigments can come from many sources: minerals, vegetable matter coal tars and other chemical combinations - Oil Color is the best method for convincing representation where exact reproduction of a color tone is necessary. TWO METHODS: Direct Method – paints are opaque and are applied to the surface just as they are to look on the finished product. Indirect Method – the paint is applied in many thick layers of transparent colors. b. Tempera Painting - Mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, or glue, used by Egyptian, Medieval and Renaissance painters. - Pigment + Colloidal Vehicle →Wet/Dry Plaster - Special characteristic: EMULSION –watery milk-like texture of oily and water consistency - Advantage: Rapid Drying, Great Luminosity of the stone, and Colors are clear c. Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water and applied to fine white paper - Water + Pigment - Require a high degree of technical dexterity. - Papers is the most commonly used for ground. d. Pastel - Possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed effect and most closely resembles dry pigment. - Bound Dry Pigment - Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface, usually paper. - As support for pastel painting paper, paste board or canvas is used - Not a very popular medium because no one has yet to discover the way to preserve its original freshness - The chalk tends to rub, and the picture loses its brilliance. e. Fresco - The most popular type of painting during the 15 -16 Century - Fresco means “Fresh” - Earth pigment + Water →Wet Plaster - Colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster which absorbs the color - Since the pigments has been incorporated with the plaster, it lasts until the wall is destroyed - Pigment is added with water and lime, the mixture is then applied to a wet plaster, The lime binds the pigment to the wall making the painting part of the wall f. Acrylic - Widely used by painters today - Synthetic paints using acrylic emulsions as binder. - Synthetic Paint + Acrylic Emulsions →Variety of Surface - Combine transparency and quick drying qualities of watercolor and are as flexible as oil. - They are insoluble when dry and can be used almost on any surface. - They do not tend to crack and turn yellow as they age g. Encaustic - Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall. - Earth Pigments + Hot wax →Wooden panel/ Wall - Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors remaining vibrant and its surface maintaining a hard luster, encaustic is not a popular medium among painters because it is difficult to manipulate. 3. Subjects - Star of your piece” - There are so many subjects that can be presented in painting. The prehistoric men painted animals and other things of nature on walls of caves. The early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs. The ancient Greeks and Romans were so fond of their male and female deities. The Renaissance painters did portraits of Mary and Jesus and depicted biblical stories. Others had fun doing landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes, and the like. Portraiture - portraits are pictures of men and women singly or collectively. Animals and plants - drawings of animals and plants Still life - painting of an inanimate object or non-living thing placed on a table or another setting. Country life - painters living in the countryside have access to scenes happening daily in their community. Landscape - any of the landforms can be the subject of a landscape painting. Seascape - any of the water forms can be the subject of a seascape painting. Event - are among the favorite subjects of painters. Religious Items - any religious Items, persons, or objects. 4. History - Periods of Painting Prehistoric Period - The history of painting spans all cultures and dates back to the time of the prehistoric men who produced their own artifacts. Greek Period - Ancient Greece had great painters who were then regarded as manual laborers. Their paintings found in pottery and ceramics give a glimpse of the way of life of ancient Greeks. Roman Period - Roman painting survives mainly in the form of murals and panel portraits, executed in a realistic style. Medieval Period - The Middle Ages saw the rise of Christianity, which brought about a different spirit and aim to painting styles. Placing great emphasis on retaining traditional iconography and style, Byzantine painting has a hieratic feeling; icons were and still are seen as a reflection of the divine. Generally, Byzantine art borders on abstraction as evidenced by its flatness and highly stylized depictions of figures and landscape. Renaissance Period - Considered the golden age of painting, the Renaissance spanned from the 14th through the mid-17thcentury. Baroque Period - Beginning around 1600 until the last years of the 17th century, the Baroque period produced paintings with dramatic light and shade, violent composition, and exaggerated emotion. Classic Period - In the 18th century emerged an art style that revived the Classical art of Greece and Rome in painting sculpture, and architecture. In general, the term "classical" refers to "the art of ancient Greece and Rome". Rococo period - The period covering the 18th century and following the Baroque period is the Rococo period. The painting during this period is characterized as lighter than that of the Baroque, often frivolous, and erotic. Romantic period - The fall of the Rococo style gave rise to a new movement which shifted its attention toward landscape and nature, as well as the human figure and the supremacy of natural order above mankind's will. Realist and Naturalist Period - In the late 1800s, a group of artists actively painted in varying personal styles and were linked mainly by their rejection of Impressionism. Known as the PostImpressionists, they were divided into three groups: the expressionists, represented by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin, who were most interested in personal expression; the formalists, led by Paul Cezanne, who were most concerned with composition and structure; and the realists and naturalists, headed by Gustave Courbet, who used light, shade, color, and perspective to reproduce as closely as possible the appearance of objects in nature. Impressionist Period - In the last half of the 19th century, a group of painters developed a painting style that tried to capture the quality of light as it plays across landscapes and figures. Impressionist Period - In the early 20th century, avante-garde artists experimented on new styles of formalist painting and such experimentation led to the birth of Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, and Suprematism. 5. Local Artist - Notable Local Artists in the Philippines Amorsolo, Fernando C. - was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. He was considered as one of the most important artists in the history of painting in the Philippines and regarded as the father of Philippine Realism for his numerous realistic paintings. Edades, Victorio C. - Edades pioneered modernism in the Philippine art scene, he became known as the Father of Modern Philippine Painting. Most of his paintings portrayed the hardships of the working class. Luna, Juan - best known work was the "Spoliarium”. Module 4: Architecture Architecture - is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures to satisfy individual and communal needs. It is a complex art in as much as the task of the architect is not only to create the design of the exterior of the building or similar structure, but also to do the design of its interior. Kinds of Architectural Construction 1. Post and Lintel - consist of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical posts to support it. 2. Cantilever - the cantilever has two vertical posts for support and a horizontal beam with one end more extended than the other Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of architectural construction because of its tensile strength. 3. Arch - consists of several wedge-shaped blocks of stone called voussoirs held together by a key stone. It serves to support other structures such as roofs and to be a symbolic gateway. Mediums of Architecture 1. Light Materials - include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is that they are not resistant to fire and other natural elements. 2. Heavy Materials - The trend now is toward the use of heavy materials which are not only fire-resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, storms, and floods. These materials are hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel, and sand), brick, steel, and cast iron.
