T H E ESSEN T IA L S O F
B US I N E S S E N G L I S H
MA C C L I N T O C K M A
PO RT E R LAN D E R
Of
U iv i ty C ll g
Au t hor
n
o
e rs
f
o
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,
The
U iv i t y
n
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of
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C h i ca g o ,
L i t era t u re in t h e E l e m e n t a ry S c h oo ls
La S alle Ex t e n s io n Un iv e rs ity
C h i
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PRE FA CE
MY
D E AR
S TU DE N T
k e su re of you r r eadin g th is p ref ace I am
putti n g it in t o th e for m of a p er son al lett er Y ou sh ould
n ev er f ail to r ead t h e t i t l e p age an d t h e p r ef a c e of y ou r
b ook Y ou will som et i m es fin d expl an at i ons an d poin ts of
i
w
h
I
n
er e t h at will ligh t up th e wh ol e b ook f or y ou
e
t
v
t his p r e f ac e I w an t t o give you som e si m pl e p r ac t ic al dir e c
t i on s f or d oi n g th e w or k t h e b ook c all s f or ; t o t ell y ou
wh at you n eed n ot exp e ct t o g et ou t of it ; an d t o suggest
to y ou h ow t o g et ou t of it th e u tm ost h elp it h as f or you
1 I w an t y ou t o do all th e wor k
S om
e of it m ay seem
B u t such p ar ts ar e steppi n g ston es
si m pl e an d fam ili ar
Y ou h av e n otic ed th at wh en t h e t eam
ssar y
an d ar e n ec e
fir st r un s ou t on th e foot b all fi eld t h ey t oss th e b all an d
“
r u n ab ou t lik e child r en
Th ey ar e
lim b erin g up
an d
th e p roc ess is n ec essar y
S o I w an t y ou t o t ake th e easy
sen t en c es an d ex er ci ses as li m b er in g u p m ov em en ts
If
you do y ou will sc ar c ely n otic e t h at th ey sl owly gr ow m or e
c om pl ex D o everyt hin g you ar e asked to do an d do it as
w ell as p ossi bl e
2 You can see th at I h av e w r i tt en it all as si mply as
“
i t c oul d b e w r i tt en u sin g as f ew t ech n ic al t er ms as p ossi b l e
B u t I b eg y ou n ot t o b e f r igh ten e d at t h e n ames of thi n gs
in gr am m ar an d th e oth er b r an ch es of l an gu age study I f
y ou st udi ed an aut om ob il e y ou w ould l earn in five m in
ut es th e w or ds cylin der sp ar k p lu g ignition car b u r etor
cam sh af t
an d a half sc or e m or e ; th e v ery child r en in
th e street use th e w or ds aer op lan e m on Op lan e b ip lan e
In
or
d er
'
to m a
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PRE FAC E
iv
They
p r op eller, an d a d oz en oth er pu r ely t e chni c al t er m s
u se t h em c orr ect ly an d n ev er d r eam of ev adi n g th em or of
.
ub sti tuti n g
h er an d simpl er w or ds f or th em
Th e f ew tech n ic al t erm s y ou n ee d to k n ow in gr am m ar
ar e easi er t o l ear n t h an th e t ech n ic al n am es of t hi n gs in
I w ou ld n ot
ot h er fi eld s an d ar e qu i t e a s n e c essar y t o k n ow
in sul t you r i n t elligen c e b y t r an sl at in g i n to b abb l e such
t erms as inflection ag r eem en t con j u g ation or b y ass um in g
th at you can n ot l e ar n at a gl an c e a p ar ticip le or an adver b
3 Two t h in gs I h av e t ak en f or gr an ted ab ou t y ou in
w ri ti n g thi s b ook On e is th at y ou h ave h ad s choolin g equ al
in amou n t at l east t o th at giv en in t h e six or sev en g r ades
Thi s m ean s t h at you h av e h ad con
of th e pu b li c s ch ools
sider ab l e d r ill in gr amm ar an d ar e r eady t o apply y ou r
kn owl edge
Th e oth er thi n g I tak e f or gr an t ed is t h at you ar e eag er
t o g et r eady f or th e t hin g y ou w an t t o do in th e w or ld an d
I do n ot h ave t o b eg you or t o b r i b e you
f or th e wor ld
or t o pull y ou or ev en t o l ead you t en d er l y b y th e h an d
I don t even h av e to in ter es t you You ar e al ready i n ter
—
wh at a failur e I sh ould b e if I c ould n ot k eep you
est e d
in t er ested !
N ow it is fr om thi s p oin t of vi ew th at I w or k f or you
I f I am m i st aken in my fir st assu m p t i on if y ou h av e n ot
h ad any gr amm ar or if y ou h ave for gott en i t or if y ou
wer e wh olly en gaged in ty i n g J an e D oe s an d Mary Roe s
h ai r ribb on s t ogeth er whil e y our t each er was teachin g th e
gr am m ar lesson s—th en I m ust d ep en d on you t o g et a n ic e
si m pl e gr amm ar such as t h ey u se in th e g r ad es an d h av e it
h an dy to turn to Wh at y ou l earn f or your self is d ou b ly
n y b u si
n
es
i
a
s
n
b
s
e
a
u
if
g
i
g
o
ucc
o
t
u
a
r
o
r
A
n
d
o
e
s
y
y
n ess y ou m u st l ear n t o m as ter f or you r self th e tools an d
m achin es—in cludin g in t hi s c ase th e sim pl e fun d am en tal
th in gs f gr amm ar
p
s
ot
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mi
am
If I
k
sta en
in
PRE F A C E
v
c d
—
m
t
n
b u t th at is
assu p i o
th e
se on
imp ossib le
4 I n p r ep ar in g y ou r l esson s I h av e foll owed n o h ar d
N o teach er s ti cks
an d f ast r ul e as to th e ar r an g em en t
“
m eth od
H e suit s hi s
th r ough th ick an d th i n to a
m eth od t o th e m ateri al an d th e cl ass You will n otic e th at
in som e c ases I h ave given ex er ci ses fi rst s h owi n g m an y
vi ews of th e form I w an t you to l earn—so th at b y t h e t ime
n
o
n
h
I
r
u
h
a
v
d
t
h
s
e
wi
l
l
k
o
w
t
ul
n
h
o
o
e
o
u
e
e
t
er
e
o
y
y
c ases it seemed a savin g of ti m e an d en er gy to state th e rul e
Y ou don t
or p r i n cipl e fi rst an d t h en sh ow it s ap p lic ati on
h ave t o memor iz e an d r em em b er th ese r ul es—exc ep t p er
h ap s t h ose f or sp ell in g : y ou h ave only t o g et th e c orr ect
f or m fix ed in y our h ead in y our ton gue in y our h an d
5 I n a f ew c ases i t seem ed n ec essary t o give exam pl es
of m i stak en u sage in or d er to cor rec t it
On e w ould n ot
B u t f or ex
d o t his if h e w ere t eachi n g y ou n g child ren
n
a
n
s
s th ose t h at will u se t his b ook I
ud
s
uch
r
i
c
e
t
e
t
e
e
d
s
p
h av e n o fear th at th ey will l earn th e wr on g form or th at
b y som e p sy ch ologic al p er vers i ty t h e w r on g form will st ick
in th ei r m i n ds an d th e r igh t on e f all aw ay B u t as a p r e
ca ut i on I w oul d ask y ou n ever t o r ead th e wron g f orm
al oud an d n ev er t o w r i te it off
6 I n addi t i on t o thi s b ook an d to th e p ossi b l e grammar
n
n
a
Y
r
o
u
e
t
o
o
m
a
will
d
a
dic
i
a
f
r
t
u
e
u
b
o
o
n
e
te as t o
s
y
y
y
h av e acc ess to dic tion ar i es in a sch ool r oom or a li b rary
b u t y ou sh oul d if p os si b l e h av e on e of y ou r own al w ay s
b esid e you wh en y ou w r i t e or study Th e di c t i on ary w or k
in t hi s b ook is b ase d on Web ster s S ec on d ary S ch ool Di c
t ion ary ; th e li ttl e d esk an d p ock et v olu m e is t oo m eager in
its d et ail s t o b e of much v alu e Th er e is a li b er al educ at ion
I t w ould tak e an oth er v olume t o t ell
in y ou r dic ti on ary
wh at I m yself h ave l earn ed—cur i ous i nter estin g b eaut i
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PRE FAC E
vi
h elpful
—
gs fr om my
hi
li ttl e dicti on ary in th e
p r oc ess of m ak in g this b ook
7 Try t o kill as m any b ir ds as p oss i b l e wi t h ev ery st on e
Wh en y ou study a sen ten c e given t o illustr ate (
let u s say )
a p ossess iv e l ear n al so th e sp elli n g of an y w or d you w ere
n ot su r e of b efor e ; r em ar k t h e pu n c t u at i on ; r ead it al oud
so as t o g et an e ar i m age of it ; w r i t e it o ff s o as t o g et a
moti on i m ag e of i t ; c on stru c t an ot h er like it ; g et ev er ything
Thi s is wh at c on sti tu t es study and t his
ou t of it y ou can
is wh at c r eat es m em or y I w ould m od estly b oas t th at ev er y
c orr ect sen t en ce given in t h e b ook is on e th at you m ay easily
h av e use f or or th at will ser ve you as a m od el
8 Th e t i tl e of t h e b ook w as ch os en af ter m uch d eli b er a
t i on an d c on sul t at i on an d m ean s p r eci sely wh at it say s
Y ou will n ot ic e th at i t h as th r ee t er m s :
E ssen tia ls— I h ave tr i e d t o i n clu d e everythi n g t h at will
h elp to th e w r iti n g of clean cl ear eff e ct ive E n gli sh I t is
n ot a c om pl ete S p ell er g r amm ar c om p osi t i on or r h et or ic
b u t it t r i es t o give y ou th e p r ac t i cal u seful c or e of f ou r
su ch b ooks
—
B u sin ess I t t r i es t o st ick cl ose t o wh at you n eed in
ac t u al c om m u n ic at i on s an d t r an sac ti on s i n v olvi n g every d ay
I t d oes n ot
aff ai r s an d th e b as i c matt ers of b us i n ess
un d ertake t o teach li ter ar y com p osi ti on or c r itici sm th ough
it t each es n othi n g th at w ould n ot b e v alu ab l e t o a li ter ary
I t si m ply st op s sh or t of th e li t er ary t rai n i n g
s tud en t
E n g lis h — I t d oes n ot un d er t ake to t each b usi n ess or a
b usin ess I t t r i es t o k eep as cl ose as p ossi bl e to its pu rp ose
th e pu r p ose of e quippi n g y ou t o exp r ess y ou r self in wh at
I f you g o on t o b e c om e an
e v er b u si n ess y ou m ay g o i n t o
or an exp ert
or a c omm er ci al c or r esp on d en t
a dv er t i ser
p r iv ate secr etary or a p r ofess i on al w r i ter on b u sin ess you
will h av e t o t ak e adv an c ed p r of ession al c our ses to e quip
f ul ,
t
n
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PRE FAC E
vii
u lf f or th ese thin gs Bu t I ventur e t o say you will n ot
h ave to un learn th e thin gs you l earn in this b ook
9 K eep thi s b ook on y ou r d esk or on you r h an di est
b ook sh elf an d turn t o it wh en ev er you f eel puzzled in y our
writ in g I t ough t t o serv e you as a sort of en cy clop edi a in
its own fi eld
I h av e attem p ted t o arr an ge th e top ics in a
n at ur al se qu en c e ; b u t it is alm ost im p oss i b l e in such a
b ook to m ak e i t en ti r ely ev oluti on ar y You will h ave occ a
si on to tu r n to t h e ch ap t er on pun c t u at i on to th e ch ap t er
on t h e for m al p ar ts of a l et ter et c
b ef or e you c om e t o
th em m g om g r e gul ar ly th rough th e b ook
S o m uch th e
b etter !Th e m or e you can use it as a r efer en c e b ook th e
m or e good y ou wil l g et ou t of it
I sh oul d like t o t each
it t o you m yself ; b u t sin c e t h at is i m p ossi b l e I m ust con
ten t m y self wi t h wi shin g y ou all su c c ess in m ast er i n g it
an d all succ ess in wh at ev er b u sin ess it m ay serv e y ou in
Amon g t h e l ar ge n u mb er of b ook s c on sul ted I am esp e
cially i n d eb ted to
“
”
E gli h
B i
H b t L wi
Edw i
E gli h
B i
R
A B h lig
yo rse
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u s n e ss
n
u s n ess
A
Man u al
“
A B
Th e
s
n
.
”1
os e
n
s
f or
W r i te r s
B i
u s n es s
.
L
et t e r
”
.
”
.
er
er
e
u
.
P ow e
and
Dwy
.
.
.
Ma n l y
I on E
s
er
ll
.
.
gli sh G ra m m ar
S cot t an d B u ck
“
Th e P r act i ce of Typ ogr a ph y
Th eod or e L ow D ev i n n e
”
Th e E ssen t i a l s of E n gli sh Com pos i t i on
J W Linn
”
A dver t i si n g a s a B u si ness Force Pau l T Ch eri n gt on
i f
r e
”
En
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TH E
JUL Y , 19 14
My th an k s
AUTH OR
.
.
Hea th
f or perm i ss i on t o
Co
“
”
a d apt t w o ex er ci s es f r om B u h l ig s
B u s i n ess E n gli sh My t h an k s
a r e a l so du e t o S m a ll Ma yn a r d an d Co f or p e r m i ss i on t o u se s e ver a l
“
”
pa ssa g es f rom B r an dei s s B u si n ess a Pr of es s i on
1
ar e
du e to D
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T AB L E OF C ON TE N T S
INTRODU C T I ON
C H APT E R
PA
G RA M M A TIC AL CoRRE CTN Es s— INFLE C TI ON
G RA MM A TIC AL CoRRE CT N E ss—A G REE M E NT
CO RRE C TNES S— G OVE RN M E N T
G RA M M ATIC AL
CO RRE C TNES S
CO RRE C T
IN
D IC TI ON
A RRA NGE M E N T
V O C ABULARY
C LEARNE S S
E FFE C TIVE NESS
SP O KE N ENGLI S H
A
.
B
.
SPEA K I NG
ENGLI S H
MA K I NG A SPE E C H
SPEL LI NG
P UN C TUA TI ON
B US I NES S CO M P O S I TI ON
A
.
B
.
BUS I NE S S
MI S C ELLANE OU S
AN D
INDEX
L E TTE RS
SO CIAL
BUS I NE SS
LE TTE RS
D O CU M EN TS
GE
I NTROD U CTI ON
I
En glish
purp ose
Th er e m ay b e p eopl e wh o u se w or ds f or t h e sak e Of t alkin g ;
—
h
m
so t h ei r l an gu age d oesn t
b u t n ob ody li st ens t o t e
c oun t Most of u s sp eak an d w r i te f or th e sak e of p r odu c
i n g an effec t We w an t t o m ak e an id ea pl ai n t o an oth er
p er son ; we w an t t o p er su ad e an oth er p er son t o act ; w e
w an t to Sh ar e ou r pl easur e wi th an oth er ; we w an t t o sec u r e
sym p ath y wi th ou r Ow n j oy s an d sor r ows or wi th t h ose of
an oth er
ise w e will a d ap t ou r l an gu age t o th e su b j ect
I f w e ar e w
we ar e tal ki n g ab ou t an d t o th e p er son we ar e t al k in g t o
Rar e an d p o et ic al w or ds w oul d b e ou t of pl ac e if y ou
wer e m er ely or d eri n g y ou r din n er— t h ey w ou ld n ot exp r ess
n
n
c
c
k
w
o
u
o
r
n
m
id
n
u
r
o
ld
t
u
d
e
s
t
a
d
h
d
o
t
e
ea
a
u
r
o
s
y
y
Fin e w r i t i n g is as m uch ou t of pl ac e in ev ery d ay b u si n ess
as ar e fine cl ot h es in a b u si n ess Offic e
Th er e is h ow ev er a pl ac e f or p oet ic al w or d s an d f or
fin e w r i t i n g jus t as t h er e is a pl ac e f or fin e cl oth es
If
y ou ar e w r i t i n g an or at i on f or som e soul st i r r i n g occ a
sion y ou w an t th at ki n d of fin e an d n ob l e w or d s t h at m ak e
el oqu en c e ; if y ou ar e w r i t i n g a p oem y ou w an t th at ki n d
B u t wh en
O f fin e an d d elic at e w or d s t h at m ak e b eau ty
r
ff
r
r
r
n
h
t
a
f
a
o
i
t
i
g
a
b
o
u
p
a
c
ic
l
a
i
s
o
lif
n
a
u
a
e
w
t
t
e
ou
tu
e
y
y
r ally ch oose a s i m p l e di r ec t c on cl u siv e f or m of exp r essi on
Never th el ess th e sam e qu al i ti es un d er li e all ki n ds Of
ix
G ood
is E n gli sh th at is
good
”
f or it s
.
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I N TRO
DUCTI O N
g ood w r itin g Th er e are onl y f our
qu aliti es of style They ar e th ese
Of
.
wh at
we
c all
th e
.
Cor r ec tn ess
Cl earn ess
For ce
B eauty
cl earn ess—ar e n ec essary
in al l sp eech c ou n ted g ood at al l Th ey ar e th e f oun d ati on
O f c ou rse
on which al l w r i t i n g an d sp eech m u st b e b u ilt
ws th at a m an wh o vi ol ates ever y rul e an d
e veryb ody kn o
d efi es every acc ep t ed usage may m ake hims elf u n derstood
A s h e g oes on i n to
B u t h e is su r e t o m eet h is W ater l oo
b etter pl ac es an d mor e c omplex a fiair s t h er e will su rely
c om e a t inie wh en h e will n ot b e un derst ood An d at wh at
a c ost d oes h e c on duc t h is aff ai rs if h e is ign or an t of or
din ary g ood u sage !Wh at hu m ili at ion h e feels wh en h e
r ealiz es t h at h e c an t m ak e h is m ean i n g cl ear !
An d th e f ailu r e t o exp r ess on eself cle ar ly an d c or r ec tl y
h as a p r ac tic al sid e L ook at th e i n n u m er ab l e t r oub l esom e
an d di sast r ous l aw sui ts t h at c om e i n to ou r c ou r ts on ac
c oun t Of th e d oub le m ean in g p ossibl e to som e wor d or
ph r ase in a b usi n ess d ocum en t A b us in ess m an wh o was
goin g t o Lon d on on a m ost im p ort an t m i ssi on f or h is firm
ar ran ge d t o st ar t f r om his c ou n t ry h om e n e ar a sm all t own
He was to t ak e an aft er n oon tr ai n which was giv en in t h e
Mak es r egul ar stop on
r ail r oad s f old er wi th a footn ot e :
”
”
H e i n terp r et ed r egul ar stop
S u n d ay
to m ean th at
it stopp e d ev er y day Wh en h e w en t to t ak e t hi s t r ain on
Mon d ay h e foun d t h at it st opp ed at h is st at i on on ly on
H e m i ssed h is b oat at New Y or k h e l ost h is
S u n d ay
b u si n ess ch an c e in L on d on Th at amb i guou s w or d c ost h is
fir m m an y th ou san ds of d oll ars—in d eed it m ay h av e al tere d
th e wh ol e cour se of th e fir m s hist or y
Two
—
f
h
s
t e e c orr ec tn ess
o
an d
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I N TRO
DUCTI O N
un d oubt edly tr u e th at th e wr iter wh o m akes n o
gr amm ar or dic t i on an d wh ose m ean in g is u n
m ist ak ab le h as th e tw o qu alific at i on s th at do m ost f or h im
m
f
o
e
t
o
a
s
r
s
a
b
u
i
w
i
p
e
k
A
v
v
lu
bus i
o
r
e
r
r
t
e
n
s
s
e
s
a
as
n ess E n glis h n eed s ju st t h e qu ali t i es of c or r e c tn ess an d
cl earn ess— an d n eeds n othin g m ore
B u t th er e ar e ci r c u mst an c es un der which y ou w an t t o
Y ou
add t o t h e t w o b asic qu ali t i es t h e qu ali ty of f or c e
wan t t o m ake your st at em en t str on g as well as cl ear an d
c or r e ct ; you w an t em ph asis ; y ou wan t t o st r ike atten t i on
so h ar d as t o h old it ; y ou w an t t o p e r su ad e t h e p ers on y ou
—
lki
g
n
t o t o c on vi n c e h im fi rst an d t h en p ers u ad e
ar e t a
h im t o act This qu ali ty of sty l e is v ery i m p or t an t in b u si
For c e is an oth er w or d f or effect iv en ess an d
n ess E n gli sh
f or em p h asi s I t d oes n ot di ff er in ki n d fr om f or c e or eff ec t
iv en ess in li ter ar y w r i t i n g
I t is on ly app l i e d t o a di ff er en t
kin d of sub j ec t an d add r essed to a differ en t audien c e
B u si n ess E n gli sh d oes n ot m ak e so m uch of t h e qu ali ty
We do n ot n eglec t it
of b eau ty as li t er ar y w r i t i n g d oes
b u t w e feel th at b u si n ess wr i t in g h as its own ki n d of b eau ty
I f it is c or r ec t cl ear an d f or c eful w e f eel th at this un i on
We do n ot try f or dec
of qu ali ti es c on st i tu t es its b e au ty
or at iv e w or ds f or m u sic al p h r as es or f or b eau t iful i m ag es
un l ess th ey ser ve ou r p r ac tic al n eeds Of th e four qu al
i ti es Of styl e w e mak e l eas t of th e qu ali ty of b eauty
Wh at ever kin d of wr it in g y ou ar e goin g t o do y ou n eed
I f y ou g o at on c e
t o l ear n h ow t o secu r e th ese qu ali t i es
in t o b u sin ess th e t i m e m ay com e wh en you will b e an au th or
ity in y ou r li n e an d w ill b e wr i t i n g ar t icl es an d b ooks t h at
m u st g o ou t an d b e j u dged j u st as all w r i ti n g is judg ed
An d if y ou g o to c ol l eg e y ou will fin d t h at wh at y ou h ave
l earn ed ab out these st an d ar d an d acc ep ted qu alit ies of styl e
puts you i mm edi at ely in to lin e an d p er h ap s saves you a
good year of t ime in En gli sh
Y es, i t is
mi st ak es in
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
I
xii
We sh ould
NTRODUC T I ON
j c t t h at
win g vi ew th at ther e is an
”
a c ad emic
or l ear n e d c or r e c t n ess or cl ear n ess di ffer en t
fr om p r ac tic al c or r ec tn ess or clearn ess Th is V iew is t h e
fr ui t of ign or an c e or p r ejudic e Ther e is on ly on e kin d
Th e app ar en t difi er en ce is a difier en ce
O f ei th er qu ali ty
in t h e su b j ec t s tr eat ed or a difier en ce in t h e p erson s ex
“
p r ess in g th em selv es Wh en I s ay Th e sages ar e n o m or e
”
i n fallib l e t h an th e sain ts ar e im p ecc ab le I am qui te as
“
c orr ec t as wh en I say Th e p ap er b ox es ar e cru sh ab l e an d
”
If
t h e gl ass j ar s ar e b r eak ab l e ; b u t I am n o m or e so
on e of t h e sen t en c es sou n d s m or e f or m al i t is b ec au se t h e
t h ou gh t is n ot f am ili ar an d n ot p r ac t ic al
Of c ou r se I can
Th e r e c ep t acl es of
b e p riggis h an d ped an t i c ; I can say
p ap er ar e n o m or e i m p er i sh ab l e th an th ose con str u c ted of
”
gl ass ar e i n d estr uct ib le ; b u t I sh ou ld on l y b e ab su r d
“
E sp e ci all y I should n ot b e
ac ad em ic ally
n ot i n c orr ect
c or r ect Th er e is n ot a t each er in an y sch ool— ev en in a
c oll ege—wh o w ou ld n ot h oot at such a sen t en c e
Two f ac ts m ak e all t h e diff er en c es th er e ar e b et w ee n
li ter ary w r it in g an d b u si n ess w r it i n g : B usin ess w r i t in g
d eal s wi th ob j ects an d f ac ts an d aims at a p r ac tic al r esu lt
L i t er ar y w r i ti n g d eal s wi t h em oti on s an d id eas an d ai m s
Th e di ff er en c es b etw een th em do n ot
at ar t i st i c r esul ts
aff e c t c orr e c t n ess cl e ar n ess an d f or c e
On l y a k n owl edge
of t h ese qu ali t i es an d of t h e m ean s of secu r i n g t h em will
m ake you safe an d fir m in an y ki n d of w r i t i n g
re e
n ar r o
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
“
;
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
II
We b egin
ur ally an d l ogic ally wit h c orr ectn ess Th er e
ar e t h r ee as p e c ts of c or r ec tn ess t h at we m u st study
1 Cor r ec t n ess in gr am m ar ;
8 Cor r e ctn ess in th e ch oic e of w or ds ;
3 Corr ec tn ess in th e ar r an g em en t of w or d s
We sh all b egin wi th g r am m atical cor r ectn ess be c ause
n at
.
.
.
.
.
‘
,
,
I NTRO DUCT I ON
xiii
his w ill do m or e th an either of th e oth ers to pu t in or d er
t h e E n gli sh we alr eady h av e
I f y ou w ere a m er ch an t an d h ad r eason t o t hi n k t h at
t h er e w as Som et hi n g w r on g wi th y ou r b u sin ess you m igh t
m an t o h elp y ou p u t it on a b etter f oot
cal l in an effici en c
in g
A n d t h e fi r st thi n g h e w ould d o would b e t o ex am i n e
i
n
n
s
t
as
o
k
u
b
i
ju
d
s
w
uld
l
o
r
u
s
s
t
s
t
a
H
o
o
e
s
e
ov er y ou r
y
s t ock an d ex am in e y ou r b ooks ; h e w ould sh ow y ou wh at
n
n
s
r
a
a
e
a
d d ead ; h e w oul d sh ow y ou t h e m is
d
w
u
l
b
l
oo
e
e
s
g
A fter th at h e w ould advise you ab out
tak es in you r b ook s
b u y in g a n ew stock an d ad op ti n g a n ew m eth od of keepi n g
u
ou
r
r
o
k
u
b
k
B
t
if
w
e
a
l
e
o
w
uld
W
h
e
u
s
o
r
o
o
s
a
a
t
t
y
y
y
y
“
Wh y c an t I sell th ese c oll ar s
ev er y st ep of th e p r oc ess
”
“
An d if h e said
W ell
t hese su sp en d ers t h ese gl ov es ?
p eopl e w h o kn ow don t u se th em an y m or e ; t h ey ar e m ade
of ch eap an d p er i sh ab l e m at er i al ; t h ey ar e m ad e on a p oor
h
n e ou t b ec au se th e p r in cipl e w as
a
o
a
n
h
t
d
e
vic
e
as
g
t
t
t
e
;
p
“
”
wr on g you would ask Wh at is t h e r igh t p r in cipl e ?
Wh at ar e th e kn own r ul es of ch oic e ? I mu st kn ow th ese
”
so t h at I sh all m ak e n o m or e accid en t al m i st ak es
I t seem s wi se wh en y ou d esi r e t o i mp r ov e y ou r l an gu ag e
t o b e gi n wi th an ex am i n ati on an d r earr an gem en t if n eces
—
n
u
a
o
n
a
h
o
f
u
e
ppl
h
v
h
d
t
s
o
s ary
e
y y
y ou h ave a l ar g e
—
ck
sto
an d fin d ou t wh at if an y thi n g is w r on g wi th it
t
.
,
,
’
y
.
.
.
