TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE
STRATEGY
MEMBER:
LARGO, KEITH ANDREI M
MILLANO, ADRIAN
WHAT IS SPEECH ACT? SPEECH ACT IS AN UTTERANCE THAT SERVES A FUNCTION IN
COMMUNICATION.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT:
1. LOCUTIONARY ACT REFERS TO THE ACTUAL UTTERANCE OF THE SPEAKER.TWO TYPES OF
LOCUTIONARY ACT
A. UTTERANCE ACTS – WHERE SOMETHING IS SAID (OR A SOUND IS MADE) AND WHICH
MAY NOT HAVE ANY MEANING.
B. PROPOSITIONAL ACTS – WHERE A PARTICULAR REFERENCE IS MADE.
NOTE: ACTS ARE SOMETIMES ALSO CALLED UTTERANCES – THUS A PERLOCUTIONARY ACT IS
THE SAME AS PERLOCUTIONARY UTTERANCE.
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT REFERS TO THE INTENDED UTTERANCE BY THE SPEAKER
(PERFORMANCE). ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE DISTINCT CATEGORIES:
A. ASSERTIVE –IT IS AN ACT WHICH SPEAKER EXPRESSES BELIEF ABOUT THE TRUTH
OF A PROPOSITION.
B. DIRECTIVE – IT IS AN ACT WHICH THE SPEAKER TRIES TO MAKE THE ADDRESSEE
PERFORM AN ACTION.
C. COMMISSIVE – IT IS AN ACT WHICH COMMITS THE SPEAKER TO DOING SOMETHING IN THE
FUTURE.
D. EXPRESSIVE – IT IS AN ACT WHICH THE SPEAKER EXPRESSES HIS/HER FEELINGS OR
EMOTIONAL REACTIONS.
E. DECLARATION – IT IS AN ACT WHICH BRINGS A CHANGE IN THE EXTERNAL SITUATION.
3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT REFERS TO THE ACTIONS THAT RESULT FROM THE LOCUTION OR
WHAT WE BRING ABOUT OR ACHIEVE BY SAYING SOMETHING SUCH AS CONVINCING,
PERSUADING, DETERRING OR SURPRISING.
LOCUTIONARY ACT: WHAT WE SAY…
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT: WHAT WE MEAN WE SAY IT…
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT: WHAT WE ACCOMPLISH BY SAYING IT…
LET’S PREPARE!
FOR THE PREVIOUS LESSONS, YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT THE TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS AND THE
OTHER RELATED PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS TO ALL COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES. YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD
THAT SPEECH ACTS ARE UTTERANCES USED TO PERFORM: REQUESTS, WARNINGS, INVITATIONS,
PROMISES, APOLOGIES, PREDICTIONS, AND THE LIKE. IT ALSO TAKES INTO ACCOUNT SPEAKER’S
INTENTION IN A PARTICULAR COMMUNICATIVE SETTING. BY THIS TIME, WE WILL BE FOCUSING ON
THE TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY. WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ROLE OF THE DIFFERENT
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES IN DIFFERENT COMMUNICATIVE SITUATIONS? WHAT DO YOU DO
WHEN YOU NEED TO EXPRESS THE MEANING OF A WORD THAT YOU DON’T KNOW? HOW DO YOU
START AND CLOSE A CONVERSATION, AND HOW DO YOU KEEP IT GOING? WHAT CAN YOU DO IF
YOU ARE NOT SURE ABOUT WHAT TO SAY IN AN UNFAMILIAR SITUATION? SINCE ENGAGING IN
CONVERSATION IS ALSO BOUND BY IMPLICIT RULES, COHEN (1990) STATES THAT STRATEGIES MUST BE
USED TO START AND MAINTAIN A CONVERSATION. THEREFORE, THE SPEAKER AND LISTENER MUST
FIND SOME EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COMMUNICATE THEIR THOUGHTS EFFECTIVELY SO THAT WE CAN
SURVIVE WITH OUR INADEQUACIES IN COMMUNICATION. THOSE EFFECTIVE WAYS WHICH HELP
PEOPLE TO COMMUNICATE IN THE PRESENCE OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES CAN BE CALLED AS
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES ARE TECHNIQUES ON HOW TO DEAL WITH DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED WHEN COMMUNICATING.
HERE ARE THE SEVEN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES:
1. NOMINATION
A SPEAKER CARRIES OUT NOMINATION TO COLLABORATIVELY AND PRODUCTIVELY ESTABLISH
A TOPIC. BASICALLY, WHEN YOU EMPLOY IS STRATEGY, YOU TRY TO OPEN A TOPIC WITH
THE PEOPLE YOU ARE TALKING TO.
IT IS PRESENTING A PARTICULAR TOPIC CLEARLY, TRUTHFULLY, AND SAYING ONLY WHAT IS
RELEVANT IS A STRATEGY THAT CAN ALSO BE APPLIED ANY TIME DURING THE COURSE OF AN
INTERACTION AS A WAY OF CONTINUING THE COMMUNICATION. WHEN THIS STRATEGY IS
USED THE TOPIC IS INTRODUCED IN A CLEAR AND TRUTHFUL MANNER, STATING ONLY WHAT
,
IS RELEVAN TO KEEP THE INTERACTION FOCUSED.
T
EXAMPLES:
➢ “DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO SAY?”
➢ “HAVE YOU HEARD THE NEWS ABOUT THE PRETTIEST GIRL IN SCHOOL?”
➢ “NOW, IT’S YOUR TURN TO ASK QUESTIONS.”
