EXERCISES OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY EXERCISE 1 Given: π"# π₯, π¦ = 120π¦ π₯ − π¦ 1 − π₯ , 0 ≤ π₯ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ π¦ ≤ π₯ Determine the PDF of π = π/ π. EXERCISE 2 Consider a sine waveform π = π΄π πππ, with a constant and non-random (deterministic) amplitude A, and a random angle π, which is uniformly distributed in the interval 0 ≤ π ≤ 2π. Determine the probability density function π" π₯ for the random wave. EXERCISE 3 Let X be uniform on [-1;1]; fX(x)=1/2 for -1<x<+1. Let: E[Y|X=x]=x E[Y2|X=x]=2x2 Let Z=XY. Find the mean and variance of Z. EXERCISE 4 For a random variable X, the mean π and the standard deviation π are known. Assuming that the distribution is symmetric about the mean, determine bounds on π[ π > π], where π > |π|. As a numerical example, consider π = 2π and π = 3π, 4π and 5π. Compare the bounds with the exact values of the probability where X is known to be normal. EXERCISE 5 A satellite moves on an orbit between 60 degrees northern latitude and 60 degrees southern latitude. Assuming that the satellite can splash down with equal probability at any point of the surface of the earth between the previously mentioned parallels, find the probability that the satellite will fall above 30 degrees northern latitude. EXERCISE 6 Let X and Y be independent random variables and: 1 π" π₯ = , −1 < π₯ < 1 π 1 − π₯B FG π# π¦ = π¦π E B , 0 ≤ π¦ ≤ ∞ Show that the probability density for Z=XY equals to: πI π§ = 1 2π π E KG B , −∞ ≤π§≤∞ EXERCISE 7 Let U1 and U2 be two independent random variables having the standard uniform distribution, that is: 1 0<π’<1 πLM π’ = (π = 1,2) 0 πππ ππ€βπππ a) Show that the random variables X1 and X2 described by: πV = −2ln (πV )sin (2ππB ) πB = −2ln (πV )cos (2ππB ) have the standard, uncorrelated normal distribution. b) Determine the deterministic coefficient “a” in: πV = πV + ππB πB = ππV + πB such that the correlation coefficient between Y1 and Y2 is equal to 0.5. c) Write the expression for the joint PDF of Y1 and Y2. EXERCISE 8 The Hayward Fault Zone is a geologic fault zone capable of generating significantly destructive earthquakes. This fault is about 120 km long, situated mainly along the western base of the hills on the east side of San Francisco Bay. In particular, it is monitored the Campanile located in the center of UC Berkeley campus, in order to assess the probability of failure of it in a given year. From a geological analysis, some data are given: - The probability that a rupture occurs along that fault is P[R]=10-3 - Usually the length of a rupture is 30 km. - Once the rupture has occurred, the earthquake magnitude varies from M5 to M7. In particular: π π` |π = 0.25 π πc |π = 0.55 π πd |π = 0.20 From seismic vulnerability analysis, the probabilities that the Campanile fails given a certain earthquake scenario (earthquake magnitude and site-to-rupture distance) are: Considere a viga metálica de um edifício de categoria D (zona comercial) localizado na Guarda. A viga encontraβse sujeitade a carga permanente g de valor nominal 10kN/m, sobrecargas Q com Considere a viga metálica um edifício de categoria D (zona comercial) localizado na Guarda. distribuição normal de média 20kN e coeficiente de variação de 50%, vento w com A viga encontraβse sujeita a carga permanente g de valor nominal 10kN/m, sobrecargas Q valor com característico de 20kN/m e neve s com valor característico de 7kN/m. Admita a possibilidade distribuição normal de média 20kN e coeficiente de variação de 50%, vento w com valor de variabilidade espacial edaneve sobrecarga, vento e neve, istodeé7kN/m. estas ações podem atuar em característico de 20kN/m s com valor característico Admita a possibilidade apenas ou0.0 nos 2espacial vãosπdaπΉ|π viga, π πΉ|π , πV 1 = πB = 0.0mais π πΉ|π = 0.5 `variabilidade ` , conforme `, π de da sobrecarga, ventodesfavorável. e neve, isto ég estas ações podem atuar em π πΉ|π = 0.0 πB = 0.2mais desfavorável. π πΉ|πc , πg = 0.9 c , πV1 ou apenas nos 2 vãosπdaπΉ|π viga,c ,conforme a) Represente graficamente todas as combinações de cargas possíveis para verificação do π πΉ|πd , πV = 0.2 π πΉ|πd , πB = 0.4 π πΉ|πd , πg = 1.0 estado limite último de flexão indicandodeoscargas coeficientes parciais de segurança a) Represente graficamente todasda as viga, combinações possíveis para verificação do e valores reduzidos de cada ação; Evaluate the estado probability failure the Campanile. limiteofúltimo deof flexão da viga, indicando os coeficientes parciais de segurança 3 3 b) ePara um aço da classe S355, valores reduzidos de cada ação;e um perfil HEB200 (wel=569x10 mm ) verifique a segurança parada as classe combinações alínea a); HEB200 (wel=569x103mm3) verifique a b) Para um aço S355, da e um perfil EXERCISE 9 c) segurança Representepara graficamente todasda as alínea combinações de carga possíveis para a verificação as combinações a); da segurança aos estados limites decombinações utilização; de carga possíveis para a verificação c) Represente graficamente todas as Consider d) a steel beama from a commercial building, subjected topara a permanent load frequente g, characterized Verifica segurança ao estado limite de deformação a combinação de da segurança aos estados limites de utilização; by a Gaussian distribution with a mean value of 10 kN/m and a coefficient of variation COVg=0.1, ações admitindo umaaoflecha máxima de d) Verifica a segurança estado deL/250. deformação para a combinação frequente de and and an accidental load q, characterized by limite a Gaussian distribution with a mean value of 7 kN/m admitindo uma flecha máxima de L/250. a coefficient ações of variation COVq=0.3. Q The cross section of the beam is a profile HEB200 made of S355 steel. Q The steel yield strength (fy) Q equal to 380 MPa and coefficient of variation has a Gaussian distribution with mean value Q COVfy=0.03 s s qw w g g L=6.0m L=6.0m L=6.0m L=6.0m Evaluate the probability of collapse of the beam. M[kNm] M[kNm] M[kNm] 1 M[kNm] EXERCISE 10 1 1 2,25 0,56 1 The mean value, the coefficient of variation and the skewness coefficient of a random variable X 2,25 0,56 are known to be 10, 0.30, 1.2 respectively. 3,45 1,22 Determine the expectation of the function: π π = π g − 2π B + 3π − 4. [mm] 1 [mm] 3,45 EXERCISE [mm] 11 1,24 1 [mm] A complex random variable Z is defined 1,24 by: 2,89 π = cos π + ππ ππ(π) 2,89 1,22 1 1 0,79 0,79 0,31 0,31 where X and Y are independent real random variables uniformly distributed from –π to π. a) Find the mean value of Z. b) Find the variance of Z.