’
‘
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
D o y ou
.
say
”
”
i t wh en y Ou m ean He isn t ;
”
“
”
S h e d on t wh en y ou m ean
Sh e d oesn t
”
I t d on t m ak e n o di ffer en c e wh en y ou m e an
He
a n
’
’
’
’
,
’
“
It
no difier en ce
’
me
”
”
;
h en
It s I
y ou m e an
”
b e sorry t o see y ou g o
I
en m er e
o t en ess r e
”
r es y ou t o say
I sh a b e sor ry t o see y ou g o ;
”
H e s al t a e th e m e
ne
en y ou
a e a r
t to
s
w
will
qui
I t m ak es
“
s ay on
’
“
h l
“
ly H
e
k
wil l
wh
ll
dici
ke th e
ta
wh
”
m edici n e ;
p li
h v
igh
,
I
xiv
NTROD UCT I ON
didn t ob j ect t o h im h elpin g wh en you m ean I
di dn t ob j ec t t o h is h elpin g
N ow wh en y ou r ead t h e f or eg oi n g p ar agr aph y ou can at
on c e an d fi n ally c orr ect t h ese p ar t ic u l ar m i st ak es ; b u t t h er e
ar e m an y m or e p ossi b ilit i es of e r r or in t h e cl asses f r om
which th ese are tak en an d m an y mor e cl asses of err or s
“
H ow can I av oid n ot on ly t h ese
S o y ou ask at on c e
m i st ak es b u t t h ose of th e sam e k in d ? Wh at ar e th e r ul es
or p r i n ci p l es ?
I t i s a v ery
Th i s t ak es y ou at on c e in t o g r amm ar
su r p r i si n g th i n g th at m an y p eopl e c on sid er gr amm ar a
Th ey c on sid er it dull ei th er
d u ll an d di ffit
s u b j ec t
b ec au se th ey h ad p oor t eachi n g wh en t h ey studi e d it or
b ec ause th ey h ad n o livin g p r ac t ic al in t er est in it an d so
I f t h ey sh ould t ak e it up ag ai n
n o m ot ive f or l ear n i n g it
when th ey h ad im m edi at e u se f or it wh en t h ey c ould
apply it at on c e in t h e i r aff ai r s or in t h e i r p r ep ar at i on f or
b usi n ess t h ey w ould fin d it livi n g an d f ar fr om dull
Th ose wh o c on sid er e d it difficu l t p r ob ab ly foun d it so
b ec au se th ey w er e led i n t o som e of th e logic al an d ab st rac t
f th e sub j e c t G r am m ar is lik e all t h e ot h er sci en c es
sid es O
it h as sim pl e p r ac t ic al st ages or sides an d it h as adv an c ed
You kn ow th at wh en y ou st u dy elec
an d th e or e t ic al sid es
t r icity y ou can t ak e it up on a sc al e th at will c ost y ou a
lifeti m e of study in a m illi on doll ar l ab or atory B u t y ou
kn ow too th at th er e ar e asp ects of it th at you can m aster
in a f ew m on th s 111 an or di n ar ily w ell e quipp ed sh op th at
will m ak e y ou a good p r ac t ic al el ec tr ici an
—
m
r
a
a
t
s
e
s
th ose sid es
m
t
i
pl
e
p
c
ic
l
id
r
m
o
h
a
s
i
s
s
a
ar
t
o
G
th at c on c er n c orr e c t n ess of sp ee ch— ac tu al p r ac t ic al sp eak
I t i s n o diffi
in g th e pl ai n est an d m ost ev er y d ay w r i ti n g
cul t t ask to l ear n th ese f ew i m p ortan t p r in cipl es an d so
We
safe gu ar d ou r selv es wh er e m i st ak es are lik ely t o occu r
ar e n ot t r y in g to m aster th e wh ol e s ci en c e of gr amm ar
’
I
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
.
-
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
C HAP TE R
G
I
R AMMAT IC A L C ORRE C TNESS
I N FLE CTI ON
w or d u sed to n am e th ose ch an ges of form
t h at w or ds u n d er g o to exp r ess som e ch an g e of m ean i n g or
to sh ow t h ei r u ses in th e sen t en c e or th ei r r el ati on t o ot h er
wor ds Th e p ar ts of sp eech t h at sh ow infl ec ti on are n oun s
p ron oun s adj ec tives adver b s an d verb s
1 Th e infl ect i on of nouns and prono
uns —Th e ar
r an gem en t of n oun s an d p r on ou n s t o sh ow th ei r i n fle c t i on
I t sh ows wh at ever ch an ges of f orm
is c all ed d e cl ens i on
t h ey u n d er g o t o i n dic at e t h e two n umb er s s i n gul ar an d
plu ral ; an d th e th r ee c as es n om i n ative p ossessive an d ob
n
n
r
o
Th
f
o
ll
o
wi
g
t
pic
a
l
d
e
cl
e
s
i
n
i
v
e
a
s:
c
t
e
e
e
y
j
I n fl ection is th e
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
N O UN
S i n g u l ar
b
L
W
“7
in
e
W -N om
b oy
.
b
b
O
“ j
’
oy s
b oy
.
S N AL
N OU N S
PRO
PE R O
I
my
me
h e,
sh e,
it
h i s, h er , i t s
1
1
)
hi m , h er, i t
REL ATI VE PRON OU N
N am
wh o
.
wh ose
C
t
r
) wh om
I
,
When y ou l ook at th ese w or ds y ou see th at th e n oun h as
—
n
n
fl
o
n
ect i
s
on e f or th e p os sessiv e c as e
on ly tw o ch a g es or i
an d on e f or th e plu r al n u m b er
Th ese th en ar e th e t r ou b l esom e p oi n t s an d it is at t h es e
p oi n ts th at w e fin d m i stak es c ommon ly m ade
.
,
,
,
.
1
Th e P ossessiv e Case
.
EXE RCI S E
St udy th e
Mak e
a n ew
W Th e
Th e
Q
s ecr et a ri es
Th ese
S
A
’
s tu den t 8
W Th ose
.
12
.
13
.
14
.
15
.
16
.
17
men
a
k
st oc
’
ou r
v
i
of
’
women
s a d dr ess
l ost
kill ed
wat ch h as
ch au ff eu r
h as
i ts
h is
Th e m i st ak e was h ers
’
s
b
car
.
.
so
cost .
.
i s l ow
l ost
ee n
secon d
en
.
l d b el ow
gl oves
gl ov es
s
.
l y n eat
car el essl y don e
woman
’
fil e
scru pu ou s
w er e
s o ercoat s
.
Th e
.
l
is
’
r of
a
p
Mr A dams
Y
r ep or t s are al l on
p ap er s a r e
ov ercoat w as l e f t i n th e
s
f ou n d
.
11
’
’
p ap er
s tu de n ts
ma n
1 0 Th e
.
.
Q
I
f ace
s
gi n e
.
.
h an d
.
.
.
—b u t th e credi t was
Th e w om an wh os e gl ov es you f ou n d i s h er e
Th e E mp eror of G er ma ny s vi sit t o E n gl an d w as t i m el y
Th e A merica n N a ti ona l A dvert is i ng A ssoci a tio n s m eet in g
i n Ch i cag o
E ar l a n d Wi lson s coll ars are st an dar d
My son in l a w s p l an s ar e n ot ann ou n ced
I h av e t ak en s omeb ody e ls e 3 h at
Th e
.
’
Th i s
o
t
’
c
sen t en es
’
O
C
p ossessive for m s in th e foll owi n g
sen t en c e c on t a in i n g e a ch of th em
qu i ckl y ch an ged
b oys f aces were b r own w i t h t an
s ecret ary s r ep or t w a s appr ov e d
H Th e b oy
N Th e
1
I esp ons
i b ili ty
w as t h eir s
.
’
.
18
.
’
.
a
l
p ce
k
t oo
.
’
19
.
20
.
21
.
-
-
’
.
’
.
.
Wh en you study th e for egoi n g ex er ci se you will g ath er
th ese fac ts
1 A ll n oun s in t h e si n gul ar form t h e p ossessive c ase
an d s : b oy s ma n s
b y addi n g t h e ap os t r Op h e
2 Al l n oun s t h at h ave added an s or an es to form
:
.
’
’
,
.
.
IN
FL E CTI O N
3
h ei r plural add on ly th e ap ostr oph e to for m th e plu r al
p ossessive : secr etaries s tu den ts
3 A ll n ou n s th at f or m th ei r plu r al i n som e oth er w ay
a dd t h e ap ost r oph e an d 3 : m e n s wo me n s
4 P r on ou n s do n ot use an ap os t roph e in an y p oss essiv e
t
’
’
.
,
.
’
’
.
,
.
h
h is, i_
t_
h
r
t
i
r
e
s
e
s
,
s,
NOTE —A
i
t m es
s ee
5
.
ive
th e
-
:
s
Wh en
t o form
th e
is
B u t it i s
.
h er e f or i ts
n ee de d
i
a con t r act on
is
-
law
a
c om p oun d
ap ostr Op h e
th e
,
Wi ls on
s
n ou n
”
w or ds add
gr oup son in
’
’
in g
You will
.
f or i t is ,
v
n e er
some
r
r
e
o
p p
ly
.
Wh en
of
w arn
sp ec a
f or m i t
th e
t h e p ossess
i l
.
’
s,
or
an d
E mp eror
s
c on sists
at
th e
G er man y
f
o
’
of a
en d
group
of
E ar l
s,
th e
an d
.
l ar ge gr oup of w or d s it is b etter n ot
“
Wr i t e th e m eetin g of
th e p ossessiv e wi th 3
”
A m er ic an N at i on al A dvert isi n g A ss oci ation
th e
un
no
is
a
.
.
EXE RCI SE
2
Wr ite sen t en ces c on tai n in g th e p ossessives sin gul ar an d
plur al of th e foll owi n g n ou n s Take p ain s t o wr i te a good
,
,
.
i
sol di er
h er o
an y ody
an y
n om n ee
b
ch
Y k
t h e m ayor of N ew
or
o e rn or - en er a
th e
of
s
m
n
t
a
o
p
Gv
G
Cru el ty t o
A im l
l
Can ada
il d
b
l
o dy e se
th ey
Th e S oci et y f or t h e P r ev en t i on
of
n
a s
p ossessive wi th th e v er b al n ou n is a w eak p oin t wi th
m an y fai r ly good w r i ters A v er b al n ou n is th e n am e of an
a ct i on ; h er e ar e s om e
Th e
.
S eei ng i s b elievi ng
Tea ch i ng i s an i n t er e st i n g p r o f ess i on
H ea rin g , s eei ng , f eeli ng , sme l li n g , t as ti ng
.
’
.
of ou r sen ses
.
—th ese
a re
th e
act
ivi t i es
E S SE
4
Wh en
th e
u sed wi th
s ess iv e
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
N TI AL S
un
no
on e of
B US I N E S S E N GL I S H
OF
p r on oun n ami n g th e p er son ac tin g is
th ese v er b al n ou n s i t is p u t in t h e p os
or
'
,
as,
Th e h ou se w as
I do
I di d
You r
b u t w e di d
n ot
th
in k
of
i ts
b
i g
u rn n
l i g you
a r e p er f ect l y sat i sfi
i M r P au l s teach i n g
“
”
n ot kn ow of you r sa ili n g on t h e
A r ab i c
doi n g an yt h i n g so f ooli sh n ev er occu rre d t o m e
n ot O
Th ey
bj
ol d,
e ct
t o O lson
’
he p n
ed w th
s
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
EXE RCI SE
Cor rec t th e
3
foll owin g
bj t t
- D oes anyon e o ec o h im h el p i n g m e ?
w Th ey i n si st on ev er y stu den t doin g al l th e w ork
w H av en t you h ear d of h i m g oin g ar ou n d t h e w or l d ?
h
We ar e i n t er est ed in h im i n sp e ct i n g Ch i n ese sch ool s
n
We did n ot dr eam of h im f a ili n g in exam i n at i on
fi
i
.
’
i
-
.
g
o
c
.
H ave
you n ot
N Th e P lu r al
Th er e
ar e a
h ear d
f
o
f ew
of
h im
b i g kill
e n
ed
in
an a ir - sh
ip
a cc
i den t ?
N ou ns
pi t falls
in thi s
i n fl ec tion th at
w e m u st
l ook ou t f or
EXE RCI SE
S t udy th e
u sin g
al l
th e
b ill— b ill
foll owin g li st of w or ds Con str uct
s ec on d w or d s in th e p ai r s
.
s
ch eck—ch eck s
h an d— h an ds
h e ad
sh eet
—
h ea ds
—sh eet s
—
a ddr e ss es
a ddr ess
—
x
bo
b oxes
fish —fish es
wif e—wiv es
sh elf —sh elv e s
—
l a dy l adi es
—
b ab y b ab i es
—
t
a
t
o
o
p
pot at oes
—
h er oes
r
e
o
h
’
4
c
sen t en es
f oot—f eet
t ooth
te eth
-
m an — m en
datu m—dat a
n om en on —p h en om en a
h
e
p
—
r adii
ra di u s
—
al u mn i
al u m n u s
f orget m e not —f or g et me n ot s
sp oon f u l — S p oon f u l s
-
n
n
i
so
l aw
h an g
by
s
-
-
— son s in
-
er -on-
h an g
—b y
t an der
s
-
Iaw
-
r
e s on
t an der s
—
M B ru ce Messr s B ru ce
Mi ss Lewi s—Mi sses Lew is
r.
.
I N FL E C TION
A
st
udy
of
thi s
5
li st will Sh ow t h e followin g u sages
in
r
lu
a
l
s
:
p
gular way to form a plur al in E n glish is to add
an s t o t h e si n g ul ar
b ill —b il ls ch eck— ch eck s
2 I f 3 al on e will n ot un i te wi th t h e l ast soun d Of t h e
si n gul ar es is add e d
b ox—b oxes fis h —fish es
3 A f ew n ou n s en di n g in th e soun d of f ch an g e t h e
—
w
i
l
r
e
s
h
i
b
f
r
h
plu
l
i
n
fl
e
c
i
o
n
e
w
i
f
v
e
e
f
n
e
t
v
o
e
a
t
s
:
s
e
t
o
f
sh el v es
S om e such n oun s for m a r egul ar plu r al
4 N oun s en di n g in y wi th a c on son an t just b efor e it
—
ch an ge th e y in to i b efor e th e es : lady ladi es
1
Th e
.
re
:
,
.
.
:
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
.
.
-
b a b y— b a b i es
5
.
A
.
u
f ew
n o ns
h er o—h er oes,
s :
-
form
,
t
h at
en d
in
0 add
—
a
t
a
o
t
o
o
t
t
oes
p
p
.
an
b e for e
e
uch
S Om e
th e
n oun s
s
ul ar plur al
6 A f ew ol d E n gli sh n oun s seem qui te i r r egul ar b ec au se
t h ey k eep th e plur als th ey h ad b ef or e th e l an gu age ad op t e d
th e r ul e of th e s : man— m en tooth — teeth foot— f eet
7 S om e w or d s th at h av e c om e i n t o E n gli sh from ot h er
l an guages keep t h e plur als th ey h av e in th os e l an gu ag es
da tu m—da ta al u mn us —al u m ni p h en om en on —p h en om ena
a r eg
.
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
c ase of c om p oun d n oun s wh en th e c om p oun d is
so fam ili ar t h at t h e p ar t s ar e n ot t h ough t of sep ar at ely t h e
—
s is add ed t o t h e wh ol e c om p oun d : f org et m e n ot
f or
—
i
s
t
m
e
n
a
h
e
t
o
f
u
l
f
u
l
wh
n
o
f
t
p
r
t
s
e
o
s
s
o
n
s
o
n
n
o
e
o
s
e
g
;
p
p
m or e i m p ortan t t h an th e oth ers add th e s t o th e i m p or
t an t p art : sons in la w b y stan de rs h an g ers on
9 Com p ou n d n ou n s mad e Up of a t i tl e an d a su rn am e
gen erally give th e plur al t o th e titl e : th e Messrs B r u ce
8
I n th e
.
,
,
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
,
’
-
-
-
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
th e
Misses
L ewi s
.
EXE RCI SE
5
Wri te ou t th e plur al s of all th e n oun s giv en b elow You r
dic tion ary will giv e you th e f orm of ev ery plural th at is not
.
E S SE
6
re
gu l ar
— pl
.
toes
OF
BU S I NE SS E N GL I S H
x am p l e un der tom a to you will fin d th e n ot e
Con sul t y our dic t i on ary wh en ev er y ou ar e n ot
For
.
NTI AL S
.
quit e c er tain
e
,
.
desk
woman
hai r
c
w av e
sash
d ish
t ax
t ar i fi
l oa f
f
gr i e f
b eli e f
t hi e
2
Th e
.
i
and
inflect on
adv er b s
— Th e
ch an ges of for m t h at th ese w or d s un der go is c al l ed c om
p ar ison Th ese ch an ges sh ow t h e r el ativ e d egr ee or m easu r e
Com p ar i son i n dic at es
of t h e qu ali ty th e w or d exp r ess es
th r ee g r ad es
.
.
Su p er la tiv e
P osi ti ve
grea t
car e f ul
l at e
e ff e ct iv e
f ast
sl ow l y
e ff ec t iv el y
Thi s
f or
great er
m or e
car
l at er
m or e
gr eat est
f
ul
e
e ff e ct
ive
f ast er
more
m or e
l
ly
eff ect iv el y
s ow
f
m ost
c ar e ul
l at est
m ost
e
ff ect ive
f ast est
m ost sl owl y
m ost eff ect ively
h ow s you th e r eg ul ar comp ar ison which is th e sam e
To wor ds of on e syll ab le add
adj ec ti v es an d adv er b s
To most w or d s of mor e t h an on e sy ll ab l e p r efix
es t
s
,
.
‘
-
er ,
-
.
mor e, most
S om e adj ec t iv es
.
For
x am pl e
e
good
ill
b ad
dverbs
an d a
ar e
i r regul ar
.
E S S E N TI
8
B US I NE SS E N GL I S H
OF
up er l ativ e wh en
th e wh ol e cl ass b y u si n g t h e w or d all
Y ou
t
see
h at
AL S
th e
y ou use
s
in clude
you
.
EXERCI S E
S tudy th e
6
foll owin g sen ten ces n oti n g th e c om p ar at ives
Th ey ar e all corr ec t Read each s en ten c e
an d sup er l at iv es
al oud
th l g t t t i th U i
1 T x
t t i th U i
m T x i l g th
y th
,
.
.
.
.
e
as I s
e
as
c
ar
s
Tex a s i s
o
ar
e
es
er
an a n
l ar ger
t h an
St ates
n
s a e
er s a e
o
U i
Of
n
T h e P ost i s th e most t r u stw ort h y
g
th e
al l
th e
al l
ven i n g
n on
Te
q
Th e P ost i s m or e t r u st w ort h y t h a n
o
Th e P ost is m ore t r u st wor th y t h an
o
r
s
a
e
p p
st a t e
.
.
l arg est
ev en i n g p ap er s
th e
.
.
t h e P ost i s t h e m ost t r u stw or th y
Of
e
n on
e
th e
of
c
a
n
x as i s
u
s
.
N ew E n gl a n d
an y
in th e
n on
e
.
v en i n g p a p er
t h e m orn in g p ap er s
a n y ot h er e
.
.
Of th e t w o p ap ers t h e P ost i s t h e m or t ru st w or th y
e
1 0 O f t h e t h r ee af t ern oon p ap er s t h e P ost i s t h e m ost t r u stw or t h y
9
.
.
.
.
11
.
12
.
13
.
14
.
15
.
16
.
J
J
l
am es
is
am es
i s th e
t h an
l
s ow est
et ween
J
an y ot h e r of
b oy in
G
l
sch oo
th e
b
oys
.
.
ge J am es i s t h e sl ower
O ur man ag er i s th e m ost p at i en t p er son in t h e offi ce
Ou r m an ag er i s more p at i en t th an an y on e el se in t h e office
Your l ar gest asset i s you r f a ith in th e importan ce of you r b u si
As
b
s ow er
am es an d
e or
.
,
.
.
n ess
.
17
.
l arg est
18
.
al l
Of
r
t
s
u
ass
o
e
y
f aith
in t h e i m p ort an ce
F i th
i m por tan ce
in t h e
a
ve
y ou h a
of
Wr i te
in
ofi
th e
b i
u s n e ss
is th e
Wh ich i s
2 Wh i ch i s
f ou nt a i n p en ?
u s n es s
is
l a r g er
t h an
foll owi n g
7
c
choosin g
sen ten es,
th e
c orr ec t
:
—ol
.
th e
.
t h e mor
old er
st,
J oh n
e
d
e—
m t exp e ive
os
or
ns
,
J
am es ?
a
W ater man
or
a
-
3 Of t h e th ree
/
st
m
o
i
t
r
h
r
m
e
e
s
o
f
.
s
an y
.
ch c ase
ea
b i
you r
EXERCI SE
1
r
o
u
y
.
oth er asset
form
of
app
li can t s
—more
,
p
Ol son ,
m i si n g
ro
,
B
ru ce,
an d
L ewi s, th e
S w an
%
_
p
IN
K—
.
n
re
5
.
O f th e t wo
ap p
li can t s
B
an d
9
r u ce
,
th e
fi
rs t
y
— f or mer i s t h e
f
fi
.
i son s
Of
O l son
,
m os t p rom i s m g
F L E C TIO N
th e t w o p o
i
ar sen c an d cyan
,
i de
,
wh
i ch
i s t h e ”(
e
m os t dea dly ?
6
.
th e
Of
7
.
8
.
9
.
L wi
M i ss
e
Of
i f
a
bl
e
13
or
th e
ls
t oo
i s th e
kilf u ll
— e ld
e l de r
.
i n es we
,
ve
ha
tr
a pp
li can t s
f am ily of
h an ds ? Wh i ch
s t of
i ed
,
a
t h e Roya
l
ot h er
a r e on
ly
st
is
wh
i ch
l u cr at iv e
.
fiv e
.
l es
h an d
w or
ks
t h e p en
m os t— ine r s
d
th e
iz e
m u st g o t o t h e
h on or
.
con te st an t s,
on e
f act o
mor e—m o t
i n t h e p r odu ct
i mp ort an t ?
i on
of
l an d l ab or
l
w ea th ,
,
,
j c tives an d adver b s th at can n ot b e
c om p ar ed b ec au se in th eir fir st for m th ey exp r ess ab solut e
qu ality For ex am ple if a t hin g is emp ty it c an n ot b e
m or e emp ty if p erfe ct i t c an n ot b e m or e p erfect if sq uar e
it can n ot b e m or e s q u ar e t h ough y ou m ay e xp r ess a sh ade
r f ect or m or e n ear ly
of m ean i n g b y say i n g m or e n ear l y p e
4
.
Th er e
,
.
O f t h e t h r ee
ich
s
u
h
e
o
c
o
y ,
o
th e pr
wort h i er— w ort h i es t
tw o
Ch oose th e
.
0
i de
V
mor e—m os t
.
op e
cyan
.
t h r ee
e
an d
ily
A s t h ere
wh
t
di fi er en ce in you r
y?
t h e m a ch
i
s t r ych n n e,
less
of
old es t
w
O f t h e m an y p l a ces
r a t h er t h an t h e m or e
.
14
s
a r se n c,
t h e le
ch oos e
old er
s
al l
s at s a ct or
.
,
er e an y
mor e—m os t
12
e
O l son i s t h e
.
.
vil s
O f two
10 I s
11
F
—
m or e
a ct s
i
p ois on s,
m s t qu i ckly ?
r ea
ar e som e ad e
,
'
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
s q ua r e
.
followi n g ar e oth er adj ec tives
n ot b e c om p ar ed
b l t ly
Th e
a
so u e
l ive
con c u s
dea d
e t ern a
l
f au l t l ess
f u ll
i mp ossi b l e
p er f ect
r
r
o
e
p p
dver b s t h at
an d a
can
E SSE
10
NT I AL S
OF
BU S I N E S S
E
N GL I S H
EXERCI SE 8
E v er y
Corr e c t t h em
.
2
.
Th e
m odern
3
.
st a t e
Th e
4
st ra
.
If
B lka
igh t e r
5
.
.
in t wo
war w as
m
gre
a
b l
so u t e
arb ar i c
ly m
t h an
an y
day
.
an y
w ar
of
st eer
a
.
cou r se
i n t erest i n g o f
a
i
r ecomm en dat on
f rom
he
u s,
must
t h an h e h as don e hi th ert o
_
(
ot h er c
al l
Of
n
w an t s
he
d
l eph on e is b ecom i n g more u n iversal every
t o h av e th e m ost u n st ab l
gov ern m en t of
.
m odern t i m es
ete
e rr or s
.
s e em s
a
m or e
th e t e
u se of
Mexi co
t
.
w ays give b oth
1
h ese sen t en c es c on tain s on e or
I f an y of t h em can b e co
on e of
.
it i es
L on don i s th e
l a r g e st
,
an d
b y f ar th e m ost
an y.
filin g syst em s on th e m arket t h i s i s t h e m ost Aperf ect
7 A m or e ab sol u tel y wort hl ess p i ece of pr op er ty I do n ot kg ow ~
8 T h e N or th W est er n t r a i n s give t h e b est ser vi ce of an y t o S an
Fr anci sco
9 To call on th e pr op r i et or w as
1 0 O f t h e tw o r ep or t s I con s i der Ol son s
1 1 We h av e i n t h i s b ook t h e com pl ete st su mm ary yet given of t h e
ar gu m en t s in f av or of s oci al i sm
6
.
al l
Of
th e
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
Th e i nfl ecti on
—Th
gem en t of th e
v er b t o Sh ow t h e ch an ges it mak es to exp r ess ch an ges of
m ean in g an d it s r el at i on t o oth er w or ds is c all ed c on juga
t i on
I t is r ath er an el abor at e thi n g b ecau se a v er b ch an g es t o
S h ow : (
1 ) th e t i m e of th e a c t i on — p r esen t p as t or fu tu re ;
2 ) t h e in flu en c e of i ts su b
thi s ch an ge i s c all ed t en se ; (
—
e
c
t
a v er b h as p er son an d n u m b er ; (
3 ) th e c ert ai n ty or
j
un c er t ain ty d efin iten ess or v agu en ess of an ac tion ; this
ch an ge i s c all ed m ood
1
I
1
n or d er t o di scuss
in t elligen tly th e mist akes we ar e
li ab l e t o in this in fl ec t i on w e will study th e p ar ti al c on jug a
t i on of t h e t wo typic al v er b s s e e an d lear n
3
.
of
verb s
e
arr an
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
li m i t ed t o on e m ood—th e in di cat ive
su b j u n ct iv e l i e ou t si de t h e scop e of t h is b ook
.
I
of
Th e di scu ssi on is
th e E n
gli sh
.
.
Uses
I N EL E CTI O N
S NT
PRE E
TEN
PA S T TE
11
SE
N SE
S
FUTURE TE N E
ll see
you w ill see
h e w ill see
I sha ll l earn
you will l earn
h e w ill l earn
I
sh a
S
E
E
N
PR
T PERFE CT TE
I h av e
we
sh a
ll see
ill see
w e sh all l earn
you w i l l l earn
t h ey w ill l earn
th ey w
N SE
we h av e
se en
seen
you h ave seen
h e h as s een
you h av e seen
t h ey h av e se en
I h a ve
we h a
l ea rn ed
r n ed
o
u
h
a
v
l
a
e
e
y
h e h as l earn e d
ve l ea rn ed
you h av e l earn ed
t h ey h av e l earn ed
PAS T-PERFE CT TE N S E
S
FUTURE -PERFE CT TE N E
I
sh al
l
h av e
seen
et c
.