➢ “DOES THAT MAKE SENSE TO YOU?”
2. RESTRICTIONS
RESTRICTION IN COMMUNICATION REFERS TO ANY LIMITATION YOU MAY HAVE AS
AS A SPEAKER.
ALSO, THIS STRATEGY CONSTRAINS OR RESTRICTS THE RESPONSE OF THE OTHER PERSON
INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION. THE LISTENER IS FORCED TO RESPOND ONLY
WITHIN A SET OF CATEGORIES THAT IS MADE BY THE SPEAKER.
EXAMPLES:
➢ IN YOUR CLASS, YOU MIGHT BE ASKED BY YOUR TEACHER TO BRAINSTORM ON PEER
PRESSURE.
➢ WHEN YOU WERE ASKED TO DELIVER A SPEECH IN A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE.
3. TURN-TAKING
TURN-TAKING PERTAINS TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE DECIDE WHO TAKES THE
CONVERSATIONAL FLOOR. THERE IS A CODE OF BEHAVIOR BEHIND ESTABLISHING AND
SUSTAINING A PRODUCTIVE CONVERSATION, BUT THE PRIMARY IDEA IS TO GIVE ALL
COMMUNICATORS A CHANCE TO SPEAK.
TURN-TAKING COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY USES EITHER AN INFORMAL APPROACH (JUST
JUMP IN AND START TALKING) OR A FORMAL APPROACH (PERMISSION TO SPEAK IS
REQUESTED).
EXAMPLE:
➢ CAN WE ALL LISTEN TO THE ONE WHO TALK IN FRONT OF US?
➢ “EXCUSE ME? I THINK WE SHOULD SPEAK ONE AT A TIME, SO WE CAN CLEARLY
UNDERSTAND WHAT WE WANT TO SAY ABOUT THE TOPIC.”
➢ “GO ON WITH YOUR IDEAS. I’LL LET YOU FINISH FIRST BEFORE I SAY SOMETHING.”
4. TOPIC CONTROL
TOPIC CONTROL COVERS HOW PROCEDURAL FORMALITY AND INFORMALITY AFFECTS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF TOPICS IN CONVERSATION. THIS ONLY MEANS THAT WHEN A TOPIC IS
INITIATED, IT SHOULD BE COLLECTIVELY DEVELOPED BY AVOIDING UNNECESSARY
INTERRUPTIONS AND TOPIC SHIFTS.
KEEPING THE INTERACTION GOING BY ASKING QUESTIONS AND ELICITING A RESPONSE
THIS IS SIMPLY A QUESTION-ANSWER FORMULA THAT MOVES THE DISCUSSION FORWARD.
THIS ALSO ALLOWS THE LISTENER OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS TO TAKE TURNS, CONTRIBUTE, IDEAS,
AND CONTINUE THE DISCUSSION.
EXAMPLE:
➢ “ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL LESSONS I GAINED FROM THE DISCUSSION IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
SPORTS AND WELLNESS TO A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.
5. TOPIC SHIFTING
TOPIC SHIFTING, AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, INVOLVES MOVING FROM ONE TOPIC TO
ANOTHER. IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS WHERE ONE PART OF A CONVERSATION ENDS AND WHERE
ANOTHER BEGINS.
IT IS INTRODUCING A NEW TOPIC FOLLOWED BY THE CONTINUATION OF THAT TOPIC
IT IS ALSO A STRATEGY THAT IS USEFUL IN INTRODUCING ANOTHER TOPIC. THIS STRATEGY
WORKS BEST WHEN THERE IS FOLLOW-THROUGH SO THAT NEW TOPIC CONTINUES TO BE
DISCUSSED.
EXAMPLES:
“BY THE WAY, THERE’S A NEW SHOP OPENING AT THE MALL”
“IN ADDITION TO WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT THE BEAUTIFUL GIRL IS THAT SHE IS ALSO SMART.”
6. REPAIR
REPAIR REFERS TO HOW SPEAKER ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS IN SPEAKING, LISTENING, AND
COMPREHENDING THAT THEY MAY ENCOUNTER IN A CONVERSATION.
IT IS OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN TO SEND MORE COMPREHENSIBLE
MESSAGES.
EXAMPLES:
➢ “EXCUSE ME, BUT THERE ARE 5 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION NOT 4.”
➢ “I’M SORRY, THE WORD SHOULD BE PRONOUNCED AS PRETTY NOT PRITI.”.
7. TERMINATION
TERMINATION REFERS TO THE CONVERSATION OF PARTICIPANTS’ CLOSE-INITIATING
EXPRESSIONS THAT END A TOPIC IN A CONVERSATION.
IT USES VERBAL AND NONVERBAL SIGNALS TO END THE INTERACTION.
IT ENDS THE INTERACTION THROUGH VERBAL AND NONVERBAL MESSAGES THAT BOTH
SPEAKER AND LISTENER SEND TO EACH OTHER. SOMETIMES THE TERMINATION IS QUICK AND
SHORT. SOMETIMES IT IS PROLONGED BY CLARIFICATION, FURTHER QUESTIONS, OR THE
CONTINUATION OF THE TOPIC ALREADY DISCUSSED, BUT THE POINT OF THE LANGUAGE AND
BODY MOVEMENT IS TO END THE COMMUNICATION.
EXAMPLES:
➢ “BEST REGARDS TO YOUR PARENTS! SEE YOU AROUND!
➢ “IT WAS NICE MEETING YOU. BYE!”
➢ “THAT IS ALL FOR TODAY CLASS, GOODBYE!”