I f you
see
t
h at
udy thi s p art i al c on jugat ion c ar efully y ou will
th e ver b s ee app ears in th r ee for ms : s ee i n t h e
st
’
E S SE
12
p r esen t ten se
ver b s to form
,
N TI AL S
s aw
OF
in t h e
B US I N E S S E N GL I S H
p ast
,
an d s een u se
d with auxili ary
p er f ect ten ses
L ear n h as on ly t w o sep ar at e f or m s— l earn f or th e p r esen t
t en se an d lear n ed f or th e p ast an d i t u s es th e s am e for m
Th ese th r ee f or m s ar e
l ear n ed to form t h e p er fe c t t en ses
th e p r esen t th e p ast an d th e p ast p art i cipl e ; t h ey ar e
c all ed th e p r in cip al p ar ts of th e ver b ; an d it is in th e u se of
th ese th r ee f or m s t h at m ost m i st ak es in th e v er b occu r
Th er e ar e t wo cl asses of v er b s divid e d a cc or di n g t o th e
way in which t h ey f or m th ese p r i n cip al p ar ts
c
all e d b y s om e gr am m ar i an s th e
a) Th e r eg l ar v er b
u
“
weak v er b b ec au se it a dds an ou tsid e en di n g to f or m i ts
p r in cip al p ar ts S uch ar e
th e
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
P r es en t
P as t P ar tici p le
l earn
w alk
Pl ay
sa il
h el p
div e
l earn e d
walk e d
a
l
p ye d
sa il e d
h el p ed
div e d
i rr egul ar c all ed b y som e gr amm ar i an s th e str on g
v er b b ec au se it for m s its p ast an d p ast p ar ticipl e b y ch an ges
wi thin i tself with out c alli n g in ou tsi de aid B elow is a
p ar ti al li st of th e st r on g v er b s wi th th ei r p r in cip al p ar ts
b ) Th e
,
.
:
P res ent
P ast
ke
b e gi n
b l ow
br eak
b r in g
aw o
aw a
b
u r st
ke
b eg an
P as t P a rti cip le
bl w
b k
b gh t
b t
e
e
ro
r ou
u rs
gh t
cat ch
cau
c om e
ca m e
do
did
dr i n k
dr an k
e at
at e
k ed
or a w a
k ed
aw a
bg
bl w
b k
b gh t
b t
e un
o
ro
r ou
u rs
n
en
FL E CTI O N
IN
13
Pas t P ar tic ip le
fl
f rozen
given
gon e
grown
go
grow
kn ow
l ay
kn ew
l ai d
k n own
r
t o r eclin e )
(
l ie
own
i de
r in g
r i se
r ose
l ai d
l a in
r i dden
run g
r isen
ran
ru n
saw'
see n
set
set
l ay
r ode
r
ran
set
ke
g
k
k en
sh a
sh oo
sh a
sh ow
sh ow ed
sh own
g
san k
su n
s at
sat
i g
sink
s an
s n
sit
i g
st eal
sp r n
Sp r an
g
k
sp ru n g
l
l
st o e
st o en
swu
t e ach
i
s wu n g
t ook
t au gh t
t h r ow
t h r ew
t h r own
wr in g
wru n
swi m
s wan
i g
t ak e
sw n
swu n g
k en
t au g h t
ta
“
i
wr t e
m
g
w ru n
g
wr i tt en
n ot e
Your dic t i on ary will give
s tr on g v er b s
u
o
y
th e
p r in cip al p arts
of
al l
.
Th e m i stak e
comm on ly m ad e in th e u se of th e verb is th e
c on fu sion of th e p ast t en se wit h th e p ast p ar ticiple Re
m em b er t h at it is th e p as t p ar ticip le t h at y ou alw ays u se
wi th h ave or h ad ; with am is was h ave b een had b een
.
wi ll
an d sh all
h ave b een
,
,
,
ou t
Cl assify it
ea
ch
.
verb in each
s tr on g or w eak
th e
as
,
.
EXE RCI SE
P oi n t
,
.
9
foll owin g sen ten ces
G iv e th e p r in cip al p arts of
of
th e
.
14
N T I AL S
E SSE
m
.
.
.
B
ruc e
all
h as h
i
m y m ilk
5
.
I
san
g
in th e
.
w
r ed a n e
H e h as t au gh t h i s
s
ig
BU S I N E S S E N GL I S H
c off ee.
of
I h av e dr u nk
i
Mr
OF
i
off ce
graph er
s t en o
i l a st
ch o r
y ear
.
b oy
.
to
use
I ha
th e d
ve
su n
i cta gr aph
g
in t h e
.
ch or u s
»
f or
v
g b e f ore
6 I w r ot e t h e t el eph on e m essag e on th e p a d b u t s om e on e h as t orn
n d w r i t t e n an oth er m es sa g e
off t h e sh eet
7 A f ter t h e w reck m an y p as sen g ers sw a m t o t h e lif e b oat s ; w e
c
u
on
m
h
i
k
d
e
a
n
w
h
o
a d swu m a m il e
e
p
p
8 I t ook an u pp er b ert h —al l t h e l ower s wer e t ak en
”
“
9 We h ave t ak en p assa g e on t h e
Ar a bi c wh i ch i s kn own as a
very com f ort ab l e b oat
1 0 I f I h a d kn ow n you wer e an app li can t I sh oul d h av e r ecom
m en ded you —b u t I di d n ot k n ow—on l y Mr B ru ce k n ew i t
1 1 Wh en t h e doct or ex am i n e d h i s l e g h e f ou n d t h at i t was b r ok en
B u t th e m an did n ot kn ow w h en h e b r ok e it
m an y years b u t m y
f r i en d
h as
n e e r su n
.
.
,
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
EX E RCI SE 1 0
Wr i t e
c
sen t en es e
p ast p articipl e
swin
m pl oy i n g
ch
of ea
of
g
p ast t en se
followin g v erbs :
ru n
i de
r i se
dr ive
see
r
fly
th row
th e
g iv e
gr ow
go
do
p air s of verb s th at give
of t r ou b l e—som et i m es t o f ai r l y g ood w r i t ers
t h ey ar e v ery c on fusi n g
Th ey ar e
2
.
Th er e
th e
b oth
are
t h r ee
.
gr eat d eal
An d i n d ee d
a
.
P r esent
s it
a)
b)
0)
P ast
sat
P as t P ar ti ci p le
sat
set
se t
set
l ie
l ay
l ay
laid
l ain
l ai d
r i s en
r ai se d
i
r se
r os e
i
i
r a se d
r a se
v erbs in each of th ese p airs h as t o h ave
ob j ec t t o com pl et e it
On e i n e ach p ai r does n ot t ake
ob j ec t
We will arr an ge th em on th at p r in ciple
On e
of
th e
.
.
.
an
an
E S S E N TI
16
Th er e
B US I N E S S
OF
EN
to b e
ea
con
.
e
e
l ea v e
”
f or
h i m li e
“
l t
Wr i t e off th e sen t en ces in
t h e c or r ect w or d in each
e
e
or
e
EXE RCI S E
th e
let
”
h i m l ie
.
11
followi n g ex er ci se choosin g
,
H av e you ev er ri dd en—r ode a m ot or cycl e ?
Th ei r a g en t h as g on e— wen t t o Ch i ca g o
Wh en h e g ot h om e h e f ou n d h i s ear s w er e f roze—f r ozen
H e h a d drov e—driven v ery r ap i dly
Wh en t h e w at er r ises r ai ses in th e l ock i t ris es— ra is es t h e b oat
Wh en t h e b ell rang —r u ng t h e ch il dr en al l ca m e— com e r u n
H
D
B
.
O
J
S
.
Q-
.
l
i
~
O
6
.
i g
in
n n
.
.
Th e
b
1 0 Th e
o
8
9
We
.
ivil
.
11
.
12
.
13
.
14
.
15
.
16
.
17
.
vi
ffi cer
h as
i
l
— s at
— set
h e t ook
at
to
th
is
—ta k en ill
i n voi ce
an
b eg u n— b eg a n
.
.
.
.
bb
n ot e
xp e ct
w i n dow m an y
su dden
to
l
s eep
a
ll ey
.
.
v i gs
e en n
t o wat ch
th e
ly ?
ill s it—s et t h e t ab l e an d th en sh e will li e— la y down
Sh e w ill lay— li e t h e cl oth an d t h en sh e w ill s i t— s et dow n
Th e r iv er w ill h ave ros e—r is en s ixt een i n ch es i n t wo h ou r s
—
r
N eve leave let th e p u p il s b e u n occu p i e d
Th e b r ead w ill r is e—r ai se in t w o h ou r s
Th e u se of sha l l an d wi ll — I f w e w en t i n t o all
She w
.
.
.
.
,
18
.
h i s w at ch b y m i n e
l e t— l eav e t h e r u
i sh l ie in th e
—
la y la i d d ow n I d i d
sa t
ke
ve
i
s et
c on c u de d
.
Was
x
ook k ee p e r
W h en I
I h av e
s u n set
.
.
b eg a n— b eg u n yest er day t o t a
Th e c
ser
ce e am n a t on s h a
7
3
GL I S H
fu si on in som e m i n d s b etw een
givi n g r i se to su ch stu pid b lu n d ers as
“
“
l t it b
l v it b _
f
seem s
leave,
an d
AL S
.
th e
fi n em en ts of th e uses of th ese t wo w or d s it m igh t seem a
c om plic at ed m att er B u t f or p r ac tic al p u r p oses it is r ath er
si m pl e
S tudy th e foll owin g ex am pl es p r esen t in g th e futu r e
re
,
.
.
an d
th e f u tu r e p er f ect t en ses
ll ca ll
you w ill ca ll
h e w ill ca ll
I sh a ll h a v e ca ll ed
yOu w ill h a v e ca ll ed
h e w ill h av e ca ll ed
I
sh a
of call
ll ca ll
you w ill ca ll
t h ey w ill ca ll
w e sh a ll h a ve ca ll ed
y ou w ill hav e call e d
t h ey w ill h av e call ed
we
sh a
'
IN
)
a
will
Y ou
n ot
FL E CTI ON
ic e th at
th e
17
fi r st p er son s
,
I
an d
w e,
u se
il e th e oth er p er son s u se wi l l Thi s is t h e c ase
w h en y ou ex p r ess si m p l e fu tu r e ac ti on
b ) N ow wh en y ou w an t t o exp r ess d et er m i n ati on or m ak e
a p r om i se y ou r ev er s e t h i s u sag e an d s ay I wi ll an d w e wi ll
an d u se s h al l f or t h e oth er p er son s
0) I n qu est i on s of t h e fi rs t p ers on y ou u se s h all ; in t h os e
of t h e sec on d an d t h i r d p er son s y ou u se t h e for m y ou exp ec t
in th e an swer
Thi s is c al l ed an t i ci p at in g th e an sw er
s h a l l,
wh
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
N O TE — S h ould a n d w ou ld
n d wi l l
s a m e ru l es a s s h a l l a
i
in
or d n a r
r act i ca l
p
y
u sa
ge f oll ow
th e
.
E X E RCI SE
c es ill u str atin g the u se of sh all an d
wi ll ar e al l cor r ec t
S t u dy t h em wi th c ar e r eadin g each
D ecid e in each c as e wh at is ex
on e al ou d s ev er al t i m es
r
m
l
r
m
a
n
n
ss
e
d
s
i
p
fu
t
u
r
i
d
e
i
a
i
p
m
i
a
n
icip
o
e
t
t
t
r
s
t
e
e
e
o
y
p
t i on of an sw er
Th e
foll ow in g
12
sen t en
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
w I sh a ll b e m u ch pl e a se d t o r ecom m en d you
w Will you giv e m e a r ecom m en da t i on ?
w S h all you a sk M r Ol s on f or a r e com m en da t i on ?
.
“
A bi
.
i
i
p
sh a
ll
m ak e
a r ra n
.
.
z
c
.
q
.
o
o
9
ge m en t s t o sa il on t h e
ra
c
“
”
Th e A r a b i c w ill sa il f r om B ost on J u n e 1 6
I sh a ll b e d i s a pp oi n t e d if t h ey do n ot com e
Th ey w ill b e e x p e ct i n g m e
H e sh a ll r e st or e w h a t h e h as t ak en w h et h er h e w ill or n o
H e w ill r e st o r e w h a t ev e r h e h a s t a k e n
I h a v e gr ea t con fi den ce
I
h
.
.
in h im
.
.
ll G eor ge b r i n g t h e m a ch i n e a r ou n d ?
1 1 G eor ge w ill you b r i n g t h e m a c h i n e a r ou n d ?
1 2 Wo n t you m a il m y l e t t e r ?
1 3 S h a ll you a n s w er t h i s l ett e r ? Ye s I s h a ll
I w il l w r i t e i t at
o n c e a n d t h e n w e w ill
go
14 S h a ll you p r os ecu t e h im ? I s h a ll ; h e sh a ll b e m a de t o s u ff er
f or h i s d i s h on e sty
Will you n ot ch an ge you r m i n d ? N o I s h an t
Do f or m y sa k e
N o I w on t
10 S h a
.
.
,
’
.
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
.
E SS E N TI
18
AL S
OF
BU S I NE SS
E
N GLI S H
Will you com e t o dinn er w i th u s ? I will w i th p l easu re
1 6 Will you com e t o di nn er w i t h u s on T u es day ? I am sor ry b u t
I sh all b e ou t of t own
On We dn es day th en ? Y es I sh all b e h appy
t o com e on W edn es day
NOTE —Th ere i s a stu p i d m i st ak e that on e of ten h ear s—th e u se of
t h e pr esen t a f t er h op e a s
15
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
I h op e h e mak es th e t r ai n
I h op e h e g et s t h e app oin t m en t
.
I h op e I fin d th e
H op e
n ecessar
a ddress
.
.
ily impli es f u tu r i ty
,
l
an d cal s
i
I h ope h e wi l l cat ch th e t r a n
I h op e h e wi ll g et th e app o n t m en t
I h op e I sh al l fin d t h e a ddre ss
f or t h e
f u t u re
.
i
.
.
EXE RCI S E
c es of y our own—good i n terestin g
il lustr atin g th e v ar i ous uses of sh al l an d wi ll
Wri te fifteen
c
sen t en es,
13
sen t en
,
.
E XER CI SE S
G E N ERAL
TH E
S tudy th e
P
A RAG RAP H
IN
IN
BU S I N E S S CO M P O S I TI ON
T H I N K I N G AN D
W RI TI N G
foll owi n g l etter
HAR D I NG
A r e you w illi n g t h a t I sh ou l d giv e you a s a r ef er en ce i n ap
l
i
Y
n ow m y ch a r act er
osi t i on w i t h H ol t
on ?
k
f
r
E
a
t
ou
n
o
a
y
g
p
p
a n d t h er e i s n o on e w h os e g ood w or d I w ou l d
a n d m y a b ili t i e s
r a t h er h a v e
I a m m aki n g a ch a n ge b eca u se I feel t h a t t h er e i s n o a dva n cem en t
Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l m en a h ea d of m e
f or m e i n t h e pl a ce I a m i n n ow
i n t h e li n e o f p r om ot i on a n d I sh ou l d lik e t o g et on a li tt l e f ast er
E at on seem s t o Off er j u st t h e ch a n ce I
Th e p os i t i on w i t h H ol t
MY
DEA R
MR
.
,
.
.
.
,
w an t
.
ll b e very gr a te fu l f or you r h el p i n th i s m at t er an d sh all
dese r v e w h a t eve r r ecomm en da t i on you m ay giv e m e
You r s v ery t ru l y
A M OS WELL S
sh a
I
to
t ry
.
,
will
Y ou
ea
ch
of
.
ic e th at th i s l et t er fall s in to t h r ee sect i on s
w h ich h an dl es a ph as e of th e m att er di sc us sed in
n ot
,
l etter
1 A sk s p er m i ssi on t o u se h is fr i en d as a r efer en c e
2 E xpl ain s wh y h e n eeds a r ef eren c e
3 E x p r esses g r ati tud e f or a p ossi b l e f av or
Y ou wi ll fin d as a m at t er of f act t h at y ou c an t foll ow
an y t r ai n of t h ou gh t wi th ou t s eein g t h at i t g oes in s t ep s
I f y ou r eason wi t h a fr i en d y ou fin d y ou rself
or stag es
“
” “
”
I n th e fi rst pl ac e
I n th e sec on d pl ac e
say i n g
an d
so on un til y ou h av e giv en all y ou r r e ason s
I f y ou wr i te a
l etter t h at is m or e th an a b r i ef n ote y ou fin d y ourself t ak
in g up on e i t em th en th e n ext an d th e n ext un t il y ou
h ave t r eat ed th em al l
th e
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
E SS E NTI A LS
20
Th ese st ep s
OF
BU S I N E S S
E
N GL I S H
g
i tem s ar e p ar agr aphs Th ey ar e
li t tle l ett er s wi thi n y ou r lett er E ach on e says all t h at you
w ou l d say if y ou wer e h an dli n g th at i tem al on e
We m ay say t h at an ar gum en t or a letter r eally c on si sts
We m ay c all th e
of p ar ag r aph s p r op er ly j oi n ed t og eth er
p ar agr aph th e u n i t of thin kin g W e m ay say th at if y ou
can t hi n k an d w r i t e g ood p ar ag r ap h s y ou h av e m as ter e d
th e ar t of w r i ti n g ; an d t h es e s t ate m en ts b ar r i n g a cer
t ai n all ow ab l e ex agg er at i on ar e all t r u e
Of c ou r se a l et t er or a st at em en t m ay b e so b r i e f an d
un ifi ed as t o t ak e on ly on e p ar ag r aph
I n w r i ti n g or p r i n t i n g th e p ar agr aph is i n dic at ed b y
i n den t in g i e setti n g in th e first w or d a sp ac e fr om th e
r eg u l ar m ar gi n
or st a es or
.
.
.
.
.
O
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
E xE ROI SE 1 4
f or t aki n g a
u
c our se in b u si n ess E n g l i sh Y ou h av e th ese t wo r eason s :
Y ou d esi r e in g en er al t o sp eak an d w r i t e c or r e ctly
a)
b ) Y ou h op e t o b ec om e an adver ti si n g m an ag er a sal es
'
m an in a m ail or d er b u si n ess a c om m er ci al c orr esp on d en t
or a ste n ogr aph er
H avi n g sel ec te d on e of th ese p osi t i on s w r i t e th e t w o
p ar ag r aph s in th e l ett er
2 G iv e an or al r ep or t oc cup y i n g th r ee m i n u tes on t h e
fr ui t in m ar ket on th e day of y ou r r ecit at i on Make two
i tem s
a) Th e v ar i ou s fr u i ts t o b e h ad
b ) Th e p r ic es
1
.
Y ou
ar e
i in g
wr t
to
a
fr i en d
r
r
o
n
s
e
as
o
y
.
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
CHA P TE R I I
'
GRAMMA TI OA L
CO RRE OTN E S S
AG REE M E N T
p r et tiest t hi n g s in th e wh ol e sci en c e of gr am
m ar is t h e p r i n cipl e of a gr eem en t I t som et i m es seem s as if
wor d s w er e livi n g th i n ki n g thi n gs try i n g t o acc om m od at e
th em selv es t o on e an oth er in a s en t en c e ; as if th ey h ad
m em or i es an d a sen se of dut y t h at c om p elle d th em to t ak e
t hi s f or m or th at f orm b ec au se of som ethi n g t h at w en t
b e for e or som eth i n g t o com e aft er Oth er l an gu ag es G er
m an an d I t al i an f or i n st an ce h av e v ery c om p l ex sy st em s
I n d e ed
of ag r eem en t ; E n g li sh h as a v ery si m pl e sy st em
r ely
l
m
a
l
a
m
a
u
d
o
c
ll
a
s
s
t
e
t
W
e
h
v
e
e
c
l
t
a
i
t
o
u
n
o
y
y
c er t ain u sag es t h at ar e I n v ar i ab l e an d th er e for e i m p or t an t
f or u s t o kn ow
Un der ag r eem en t as u n d er i n fl ect i on
w e wi l l s tudy t h ose i n st an c es wh er e w e ar e li ab l e t o m is
t ak es
1 Ag reement of v er b an d su bj ect — 1 Th e c en t r al
an d m os t i m p or t an t r u l e of ag r eem en t an d th e on e m ost
fr equen tly b r ok en is th at th e v er b m ust ag r ee wit h its
su b j ec t in p er son an d n um b er
E x am i n e t h ese f orm s
On e
of
th e
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
S i n g u lar
I
am
ou
y
a re
h e is
Y ou w i l l
th
s ee
th at t h e
for m
i r d p er son sin g u l ar ; y ou
s ay
of
th e
v er b ch an ges
I do, b u t h e does
21
.
It
f or t h e
”
ch an ges
ESSE
22
f or t h e
plu r al
N TI AL S
n
BU S I NE S S E NGLI SH
OF
um b er ;
we
h e does, b u t th ey do
say
It
.
foll ow s t h at w e can n ot say h e don t sin c e don t is th e
c on tr acti on of do not; we m ust say he doesn t
Th e for m ain t is a c on t r ac t i on of am n ot ; c on sequ en tly
it was n ev er c orr ec t t o u se it in an y b u t th e fi r st p er son
Pr esen t day au th ori t i es c on d emn th e f or m I ai n t
S u b st i
t u t e I m not
Th e sen t en c es in t h e f oll owi n g ex er ci se illu st r ate th e
Th e su b j e c ts an d
ag r eemen t of t h e v er b wi t h i ts su b j e c t
v erb s ar e in dic ate d b y i talics Read th ese aloud several
t i m es
’
’
,
’
.
’
.
’
-
.
’
.
.
.
H I
a m su rp rised
.
very l ate th i s m orn in g
D
H e is u n su ccess f ul i n b u s in ess
Th ey a r e sen di ng out t h e ir n ew ci r cu l ar s
m S h e h as l at ely b een p romot ed
You
O
E
C
are
.
‘
.
fi
b
.
.
g
H e doesn t k n ow t h at t h e sh ops
q
E
l
a r e al l c osed.
’
very
ll
t h i n g t h at h e does i s we
m You r su b scrip t ion
9 I n ev ery kin d of
delivery
ret a
.
w i th t h i s
exp ir es
.
d on e
il
i ssu e
.
cus t omer s
t r ade t h e
i nsis t
on
qu i ck
.
1 0 Ou r
.
cust omer,
in
i
t h at h e h a s p a d h i s b
1 1 Th e ag en t wh o
.
b
a ou t
12
.
b yi g th
u
Th e
n
dem an d f or
g reat er
Mist ak es
ill
ite of
all
vi den ce t o th e con trary
th e
e
,
i nsists
.
ca
ll ed ev ery
day f or
v
l
se er a
days t o
wa n ts t o speak w i th you n ow
of al l hi s t r ou l es wi th th e w ork men is h is
ose
caus e
b
Sp
on ds
see
you
.
b
con st an t
sp eed
.
ften occur in l on g sen ten c es like this l ast on e
in whic h oth er n oun s—it m ay b e som e si n gul ar an d som e
—
r
a
plu l c om e b et ween th e v er b an d its sub j ec t B e cau
t i ous wh en you h av e such a su b j ec t
o
.
.
2
S tudy th e
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
Th e
foll owin g
i
c ash er an d
ller
th e t e
c
sen t en es
h ave
kipper th e m at e an d th e
My ol d f r i en d an d sch ool mat e i s
Th e
s
,
,
gon e
cook
.
ar e al l on
in t own
.
b
oar d.
E SSE
24
1
.
2
.
3
.
i
N e i t h er
N e i t h er
E t h er h e
Cou rt esy
N TI AL S
am
I
or
B US I N E S S E N GL I S H
OF
w r on
g
.
ll
s h e n or
I d o it w e
s h e n or
t h ey d o i t w e
.
ll
.
c u stom dict ate t h e p r op er arr an gem en t of
t h e p er son al p ron ou n s w h en t h ey ar e of diHer en t p er son s
S tudy t hi s c ar efully
I n th e si n gul ar th e sec on d p er son c om es fi r st th e thi r d
p er son secon d t h e fi rst p erson l ast I n th e plu r al th e fi r st
p er son fi r st t h e sec on d p er son secon d th e th i r d p erson l ast
Th e ex ampl es will m ak e thi s pl ai n
an d
.
,
.
,
,
,
- I t is
a
i
a
.
greed th at ei th er
you
or
I
am
t o go
.
w N e i t h e r you n or h e i s exp ect e d
w N ei th er h e n or I sh all h ave t im e t o st op ov er
h
We an d th ey h ave l on g b een comp et i t or s
o
W e an d you will p r ob ab ly h ave t o st ay l at e t on igh t
o We, you an d t h ey m u s t sh a r e t h e exp en se
.
.
i
.
c
.
z
.
,
6
.
c or r e
1
.
Coll ec t ive
ct
Th e
Th e
e
s
Th e
s
Th e
s
Th e
a
Th e
s
S tudy th ese
.
:
w
-
un s
no
—
sen ten c es
t h ey
x ci t e d
cr ow d a r e al l s h ou t i n g
firm i s i n cr eas i n g i t s b u s i n ess
fir m a e con su l t i n g a b ou t O l s on s p r om ot i on
au di en ce w a s en t h u si a st i c
a u die n ce w e r e sca t t er in g i n ev ery d i r ect i on
i s m u ch
cr ow d
e
.
.
.
’
r
.
.
.
coll ec tive n oun t akes ei th er a si n gul ar or
a plu r al v er b a cc or di n g t o th e s en se in which i t is u sed
Wh en th e on en es s of t h e c ollec ti on is im p or t an t or e m
ph at ic th e si n gul ar ver b is u sed Wh en th e p er son s or
thi n g s th at m ak e up th e c oll e c ti on ar e i m p or t an t or e m
ph atic u se th e plu r al v er b
Th e n ou n s n u m b er ha lf r emai n der r es t et c t ak e
7
a s in g u l ar or plu r al v er b acc or di n g as t h ey r e f er t o on e
w h ol e or t o th e sev er al m em b er s of a g r oup
Y ou
see
t
h at
a
,
.
.
‘
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
AG RE E M E N T
mb er
li m i t ed
N Th e n u m b er of ca ses of di ph th er i a g rows l ess ev ery year
A nu m b er of stu den t s h ave al ready ob ta in ed p osit i on s
P
Q
H a lf of my or an g e was b a d
n
H a lf of th e or an ges wer e b a d
d
Th e u p p er h a lf of t h e wi n dow w as dark
k H a lf of t h e w i n dows wer e dark
m Th e r est of t h e day was sp en t at my desk
o Th e r est of t h e g oods w er e b a dl
y damag ed
H Th e
nu
of
tr
i al s
25
is
.
.
Q
.
-
l
.
c
.
i
.
l
.
.
C
.
u n s h ave a plur al form b u t a sin gul ar
m ean in g an d al w ays t ak e a si n gul ar verb S uch ar e
8
.
Cer tai n
no
.
a cou st cs
i
gall ow s
ivi cs
e t h i cs
m a t h em a t i cs
c
1
.
2
.
O p t i cs i s
an
f avor i te stu dy
in t erest in g b r an ch of
i s my
i
op t c s
.
ph ysi cs
.
h er gr ou p of n oun s th at
plu r al an d r equi r e a plural v erb S uch are
9
Th er e is
n ew s
i n s t ru m en t )
(
m ea n s
Math emat i cs
m ol a sses
.
an ot
ar e
lways
a
.
a
lm s
e a es
v
as h es
goods
s h ea r s
m an n er s
b
m ean s
r ee ch es
l
cat t e
l
.
2
.
3
.
A
sh es
n
oats
c ot h es
1
i come )
(
ha
p
ve
b een
r ocee ds
i kl ed
Spr n
Man n er s m ak e t h e m an
Ri ch e s t ak e w i n g s
on
vem en t
th e p a
.
.
.
E xE RcI SE 1
Wr i te sen ten c es usi n g
as su b j ec ts
th e
followi n g w or d s
an d
ph r ases
ESSE
26
N TI AL S
st r aw
b
e ach
an d
e
ea ch
m em
b
ne
b
i
ot h
an d cre am
er r es
i th er
he
we
B US IN E S S E N GLI SH
OF
very
m em
th e
of
er
b
b
th e
of
er
oar ds of
f or ce
office
t ru st e es
di r ect ors
an d
I
n or
t h ey
an d
E XERCI S E 2
Wr i t e
off
c
th e
hi s ex er cise choosin g
of
sen t en es
t
,
th e
c orrec t verb
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
an d
Th e
sh eep
—a
is
E th i cs is—a r e
i n t h e p ast u re
r an ch of p h il oso h y
p
b
a
.
.
Th e m ea n s is— a r e
H i s m ean s a r e is
l ways j u st ified
b y th e
n ot a
—
en d
.
lim it e d
F if ty doll ars is—a re a l arg e sum t o l ose
He doesn t—don t kn ow th e di ff eren ce b etween g ood b u s in ess
.
.
’
’
.
g razin g
re
b ad
.
t—d oesn
xp ert l on g t o fin d t h e weak spot
8 E i th er t h e w e at h er or h is anx i et y h a ve— h as dep r esse d him
9 Th e lin e of m ot or s carr i ag es t r u ck s an d Omn i b u ses move
moves st eadily down t h e st reet
7
.
I t don
’
’
ke
t ta
an e
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
Agreement of th e adj ect ive with its n ou n —Th e
on ly E n g li sh adj ec t iv es t h at ch an ge t h ei r for m t o S h ow
Th ey t ak e a plu r al form t o
agr eem en t ar e th is an d th a t
—
i
n
th es e cer tifi
t
t
n
o
Th
i
s
a
e
g
wi
h
plu
r
a
l
u
:
r
a r ee
t
ce
a
fic
2
.
.
cates ;
th at
— th ose p ar cels
r
a
c el
p
St udy th ese
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
s en te n
sor t of
en
.
.
c om mon
.
.
J a m es
Mis s
an d
i g
an n oy n
m i st ak e— th es e
.
3 Agr eement
2
.
.
th ose sor t
.
c es
v el opes is b est f or ou r b u sin ess
Th at kin d of cli p s su i t s m e b est
Th ese kin ds of devi ce s n ev er w or k w ell
Th ose ki n ds of m ach i n es ar e n ot p op ul ar
Th i s
A void th e
1
.
sa
id
L ewis
of a
n
o
n
r
ou
p
l b rin g
up
t h at
h ad
he _
w ou d
f ou n d
with it s
she
antecedent
il
h er self cop i ed
t h e ma
.
.
th e
l etter
.
AGRE E ME N T
3
.
Th e
s tu d en t
4
.
Th e
s tu d en ts
1
Th e
.
wh o is
who
27
ib l e f or l ocki n g u p i s gon e
r esp on s i b l e f or cl osi n g t h e Offi ce are g on e
r esp on s
are
g
.
is t h at th e
r ul e of a r eem en t
p r on oun
m u st
.
g
an t ec e d en t —t h e
a r ee
p erson gen d er an d n u m ber wi th its
n ou n t h at it st an d s f or
Thi s is easy t o see an d t o sh ow in th e p erson al p ron ou ns
which ch an g e th ei r form t o in dic ate p er son an d n umb er
an d in t h e si n gul ar t o i n di c ate g en d er : h e sh e i t I w e
in
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
u
t
c
o
e
y ,
.
l ive p ron oun s wh o wh ich an d what do n ot
ch an ge th ei r for m t o sh ow ev en n umb er B u t t h e v er b used
wi t h th em will gen er ally Sh ow t h ei r c or r ec t agr eem en t in
p er son an d n um b er
Th e
r e at
,
,
,
,
.
.
1
I t i s I wh o
.
‘
2 I t is h e wh o
.
2
S tudy t h ese
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
l at e
r e ce iv es
am
.
v
a d an cem en t
.
c
s en t en es
l ost t h ei r pl aces
E i th er t h e f or em an or h i s a ss i stan t h as l ost h is p l ace
N eith er th e f or em an n or h is ass i st an t s h av e l ost t h eir pl aces
Th e
f orema n
an d
h is
ass is t an t
h a ve
.
.
.
h at wh en
ce d en ts conn e c te d b y and
Wh en it stan ds f or t w o
You
will
see
t
,
or or n ei th er
c eden ts
no r ,
th e
p ron oun stan ds f or t wo ante
th e p r on oun is plur al
an t ec ed en t s j oi n ed b y ei th er
p r on oun is sin gul ar if b oth an t e
a
.
i gul ar
r
a
n
ar
t
s
n
e
e
e
t
e
t
a
o
r
plu
if
b
h
c
d
plu
l
o
n
o
e
a
l
r
I t is
n
n
e
n
r
o
o
h
t
e
r
t
s
t
a
e
n
f
ll
wi
g
c
illu
p
u
wh
n
e
t
e
es
n
s
o
o
3 Th e
n
o
n
ll
t
i
e
e
c
o
i
c
d
n
a
c
v
u
t
s
e
a
n
e
e
h
t
t e
ar e s n
.
.
.
b
1
.
Th e
2
.
Th e
3
.
Th e
u sin ess
r easi n g i ts
n
i
i
c
s
m
fi
u dg et
n g a ou t t h eir
n
s
u
t
l
i
o
r
c
r
e
m
a
fi
r e d i t s ver d i ct
n
d
e
r
l
e
r
m
t
u
r
o
j y p
p y
4
.
Th e
j
r
b
.
b
.
.
ury
were mu ch divi ded in th eir
i i
op n on .
E S S E N TI
28
AL S
BU S I NE S S E N GL I S H
OF
c on clud e th at wh en th e on en ess of th e c oll ec tion is
i mp ort an t y ou u se th e sin gul ar p ronoun Wh en th e i n di
vi du al s ar e c on sid ere d y ou u se t h e plur al p r on ou n
4 Wh en a si n gul ar n ou n of c om m on g en d er (
thi s m ean s
th at i t m ay n am e ei th er a m al e or fem al e b ei n g ) is th e
an t ec ed en t of a p r on ou n it is cu st om ary to u se t h e m ascu
lin e p r on ou n For ex ampl e
Y ou
.
.
.
,
,
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
E very
sh ou
stu d en t
E ach m em b er
of
E very m emb er
of
ld
th e
h is p ap er p r omp ly
t
sh ou l d r eg i st er h is p r ot est
r
p ep ar e
l b
cl ass
c u
th e
.
l im
m ay
h is t h em e
c a
.
.
c ert ain c ases ei th er th e fem in i n e or m as culin e p r on oun
i n dic at ed b y oth er d et ails ; as
f th W m
Cl b
gi t d h r p t t
1 E h m mb
f th V
i
l
2 E v y m mb
t ib t d h
h
In
is
,
ac
.
er
.
5
er o
e
An yon e,
.
an s
o
e
er o
e
’
u
re
assar sen or c a ss con r
e
each ,
an y b ody,
ev er y on e,
n ei th er, s om eb ody, s ome on e els e, et c
be
p r esen t ed b y
i gul ar p r on ou n
a s n
re
1
.
N ei th er
t
E
+
b
0
of
l
a n yon e e se
b ll
b i
.
ei th er ,
ul ar an d must
ex am pl e
For
h is t
.
a sse ssm en t
v
h as i ts
u s n es s
l ost
ar e
.
f g
l
very v ar i ety
H as
1
i
.
t h em h as p a d h is du es
S om e ody h as or ot t en h i s u m r e a
E a ch of u s sh ou d p ay h i s Sh ar e of t h e
of
er s
u e
ev er y b ody,
i
.
ar e S n g
,
.
r o es
e
s er e
a d an t a
g es
.
.
i cket ?
E XERCI S E 3
Wr i te O K th e follow i n g
w or d in each c ase
1
lin e
Or der mor e
.
N o m an
kin d
of
of
c es i n serti n g
,
th e
l i g oods ;
at h e t c
c orr ect
a
p ayin g
.
2
d
.
sen t en
i sor der
3
.
Th ese
v
.
w om an w ill b e p erm it t e d t o
l eave
d esk i n
.
e ery r e a der
4
or
Th i s
l esson s
to
b k
oo
i
w er e w r tt en t o
cor r e ct
sh ou
l d e qu ip
ow n
en a
bl
m i s t ak e s
st u den t s
to
e
v
e ery
st u den t,
v
an d e en
.
corr ect
own
m i stak es
.
AGRE E ME N T
5
An y
.
st u de n t
wh o
app
lie s
th e
kn owl e dg e
29
he
g a i n s w il l
fin d
i in g f ree f r om or di n ary error s
f u ll val u e t o a
6 N e i th er t h e l esson n or t h e ex er ci ses yi el d
car el e s s st u den t
w ill m ak e an y
7 N e it h er p ar t y i s eag er f or a qu ar r el an d
r eas on ab l e a dj u stm en
t
8 I n ca se you r et u r n th e g oods you w ill ob lig e u s b y s en di n g
th e or igin al p ap er w i th
9 We h av e t ak en gr eat p ain s i n p ackin g t h e ca se of m i n era l
m ay r each you i n g ood or der
wat ers an d t h e oth er g oods t h at
1 0 N e i th er t h e goods I or der e d l ast m on th n or th e m ach i n e I
b ou g h t on Mon day h av e m a de
ap p ear an ce
1 1 I f you ar e di ssat i sfi e d e i th er w i th t h e t on g s or t h e sh ov e l
r et u rn
at ou r ex p e n s e
1 2 Mak e a n ot e of an y vi ol at i on of th e r u l e s an d r eg u l at i on s t h at
com es u n der
r e or t
t
o t h e m an a g er
b
v
i
r
n
n
s
r
t
o
a
u
o
a
d
o
e
y
p
wr t
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
GEN E RAL E xE RCI SE S
B U SI N E SS COM P OSI TI ON
IN
FU RTH E R P RA CTI CE I N P ARAGRAP H I N G
Wh en
p r oduc t y ou gen er ally h av e t wo
—
i
r
a
i
o
e
s
u
m
e
s
t
t
id
r
k
u
u
s
t
t
e
ll
p
ci
l
wh
t as
o
S
es t o y ou
y
y
y
h av e ; y ou m ust p er su ad e th e oth er p er son th at h e w an ts
or n ee d s i t an d t h at i t i s p os si b l e or e asy f or h im t o g et it
S om eti m es on ly on e p ar agr aph i s n ec essary f or b ot h p u r
p oses ; y ou may h app en t o b e d ealin g wi th a p erson wh o
al r eady w an t s wh at y ou h av e t o sell ; or y ou m ay h av e
goods so useful an d n ec essary th at y ou h av e on ly t o de
sc r i b e th em
B u t usu ally y ou n eed to us e b ot h th ese p r oc esses— t o tell
wh at y ou h ave ; t o p ersuad e t h e oth er p erson th at h e w an ts
it I t m ay t ak e m an y p ar agr aph s f or e ach of th ese p r oc esses
Th e n at u r e of y our c om m odi ty m ay b e v ery elab or ate an d
Y ou m ay b e t ry i n g t o sell
th e u ses of it v ery n um er ous
it t o a v ery l ar g e an d m ix ed cir cl e of b uy er s so t h at y ou
h av e to m ak e sev er al kin ds of app eal
B u t in t h e t r an sac t i on s w e h av e set f or ou r ex er ci se w e
S h all assu m e t h at w e n ee d b u t t wo p ar ag r aph s f or each
t r an sac t i on
1 Wr i t e two p ar a gr aph s of a l ett er t o an acqu ain tan c e
off er i n g t o sell h im
a) A ty p ew r it er y ou h av e us ed f or a y ear
D esc ri b e it
S et a p r ic e
b A c am er a t h at y ou h av e h ad on ly a f ew weeks
D esc r i b e it
A sk wh at h e will p ay
2 Mak e a fiv e m i n ut e sp ee ch on thi s outlin e
a) I t is n ot en ough t o b e m er ely g ood
b ) Y ou m u st b e g ood f or som ethi n g
0) Y ou m ust b e g ood f or som e on e t hi n g
y ou
t ry t o
ll
se
a
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
30
E S S EN TI
BU S I N E S S
OF
G
E N LI S H
Gov ernment b y pr ep osit i ons
Pr ep osi t i on s ar e u s e d
S h ow t h e p r a c t ic all y i n n u m e r a b l e r e l at i on s of n ou n s
2
to
AL S
-
.
.
un s t o ot h er w or ds in t h e sen t en c e Th ese p r ep
“
”
osi t i on s ar e s aid t o
g ov er n t h es e n oun s an d p r on ou n s
an d t h ey r e qui r e t h e ob j e c t iv e c as e
A s in t h e c as e of
g ov er n m en t b y v er b s t h e n oun m ak es n o ch an g e of f orm
Th e p r on ou n s ar e i m p or t an t f or st ud y S i n c e t h ey d o
c han g e t h ei r f or m
an d
n
r
o
o
p
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
T
1. h e
2
.
3
.
4
.
l k f a il ed t o r eport to u s
Th e b ill s w er e sen t t o t h em p r om p t l y
L et t h e m at t er r em a i n b et w e en you a n d m e
N o w e sh a ll h av e t o con su l t w i t h h er a n d
c er
.
.
.
,
h im
.
foll owin g is a li st of th e m ost c om m on ly u sed p r ep
osit ion s
al l g ov er n i n g t h e ob j e c t iv e c ase
bo t
b th
bv
b id
b tw
ft
by d
Th e
:
,
a
a
u
o
en ea
e
es
a cr o s s
e
a
er
e
ga i n s t
a l on g
a m on g
but
a
e
een
on
by
i g
c on ce rn n
xcept
a r ou n d
e
at
f or
bf
f r om
b eh i n d
in
e ore
bl
e ow
e x c ep t )
(
i n to
E XE RCI SE 1
foll ow in g sen ten c es p oi n t ou t th e verb s an d p rep
osit i on s th at g over n n ou n s an d p r on ou n s an d t h e n ou n s
A ll th e sen ten c es ar e
an d p r on ou n s g over n e d b y th em
c orr ect
I n th e
.
.
1
.
2
.
3
4
.
.
face th e f acts squ arely
L e t h er a n d m e Copy a l l t h e l e t t er s
You s h ou l d el ect t h e on e w h om you a r e su r e you can t r u s t
ou sh ou l d e l e ct t h e on e w h o w ill p rov e m o st t rus t w or t h
y
Y
L et
us
.
.
.
.
GOV E RN ME N T
33
Th em th at do w r on g, I w ill pu n i sh
Th ey t h a t d id w r on g s h ou l d b e p u n i sh e d
n
c
.
a
c
H i m t h at i s gu il ty, t h e l a w sh ou l d p u n i sh
H e t h a t i s gu il ty sh o u l d b e pu n i s h ed b y t h e la w
q
.
o
o
9
.
H on o r
.
10 H e
s co
.
11
.
12
.
13
.
to w h om h on or i s du e
I do
l ded
n ot
us
th
Y
b
o th
ink
o u r ch an c e
—b u t
.
m e m ore t h a n h e r
i t i s h e t o w h om w e
f or p r om ot
i on
.
depen ds
s h ou
.
ld
l i
co m pe t i t o r s
w h o you r
on
com p a n t .
s en d a
a r e.
Y
ou r ch a n ce s
p et i n g wi t h
1 4 Wh om
van cem en t
f or
ad
dep en d
.
.
h ad
ld
I m eet
f or year s
How S h ou l d you
n ot
15
sh ou
.
seen
W i th
N o,
!
the
lik e
i
s t a t on
i
t o g o w th
a n d h im ?
y
w i t h h er
ou
at
me
and
us
w h om you
on
Mr H
but
.
i g
ar d n
a r e com
w h om I
?
.
Wi th wh om el s e cou l d I go ?
W i th wh om ever you fou n d goi n g
s h a ll giv e t h e book to w h oev e r a sk s f o r it
.
16
3
I
.
Miscellaneous
.
ernment — 1 Th an
cases of
.
ag r eement or
app ar en t
g ov
p r ep ositi on s an d do n ot
Th ey ar e c on j u n c t i on s an d
g over n n oun s an d p r on oun s
j oi n su b or din ate cl au ses t o th e r est of th e sen ten c e Usu ally
t h e v er b of su ch a sub or di n at e cl au se is om i tted S in c e it is
n ot n eed e d f or t h e sen se
.
an d as ar e n ot
"
.
.
.
,
.
am )
(
p S h e i s s l ow e r t h a n h e (
is )
H e h a s a l a r g er s a l a ry t h a n I (
h av e )
M i s s L ew i s c a n com pu t e f a s t er th a n I (
ca n )
n
M r B r u ce s a i d h e w ou l d r a t h er se n d m e
o
Sh e i s
.
s
as
ta ll
as
I
.
.
o
o
.
e
.
h im )
6 Th ey
.
h im
t h an
s en d
(
.
.
me )
ld
ha
ve
ch o s en
h im
r a th e r
th an m e
h a ve
(
ch os en
.
7
2
sh ou
.
.
d oe s
I
a m n ot
Th e
n ot
so
we
ll fi t t ed
f or t h e pos i t i on
as
he
is )
(
.
ver b b e is n ot a t r an sit ive ver b an d c on se quen tly
gover n an ob j ect ive c ase Not ice
.
E S SE
34
l
.
2
.
3
.
I
and
E
N GLI S H
gl an ced u p h ast ily an d saw th at it was
H e ll o Mr B ru ce !Th i s i s I — O l son
I t w a s n ot t h ey b u t w e w h o d i scov er ed
,
he
.
.
.
,
i
.
BU S I N E S S
OF
I
en t r es
4
N TI AL S
th e m
,
i st a k e s
in th e
E a ton ,
Ol son ,
.
Th ose pr es en t
t h e m eet i n g w er e
at
H a r di n g
,
.
NOTE — Th ere i s a f eeli n g th a t m e i s m or e emph a t i c th a n I You
wi ll som et i m es fin d u sed i n a h alf h u m or ou s way a com b i n at i on th at
fi rs t r esp ect s gr a mm a t i ca l corr ect n es s an d th en a dds t h e em ph a s i s
of th e w ron g word :
“
—
I t i s I m e th at w ill ch an ge a ll th at
.
-
,
.
ver b s of
3 Th e
.
like th e ver b
L ike b e th ey
b e,
ar e
— taste, feel, look , smell,
th e
sen ses
s ou n d,
xp r ess st ate of b ein g r ath er th an ac t ivity
foll ow ed b y adj ec tives n ot b y adver b s
e
.
.
,
m Th e cr ea m t ast es s ou r
m Th ose w il d roses b y t h e w a ll l ook b eau tifu l
I f e e l u n h a pp y ov e r h i s m i s for tu n e
m H ow s w ee t t h e lil a cs s m ell !
Th os e Wh i st l es sou n ds v ery l ou d
.
.
0
0
.
h
C
.
ADVE RB S DI S TI N GU I S H E D FROM AD J E CTI VE S
Thi s
i n ser t t h e w arn i n g
ag a in st u si n g a dj e c t iv
h
d adver b s A djec
t iv es m odify n ou n s an d p r on oun s an d th ey f oll ow b e an d
such oth er ver b s a s exp r ess st at e of b e i n g ; a dv er b s m odify
verb s th at exp r ess ac t i on adj ec tives an d oth er adverb s
R igh t
H
lv d th p b l m v y q i kly
W g H
lv d th p b l m v y q i k
R igh t
Sh
t t h t b l p m pt l y
d
t ly
t th t bl
W g Sh
t
d p m pt
seem s
to b e
l c
g ood p a e t o
es w en y ou n ee
a
.
,
,
e so
:
r on
:
Righ t :
e so
e se
:
ron
e
:
e se
ro
e
e
a
e
e
ro
e
e
,
e
a
e
ro
e n ea
er
.
u c
er
an
an
H e di ct at es so r ap i dl y t h at I
H e d i ct a t e s s o r a p i d t h a t I
u c
.
.
n ea
ro
.
.
f oll ow
Wron g :
c an n ot f oll ow
Righ t : Th ey a r e O ff e r i n g r ea ll y des i r a b l e b a rga i n s
Wrong : Th ey a re off eri ng rea l desi rab l e barga i n s
ca n
n ot
.
.
h im
h im
.
.
G E NE RAL E xE RCI SE s
1
.
IN
XI I A
Tur n t o Ch ap t er
,
B U SI N E SS COM P OSI TI ON
an d st
,
udy
r ul es an d
m odel s
h eadin g addr ess an d s al u t at i on of a l etter Usin g
f
m
h
fi
r
o
r
t
r
r
a
r
a
t
e
t
o
t
e
dd
h
di
g
w
i
l
a
s
n
t
e
w
n
o
u
o
s
as
a
e
e
e
y
H ol t
E at on 1 1 8 N L a S all e S tr eet Ch ic ag o m an u f ac
Wr it e four
t u r er s of b l an k b ook s ap p ly i n g f or a p osi ti on
p aragr ap h s
a) N am e t h e p osi t i on y ou
des ir e an d t ell h ow y ou
h ear d of th e op en in g
—
i
b ) S t at e y ou r q u al ificat on s s ch ooli n g exp er i en c e ag e
0) G iv e y ou r r e fer en c es
d) A sk f or an in t ervi ew
2 Com p ose an or al r ep or t t o occup y fiv e m i n ut es on th e
fou r m ost i m p or tan t i tem s of n ews in th e m orn in g p ap er on
th e day y ou m ak e y ou r r ecit ati on
D o n ot w r i t e ou t t h e
r ep or t ; do n ot m em or iz e t h e w or ds of th e r ep or t s in th e
p ap er
f or th e
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
.
.
.
CH A P TE R IV
CORRE CTN E SS
Wh en
IN
D I CTI ON
p rin cipl es of gr amm at ic al cor
r ectn ess
w e fin d ou r selves a l on g w ay on th e r oad t o
c orr ec t Sp eech B u t th er e st ill r em ain som e i m p or t an t
p r obl em s th at ar e n ot c on cern ed wi th gr am m ar Y ou
kn ow t h at it is!quite p ossib l e t o p u t th e w r on g w or d in to
corr ect gr amm at ic al f orm ; th er e ar e m an y c om b in at i on s
of w or d s which whil e n ot u n g r amm at ic al ar e n ot all ow e d
b y c u st om or b y g ood u s age ; t h er e ar e wh ol e cl asses of
w or ds th at every c ul tivated p erson m ust r ej ec t ; th er e ar e
p air s of w or ds th at c all f or disc r im in ati on in th eir u se
s om e exp r ess i n g v er y di ff er en t id eas b u t f or som e r eason
c on fu sed som e exp r essin g d elic at e sh ad es of m ean in g th e
m i su se of which st am p s on e an u n educ at ed p e r son
Th ese
ar e t h e p r ob l em s w e sh all c on sid er u n d er c or r e c t ch oi ce
of w or d s h avi n g in m i n d all t h e whil e t h at w e ar e l ook
in g t ow ar d p r ac t i cal r at h er t h an ar t i st ic u sag e
1 Th e u se of sl an g — I t w ou l d b e f oll y t o giv e a sw eep
“
”
N ever u se sl an g
A y oun g p er s on
in g or d er an d say
wou l d h ave t o h ave sup er hum an will p ow er t o associ ate w i th
—
n
r
f
h is m at es an d n ev er use a w o d o sl a g i n dee d h e w oul d
h av e to b e a b it of a Ph ar isee b esid es
I t is t r u e t h at in a f ew c ases th e sl an g of t od ay b e c om es
th e accep te d u sa ge of t om or r ow ; th at t hi s is on e of t h e
w ays in which ou r w on der fu l livin g l an gu age gr ow s
I t i s cu r i ou s t o t r ace som e of th ese r e f orm e d S l an g w or ds
I n 1 7 4 0 S w ift c om p l ai n in g of th e c orr up t i on of t h e E n g
lish t on gue c on dem n e d as in st an c es of n ew an d u n p ar d on
we m ast er t h e
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
36
DI CTI ON
h ers which
D an dy h as t w ic e
a r e n ow u se f ul an d r esp e c t ab l e w or ds
—
n
be en sl a g wh en it fir s t c am e in t o ou r sp ee ch an d again
a f te r y ears of r esp ec t ab ili ty wh en wi th a sligh t ch an g e of
Un d ou b te dl y
m ean in g it b e c am e sl an g in ou r own day
som e of t h e s l an g i n v en t ed b y ou r g en er a t i on will p ass i n t o
“
p er m an en t u se ; th e idiom at ic an d hu m or ous n othin g do
”
in g is i n v alu ab l e an d deserv es t o su r viv e
Un qu est i on ab ly som e S l an g is h u m or ou s e v en wi tty ; an
O c c as i on al sl an g ph r ase wh en u se d b y a p erson wh o d oe s
n ot h ab i t u al ly u se it
is pic tu r esqu e an d e ffe c t ive ; one
m igh t fin d him self in a c om p an y wh er e n ot t o u s e sl an g
“
”
B u t n on e of t h ese con
w ou ld seem st iff an d su p er i or
S id er at i on s j u st ify t h e h ab i tu al an d u n ch e ck e d u se of
S l an g
I n th e fi r st pl ac e b y f ar th e l ar ger n um b er of sl an g
Most
exp r ess i on s h av e a l ow or igi n an d a l ow m ean i n g
thi ev es an d oth er l ow
O f t h em b el on g t o t h e arg ot of
p eopl e Wh en th ey h ave c r ep t up in t o b etter c om p an y
t h ey st ill h av e th e m ar k s of vulg ar i ty an d c oar sen ess on
t h em
I n th e se c on d pl a c e sl an g is ev an esc en t—th e da
f
o
y
e v en th e m ost p op ul ar sl an g w or d is b r i e f
Wh o n ow says
“
”
“
“
”
cu t it ou t
or
t alki n g th r ough h is h at
or
skidd oo
t h ou gh it was on l y y ester d ay th at on e or an oth er of th ese
e x p r essi on s d e f ac e d e v e r y t hi r d s en t en c e s p ok en b
y a c er
t ai n typ e of you n g p er son ? H e wh o c on stan tl u ses sl an g
y
a d d s n othin g p erm an en t t o h is s ee ch
On th e c on t r ary
p
h e m er el y su b st i t u t es an oth er sh or t liv e d ph r ase f or On e
a l r ead y d ead
I n th e t h i r d pl ac e sl an g is m on ot on ou s an d n ar r owin g
B y n ar r owin g y ou r v oc ab u l ary y ou n ar r ow y ou r id eas
Wh en y ou u se th e sam e w or d f or m an y difier en t id eas an d
ob j e c ts
o
r
u
c on versat i on b ec om es in t ol er ab ly ti r esom e
y
a
bl e sl an g
th e
w or ds
37
sh am, an d ot
b an ter, m ob ,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
.
'
.
,
E S SE
38
N TI AL S
OF
BU SIN E S S
E
NGLI S H
u d s vu lgar t o an y exp er i en c ed p er son We h ave
an d s om e n ot
all m et in th e l ast f ew ye ar s y oun g p ers on s (
s o y oun g ) w h ose en t i r e v oc ab ul ary seem e d t o c on si st of
”
“
” “
” “
i
t
a
t
four or five w or ds
p
ch
b
e
u
a
e
g y
“
” —
”
“
b on e h ead
an d
goin g som e
with th e m er ely c ol or
less wor ds th at j oin ed t h em t ogether
S uch a
Thi s is v ery u n c ul t ivat e d an d v er y c r ipplin g
p er son in stin c tively feel s th at h e can n ot u se th ese wor ds
wh en h e sp eaks or w ri tes t o an y on e h e r esp ects Con se
qu en tly wh en h e sh ou ld sp eak well h e is du m b an d wh en
h e w ould w r i t e h e h as n o w or d s f or th e thi n gs h e w ould
I am c on vi n c e d th at thi s su b j e c t i on t o sl an g an d th e
say
failur e of sl an g t o ser ve on a r eal l y i m p or tan t occ asi on is
t h e expl an at i on of th e b ad i m p r essi on m ad e b y m an y
y oun g p eopl e in a f orm al b u sin ess in t er vi ew or in a pi e c e
of w r i t i n g
Th ey kn ow b ett er th an t o u se sl an g— yet t h ey
h ave n o oth er w or d s at th eir c omm an d
an d so n
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
E XERCI SE 1
Make
l g wor d s y ou u se m ost fre quen tly
an d gi e all t h e i m p or t an t e qu iv al en t s f or th em in p r op er
v
E n gli sh
Wr it e a sen ten ce usin g each of th e good w or ds
For ex am pl e : D ep e
H K i dl y
d m i f m ti
i gy
t m b il
a
list
of
th e
s an
,
.
.
s en
n
e
n or
a
on con cer n n
ou r a u o
v e t h e m a t er i a l f or dev el opi n g th e fil m s
h a v e a l l t h e le ctu r e n o t es on t h i s cou r se
N I ha
Q
I
P-
H e was
O
l
e.
o
.
.
u n der
t h e i nflu en ce
f
o
some
d ru g
.
m Th er e w a s som e dis h on es ty in h i s el ect i on
c P l ea se giv e m e ei th er m ay on n a i s e or Fr enc h
.
o
l
dr essi n g
on
my
‘
sa ap
10
lik e cu r ry i n m y s au ce
Th ey h a d t h e wh ol e a ff a i r a r r a n g ed
I h a v e a ll t h e f ac ts a s t o h i s gu il t
I h av e sen t in m y r ef er en ce s an d l e t t er s
2
Th e
q
I do
(
.
.
l g
s an
n ot
.
.
.
use of
in its
effe
ct
ov er-Work ed
an d
quite
as
f
o
r eco
Wor ds —Al m ost
b ad in it s
mmend a ti on
as
in fluen c e
b ad
,
.
as
is th e
E SSE
40
th a t
j
s u b ect
.
B US I N E S S
OF
guil ty
N ev er b e
al l a l o ng
p h r a se
3
N TI AL S
t h e li n e
E
N GLI S H
usin g
of
th e
w ear i som e
ol d
.
P a r ty
.
N e ve r
u se
th
is
w or d f or
p er son
a
l
“
h
y
u n ess
o
u
y
i in g
wr t
ar e
form al l egal d ocu m en t wh er e y ou sa t e p ar ty of t h e
“
”
”
fi rst p ar t or of th e s ec on d p ar t etc I t is p r op erly
u s e d of a g r ou p of p ers on s ; b u t ev en in t h at c ase y ou
comp a n y fir m ass oci a
sh ou l d s om e ti m es su b st i tu t e g r ou p
ti on et c a cc or di n g t o y ou r m or e d efin i t e m ean i n g
a
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
4
.
,
Cr ow d
.
N ev er
fr i en ds
of
,
,
th
u se
c om p an y,
clu b ,
p er son s ot
5 B u n ch
i s w or d
h er
t h an
wh en
au di en ce,
l ar g e
a
m ean
y ou
th r on
or
g
an y
r
a
ty,
p
o
r
g up ,
assem
oth er
b ly
.
.
N ev er
SO u se
6
.
d
,
i s w or d as ap pli ed t o p er son s at all ;
c on st itu t es a b it of si lly an d stu p id Sl an g
u se
it
th
w
h en
.
F ea tu r e
S u b st i t u t e
s om et
i m es
asp ect,
i ar i ty, d evi ce, el em en t,
cl oser m ean in g
con tri v a n ce,
d etail,
a dv an tag e,
et c
.
cc or din g
a
,
p ec u l
ur
to yo
.
Thi s
w or d u sed as a ver b seem s t o h ave estab li sh ed itself
I n j ou r n ali st ic an d b u si n ess p r ac t ic e
Use it as littl e as y ou
can
Th e f oll ow i n g ex t r act fr om a c olle ge d aily il l u st r at e s
“
”
featu r in g g on e t o seed
A f t
t y
t h t ip t k
b y th Gl
Cl b w ill b
f
“
th
t
f
t
h
f
A
l ; p m Th T w
Cl k
w ill l
.
.
e a u r e s or
ea u r es
e
be
f e at u r ed
7
.
o
on
e
e
r
nn u a
a
a
en
oe
e
ee
e
,
o
u
er
e on e o
oc
a so
,
.
D eal
S om et i m es
u se
i n s t e ad
n ess, a rr a n g em en t, s al e
,
I S it t oo m u ch t o
ask
op er a ti on ,
p u r ch ase,
y ou t o
tr ad e,
et c
i
r et r e
.
,
et c
n eg otia ti on ,
b u si
.
p erm an en tly
a s q u ar e
d ea l ?
8
.
F a ctor
'
Thi s is
h er g ood an d useful wor d th at h as h ad m or e
wor k h eap ed up on it th an it Sh ou ld b e exp ec ted t o do I t
an ot
.
D I CTI ON
sh oul
d
r
o
w
e
,
p
sh ar e
i n flu en ce,
in volv ed
9 I
.
wit h
el em en t,
et c
.
,
a
41
i n g r e di en t, p ar t,
cc or din g
s h a r e,
h ad e
to th e
s
for ce
,
m ean i n g
of
.
n di vi d u al
N ev er
i n st ead of m an or p er son
I t is n ev er p r op er ly u sed as a n ou n exc ep t w h en th e sin gl e
n ess or t h e sep ar at en ess of th e p ers on i s em ph as i z e d
u se
t hi s w or
d
m er ely
.
,
.
E XE RCI S E 2
Wr i t e sen t en c es of y ou r
w or d s in its p r op er sen se
usi n g
ea
t r an sa ct
i on
own ,
ch
of
foll ow in g
th e
.
- P r oposi t i on pr O p osal
w L i n e q u a li t y v a r i et y
a
t
,
,
,
g r ou p
P a r ty,
o
p
F t
mD l
mF t
h
q
,
ff er
l
c ass
com p an y ,
,
a s pe ct ,
O p p or t u n
c u s t om e r ,
p u r ch ase r
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
r son ,
e
p
u
c
e
p
i ty
,
li a r i ty e l e m en t
ea
roc
e e di n gs
n e g o t i a t i on
o p e r a t i on
p
a c or
i n gr e di en t i n fl u en ce
e l em e n t
I n divi d u a l
ea u r e ,
t
,
o
,
.
.
,
.
N OTE — H er e i s an ot h er li st o f t erm s th at a r e in dan ger
i n g t h e i r e dges w or n off i n t h e f r i ct i on o f b u s i n es s w r i t i n g
:
ffi ci en cy,
e
r ed
b l ood,
m a g n e ti c, p sy ch o l og y,
h av
sy s t em ,
or g an i za t i on
.
p h rases Th es e f or m t h e p eculi ar b es et
m en t of th e y ou n g j ou r n ali s t th ou g h th ey oft en cr eep i n t o
th e w or k of t h e b u s in ess w r i t er esp eci al ly wh en h e t r i e s
Th e f oll ow i n g lin es c on s t i tu t e a h u m or ou s
t o b e li t er ary
Th e l in es
su m m ar y of t h ese f ad e d an d b y g on e b eau t i es
ar e b y an an on y m ou s n ew s p ap er w r i t er
an d ar e r ep r o
“
Th e Ar t of Wr i t
du ce d h er e fr om B r ow n an d B arn es s
”
in g E n gli sh
3
.
Hack n eyed
op t i m i s t ,
Of
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
’
.
“
i
l
Th e r e w a s a w r t er a n d h e e a rn ed
”
Th e a r t i n a l l it s ph a s e s
w e - n ow n syn on ym s
Of u s n
h a c n e ye d p h r a s e s ;
A n d pen n n
”
C o n s p c u ou s b y h i s a s e n c e w a s
n ot h e r s t an d -b
t
oo
;
y
i g
A
i
ll k
i g
k
b
E S S E N TI
42
AL S
A
OF
BU S I NE S S E N GL I S H
“
“ b
“
m a i den h a d a w ill ow y f or m
A n d h a i r of g ol den h u e
H e f oll ow e d on w i t h
r e a th
at ed
”
S o n ea r a n d y e t S O f ar ;
”
A n e a gl e gl a n ce,
m a gn et i c ga z e,
”
Th e m oa n i n g o f t h e b a r ;
s igh t t o ma k e t h e an g e l s w eep ,
”
Th e h u m a n f or m d ivi n e,
”
il at i n g n os t r il s, flow i n g l ock s,
”
A n d a ll t h e m u ses n i n e ;
”
Th e i n n er m a n ,
l a s t b u t n ot l ea st,
”
f ew w e ll ch osen w or ds ,
”
Th e m e ll ow m oon
t w i n kli n g s t a r s,
an d
”
An d li t t l e t w i tt er i n g i r d s,
”
r ch s m il e s
li p s o f r o sy t i n t ,
an d
”
da i n t y gl ov e d h an d ;
”
S u ccu l en t
iva lve o f cou r se
Wa s a l w ays i n dem an d
’
”
To ph i l O S O p h i c h e igh t s h e d r i se,
ch ew t h e cu d,
Of r ea s on
An d n ev er on ce di d h e f or get
T o u se t h e s i ck en i n g t h u d
“
“
A
D
A “
A“
A
b
“
“
“
“
A“
“
”
“
-
“
b
b
“
.
“
“
.
g ood pl an t o for eg o all th e qu ot ed phr ases
an d all ot h ers so fam i l i ar an d so m ean i n g l ess
—
E
e
xagg ra t i ons
4
Un du e e x a gg er at i on s m ak e a b ad
i m p r essi on an d d efeat t h ei r own en ds Th e u se of su p erl a
tiv es an d st r on g w or d s f or an y t r ivi al id ea gi v es a h y st er
ic al atm osp h er e t o sp eech an d w eak en s th e efiect ; f or w e
s oon l ear n t o di sc ou n t st r on g w or d s wh er e al l w or ds ar e
Th e sp eech of c u l tiv at ed p er son s Sh ows a g u ar d ed
st r on g
us e of t h e s tr on g est w or d s ; an d ev ery si n c er e p erson de
s i r es t o s av e t h e g r eat an d b eau t iful w or ds f or gr eat an d
b eau t ifu l t hin g s an d f eeli n g s
D i sc ar d c om pl et ely all su ch f ooli sh an d st upid Sl an g ex
agg er at ion s as t h e f ol l ow i n g
It
w oul d
be
a
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
g
s h ou l d d i e
I t n ea r l y kill e d m e
I a m c a z y a b ou t i t
I t h ou h t I
.
r
.
DI CTI ON
43
wi th out th e w or ds simp ly p erfectly absolu tely
h
r
r
n
i
n
a
a
t
o
f
n
i
c
p
ci
g
h
w
d
i
i
l
t
c
t
e
s
t
e
t
r
t
e
e
e
e
s
o
f
r
os
v
o
s
y
y
p
S i mp ly g r an d p er fectly i mp os
al r ead y su ffici en t ly st r on g
Try t o do
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
disg r acefu l, p osi tively i n su l tin g , awfu lly
m on oton ou s— e ach p h r ase is w eak er th an it w ould b e if th e
si b l e,
a b s olu tely
m od ifi e d
w or d
d al on e I f y ou feel th at y ou
in ten sify in som e w ay c om p r om ise on v er y or q u ite
”
“
—
r
n
i
n
n
ifi
s
i
s
s
s
r
te
e
i t uc t ive simp ly
Th e li st of
st oo
m ust
.
,
.
p er
,
f
f
fearfu lly
terr i b ly,
ectly, a b s olu te ly, u t ter ly, aw u lly,
h or
,
—
l
t
r
n
l
n
em e dou s y, i mm e s ely
r i b ly, dr eadfu l y,
th er e is som e
i r on y in th e fact t h at all th ese, which ough t to b e t h e m ost
i m p osin g w or ds
l an gu age h ave b een ch eap en ed to
m or e cou n t ers in t h e di al ec t of a g i r ls boar di n g sch ool
E xc ep t in hum or ou s p assages of f r i en dl y l et ter s an d in
p u r ely liter ary w r itin g do n ot u se ex agger at i on or even
th e figu r e of h yp er b ol e
I n c on ver sat i on an occ asi on al
or c on sci ou s h yp er b ol e is n ot t o b e con
e x a gger at i on
r el y
I t is th e h ab it u al u se of th em t h at is
d em n ed sev e
fat al to g ood styl e an d t o safe thin kin g
in
ou r
,
’
-
.
,
.
.
-
.
E XE RCI SE 3
S tu dy th e
w or ds in th e followin g group s b y fin din g th ei r
d efin i ti on s an d c on sider in g th ei r values Use two w or ds
fr om each gr oup in sen t en c es of your own givin g th e w or d
i t s t ru e v alu e
L v ly p tty b
t if l h
d m
l g t
.
—
,
a
t
o e
m Ni ce
o
o
a
r
t
,
re
ea u
,
c
c
q
so
e, e e a n
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
—Th e
.
,
,
.
high soun din g or
l ear n e d w or ds in stead of sim p l e on es is in p oor t aste an d
gen er all y in c orr ec t E ven wh en it is don e with a d elib er
5
.
Fine wr iting
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
z
an
,
a sa n t
h
a in t
fi
n
c
a
r
m
n
a
a
l
i
g
e
d
e
tt
r
ct iv e
y
p
Aw f u l t err ibl e h orr i b l e drea d fu l fea rfu l fi erce
G ran d i m pos i n g spl en di d b r illi an t gorgeou s
S m a r t c l ev er b r igh t w i s e b r illi an t
Am u si n g l u di crou s h u m orou s w i t ty
Ha t e di slike de spi se a bh or detest l oath e
,
,
n
u
.
u se
of
fin e,
-
,
ES S ENTI
44
AL S
U
OF B S IN E S S ENGLI S H
ly hum or ous pur p ose
at e
w it
h
ch eap
seem s a r at er
it
,
f orm
of
.
h ould n ot h esitate t o u se a r ar e or l ear n ed wor d
wh en it ex ac tly exp r esses your th ou gh t ; b u t do n ot su b
st i t u t e fin e w or d s f or pl ai n on es oth er t h i n gs b ei n g e qu al
Y ou
S
.
,
Do
n ot say
f o r li v e
r es ide
f or g o t o b ed
a t u t i n a l a b lu t i on s f o r m or n i n g b a t h
r e ti r e
m
f or b u i ld
a r es i den c e
e r ec t
e m i n en t
h ou s e
a
c l e r g y m a n or
di vi n e f or w e l l k n ow n
-
p r om i n en t
e duc a t or
f or t eac h er
r e r es h m en t s
b ou n t i fu l
s a n dw i ch es
f or
f
d e li ci ou s
g ood di n n er
b a n q u e t f or a p l en t i f u l
f or
r ep a s t
s u mp t u ou s
ff ee
a nd co
a
s u pp er
A v oid al s o f al s e r efi n em en t s such
iful
wh en
h om e
t
”
wh en
Ob ser ve th e
ib l e
as sen s
fi
.
e
b u ilt
b ab y
la d y
in si st
To
.
c all
c omm on
of
c om es
b e to
a
b eau
cam e
”
is
s al es lady
on
t h e m an
in
sen se
on
th e
en
gin e
.
V ul g arisms — Man y
xp r essi on s t h at i rr i t at e a p er
ar e pl ai n v u l g ar i sm s an d S h ou ld b e di s c ar d e d
.
s on of
S uch
an d
w oul d
it
r eg en tl em an
th e
6
as
“
Th
ey
.
p r op r iety th at
a
n
l
n
t
e
m
e
g
u se of
th e
as,
“
Th
m ean h ou s e ;
o
u
y
m ean was b or n
y ou
p r eac h er
t as t e
e
.
ar e
da t e f or
en g a g em en t
or
app oi n t men t
n oh ow
f em a le
f or w om an
a lr i g h t
cr
im e
go
f or
i
u
n
s
h
a
p
all
bl
e
s om e
Th e u se o f th i s f orm
(
a u t om a t i c el ec t rocu t i on )
righ t
by
th e
as
w an t s i n t h e
“
Y
ou
lik
“l g
an sw er
i
a
u se
.
f
qu est i on
t o th e
sen se o f n eeds,
w an t t o
b e m a de
s om e w h er e
es to g o p lac es w th m e
go
”
w ays f or w a y , a s in a on w ays r om h e r e
’
’
don t k n ow a s f or don t k n ow t h a t
n ic ely,
ld
.
p la ce f or g o
Sh e
p la ces , a s i n
“
sh ou
in
as
t wo
’
os
“
in
,
“
H
ow
l
”
?
a r e you
a s a e s m an
s u cces s
”
.
w a n ts to
k ee p
h is
DI CTI ON
la dy
fr i en d
g en t l e m a n
d ove
45
as
fr i e n d
t h e pa st
m
7 Too
i t aliciz ed
w or ds
di ve
w or d s — I n t h e
an y
.
of
‘
ar e
f oll ow in g
s en t en
c es
u nn ecess ary
Wh er e ar e you a t ?
n I f e ll off of t h e ca r
I h a v e g o t a l l t h e s a l es m en s r epor t s
p Fr om h en c efor th M r B ru c e w ill h a n dl e a l l a dj u st m en ts
m Fr om w h en ce w ou l d su ch a n i m p r e s s i on com e ?
I got a sea t i n s i de of t h e ca r on t h e E l e v a t e d
n I s tood ou t s i de of t h e th eat e r f or a n h ou r
You h a d ou gh t to s ee t h e n ew li n ot ype a t w or k
1
.
?
.
’
o
t
i
.
.
.
u
s
.
.
o
c
.
E XE RCI SE 4
Th er e
f oll owin g
1
sen t en
1
0
of
c es Wr ite
.
t h em
off
th e
.
’
’
.
.
-
.
-
.
wh en ce h e
i
w or d s in e ach
in c or r e c t f orm
.
©
8
.
9
.
e
r
s
p
c
u n n e essar y
Wh er e a re you livi n g a t n ow ?
Wh er e a r e you go i n g t o n ex t ?
Y ou h a dn t ou g h t t o S pe ll P r o f essor w i t h t w o f s
Bo th W h i t e an d B rown a re a lik e good a ccou n ta n t s
H e r epea t ed th e d i r e ct i on s ove r a n d ove r a ga i n
You w ill fin d t h e r oa d h ou s e a m il e f r om h en ce
H e w ill m ov e h i s m a il or de r b u s i n es s b a ck to t h e t ow n f rom
.
t
7
m or e
ar e on e or
ca m e
Th e
.
r e as on
My m i n d
o
I di d i t w as
f t en
ver t s
re
b
b k
e ca u se of
ac
Mr
B
.
’
r u ce s
l
t o t h e ea r y y ea r s
or d er s
of
.
th e
en t er
.
1 0 Th e r e w a s
.
11
m a t t er
12
Th er e i s
.
.
i g
n ot h n
n o u se a t
i d a b ou t a r eb a t e t h a t I r e m e m b e r o f
a l l i n t a ki n g so m u ch p a i n s w i th a t r ivi a l
sa
.
.
He h a s
b
een
all
th e
su m m e r
i n t h e Ca n a d
i an
Rook i e s
.
l eph on e gi r l s a r e th e c i ty s r ea l wat ch m en k eep i n g
gu a r d a ll th e n igh t
1 4 Wh en h e drov e u p w e a ll sm il ed a t h i s qu ee r h orse— a b l a ck
a n d a w h i te on e
1 5 W h a t ki n d o f a p er son do t h ey ex p ect t o g et a t th a t s a l a ry ?
1 6 Wh a t ki n d o f a b u s i n e s s w ou l d you con s i de r m o st i n te r e s t i n g ?
13
.
’
Th e t e
,
.
.
.
.
.
E S SE
46
P l ea s e
17
.
18
.
He
19
.
We
ve b
w ill
vi ew
bo
tok en
n u s as a
b k g i
ac
a
E
NGLI S H
i i
of ou r a ppr ec a t on
a n
b il
i
i
iv l g
t u rn ed th e
e
.
.
i
au t om o
Th e
.
B US I N E S S
OF
t o g e t h i s coa t
een p a t en t w t h h im , s n ce h e i s
fin d t h e dr e on er t h a n you t h n
ha
.
th i s
accept of
retu r n e d
2 0 Yo u
21
N TI AL S
i k
.
corn er
an d
n ew
a
f or
b gi
nn e r
e
.
.
d i s a p p e a r ed
f rom
my
.
li tt l e l a k e wa s s u rr ou n d ed b y h igh h ill s on all S i des
2 3 We w er e qu i t e pow e r l es s an d u n ab l e t o di s cov er th e r ea son
f or th e sh or t a g e i n ou r accou n t s
2 4 Ol son ru sh e d h u r r i edl y b y u s w i th a t e l egr a ph b l a n k i n h i s
22
Th e
.
.
.
.
.
h an d
.
Th e d i spa tch es
a n n i h il a t ed
25
i n su rgen t
th a t t h e
say
.
a rm y
t ota lly
wa s
.
26
H a ve
.
28
.
cou n s e
29
tu
b
in
ou t
.
l
b
Th e
.
We
30
.
a cc ept
ou r
i
s e ct on
er s
sh e
h as
8 Too
.
ften
.
4
.
5
i te
i
ill expl a i n l a t er on wh y w e fou n d
s u gges t i on
s ea t s a t t h e ga m e w e r e j u s t ou t s i de
it
s
o
p
to
wa s
a
op
us
occu p e d
ou r
ill
m an
wi th
.
l at e b ecau s e
he
s t op ped
B
i m po ss i b l e
of
th e
r e se r
to
ll ect
co
t og eth er h i s
killfu l ex per t in t h e pr epara t i on
f ou n d t h i s m a n u scr i pt a diffi cu l t pu zzl e
ran t
is
a
of
s
to
v ed
b k
oo
s
Copy,
.
—
S tudy th e
f ew w or ds
i t al icize d w or ds
e rr on eou sly om i t t e d
o
3
er t h
by
ic e th at
.
w i th
.
.
2
i ly
en t re
a
O l son i s
.
p p
3 3 M i ss
.
w as
.
a
1
on
.
.
n ot
Al b i
w
y
3 1 Ou r
but
of
t own
.
l i
an d
li ttl e
.
e r cu os s
32
h ea r d t h at t h e
gen era l con fla gr a t ion ?
We saw tw o officer s l ooki n g ou t of t h e w i n dow
B efore givi n g a det a il ed r eply w e m u st con su l t
W l p ed
27
you
th e
f oll ow in g
ar e
c es an d
Th ey ar e
s en t en
n ecessar y
.
.
Mi s s
L ew i s
S t ay ed a t
h om e toda y
.
v a ca t i on on t h e fi r s t o f Ju ly
Th e b oa t w a s so l e aky t h a t w e h a d t o giv e u p ou r s a il
Th e or der w a s s o v a gu e t h a t w e h a d t o h a v e i t r epea t ed
We a r e v ery m u c h pl ea sed w i t h t h e i t i n era ry you h av e
I
sh a
ll l ea ve
f or m y
.
.
.
m a de
E S SE
48
Th er e
N TI AL S
E
N GLI S H
uch p r ep osi ti on al ph r ase as in b ack
Y ou som et im es see t h e ab su r d ph r ase
say b eh i n d
of
w ou l d of i n st ea d of w ou ld h ave I n such ph r ases as w ou ld
h av e g on e wou ld h av e lear n ed ; av oid it
Y ou will see th at
S t ud y th e f oll ow i n g c om b in at i on s
c er tain w or ds r equ i re sp eci al p r ep ositi on s som eti mes
ch an gin g t h e p r ep osi ti on t o exp r ess a ch an ge in u se or
m ean i n g
S
h ould
BU S IN E S S
OF
be
no
S
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
;
:
w th — wh en
i
on e t h i n g m erel y goes w i t h
i
a n oth er
“
fish a ccom p a n i e d w i t h egg s a u ce
“
—
a ccom a n i ed b y
a s a com p a n i on
H e w alk s ev ery day aecom
p
accom pa n ed
as
,
-
.
.
an i e d
p
b y h is
dog
.
—
a p r opos a l
u pon — a p l a n
w i t h — a per son
a c cor d i n g to
i n a ccor da n ce w i th
ch a r a c t e r i s t i c o f
com pl y w i t h
cor r es pon d t o—w h en t h i n gs a r e com pa r ed
corres pon d w i t h — w h en pe r s on s e x ch an ge l e t te r s
com p a r e t o—w h en on e m e r e l y lik en s ob j e ct s
compa r e w i t h — w h en
m ea su r e s on e t h i n g b y an oth er or
on e
i
n t s ou t di ff er en ces or r esem b l an c es i n det ail
o
p
con f or m t o
con v en i en t to — a p er s on or a p l a ce
con v e n i en t f or— a pu r po s e
diff e re n t f r om — n ot t h an or t o
w h en on e t h i n g i s u n lik e an oth e r
d iff e r f rom —
d iff e r w i t h — w h en on e p er son f a il s t o a g ree w i th a n oth er
d i sa ppo i n t ed i n — wh a t we h a ve
d i sa ppo i n t ed of — w h a t w e do n ot ge t ; n ev er w i t h i n a n y ca se
el se
t h an — n ot e ls e b u t
gr e e
a g re e
a g r ee
a
to
,
.
—
o th e r
t h an
th an
n o ot h e r
a n oth e r
th a n
l
e m pl oy e d
em pl oyed
e m p oye d
at
in ,
— a giv en
l
sa a r
on , o r u on
p
f or— a pu r pose
y
—a job
or a
b i
u s n e ss
.
DI CTI ON
en t e r
u pon
— du t i e s
e n t er
i n— a
r ecor d
en t er
at
door ,
—a
i n fl u en ce u p on
i n f er i or to
s u p er i o r t o
s ea rch
in
Of
or
a
r epor t
or
i
s t a t on ,
e t c.
—
n ot
r
v
e
o
on
— n Ot for
i n s igh t i n to
i den t i ca l w i th
Th i s ca s e i s a n e x cept i on f r om t h e r u l e
ex cep t i on f r om — a s
“
—
e x cep t i on t o
as
I w a n t t o t a k e e xcep t i on t o t h e st at em en t of t h e
l ast s peak e r
“
—
li ab l e to wh en you m ean an u n f ort u n ate t en den cy ; a s
My
”
f at h er i s li ab l e t o r h eu m a t i sm
NOTE —G ood u sa ge does not cou n t en a n ce th e u se of th e i n fin i t iv e
“
”
“
”
a f t e r li a b l e
H e i s li k e ly to d i e ; H e i s ap t t o ta k e col d
S ay
“
—
li ab l e f or wh en you m ea n r esp on si b l e ; a s E a ch p artn er i s
”
li ab l e f or th e deb t s of t h e fir m
a r t f r om — a f r i en d
p
a r t w i t h — m on e
h
s e ss i on s
o
o
e
o
s
r
r
t
p
y
p
p r ofi t b y
r e co n cil e w i t h — a
pe s n
r e co n c il e t o— a c on d i t i o n o r s i t u a t i on
.
.
'
,
'
.
:
.
.
,
.
r
o
E XE RCI SE 5
Wr i te sen ten c es u sin g p r op erly
for egoin g list
al l
th e
ph r ases
in
th e
.
Correl at ive
10
.
Th ey
ar e
— as
s o— a s
as
— t h at
so
‘
su ch
— as
n ot
on
b
ly—b u t al so
— an d
e i ther— or
n e i t h er— n or
ot h
wh et h er—o r
j un ct i ons — Th ese
c on
ar e u se
d
in p ai r s
.
50
i
AL S
E S S E N TI
S an Fran c i sco i s
1
.
2
.
S an
3
.
We
F
i
r a n c s co
sh a
ll
n ot
as
is
BU S I NE S S
OF
an t
a
s
l
e
p
h ot
n ot s o
f
s o com or t a
be
c s co.
NOTE —Not i ce
4
a ll
We
.
a re
s u m m er
5
We
.
f
ca m e e a r
ll
NOTE —Th e
ly
bl
in S an
e
t h a t we
so
OS
n
.
e es as
F
in S a n
g iv e statem en t s
Fran c i sco t h a t we sh a ll
n e at
ra n
.
m igh t
see
th e
crow d
s ta y
n ev e r
ga t h e r (
c ea rn ess
.
sam e
.
He won t h ave
’
.
I
.
I
.
I
.
I
n on e of
scar cely,
Y ou
.
,
,
i u
g ives
th a t
on ly,
fooli sh n ess
an d
i n th i s
f
o fice
b u t m ust b e
.
re
ck on ed
as
can n ot say
i st i n gu i sh a word you say
c a n t s ca r c e ly w a i t f or m y a ppo i n t m en t
ca n t s p en d on ly a m i n u t e
h a ven t b u t on e pun ch on my t i ck et
ca n
’
t h ar d ly d
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
in tr oduced b y
b y no r n or is al so u se d t o c on t in ue
p r evi ou s phr ase or cl ause S ay
seri es of
A
b e di s
.
n eg at v es
a ser o s err or
n e at
.
i —Tw o w or d s lik e n o an d not used
c onn ec ti on destr oy each oth er an d c on sti tute
1 1 Doub l e
H ar dly,
ly su ch cl oth in g as we sh all n eed
h
h
r rel a t iv e s w ill
ac
n
o
t
l
i
g
o
f
t
e
er
o
c
p
on
l
cu s sed u n der
in th e
ke
r
o
e
r
p p
.
4
in
e es
.
.
.
3
u se s o
com or t a
w e migh t )
6 We sh a
ta
2
e
n
e es
.
so as
1
bl
n
LO S
—as in
th at you
so
as
A gl
A gl
L
A gl
Lo s
as
G
E N LI S H
w or d s
,
h oul d b e j oin ed
f or c e of n ot in a
no s
th e
.
1
2
.
il d cou l d w r i t e su ch v erses
ch il d w ou l d b e w illi n g t o
An y m an , w om an ,
or ch
N 0 m an , w om an ,
n or
.
.
wr i te
su ch
s tu ff .
u of cl assi fic at i on can t ak e c ar e of al l
c ases th at in v olve th e c orr ec t ch oic e of w or ds Th e f ol
l owin g ar e c aut ion s an d di scr im in at i on s t o gu ar d you
aga in st c omm on m i st ak es of a m i sc ell an e ou s sor t
A b ov e sh ou ld n ot b e u se d e ith er as a n oun or as an adjec
I t is c orr e c tly use d as an adver b
Y ou sh oul d n ot
t ive
12 N o
.
am o n t
.
.
.
.
DI CTI ON
l
I h ave
.
2
.
I
3
.
I
th e a b ov e st at em en t an d fin d
i
h av e exam i n e d t h e a b ove an d fin d i t cor rect
di d n ot wit n es s th e a b ove occu rr en ce
ex a m n ed
.
2
.
it
I di d
or
use d
1
.
s am e
3
x am in e d th e f oreg oing st at em ent an d fin d
n ot w i t n ess t h e a b ov e men t ion ed occu rr en ce
h ould n ever b e used in stea d of a p r on oun D on t
d efen d it n o m atter h ow m an y t im es you m ay see
’
S
.
,
.
r e ce
ived
ligh t
“
B
sa m e
an d n ote d con t en ts of
”
as
,
.
I wi sh t o
u se
—
h app en Tr an spi r e
b e c ome kn own ;
Th i s e v en t h app en e d
to
,
.
L u ckily
.
th is
t h e p r op er ty
Raise f or
1
.
2
.
I wa s
My
.
.
.
2
.
p l ot
an d
mean s to
at
ou r
c om e
to
as
t w en ty ye ars
ir e d in t i m e
m i sch i ef
t r a n sp
v en t
r
e
p
i t t ran sp i r e d
ag o ;
f or
us
to pl ace
on
ly
gu ar ds
.
r ear
re a r ed
m ot h er
i n I n di an apoli s
r ea r ed
fou r
s on s
.
to m a nh ood
.
f r i en d in I n di an ap oli s ra i se d t en cocker span i els
We ra i se i n ou r own ga r den a l l t h e l ettu ce w e n ee d
My
.
.
A void
l
s am e
r etu r n
.
r da .
e
s
t
e
y
y
4
l et ter
,
Tr an sp i r e f or
3
you r
u s i n e s s E n gli sh
fif t een cop i es of
f or m y cl ass
I f n ot p l eased w i th ou r v acuu m cl ean er
xp en s e
on
.
.
S en d
e
2
correct
.
.
1
it
e
-
I h av e
.
2
say
I h av e
it
corr ect .
.
S am e
u se
it
.
Y ou m ay
1
51
r aise
f or in cr eas e,
m
as
I got a r a i s e i n y s a l a ry
Th e a gen t h a s r a i s e d ou r r en t
L ast f or
—
t
l a est D on
.
’
t
.
H ave y ou
ask ,
h ear d
my
l ast
”
fri en d r eply I h op e so
Y ou m ay
AS l on g as K ipli n g is livin g
sp eak of Ten n y son s las t p oem
an d w r i t i n g y ou m u st say h is la tes t p oem
s t or y
?
l est
in
y ou r
.
,
’
.
.
S top f or
1
s tay
D i d you go to
I coul d n ot s t ay
.
.
Wash i n gton ?
Yes, b u t I
on
ly
stopped
th ere
.
E SSE
52
N TI AL S
B US I N E S S
OF
D id you st op at t h e B il t m or e l Y es,
s ee i t
I cou l d n ot a ff or d t o st ay t h er e
2
‘
'
to
Cou p le
b
ea u t
f or two—Y ou
b j ect s
t h e t wo
Mr
B
.
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
ifu l
ru c e
ch
st oppe
d
o
or
,
h i s w if e
an d
il dr en
p r op er l y sp eak of a coup le on l y
p er son s ar e lin k ed ; as
are
a
i g
ch a rm n
cou
l
e
p ;
th ey h av e tw o
.
v erb
a
u
but
,
a no n
gr e es to l en d m e a t h ou san d doll a r s
H e a g r ee d to a l oa n o f a t h ou s a n d doll a rs
L en d m e you r u m b rell a
H e a sk s t h e l o a n o f my u m b re ll a
He
a
.
.
.
.
.
Do
c onf use
n ot
Am
l
I
can
L oan f or len d—L oan is n ot
1
by
.
.
wh en
N GLI S H
I p assed
as
,
.
E
len d
b or r ow
an d
.
a r aid
f
f or f ear ; as
I f ea r )
I a m a f r a i d I ca n t k e ep m y en g a g em en t (
h e f ea r s )
H e i s a f r a i d h e c a n t p a s s t h e b a r e x a m i n a t i on (
I f ea r )
I a m a f r a i d I ca n t p ay m y p r em i u m n ex t m on t h (
is
or
,
’
.
.
2
3
’
.
’
.
Can f or may
i m p li es
Ca n
1
.
2
.
3
.
Q
.
ab
i
il ity ;
Y o u m ay s w m
Ma y I h a e t h
v
if
i
u
q te a
a
m ay i m pli es
p er m issi on
.
.
is f
in
er r o r
dj ec tiv e
f ree ?
t h i s p r ob l em ?
— I t is
l w ay s
a
an
a
dver b
Do
.
w h i l e, b u t q u i te a lon g wh i l e ; q u i te a
h en y ou m ean a g ood ma n y it is
an d
,
lway s w r on g
ab su r d
a
can
you ca n
a t e r n o on
Ca n you fin d t h e
u i te as an
s ay
m ay f or
or
.
w
n ot
f ew is
doub ly
.
E xcep t, wi th ou t,
p r ep osi ti on s an d in t r oduc e
Un l ess is a con jun cti on an d i n t r oduc es a c l au se
x pt m k w t h
f
m bi
f th
ti
x pt M B
k w h w t t
m pl i t
E xcep t
ph r ases
.
NO
2
.
NO
i n to
a
wi th ou t
an d
.
1
u n l ess
ar e
.
on e e
on e
l
sa e
.
ce
e
ce
ne
e
r
.
e co
r u ce
no
na
s
on
o
o
e sa e
o
u rn
a
.
co
a n
DI CTI ON
3 You
h Ope
n ot
can
.
to
su cceed
53
w i th ou t
det erm i nat i on
an d
i
at en ce .
p
4
.
5
.
Wea l t h
You
w i t h ou t h e a l t h i s
pa t i en ce
6 You w ill
an d
l
s u cc eed
u n ess
ou
y
.
dev el op p ers i sten ce
.
n ot
.
an
h op e t o
n ot
ca n
m er e m ock ery
a
i n crease
b j e c tive
o
1
can
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
an
i ncrea se
did
l
in
sa a ry
efiici en cy
S h ow
o
y u
.
u
p r on oun in th e
an d i n t r oduc es a cl au se
a n o n or
c on j u n ct i on
n ot b e su b st i t u t e d f or as or as if
A s is
.
l ooks lik e
a
h is
f ath er
.
Y es,
hd
a
.
.
h e w or k s
j u st
as
h is
.
l d lik e to h a ve a voi ce lik e you r s
You m igh t d ev el op on e lik e i t if you wou l d
Mr B ru ce i s w a lki n g s l owl y a s if h e w er e ill
I
l
u n ess
‘
case
Ol son
f a t h er
ive
—
L ike is foll owe d b y
as
L ike,
L ike
in
re ce
S h ou
.
,
i
a
a
r
c
t
c
e
s
p
I do
.
.
.
E XE RCI SE 6
Wi th th e h elp of y ou r di cti on ary distin guish b etween
D o n ot t ry
th e w or d s of ea ch p air in t h e f ol l ow in g li st
t o st at e th e di ffer en c e b u t u se th e w or d c orr ec t ly in com
n
o
n
n
m
r
n
l
n
C
h
i
n
n
c
s
e
t
e
e
t
e
c
e
s
b
i
e
a
f
w
o
d
s
s
e
t
e
e
s
o
t
e
y
p
as y ou lik e b u t giv e e ach i ts t r u e v alu e
,
.
,
.
,
—x
a c cep t
e
cept
vi ce— a dvi se
a ff e ct— e ff e c t
a s su r e — p r o m i s e
c e n t e r — m i d dl e
e x p e c t — h op e
ad
fix— m en d
h ea t h y— h e a t h
l
We
m u st
l fu l
i n v en t ory— i n v oi ce
l e ave—le t
l es s— f ew
l o se —l oose
m or e— l a r ger
n u m b e r — q u an t i t
y
s i ck— ill
t ea ch — l ea r n
pp ose th at w e h av e c ov er ed or exh au sted
th e wh ol e wid e an d fasci n at in g fi eld of c or r ec t dic t i on
L et u s h op e w e h av e d on e en ough t o acc ompli sh th r ee de
si r ab l e r esul t s
n ot su
.
:
E SS E N TI
54
AL S
OF
BU S I NE S S E N GL I S H
fu r n ish y ou wit h th e c orr ec t exp r essi on in m ost
c ases lik ely t o occur in y our p r act ic al exp er i en c e
2 To m ak e y ou aw ar e of som e of t h e p r ob l em s an d p os
sib il it ies in th e ch oic e of w or d s
3 To aw ak en y our in t er est in th e i m p r ov em en t of y our
dic ti on an d t o str en gth en y our t ast e f or c orr ec t an d r efin ed
exp r essi on
1
.
To
.
.
.
.
.
E SSE
56
NTI AL S
OF
BU S I N E S S E N GLI S H
c oun ty com m issi on er— t o wh om ever
in y our c om m un i ty ur gin g t h r ee
r
o
oo
o
r
n
e
u
igh
b
h
d
r
m
n
i
n
v
e
t
s
o
e
y
p
,
pa
vi n g ligh t i n g par k w ay cl ear i n g
r oa d
bu il di n g a b r i dge pu tt i n g
w a rn i ngs
-
,
,
,
,
y ou
of
of
up
d app eal t o
follow in g im
sh oul
th e
i de w a lk s
s ign post s
s
-
,
-
m en di n g
an d
a
s p ee d
.
L et y ou r
l etter c on si st of fiv e p ar agraph s : an op en i n g
f
r
a
m
r
a
r
a
o
n
f
f
h
e
a
o
g
ph
ch
h
i
r
a
r
t
s
o
t
e
t
u
e
o
e
t
e
t
e
e
o
;
p
y
n ot l ess t h an sixty w or ds ; an d a b r i e f c l os in g p ar ag r ap h
Con su lt th e sect i on on l ett er s (
Ch ap ter XI I A ) an d p u t
r
h
r
l
m
n
r
n
m
o
u
a
di
g
a
d
d
e
a
lu
a
i
o
n
c
o
p
i
a
cl
o
a
n
d
e
s
s
t
t
e
t
s
e
s
y
y
sig n at u r e i n t o p r op er for m
2 P r ep ar e a sp eech t o fill fiv e m i n ut es t o b e d eliv er e d
b efor e th e c oun cil or c om m i ttee askin g f or th ese sam e
im p r ov em en ts
I n b oth t h e sp eech an d t h e l et t er l et y ou r p ar ag r aph s
b e of th e kin d t h a t an n oun c e th e t opic in th e Op en i n g sen
t en c e
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
‘
.
C HA PTE R V
CORRE CT
gem en t of wor ds in th e n orm al decl ar a
—
n
n
i
fir st t h e sub j e c t a n oun ; se c on d t h e
s
e
e
s
t ive
t
ce
p redic ate a ver b ; thi r d th e ob j ec t a n oun To th e two
n oun s ar e atta ch ed t h e i r m odifi er s which ar e adj e c t iv es or
t h e e quival en t of adj e c t ives
To th e ver b ar e att ach e d it s
m odifier s which are adver b s or t h e e quival en t of adverb s
Man y sen t en c es c on tai n n o ob j ec t ; m an y c on t ain n o
m odifiers ; b u t ev ery d ecl ar ativ e sen ten c e m akes a c om
l
t
m
n
n
r
n
n
r
e
e
s
t
a
t
e
a
d
s
m
v
d
cl
iv
c
ust h ave
e
t
e
e
e
a
a
t
e
e
t
e
e
p
y
a su b j e c t an d a p r e dic ate
Th e
n or ma
l
ARRA N G EMENT
a rr an
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
l
.
2
.
3
.
w ry
g er ms
O rd i n a ry h ou s e-fli es c arr y t h e g er m s of di s ea se
a
Or d i n ry h ou se fli es , w h i ch
ree d b y t h e t h ou sa n ds i n
Fli es
.
.
b
som e
gl ect e d a n d u nn ot i ced b i t of fil th ca r r y on t h e i r fe et a n d in th e
m i n u t e h a i r s w i th w h i ch t h ei r bod i es a r e provi ded u n t ol d n u m b e rs
of g er m s of typh oi d a n d perh a s o f oth er da n g er ou s di s ea s e s
p
ne
,
,
.
E a ch
h ese th r ee sen ten c es; th ough th ey vary so
1)
g reatly in l en gth displ ays th e n or m al ar ran gem en t of (
2 ) v er b an d m odifier s (
3 ) ob j ec t
sub j e c t an d m odifier s
(
an d m odifi er s
Thi s ar r an gem en t m ay b e v ar i e d f or sp e ci al pu rp oses
som e sp eci fic cfiect of cl earn ess or em ph asi s ; t h ese v ar i a
B u t wh at
t i on s will b e di scussed in th eir p r op er pl ac es
th e
e v er th e ar r an g em en t of th e p ar t s of th e sen t en c e
c en tr al rul e of c orrect ar r an gem en t is th at th e m odifi er s
A
b e pl a c e d as cl ose as p ossi b l e t o th e w or d s th ey m odify
m ispl ace d modifier may r en der th e m ean in g d oub t ful
of
t
,
‘
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
57
N TI AL S
E S SE
58
OF
B US I N E S S
E
N GLI S H
—you
h ough in m ost c ases d
can m ak e ou t easil y
B u t th e awkw ar d an d som e
en ough t h e m ean in g i n t en d e d
Take th e ol d t i m er
t i m es ludic r ous eff ec t is un fort un at e
“
I
t h at h as b een given in th e t ex t b ook s f or g en er at i on s
c ou n t e d t w en ty sev en m et eor s si t t i n g on m y b ack p or ch
th e m e an in g is of c our se un m i st ak ab l e b u t th e c omb in at i on
is ab su r d an d t em p t s th e ligh t m in de d to a giggl e An d th e
”
I si tt in g on m y b ack p or ch
fau l t is so easy t o r em edy
“
”
et c
or
S i t t i n g on m y b ack p or ch I
et c
I n a w or d
p l a c e th e m odifi er as cl ose as p ossi b l e t o t h e w or d it m od
ifies or wh at am ou n ts t o th e sam e thin g pl ac e th e wor ds
s o th at th ei r c on n e c t i on m ay b e u n m i st ak ab l e
1 Wor ds th at are lik el y t o b e i n corr ect l y p l aced
P er h ap s th e fir st wor d in fr equ en cy of m i spl ac e
it
t
oes n ot
.
-
.
-
,
-
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
men t is
1
.
2
.
on ly
On ly I
s aw
I
on ly s a w
3
.
I
sa w
on ly
4
.
I
s aw
h im
h im to day—h e wou l d
h i m to da y— I h a d
h i m t oday— h i s
—h
on ly
t oday
b
ive
en
ga ged
l
S ea k t o
p
n o on e e s e
.
n o c h an ce
r ot h er cou
wa s
e
r ec e
ld
to
n ot com e
e
a
s
r
t
e
d
y
h im
.
.
y
.
Oth er m odifyi n g
justm en t s
tain ly,
an d
also,
wor ds c ap ab l e of alm ost as m an y ad
var i ati on s of m ean in g ar e n ot m erely cer
,
a lm os t,
even ,
ever ,
n ever,
,
en ou g h ,
n ear ly
.
E XE RCI SE 1
Th er e
un certain ties in each
of t h e f oll ow in g sen t en c es
Corr e c t th em
I f an y of th e
sen t en c es ar e c ap ab l e of t w o c or r ec t ar r an g em en ts
give
b oth Th e w or d s t o b e ch an ged ar e i t al iciz ed :
ar e
one
or
m or e
e rr or s
or
.
.
,
.
go t o cr i t i ciz e th e
o f f a ct
you di d g o )
2 S en d a ls o you r ookl e t on
1
t er
.
I did
n ot
As a m at
(
.
.
b
.
will
l ectu r e b u t to enj oy it
s t u dy
3
.
I
4
.
He
5
.
He
i
w t h me
B i
u s n e ss
E n gli sh to m y
b
r oth e r
.
m i ss ed th e t ra i n f or Om a h a b y t h ree m i n u t es
w a s so em i t ter ed h e ev en h a t ed h i s r oth er
on ly
n ot on
b
ly di slik ed
,
h e h a t ed
ev en
h is
b
b
.
roth er .
.
wh o
ARRAN G E MENT
6
.
“
v
f
7
o
He h a ted
e er
8
9
I
.
b i
x p ect ed t o
11
.
Th e t w o
12
.
Few m en
l a st
I
.
t h e m em
I
.
b bly
o
a
r
p
15
r ot h er
l
th e
.
l a ci n g
f or t h e p
ru e
b
ers a r e
l a di es
w er e
p
in
or der s
qu a r t er s
w eek
r esen t
on e
.
.
.
n ea r ly
w r i te
ca n
ou r
d r e s s ed
as
er
su
p
ive
a
lik e
.
en ou g h
p assa g e
r et u rn
copy
th e
se
“
A bi
th e
on
ll
to
ra
c
”
at
ir
th e
.
can n ot
a ll
b
He i s
.
b
own
g rown b eyon d
iv e so m any
n o t i n vi t ed
dec i ded to t a k e
on ly
m om en t
14
l ea rn ed
r ec e
n ev er e
A ll
13
to h ave
er
a lm ost
h as
u s n ess
10
.
b
h at e d h i s
ev en
.
Ou r
.
v erybody—h e
ever r em em
I don t
’
.
e
59
o n e of
fin d
t h ose
b
pa per ; t h ey h ave
sh ee t s o f ca r on
een u s ed
.
n ot ev en a
bl
e
to ta
ke
th e
fi rst
in t h e p rocess
st ep
We
.
x pect h im t o l earn
Deci de wh en you sh ou l d u se n ever an d wh en n ot
ev er )
(
1 6 W ill you w a i t a n d t a k e m y m a il ?
I on ly h a v e t wo m or e
en v el opes t o d i r ec t
1 7 Mr B r u ce w ill s ee you b u t h e on ly h a s tw en ty m i n u t es to giv e
n ev er e
.
.
.
.
.
,
I don t th i n k it w ill b e
’
18
.
19
.
own
.
You
vote
on ly
v
t
o h a e th e
y
to th e n u m er
n ece s sa r
i n p ropor t i on
ch ec
b
k
ce r t
ifi ed
s h ar es
of
.
you
.
2 0 Th e t w o wh
.
21
H e m er e ly
.
i st l e s a lm os t sou n de d a t th e
n eeds to k n ow t h e t i t l e o f
s am e
a
m om en t
b k
to te
oo
.
ll
o
y u
th e
au t h or.
22
.
We
sh a
ll o n ly
2 Th e p lace
.
ta
l iv es ei th er
an d,
l
1
.
2
n or
.
I
3
4
.
.
f rom
th e
i g
or , n ei th er
wh eth er
as
we
sh a
‘
or ,
u
o
y
t
n ee d
u
o
y
.
us e
th e
cor
but
also,
m ust tak e
ar e of
c ar e t h at th e two
e qu al i m p or t an c e
.
B
i
n ten d t o go to S a n
oth m y fa t h er a n d I
anam a ;
P
o
t
o
E t h er m y fa t h er or I w
g
i
w ill
ll
nor , n ot on ly
h at th ey c onn ec t
s am e ki n d
p ar ts or e em en ts
an d of
l
su ch c ot h n
—
Wh en
of correl atives
r e at
b oth
ke
B zil
go t o
sh a ll
ra
ill
F
i
ran c sco
ne
i
.
t h er m y
f
a t h er
.
a
ns
l
r
e
w
O
N
e
m
r
o
r
o
n
o
ve
s
t
l
a
m
G
il
i
h
o
r
r
a
e
t
e
s
We
f
f
n
t
o
e
a
l
v
s
m
o
G
r
h
n
o
r
n
n
a
a
va
ll
il
i
r
o
m
S
h
r
e
f
We sh a sa n e t
f
N ew York
.
.
,
b ut
ESSE
60
5
ca
go
We
.
sh a
N TI AL S
ll e i th er
s ai l
B US I N E S S
OF
f rom
Y k
N ew
or
E
NGLI S H
go by
or
rai l
f rom
Ch i
.
6
Wh e th e r
.
b i
u s n ess
we go
or
r em a i n
h om e d epe n ds
at
on
th e
st a t e of o u r
.
NOTE — Wh e t h er can n ot b e u sed w i th ou t or n or w i th ou t st at i n g
“
o r i m p l yi n g t h e a l t er n a t iv e
You ca n n ot co r r ect l y say
I do n ot
”
“
k n ow wh et h er I sh a ll g o
You m u s t s a y
I don t k n ow wh et h er I
”
“
”
s h a ll g o o r s t ay
or
I do n ot k n ow w h et h er I sh a ll go or n ot
7 Wh eth er I g o to Pan am a or n ot m a t t ers li t t l e s i n ce n ot on l y
m y f a t h er b u t h is p a r t n er a l so w ill go
,
.
,
’
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
E XE RCI SE 2
Wh en y ou h ave
t h e f oll ow i n g
H My pa r t n e r
i
ne
st
udi ed
i th e r
b il
,
h as tim e
N E t h e r m y p a r t n er w
w I sh a e th er u d
ll i
for eg oin g ex ampl es c or rect
th e
ill
o
g
n or
m on ey t o go t o Pa n am a
F
to S a n
m on o p l a n e
i
r a n c s co o r
b i pl
L os
.
A gl
n
e es
.
i s v aca t i on
A W h et h e r w e see t h e Ca n a l n ex t yea r d epen ds on ou r b u s i n es s
m I fea r w e sh a ll n e i t h er go n ext yea r n or th e year a ft er
m We sh a ll g o b oth f or r ea son s of pl ea su re an d profi t
u Th e d el e ga t i on f rom t h e Bo ar d of Tra de n ot on ly w ill go to S an
F ra n c i sco b u t a l so to S ea ttl e
8 We h op e b oth t o s ee Van cou v er a n d Vi ct or i a
9 We h op e t h a t b ot h t h e s t a t e of m y f a t h er s h ea l t h an d h i s
a r tn er s w ill b e i m rov ed b
h
e t rip
t
p
y
p
a
or
a
an e
th
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
—
i
i
l
o
o
l
a
c
e
A v er y u sefu l b u t r ath er
3 Part c p es ut f p
I t seem s as if it h ad a w ill
elu siv e w or d is y ou r p ar t icipl e
of its own p ecu li ar l y i n cli n e d t o g o ast r ay in t h e sen t en c e
Th e m is
an d lik ely t o do m uch d am ag e in i t s w an d er i n g
pl ace d p ar ticip l e is so w el l kn own t o all stu den ts of style
th at it h as r e c e iv e d a s or t of j oc u l ar n ick n am e ; it is c all ed
”
“
d an glin g p ar t icipl e an d th e ph r ase th at it l eads w ith
th e
”
it
th e d an gli n g ph r ase
Th e f au l t can som et i m es b e
c u r ed b y r ear r an gem en t b u t ver y often th e sen ten ce m u st
b e p ar t i ally or en ti r el y r ew r i tten
Th e fi r st thi n g t o do i s t o at t ach th e st r ay p art icipl e t o a
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
,
.
ARRAN G E ME NT
SI
p r on oun Make it a r ul e th at th e p ar ticipl e or
p ar ticipi al ph r ase th at in t roduc es a sen ten c e m u st b el on g
t o th e su b j e c t of th e sen t en c e
h
h
W g S t di g
i g
th
tw b t w
pp
h
di g
th
I
h
i
g
R igh t
St
w tw b t
pp
u
or
no n
.
.
ron
an
:
an
n
Com
in g
:
W ron g
:
n
i
l
on
on
o
s
o r e,
sa
th e E
on
er e s een a
oa s
o
l eva t ed
,
oa s
i
r oa c
a
s e r ou s
a
roa c
ac c
n
n
i den t
.
.
wa s
.
ig
a cc
ore,
e
down
w t n e s se d b y O so n
R ht :
Com i n g dow n
e s
on
th e E l ev a t ed, O ls on w i t n ess ed
a
i
s er o u s
i de n t
W ron g Com i n g u p t h e pa th a n i dea occu r re d to m e
Righ t
Com i n g u p t h e p a th I con ce iv e d a n i dea
Wron g A f te r gu l p i n g down m y coff ee t h e t r a i n s t a rt e d
Righ t
A f ter I h a d g u lp ed down m y coff ee th e t ra i n s ta rt ed
.
:
.
,
:
.
,
:
,
.
:
,
.
or
A ft
er
g u lp i n g down m y coff
:
Op en n t h e door ,
W ron g
W ron g
R igh t
W ron g
:
:
fou n d
R igh t
W ron g
r u sh e d
ee ,
I
an
a ppa
f
or
th e t r a
in
.
lli n g Ob j ec t m et h i s eye s
t h e door h i s eye s f ell u po n a n a ppa lli n g ob j ect
Op en i n g t h e doo r h e s aw b efor e h im a n a ppa lli n g o b j ect
E xh a u ste d b y h i s h a r d day s w or k h i s s l eep w a s p r o
i g
O p en i n g
.
.
,
,
:
.
’
,
.
E xh a u s t ed b y h i s h a rd day s w ork , h e s l e pt p r ofou n dl y
l m ost prostr a ted b y th e h ea t, th e ta ki n g of ou r i nv en
’
:
.
:
A
t o ry w a s pos t pon e d
Righ t :
l m ost p r os tra t ed b y t h e h ea t , we post pon ed th e ta ki n g
o f ou r i n v e n t o r
y
.
A
.
W ron g Th orou gh l y di scou ra ged
c on f ron t e d h i m
R igh t
Th or ou gh l y dis cou r a g ed
c h a n ge of em l o m en t
p y
:
,
a n ot h er ch a n
ge
of
em
l
o m en t
p y
.
:
,
h e w as
f
con r on ted
by
a n ot h er
.
E XE RCI SE 3
Revi se th e
foll owin g
G
,
r ew r
i tin g wh en
c
n e ess ar y
.
t h e firm p r om ot e d L ewi s t o
r a du at i n g f r om t h e st ock r oom
1
f an cy gr oce r i es
2 L ooki n g down f rom t h e t h i r d st or y w i n d ow h e wa s p l a i n l y
s e en e n t er i n g a s a l oon
3 G o i n g on f r om on e depa r tm en t t o a n oth er t h e wh ol e b u s i n e s s
b ecame fam ili a r to L ew i S
.
-
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
.
'
.
E SS E N TI
62
4
on
Com i n g
.
.
m u st
ge r s
’
des
n
BUS I N E S S
OF
ffice
th e
O
k
B efore b ecom i n g
b e w ell k n ow
Upon lift i n g th e
th e m an a
5
i n to
AL S
ea r
ly
b
h u ge
a
,
E
N G LI S H
a t ch
of
m a il w a s
s een
.
l
s a e s -m a n a
a
ger
b
a ll
,
r an ch es
th e
of
b i
u s n ess
.
iv er a t i cki n g sou n d i s h ea r d
7 Ab so rb ed a ll day i n p r ofe s si on a l deta il s t h a t con su m e a l l h i s
en er gy h i s e v e n i n gs a r e s pen t i n t h e m os t t r i fl i n g r ecr ea t i on s
8 S i tt i n g i n m y office tw en ty five p eopl e ca ll ed m e to th e t el e
6
.
r ec e
,
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
h
o h ou r s
o
n
e
i
n
w
t
p
.
—
I t is u su all y c on sid er e d w r on g
4 Th e infini t iv e ph ras e
t o all ow an y m odifi er t o c om e b et w een th e to an d th e ver b
to which it b el on gs in i n fin i t ive ph r ases su ch as to wri te to
‘
.
.
,
,
“
c ll d h
see,
to h am, to k n ow
an d
is
DO
t
e
Thi s
t oo, h as it s
er r or ,
”
n t
e
plit in fi i iv
e s
own
n am e
.
n ot say
We
l et ter
a
.
g
t h at i t w a s
r et
re
i m poss ib l e
t o i m m e di a tely
a n sw er
o
u
r
y
.
Bu t
a ns w er
to
Do
i m m edia t e ly,
or
i mm edi a t e ly t o
an s w er
.
n ot say
We
h av e
m oda t e
Bu t
to
say
i n s t ru ct ed
ou r f r i en d
y
ou r s ecr et a ry
t o in
p oss i b le w ay
ever y
aec om
.
say
accommod a t e
in
ev ery
p ossib l e wa y,
in
or
po ssi b le way
ever y
t o accom m oda t e
.
E XERCI SE 4
Cor rec t th e
p
1
.
2
.
3
4
ow
.
a
o s o
e
l
i
i
th e
Th e t r a de
wil l w i t h
s so
l
com p et e
lve
th e
u pon
t h e t on
an d
c ou r s e
gu e
to
.
f lly
s u ccess u
.
b
i s t h e m ea n s b y w h i ch I a m a l e t o n u m i s
g ood w ill I h av e f or t h i s ar t i cl e of m er ch an di se
Th e t r a de
b ly fix
.
th e
I h op e t o p r om pt y
t h e e a m n a t on
x
a ss
t ah a
All
foll owin g
t bl t t
l w ly di
n ame
-
'
.
-
n am e
goods a f ter
give s
an
t h ey h a
O ppor t u n
v e l ef t
i ty
to
t h e h an ds
a
l w ay s
of
good
con n ect
th e pr odu cer
.
E S SE
64
6
OF
B US I N E S S
arr an g ement of m at eri al i n
Th e
.
N TI AL S
E
NGLI S H
—
t
I t is im
sen en ces
p ossib le t o give form al r u l es ab ou t th e m akin g of sen t en c es
A sen ten ce sh ould exp r ess a c om pl ete t h ou gh t ; if th e
t h ough t is si m pl e th e sen t en ce will n atu r all y b e sh or t an d
si m p l e ; if th e t h ou gh t i s c om pl ex wi t h sh adin g s an d ex cep
t i on s th e sen t en c e b e c om es m or e c om pl ex an d i n v olv e d
in or de r t o exp r ess th e th ou gh t ; if y ou h ave t w o id eas
or t w o S id es of an id e a t h at ar e s o cl osel y u n i t e d th at y ou
can n ot s ep ar at e t h em y ou m ay p u t t h em i n t o on e sen t en c e
j oi n in g th em wi th th e p r op er c on j u n ct i on All th r ee kin ds
of sen t en c es ar e g ood wh en th ey ar e g ood
A s y ou gai n exp er i en c e in w r i t i n g an d sp eaki n g y ou
will fin d th at y ou r th ou gh t s t en d t o flow in t o g ood sen ten c e
f or m s Ther e ar e a f ew i tem s of adv i ce an d c aut i on ab ou t
th e or g an iz at i on of y ou r m at er i al i n t o sen t en c es t h at w ill
h elp y ou in th e b egin n in g
On th e wh ol e it is b etter t o ar r an ge y ou r m at er i al in
c on cise sen ten c es D on t b e afr aid of a l on g com
sh ort
p l ex sen t en c e wh en y our th ough t flows n atu r ally in to
t h at f or m— b u t see t h at it b e c om p ac t
A v oi d th e l on g l oose fl owi n g sen ten c e such as thi s
I am n ow w r i t i n g which a dd s on ph r ases an d cl au ses un t il
an d d oes n ot k n ow wh at
on e l oses h i s w ay am on g th em
to do wi t h th e orph an m odifi e r s th at h e fi n d s w aili n g b e
sid e th e p ath wi th n o m ot h e r l y n ou n or f ath er l y v er b u p on
h ose h ear th st on e
wh ose b osom th ey m ay r est or b esid e w
t h e y a r e e n t i t l e d t o S it
I n stea d of a l on g sen t en c e c on si st i n g of th ese me
ch an i cal ly j oi n ed el em en t s t h r ow y ou r th ough ts i n t o Sh or t
com p l et e sen t en ces
Th en sh ow th e essen t i al u n i on am on g
t h ese b y arr an g i n g t h em in a p ar ag r ap h
Th e sh or t sen
t en c e is lik ely t o b e m or e su cc essfu l in b u si n ess w r i t i n g
th an t h e l on g sen t en c e
B el ow ar e giv en a f ew p assa g es
th at y ou will b e ask ed t o r econ st r uc t wi th a ser i es of b r i e f
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
’
,
.
-
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
ARRAN G E ME NT
65
c on cise sen ten c es Wh en y ou r ec on struc t th em
h owever m ake su r e th at you m ak e r eal sen ten c es D on t
cu t th em up i n t o se c t i on s s om e of which ar e on l y ph r ases
Mak e
or oth e r d et ach e d p ar ts of sen ten c es
or cl au se s
an y ch an g es y ou see fit in r e c on st r uc t i n g t h e p assag es
m or e
,
.
’
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
E XE RCI S E 5
foll owi n g p assag es m aki n g as m an y sen ten c es
as y ou t hi n k n e c essar y
O m i t or su pply c on n e c t ives at
y ou r d i sc r e t i on
h ip i
gi g b i
i lik
i g
m h
1 M
t
h w w ll b il t
m tt
v
lm yb
wh t p d h m y d v l p
Recast th e
,
.
.
ana
.
a
sh e
er
w
s t e er ,
vi t a l
ill
n
o
a
-
e
v er
u
e, or
a
l
por t u n es s
s ee r n
t h er e i s
a
a
a
n
u s n e ss
oss
es
as
on e
on
a
e
e
e o
l
t h e h e m wh o
b hi
e
nd
th e
r oc
ea
a
at
s
it ,
and
no
as
,
c an
f u ll
of
k s beca u se t h e
t h i s a ppli es w i th
good m a n a ger a n d
dou b l e fo rc e t o t h e sm a ll b u s i n ess t h a t i s n ot yet u n der w ay f or
w h il e i n a b ig b u s i n e s s fa u l t s i n m a n a gem en t m ay b e o ve r com e a
o
a
u
n
n d s t r figg li n g b u s in es s m u s t b e m an a g ed r igh t if i t i s t o
g
y
grow
2 Th e E n gli sh Co op er at iv e Wh ol es al e S oc i ety O p er a t es t h e b ig
g est fl ou r m ill s an d t h e b igg est sh oe f a ct ory i n al l G r eat B r i t a i n it
m a n u f a ct u r es w oo l en c l ot h s a l l ki n ds o f m en s w om en s a n d ch il
d r en s c l ot h i n g a do z en ki n ds o f p r epa red foo ds a n d a s m a n y h ou s e
h ol d a r t i cl es i t ope r a t e s c r ea m e r i es i t ca r r i es on ev ery b ra n ch o f t h e
r i n t i n g b u si n ess
o
u i n g coa l l a n d s
a
b
b
i
t
i
s
n
w
i
t
h
a
a
o
a
c
s
n
f
c
p
y
t ory i n D en m a r k a t a ll ow a n d oil fa ct ory i n A u st r a li a i t gr ow s t ea
i n Ceyl on a n d t h r o u g h a l l t h e p u r ch a s i n g don e b y th e s oc i ety r u n s
t h e g en er a l pr i n c i pl e o f go i n g d i r ect t o t h e sou rc e of p r odu ct i on
wh e t h e r a t h om e o r a b roa d so a s t o sav e com m i s s i on s o f m i ddl em en
a n d a g en t s
3 Th e b e gi n n er i n a n y ki n d of b u s i n e s s sh ou l d n ev er b e a f ra i d
to a sk a s en s i b l e q u e s t i on b eca u se m a n y m i sta k e s h a v e b een m a de i n
bu s i n es s b y gi r l s e speci a lly t h ose wh o h ave n ot b een a t w ork l on g
wh o t h ou gh t h ey d id n ot u n der s ta n d w h a t w a s w an t e d o f t h em
d i slik ed t o a sk so a s t o b e t ol d m or e f u lly p r ob a b l y h avi n g t h e
f eeli n g th a t on e w h o can g ra sp a S i t u a t i on r ea dily a n d n ot h av e
t o a sk qu es t i on s w ill b e c on s i der ed p a rt i cu l a r ly b r igh t a n d gi r l s
m an
at
t h e w h ee
l
a
ee
m an
uc
nas
s
S
b i
b ig i d
w ith
ki g p i b ili t i h g
m a ny
a
r
o
fi
t
m
p
e
s
e sse
a
r ea ch
ne
a n d so
u s n ess
wa s
n ot
a
,
,
,
‘
.
-
.
,
’
’
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
E SSE
66
N TI AL S
BUS IN E S S
OF
E
N GLI S H
ft en th i n k th ey w ill n ot a ppea r to th e best a dv an ta ge if th ey do
w h il e t h e fact i s i t i s t h e on e
n o t g ra s p a t on ce w h a t i s w a n t ed
w h o n ev er m a k e s m i s t a k e s w h o i s v a l u ed m or e t h an t h e on e w h o
a ppa r en t ly g r a s p s t h e s i t u a t i on b u t i s n ot su re en ou gh t o do pr op er l y
wh a t i s exp ect ed of h er
o
,
,
.
arr an g ement
7 Th e
.
Th er e is
g ood
of
sent en ces
i n th e par agr aph
.
gin g your sen t en ces in t o
p ar agrap h s Th e b est p ar ag r aph s are th ose th at as it
wer e fl ower ou t n at ur ally in to sen ten c es D on t g et it
in to y our h ead th at th er e is an y on e good kin d of p ar a
—
gr aph al l kin ds are g ood wh en th ey ar e g ood Th er e ar e
th r ee w ays of arr an gin g a p arag r aph th at a y oun g wr i t er
or s ch ol ar m ay b ear in m i n d :
1 Y ou pl ac e y ou r t opic sen t en c e fir st
Th en y ou am
i
n
r
l
f
s
t
m
n
r
r
n
r
xp
d
illu
a
i
iz
d
fi
cl
if
f
ce
e
a
t
e
t
e
e
e
e
a
o
e
o
p
y
y
n o on e
of
w ay
arr an
,
.
’
.
,
.
.
.
.
-
,
,
i t in
2
w ay y ou
an y
Y ou
.
l ead up
sp ecific at i on s,
t
.
h en
en d
see
fit
,
.
ur
pic
to
to yo
an d ot
h
c
sen t en e
er am p l ificat ion s
b y y ou r
x am pl es
give th e t opic
—th en
e
,
c e l ast
Y ou c om b in e th e two— pl ac e y ou r t opic sen t en c e first ;
am plify t h en su m u p
or r ei t er ate y ou r t opic at th e
sen t en
3
,
.
,
,
.
8 Th e
.
arrang ement of
matt er i n p ar ag raphs — Th e m ak
p ar agr aph s will h ave t o b e discusse d again un der
cl earn ess an d u n d er eff ec tiven ess For th e p r esen t study
th e th r ee p ar agr aph s giv en b el ow as illu str at i n g t h e t h r ee
m ai n kin d s of arr an g em en t
Fi n d th e t opic sen t en c e in
each
“
”
h
1 Th
iv
t
b
d
m
m
f
t
i
g
g
d
t
ll
w
i
t
in
p
th
f m
t t
f t
i
i i th b i
t
t
t t m k
p
of
in g
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
e
e s a e o
r
a e
anu
an ,
ran
a c u r e,
b u t t o m a k e m on ey
s
n
oo
an u a c u r n
e
o
a
o se
e a re
u
a
on ,
i dly H en ce h i s s ch em e i s
t o doct or a n d do s e t h e foods i n w a ys c a l cu l a t ed t o ch ea p en t h e cost
of
ro
d
u
c
t
o
H
n
e
e
m
o
h
e
c
h
a
i
l
s
t
e
p
p y
pest h el p ; h e b u ys t h e r a w
r
o
d
c
t
a
h
u
s
t
t
e l ow es t p r i c e ; h e ev en b u ys t h e ca s t off
r o du ct s o f
p
p
l e gi t i m a t e f a ctor i es a n d b y th e u se of ch em i ca l preserva t ives an d
an d
to m a
ke
u s n es s n o
s
it
r ap
.
,
.
-
,
AR R
AN G E M E N T
67
l i g m ak es th em i n to foods sold to cu stom ers a s pu re wh ol esom e
“
—
A dv ert i sin g a s a
N a t i on a l Food Mag azi n e qu ot ed i n
com e st i b l e s
”
B u s i n e s s F or c e (
Adapt ed )
S u ppose
2 I m a gi n e t h a t you a r e a d ru ggi s t i n a s m a ll town
t h a t a wom a n com es i n t o b u y t w o ou n c es o f ca m ph or a n d i n ex ch an ge
giv es you t h r ee eggs I n a f ew m om en ts p erh a p s a m an en ters t o
b u y a sa fety r a z or an d b r i n g s w i t h h i m w h ea t en ou gh t o p ay t h e
b ill An oth er a ga in w i sh es t o t ra de a t u rk ey f or a fou n t a i n pen
You ca n r ea d il y s ee t h e i n con v en i en ce t o w h i ch you w ou l d b e p u t i n
s u ch ex ch an g es o f a c t u a l com m o d i t i e s ; ye t t h i s w a s t h e m e t h od u s e d
“
i n p r im i t iv e t i m es
m eth od c all ed b art er
B u h lig B u s i n ess
a
”
E n gli sh
3 Th e difli cu l ty i n m a ki n g t h e v a l u a t i on o f t h e cou n t ry s ra il
r oa ds h a s b e en i n gett i n g j u n i o r e n gi n ee r s w h o can pa ss t h e c ivil
Th er e h a v e b een a b ou t s ix h u n dr e d a pp li ca n t s
s er vi c e ex a m i n a t i on s
b u t com par a t iv e l y f ew h a v e p a ss e d t h e t e st b ecau s e of l a ck of ex po
r i en c e
A l a rge n u m b er of can di da t es h a v e com e a l most di r ect f rom
t e ch n i ca l sch ool s
Th e com m i s s i on h a s ex per i en ce d n o t rou b l e g et
t i n g s en i or en gi n eer s a s com pa r a t iv el y f ew a r e n e ed ed ; rodm en li n e
m en a n d com pu t ers a r e p l en t ifu l
B u t t h e wh ol e or ga n iz a t i on h a s
b een r eta r ded by th e sh ort su pply of j u n ior en gi n eers to m ak e u p
t h e fi el d par t i es
co or n
,
.
.
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,
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-
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’
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.
G E N E RAL E XE RCI S E S
1
t
.
Wri te
a
lett er
IN
B U S I N E SS CO M P OS I TI ON
fam ily
t o y oiI r
n ew s
p ap er
to
c al l
at t en
i on
)
a
f acil i ti es aff or d ed b y y ou r p u b li c r eadin g r oom
or sch ool l i b rary
i S eats l igh ts an d oth er p h y sic al com for ts
11
At t en d an c e con v en i en c e of acc ess t o t h e m a
To t h e
.
-
,
.
,
'
.
,
t er i s l
iii
.
P er i odi c als
b ) To th e
ur
t ow n
i
ii
iii
iv
S ch ool s
.
.
an d
b ook s
.
it i es f or in t ell ect u al i m p rov em en t
n eig h b or h ood
Op p or t u n
yo
.
.
or
.
L e c tu r es,
Club s
in
pl ay s
,
ser m on s
.
.
ccup ati on s
Ch oose on e or t h e oth er of t h ese t opic s acc or di n g t o th e
ch ar act er of y ou r n eigh b or h ood Y ou will n ot i ce th at in
on e t opic t h r ee p ar ag r ap h s ar e su gg est ed in th e oth er fou r
Thi s c ov er s on ly th e b ody of t h e l etter
Y ou w ill n eed
in e ach case an in t r oduc t ory p ar ag r ap h an d y ou m ay a dd
a c l osi n g p ar ag r ap h if y ou th i n k y ou n ee d i t
Ch ap t er XI I A ) an d m ak e
Con sul t t h e s ec ti on on l ett er s (
su r e t h at y ou h av e th e form al p ar t s of y ou r l et t er r igh t
2 P r ep ar e a fiv e m i n u t e t alk on t h e same t opic t o b e
giv en at a b an qu et or a m ass m eetin g w h er e oth er sp eech es
ar e giv en on oth er asp ec ts of y ou r c omm un i ty lif e
N ot e c ar efully an y difier en ces y ou m ak e b etw een t h e
wr i tten form an d th e for m t o b e sp oken
.
I n dustr i es
an d o
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
.
CH A PTE R V I
V OCAB ULARY
Your
l
voc ab u l ary c on sis ts of all th e w or ds y ou
kn ow th e m ean i n g of — wh eth er y ou u se t h em y ou r self or
As a
on ly u n d er s t an d t h em w h en y ou h e ar or r e ad t h em
p r act i cal fact m os t of u s h av e t h r ee v oc ab u l ar i es th at ov er
i
l
m
a
n
1
h
m
ra
iv
e
ll
a
n
d
t
i
c
o
a
s
l ap on ly sl igh tly
e
t
t
()
p
y
m at e li st of w or ds we u se f or c omm un i n g w i th t h ose w e
—
2 ) th e l ar g er an d
k n ow b est ou r fam ily an d ou r ch um s ; (
m or e sp eci aliz ed li st w e u se in ou r b u si n ess an d aff ai r s an d
3 ) th e l ar g e an d
in ou r l ar g er ci r cl e of acqu ai n t an c es ; an d (
ev er g r ow in g li st th at w e u n d er st an d w h en w e r ea d wh en
w e li sten t o th e d r am a wh en w e h ear a p u b lic sp e ak er
I f y ou h av e n ot st udi ed t h e m att er b efor e y ou w ill fin d
Y ou
t h at y ou h av e a l ar g er v oc ab ul ary th an y ou t hi n k
c ould p r ob ab ly u se 2 5 00 or 3000 w or ds Y ou c ould in t elli
gen tly r ead th r ee or four t i m es th at n um b er B u t sin ce a
E n gl i sh
c om plete E n glis h dic ti on ary c on t ai n s ab ou t
wor ds y ou w ill sc ar c ely p lum e y our self on t h e siz e of y ou r
voc ab ul ary
Y ou n ee d t o in c r ease th e siz e of y ou r ac t iv e v oc ab ul ary
n ot in or d er t o u se m or e w or d s ; y ou n eed t o kn ow m or e
w or ds so as t o ch oose th e r igh t on es —th e m ost effec tiv e
I n c r easi n g y our su pply of w or d s ao
f or y ou r p u r p ose
t u al ly op er at es t o r edu ce th e n u m b er y ou u se f or a giv en
p u r pose b ecause i t offer s y ou th e ch an c e t o ch oose th e
most accur at e an d telli n g w or ds
Ev ery b ody exc ep t t h e m ost exp er t lit er ary m an on th e
t ot a
.
:
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69
E S S E N TI A L S
70
OF
BU S I N E S S E NG L I S H
h an d an d th e gl ibb est ign or amu s on t h e oth er knows
H ow oft en y ou your self h ave t o
m or e th an h e can t ell
“
I k n ow Wh at I m ean b u t wh en I t ry t o tell it it
say
”
“
d oesn t soun d r igh t ! H ow often you h ave t o say I see I
A n d thi s m or e of ten
h ave n ot m ade y ou see wh at I m ean
t h an n ot i s b ec au se y ou can n ot fin d th e r igh t w or d
th e on e y ou h av e exp r essin g y ou r th ough t on l y r oughl y
an d c r u d el y
B esid es th er e is thi s i n ter est i n g f a c t ab out w or d s
th ey n ot on ly exp r ess th ou gh t an d f eelin g ; t h ey al so
Wh en y ou learn a n ew w or d an d its m ean
aw ak en t h em
in g n ew vi st as ar e Op en ed in y ou r mi n d ; y ou fin d you
h ave acquir ed n ot m er ely a n ew w or d b u t a g uide in t o n ew
w ays of thin kin g an d in to n ew fi eld s of th ough t You can
see th en h ow i m p or t an t an d f ar r ea chi n g an i n fl u en c e in
n
h
o
n
n
o
r
o
i
s
t
u
t
f
e
u
duc
i
cq
i
i
i
w
w
ds
o
r
t
e
a
s
o
e
a
y
Th er e ar e t wo di r e c t i on s in which y ou r v oc ab ul ary n ee ds
im p r ovin g :
Fi r st in r an ge ; t hi s m ean s th e c on st an t addit i on of n ew
w or d s
S ec on d in accu r acy ; thi s m ean s th e st udy of th e w or ds
t h ei r hi st or y t h ei r m ean i n g t h ei r u se in sen t en c es an d th e
dev el op m en t of an ever fin er sen se of di sc ri m i n at i on am on g
w or d s
B u t it i s n ot su ffici en t t o advi se a stu d en t in t h e b li t h e
m an n er of m ost of th e b ook s t o r ea d a g reat m an y good
wr it ers an d t o stu dy h is dic t i on ary ; t o b e r eally h elpful
We m u st b e m u ch m or e sp e cific an d m uch m or e p r a c tic al
Thi s ch ap ter will sugg est som e d oz en p r oc esses b y which
Y ou can n ot u se the se
y ou can i m p r ove y our v oc ab ul ary
on c e an d h ave d on e wi th th em
As y ou g o th r ou gh thi s
b ook f or th e firs t t im e y ou m ay n ot fin d it p ossi b l e t o
follow ou t al l th e su ggestion s in al l t h ei r de tail s Bu t so
l on g as y ou are a studen t an d in ter ested in im p r ovi ng
on e
,
,
'
.
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
'
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
E S S ENTI AL S
72
2
e
k n ocki n g
Th e
.
xh a u st i on
1
b
a n da
2
a ge s
ge s
gen cy
,
f oot b all
a
s u pp
li e s
t w o R e d C r o s s fir s t
,
e m er
ge n cy
s u pp
t w o R e d C r o s s fir s t
b tt l
ou n c e
of
em er
Th e
.
of
ou t
BU S IN E S S E NG L I S H
r
l
a
e
p y
i s du e t o
k
sh oc
or
to
.
Th e
.
OF
o
i
of
e
i
a r om a t c
an d a
s c s sor s,
-
f ew
-
li es
aid
p
n e e de d
a id
pa c
a
f ew
an d
s u ch
a re
k et s
,
n ee d e d a r e a
ac
i its
sp r
k et s
,
of
a
ro
ll
n a r r ow
of
bb
i a
pi n s
a m m on a ,
f
s a e t y a n d c om m on
t hi n g s
f ew
ru
ga u z e
n a r row
th at
as
.
gau z e b an d
l
a
ster
p
s h a r p k n if e
er
,
,
a
tw o
a
pa i r
.
E xE RCI SE 1
Con t i n u e t h e
foll ow i n g li sts ei th er u n til th e ser i es
c om pl et e or un t il y ou h av e giv en a s en s e of t h e v ar i e ty
t h e l ar g e n u m b er of ob j ect s i n v ol v ed
,
,
is
or
i
i l E n gli s h cor r e ct ly call s f or a k n ow l edge of
g
i l
g
lli n g a n d so f or t h
2 S h i pper s w h o h a v e a dopt e d c ell u l ar b oa r ds f or p a cki n g a r e
m a ki n g gre at s a vi n g i n st or a g e spa ce p a cki n g cost s a n d a l l t h a t
To w r t e p r a ct ca
r a m m a t ca
u sa e, S p e
1
.
.
,
.
,
f
s or t o
t hi n g
,
.
f u r n i sh you r offi ce con v en i en t l y a n d a t t r a ct iv ely you w ill
n e e d a des k ch a i r s a n d s u c h t h i n g s a s t h a t
4 I t i s p os s i b l e t o d em on s t r a t e t h e i n cr ea s e d effi c i en cy i n t h e
h om e w h er e t h e t i m e a n d l a b o r o f se r v an t s a r e r e p l a ce d b y m ach i n e ry
—v a cu u m cl ea n er s e l ect r i c st ov e s an d a l l t h a t s or t of t hi n g
5 Th e ci t y w ill g r a du a lly a cqu i r e con t r o l of p u b li c u t ili t i e s g a s
3
.
To
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
w a t er ,
,
an d s o
f or t h
,
.
p ecific w or ds rat h er t h an g eneral t erms — Th e
u se of s p ecific w or ds is lik e th e u s e of a g ood p ar a g r ap h
st r u ct u r e so c en t r al a p oin t of g ood w r i t i n g t h at w e h av e
t o c on sid er it in sev er al c on n ec ti on s
S p ecific w or ds are
f or cl earn ess ; t h ey ar e i n di sp en s ab l e f or
n ec essar y
em p h asi s ; th ey m ak e f or si m pli ci ty ; t h ey c on duc e t o p er
Y ou sh ould t h er efor e cul t iv at e th e h ab i t of
su asiv en ess
s u b st i t u t i n g t h em w h en ev er p ossi b l e f or
en er al t er m s an d
g
r
h
l
ea
n h ow t o an aly z e a v ag u e g en er al t er m i n t o
u
o
u
d
l
s
o
y
it s c om p on en t sp ecific on es
S u p p ose y ou say y ou h av e b ough t th e h ar dwar e f or y our
m e S et y ou r self t o an aly z e t h e term h ar dwar e in t o
n ew h d
3
.
Use
s
,
'
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
VOCABULARY
73
p ecific var ieti es ; you will p r ob ab ly a cqu i r e sev er al
“
n ew w or d s in t h e p r oc ess
Y ou s ay
W e r ai se all m an n er
”
of v eg eta bl es in ou r g ar d en
S pli t up th e gen er al t e r m
v eg e ta b les i n t o as m an y sp e cific v ar i et i es a s y ou w oul d fin d
in th e or din ar y g ar d en
N ote t h ese ex am pl es
1 I
li t tl gl
f m l l k i d f w i ld f l w
bl m d
it s
s
.
,
.
~
.
n
.
a
e
en
on ou r
i n t h e S p r in g
2 In a
tt
ar
a
n
fa r m
on e
s
o
o
oo
er s
e
.
li l e gl en
.
on
A p r i l~ h ep a tic as , t r i l li u m s ,
1
ha
ve
2
I
.
sh ou
s om e
l d lik e
flow er s
“
I w ill
.
An d
an d
a sm a
ca
r ow s
A n d d w ell
a l on e
fin d
bl
i g
oom n
in
-
b il d m
u
e a s m a ll
li v e
an d
.
a l on e
h ou s e ,
.
g o t o I n n i s f r ee
d t h e r e o f c a y a n d w a t t e s m a de
n
u
h a e t h e r e , a h e f o r t h e h on ey-b ee ,
”
a de
i n t h e b e e ou d
go
n ow ,
bi b il
v
w ill I
ll
ld
m a r s h m a r i g o l ds
b
g
i
-
v i o l e ts ,
cou
t o g o t o s om e q u i e t p la ce ,
i n m y a r den f or t h e e e s ,
a r se an d
Ni n e b ea n
ou r
and
l
-
iv
gl
l
EXE RCI S E
l
.
2
Wr i te sen ten c es an alyzi n g in t o sp e cific t er m s
t er m s i t aliciz e d in th e f ol l owi n g sen ten c es
th e
gen er al
:
1
d ou
E a ch
s tu den t
e - e n t ry
b kk
.
bl
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
oo
Co l or a do
Th e
’
i s p r ovi ded w i t h t h e
s o u t pu t
ffice for ce
o
Wh il e
i g
eep n
On e wh o
live s
f b ook s h e
o
needs
f or
.
of m i n er a ls i s
i
Coll ege h e
c on s s t s o f s e v e n
h e w a s in
s et
in h i s
ow n
v a l u ab l e
m en
i
.
.
grea t dea l of m a t h em a t ics
a l a r g e c i t y fi n ds h i s t a x es
s t u d ed a
h ou s e i n
.
v ery b u r den som e
6 I n t h e gr ea t t ech n i ca l s ch ool of Co rn e ll t h ey t r a i n
7 P r of e s sor Mor t on i s m a ki n g an e x h a u s t iv e s t u dy o f
.
.
.
fu el
.
.
i nt ellig ence and p er si st
—
Th er e ar e at l e ast el ev en i t em s y ou m ay at t en d t o
en ce
wh en y ou st udy a w or d in your dic t i on ary N ot all th ese
S om et i m es y ou l ook u p th e
a r e al w ays t o b e att en d e d t o
wor d f or th e sp ellin g al on e ; som et im es f or th e qu ickest
an d m ost ob vi ou s d efin i t i on al on e
B u t it is p r ofit ab l e t o
m ake f requ en t d eli b er ate study of w or d s f oll owin g in de
t ail th e pl an given on th e n ex t p ag e
4
Use your di ct i onary wi th
'
en g i n eer s
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
E S SENT IAL S
74
1
n ot
W h en
.
ic e
th e
ur n
sp elli n g
o
u
y
,
2
I f it
ou t
,
.
N ot ic e th e
.
t
on e
it
wor d y ou ar e in ter ested in
is a wor d y ou did n ot kn ow
t o th e
t
.
b efor e w r i te
BU SI N E S S EN GL I S H
OF
i
h at
t m es
o
y u
p r on u n ci at i on ; if
h ave m isp r on oun c ed
it i s
p eat
it
re
,
w or d or
al oud sev er al
n ew
a
.
— pl u r al s,
Wr ite ou t
i fl ci
giv
p ast ten ses
p ar t i cipl es et c
4 N ot ic e it s d er iv at i on ev en if y ou kn ow n o l an gu age
I t will give y ou som e id ea of th e
oth er t h an E n gli sh
r ichn ess of y our l an gu a g e t o see th e v ar i ety of sou r c es
fr om which it h as dr awn it s w or ds
—
n
n
5 N ot ic e h ow m an y m ea i g s it h as 1 2 3 et c S tudy
th ese
6 I f th e d efin i ti on c on t ai n s w or d s y ou do n ot kn ow
l ook th ese u p at on c e
7 I f y ou ar e di r ec te d t o see an oth er w or d do n ot
n e gl e c t t o d o it
8 I f th er e ar e syn on ym s given l ook up all th ose wh ose
m ean i n g y ou d o n ot kn ow
9 Re a d all t h e d er iv at ives n ot in g th e p r on u n ci ati on
an d sp ellin g
1 0 I f y ou ar e u sin g an u n ab r idge d dic t i on ary r ead th e
quotati on s given t o sh ow th e u ses of th e w or d n ot icin g th e
d ate of th e ear li est i n st an c e
1 1 Use th e w or d y ou or igi n all y l ook ed f or an d an y
oth er s y ou h av e l e ar n ed in th e p r oc ess if th ey seem t o b e
u seful an d c on g en i al w or ds I t is w ell to keep a li st of
p r om isin g w or ds wh er e y ou set down as y ou study all
th e w or d s y ou l ear n th at h av e t o d o wi th such afiair s as
n
n d such su b j e c t s as y ou ar e in t e r
c
c
d
n
i
n
r
a
o
e
e
r
u
a
e
o
y
O f c ou r se y ou will c om e up on m an y w or ds in
e st ed in
r
n
o
u
dic
i
di
s
f
o
whi
c
h
o
u
will
h
v
u
u
e
t
a
e
se
n
r
t
s
a
r
t
o
o
y
y
y
rar e and l ear n e d w or d s m er e b ook w or d s pu r el y li t er ary
3
an y
.
!
n
e
t
on s
en
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
-
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
'
,
.
,
,
,
VO CABULAR Y
ds Th ese you n eed
esp e ci all y in t er est y ou
w or
add
n ot
.
75
t o y ou r
li st un l ess t h ey
,
.
E xE RoI SE 3
S tu dy
in g ,
wi th y ou r dic t i on ar y th e foll owin g wor d s apply
wh er e p ossib l e th e el even st ep s of th e p r oc ess given
,
,
b v
a o e
:
b l
b i
fi n an ce
gu a r an ty
i n t e r es t
op t i on
a a n ce
u s n e ss
lla t er a l
com m od i t y
co
W r i te
sen t en
ces illu str atin g
Tw o
of
th e
i n gs of b a la n ce
m e a n i n gs of c ol la t er a l
Tw o
of
th e
s
Th r e e
Th e
Th e
of
t h e m ea n
.
n on ym s o f
y
fin a n c e
.
.
fi n a n ci a l m ea n i n g of i n t er es t
pr i m a ry m ean i n g of t ar ifi
.
’
.
5 Read b ook s t h at wi ll gi v e you n ew wor ds an d vari ed
uses of Wor ds — Th e st or i es in t h e ch eap W e e kli es an d
.
m ag azin es,
ws in t h e m or n in g p ap er s
ar e n ot likely t o c on t ain an y w or d s t h at do n ot al r ea dy
b el on g t o y ou Read st an d ar d au th ors ; r ead ser i ous m aga
zin es an d th e im p or t an t weekli es ; r ead th e t r ad e c at al ogu es
an d t h e t r a d e j ou r n al s of th e b r an ch es of b u si n ess y ou ar e
i n ter ested in A s y ou r ead jot d ow n th e w or d s th at i n t er est
S tu dy t h em wi t h y ou r d ic t i on ar y an d ad op t
or puzzl e y ou
th em i n t o y ou r lis t if t h ey ar e p r om i si n g
”
“
Ch ild s P l ay sup p li es th e f oll ow
S tev en son s essay on
in g w or d s th at w ou ld i n t er est a y ou n g re a der : r i b aldr y
an d
p or ter s
th e
re
’
ne
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
’
’
,
clam an t,
fig m en t,
im i ta b le,
n on ch al an tly,
ti on ,
n eop h y te,
e n via b l e,
n
i
n
a
t
o
,
p g
visi tan t,
s oci olog ize,
dem ean , b ag man , m im etic, divag a
b em u se d, b esides d oz en s of ch arm in g an d
ct ive c omb in at i on s
th ese w or ds b el on g
effe
of
of
in
fam il iar w or ds
liter ar y wr itin g
.
To b e
s
an d n ot
ur e
,
m ost
m an y
of
ESSENT IAL S
76
—
h
h
p
r
s
e
a
t em
p
on
ly
BU S I N E SS
or
imi tab le, dem ean
en via b le,
is l ast
lik el y t o b e u sefu l t o a p r ac t ic al wr iter
t o a p ag e of a m ail or d er c at al ogu e
S tr a divar iu s
h app en on off er m e
th e
g et
c orr ect
m e an i n g
of
G
E N LI S H
th
w or
d om
p ages I
C r em on a,
b ass b ar ,
,
b ill e t, ter r e t, win k er —
s tay,
cock eyes, h ou sin g s, n u b ia
:
,
.
to
seem
at r an
Th e t wo
-
re
—
d ) w ou l d
B u t t u rn
.
flam y m ap le
b e su
(
p u rflin g , h a m es,
t u g s, l atig oe, dee, m ar tin g ales,
-
‘
-
.
h
t o h ear a g ood spe ak er —Tr y t o h ear
We do n ot g et th e sam e
th e sam e sp eak er m an y t i m es
am ou n t o f k n owl ed g e ab ou t a w or d wh en w e h ear i t sp ok en
as wh en w e st u d y i t t h or ou gh l y in ou r dic t i on ar y b u t we
r
i
h
n
n
n
i
n
n
n
i
s
i
n
g
t
e
t
e
c
a
t
p
o
u
ci
a
t
i
o
t
o
t
t
e
t
n
e
s
e
d
e
s
t
s
g
geth er w i th a sen se of th e flow of w or ds whi ch is very
i m p or t an t t o ever y stu d en t of l an g u age sp oken or w r i tten
Y ou soon l ear n th at t h er e ar e r e al an d i m p or t an t di ff er
on ces am on g t h e t h r ee v oca b u l ar i es t h e w r i t i n g v ocab u l ar y
t h e p u b li c sp eaki n g v oc ab u l ar y an d th e c on v er s i n g v ocab u
l ar y
7 Ad ap t th e same m at eri al t o diff er ent purp oses or
di ff erent p er son s — P er h ap s n o si n g l e e x er ci se wi l l t ell y ou
or s o su rel y
s o m u ch ab ou t y ou r ow n a ct iv e v ocab u l ar y
for c e y ou t o en l ar ge an d oth er w i se im p r ove it as th e on e
h er e i n dic at ed Y ou will n ot ic e t h at p u tt in g t h e sam e
m ater i al fi r st i n t o a l et t er or an ar t i cl e an d th en i n t o a
sp ee ch or an ar gu m en t a r e e sp eci all y h el pfu l
6 L ose
.
n o c an ce
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
,
.
.
,
.
.
E X E RCI SE
4
h ave b een in th e c ou n tr y an d y ou m i ssed th e t r ain
l
n
h
a
t
a
e
o
m
r
u
s
o
u
d
h
v
e
k
h
e
W
i
t
n
xpl
n
i
o
e
a
e
a
a
on
t
y
Y ou
t
h at
I
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
.
To you r pa r t n e r
To you r m ot h er
or
l
e m p oye r
.
.
To
a cu s t om e r or a c
To y o u r
ch u m
8 Th e st u dy
li en t
wh o w a s
x pect i n g
e
t o m ee t you
.
.
of syn onyms
— Th e se
ar e
gr oup s
of
w or d s
VO CABUL A RY
kin dr e d
in m ean in g ,
ci ate d in th e sam e su b
n
r
h
m
o
n
m
o
r
ss
d
e
a
t
h
v
c
l
l
lic
h
o
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
o
e
o
e
e
e
e
c
t
t
a
t
t
a
e
y
y
j
N o t w o w or ds ar e ev er en t i r ely ide n t i
sh ad es of m e an i n g
c al in m e an i n g ; a d eli c
at e sen se of v al u es c an al w ay s d is
—
B
m
f
r
n
i
u t in
di
f
i
n
i
h
s
o
e
e
c
m
ay b e v er y S ligh t
u
s
t
t g
e
e
th e giv e an d t ak e of affai r s m an y of th em ar e t r eat e d as
c om pl et ely in ter ch an geab l e I t is a very g ood th in g t o b e
ab l e t o v ar y t h e f or m of exp r e ssi on ; on e g r ow s d e a f t o
mer e r ei ter at i on ; it is a st il l b ett er th i n g t o b e ab l e t o ex
p r ess n ice sh ad es of distin c t i on am on g th in gs
I t is i m p ossi b l e t o g o f ar i n t o thi s b ig an d f asci n at in g
field h er e ; we can on ly do e n ou gh t o Sh ow h ow i n te r est
in g an d v alu ab l e ar e th e thi n g s t o b e f ou n d in i t
I n y ou r
dic ti on ary y ou will fin d li sts of syn on ym s ap p en d e d t o m an y
w or ds ; y ou sh ou l d al w ay s r ea d ov er t hi s l i st an d i n vest i
g ate an y th at sou n d p r om i sin g or wh ose m ean in g y ou do
n ot kn ow
For ex am pl e
t
t
ti p l ti
B g i —S y
g g m
Y ou can see at a g l an c e th at y ou ar e n ot l ik ely t o n eed
cov en an t ex cep t in som e fi gu r at iv e or l i t er ar y or l eg al s en s e
S tip u la tio n y ou sh ou l d
E n g ag em en t y ou al r eady kn ow
l ook up Th i s w ill l ead y ou t o l ook u p con tr act w h er e y ou
w i l l fin d u sefu l di sc r i m i n at i on s m ad e in a l ar g e g r ou p of
or so
l on g
77
asso
,
.
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
ar
n
a n
.
u a
s
on ,
en
a
en
e
cov en a n
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
w or ds
.
B ar t er
— Syn
Un d er
.
see
S el l
.
useful di stin c t i on s m ade am on g
Y ou w ill al so l e ar n p u r ch ase an d
sel l b ar ter v en d t ra d e
Th e d er iv at i on of b ar ter t h r ow s an am u sin g
ex ch an g e
l igh t on e arlier b u sin ess con diti on s
Y ou w ill fin d b el ow m an y g r ou p s of w or d s of ki n d r e d
m ean i n g w hich h av e b een ch osen w i th an ey e t o th e n ee d s
G o t h r ou gh th em all on c e
of a st ud en t of p r ac t ic al affai r s
as a m e an s of i m p r e ssi n g on y ou r m i n d t h e w on de r fu l r i ch
I f y ou fin d am on g th em
n ess an d v ar i et y of ou r sp ee ch
sell
,
,
will
y ou
,
fin d
.
.
.
‘
,
.
.
.
E S SENT IAL S
78
BU SIN E S S EN GLI SH
OF
w or d s y ou do n ot kn ow m ak e a sp e ci al stu dy of th ese
w or ds Mak e it a p r ac t ic e t o c on sul t th e li st wh en you ar e
w r itin g—esp e ci ally if y ou fin d y ou h ave a t en den cy t o
Wh en y ou see th at you
ov e r w or k som e p ar t ic u l ar w or d
h
o
t
r
n
t
e
r
u
o
s
t
n
ac
i
g
c
l
pl
w
d
o
mm
o
e
n
c
d
l
r
s
s
a
n
o
e
o
r
s
a e u
gr oup of syn on ym s in wh ich y ou r w or d occu r s an d t ry
—
b
i
if p ossib l e a m or e p r e ci se or a m or e
t
u
t
e
n
u
s
t
to fi d a s
su ggest ive w or d
,
,
.
.
-
,
.
i i
a dm
a dm ss on ,
a
ffi r m
,
a
a n sw er ,
i t ta n ce
v er p r ot e st
r ej o i n d er r e p l y
,
,
r es pon s e
,
qu i esce
ob s t a c l e
a s sen t , con s e n t , ag r ee , a c
b a r,
b
i
h
a rr er ,
i n dran ce
i t y v ol u m e
cau t i ou s
ca r e f u l
c ap a c
c on t en t
,
,
,
c on cu r , a cce de
,
i
r u den t
r eet
r y,
sc
a
d
w
,
p
,
m ot e, n cen ti e, st m u u s
,
iv i
v
i l
ch ea t d ef r a u d s w i n dl e du p e
c i t e qu ot e r epea t e x t ra ct
cli en t p a t i en t cu s t om er p a t r on
com p et e n t a de qu a t e fit ca p a b l e su i t a b l e effi c i en t
c on fi den c e t r u s t r e li a n c e a s s u r a n c e d ep en den ce
c on t i n u a l con t i n u ou s con st a n t i n c es s a n t
cr ed i b l e p r ob a b l e p l au s i b l e lik el y poss i b l e
d am a ge i n j u ry i n j u st i ce w r on g h a rm m i sch i e f
d ecli n e r e f u s e r e j ect
de f er en ce r e g ar d e st eem r esp ect r ev er en ce
d ef er del ay post pon e
d en y d i spu te con t r a d i ct p r ot est r ef u se r ej ect
d i s t r i b u t e d ivi de a ll ot a s s ign di spose
d i s t r i ct c i r cu i t p rovi n ce r egi on t e rr i t ory fi e l d p a r i sh
s e c t i on
ci rcl e z on e
en de a v or
e x er t i on
a ppli ca t i on
e ff or t
p a i n s t r ou b l e
eli m i n a t e ex cl u de r em ov e
e m i n e n t p r om i n e n t w e ll k n own di st i n gu i sh ed c el eb r a te d ill u s t r i ou s
fa m ou s n ot ed n otor i ou s
en t e r pr i s i n g a dv en t u r ou s v en t u r esom e r e ckl e s s fool h a r d
y
e r r or m i s t a k e b l u n d e r
f au l t
e v en t
i n ci den t occu rren ce ci rcu m s tan ce h a ppen i ng a cci den t
ex a m pl e s a m p l e S p ec i m
en i n s t an ce
cau s e,
r e a s on ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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-
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-
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,
,
ESSENT IAL S
80
i
BUSI N E S S EN GLI S H
OF
ge cost expen se v al u e w or th
or
n er gy f or ce
r s t r en g t h
vig
o
e
w
e
p
om pt pu n ct u a l r ea dy q u i ck p r epa r ed
r
p
g
oa l
ff
u r pos e e n d a i m
r esu l t
e
ec
t
p
r e s i g n r e li n qu i sh s u rr en de r
ch ar
r ce ,
p
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
ro a d,
,
,
,
,
,
r ou t e,
cou r s e,
k
at h ,
ca r e er ,
t ra c
S t r eet ,
p
h igh w ay, r igh t -oi w ay, r oa d-b ed, t r a il , t r a ck
s ch em e, p l a n , p r oj ect , de s i gn
,
p
a
v em en t
wa
,
lk
,
-
fa ctory depot
s kilf u l
c l ev er
cu n n i n g
sh r ew d
cra f ty
dext erou s ex per t su b t l e
s m ar t Sh ar
l
w
il
k
ee
n
s
y
y
p
l at e t a r dy d il a tory i n er t i n act iv e
S l ow s l u ggi sh
s olv e
s et t l e u n r a v el
e x pl a i n
s pec i a l
ar t i cu l a r
a r u n iqu e
u
li
ec
p
p
su b m i t o ff e r r efe r r e ort
p
s u r e c er t a i n c on fi den t p os i t iv e defi n i t e con vi n ced
or de r o rga n iz a t i on
m eth od
syst e m
t ra de cra ft bu s i n es s p r of ess i on a r t sci en ce i n du s t ry occu pa ti on
e m pl oym en t w or k c a lli n g v oca t i on pu r su i t job
el e
t r a de i n du st r i al t ech n i cal b u s in essp r of es si on al v ocat i on al sch ool
m en t ary sch ool se con dary sch ool coll eg e u n iv er s i ty
u n occu p i ed e m pty v a ca n t b l an k v aca t ed
u se fu l
s er vi cea b l e a v a il a b l e n ecessa r y
'
u s el es s f u t il e v a i n f ru i tl es s
u su a l h a b i t u a l cu st om a ry r e gu l a r
va li d s t ron g sou n d j u st ifi ab l e s u ffi ci en t
w a ge s h i r e s a l a r y p a
y em ol u m en t f e e com pen sa t i on rem u n e ra t i on
r
e
q
u
i
s
i
t
e
p
wa s t e s qu a n de r spen d l ose con s u m e de st roy
w a s t e r e fu se su r pl u s d i sca r d
w ea ry t i r e d f a t ig u e d e xh a u st ed pr ost r a t ed
wor k l a b or toil dru dg ery
sh op , s t o r e,
,
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‘
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-
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,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Th e st u dy
—
ms Th ese
gr oup s ar e p r e ci sely
Th ey ar e w or d s
th e opp osi t e of th e g r ou p s of sy n on ym s
which are opp osi te or c on tr adic t ory in m ean in g Cu r i ou sly
en ough y ou of ten c om e u p on th e r igh t w or d in t hi n ki n g of
th e w r on g on e an d it en r ich es an d en l ar g es y our r esou r c es
9
.
of ant ony
.
.
.
.
,
,
VOCABULARY
p eech
ex am p l es
of s
sm a
kn ow th ese p ai r s
ar e giv en
to
ll— l a r ge
c on t r aste d
of
bit
w or
ds
.
it
a i n t i ff — d e f en da n t
l
p
z en i t h— n a di r
e ff ect
ca u se
w ea k—s t ron g
e x por t —i m po r t
em ig ra n t — i m m igr a n t
de
W i de—n a rrow
igh t— crook ed
s t r a igh t—c u r v e d
a n gu l a r—c u r v e d
r en d i cu l a r— h or iz on t a l
e
p p
s a l t —sw e et
sw ee t— b i tt er
S t ra
s w e et
81
cr e d
-
-
— fin i sh
br evi ty— l en gth
st a r t
— sou r
—r an ci d
f re sh —s ta l e
—dan ger
f
s w eet
sa e ty
et c
.
,
.
form ed b y p r e facin g
th e w or d i tself wi th on e of th e n e g at iv e p r efix es i n or u
n
or p r efixi n g n on
gen er ally with a h yph en S ee y ou r dic
t ion ary un d er in an d u n
I t is n ot wi se f or th e or din ar y
wr it er fr eely t o c oin wor d s b y p r efixin g non Use on ly
t h ose th at are w el l est ab li sh ed in th e l an g uag e
Th e
an ton ym s of
m an y
w or d s
e tc
ar e
.
.
EXERCI SE
5
Wr i te sen ten c es u sin g at l east t en of
L et t h e sen t en c es
n y m s given ab ov e
opp osi n g id eas— an t i th eses
.
th e
p ai r s
be
of
an to
st at em en ts
of
.
1 0 Th e st u dy of h om onyms — Th er e
l angu ag e
a l ar g e n um b er of w or d s— p ai r s or l ar g er g r ou p s— which
a r e alik e in sou n d an d som et i m es alik e in f or m
b u t of
I t i s qui te i n t er est in g t o
d iff er en t or igin an d m ean i n g
di st i n gui sh b et w een th e w or d s of on e of th e se g r oup s ; an d
t h e p r oc e ss will c er t ai n l y a dd s om e n ew w or d s t o you r
v oc abu l ary Th e li st of w or d s given b el ow con t ain s on ly
t h ose h om on y m s th at ar e id en t ic al in f or m ; t h ose t h at ar e
iden tic al in soun d b u t n ot in f orm are reserved f or a
.
ar e
in
ou r
,
.
.
ESSENT I A L S
82
p ellin g l esson
s
.
Th e
n
OF
um er al app en d ed
h ow m an y m ean i n g s y ou
a r ch
t o fin d in
2
a e
a
a se
.
m ea n 3
f u se 3
h al e 2
h ol d 2
m int 2
h os t 2
oo
j
ar
n et
b i f2
2
da t e 2
di e 2
dock 2
dr edge 2
.
2
r
e
e
p
3
ane 3
l
p
p
l ast 3
l ea ve 2
l ea n 2
li m p 2
l on g 2
3
ch c ase
ll s
te
2
g
e
p
al e 2
p
lap 4
r e
h w or d
e ac
a
ki n d 2
b ow 4
ea
fl ag 4
ass
to
l u m b er 3
m ea l 2
,
b l 2
b ll 2
b 2
b 2
b t2
ca s e
ar e
o f s t on e )
ex a c t 2
(
f a st 3
coy w a ggi sh )
(
a r ch
a rm
BU SI NE S S EN GLI S H
os t
u
p p
ra
il 2
il 3
r ea r
r
3
i fle 2
r ow
EXE RCI SE
5
3
6
Mak e sh ort an d si m pl e sen ten c es t o illustr ate th e sp ecified
n um b er of m ean in g s f or each of t h ese w or d s
You w
ill n otic e th at while all th e suggesti on s an d ex
am pl es on v oc ab ul ar y h av e a l ean i n g t ow ar d th e p r a c t ic al
.
,
,
ch n ic al Th ey suggest th e m ean s
of st r en g th en i n g t h e g r eat b ack b on e of y ou r sp e ech— of
est ab li shi n g a v oc ab ul ar y th at will ser v e y ou in an y an d al l
th e afl airs of life
You r t e ch n ic al or sp eci al v oc ab ul ary
will vary with th e b usin ess you ac tu all y t ake up Wh en you
g o i n to a b u sin ess y ou sh oul d m aster as qu ickl y an d th or
oughly as p ossi b l e t h e t er m s th at b el on g t o it
G a t h er t h e
c at al ogues an d th e t rad e j ourn al s c on c er n ed with y our sp e
cial b u si n ess ; r ea d a g ood b u si n ess m a g azin e ; r ead som e
of th e m an y v alu ab l e an d i n t er est i n g b ook s w r i tt en in ou r
day c on c ern in g b u si n ess— b ook s which ar e el ev ati n g b u si
n ess t o t h e in t ell e c t u al r an k of a l ear n e d p r ofessi on
L ose
n o op or t un i ty of talki n g wi t h exp er i en ce d b u sin ess m en
p
t
h ey
wly
ar e n ot n ar r o
te
.
-
.
.
,
.
.
,
E XE RCI SE S
GE NE RAL
Y ou Wl ll
i
t h at
n ot ce
so
IN
f ar
BU S I NE S S COM P OSI TI O N
al l
x er ci ses h ave
r
o
u
e
y
k en
ta
for m of l e tt ers or sp ee ch es ; an d th ese ar e as a m atter
of f a c t t h e u n d e r l y i n g ty p e f or m s f or al l v er b al c omm u n ica
—
r
Y ou h ave som eth i n g y ou w an t t o i m p a t th er e
t i on
is som eon e t o wh om y ou w an t t o i m p ar t it
I f on e or
m an y ar e p r esen t y ou sp e ak t o th em
I f t h ey are ab sen t
or s cat t er e d y d
u w r i t e t o t h em ; y ou r l ett er m ay b e a b r i e f
n ot e a d r am a a p oem
a v olu m e of essay s or a l ear n e d
t r eat i se on som e t e ch n ic al su b j e c t ; b u t it m ay still b e sai d
t o b e a highly d evel op e d an d sp eci aliz e d l ett er
Wh en y ou wr ite a l etter you h ave on e gr eat advan t age
You say wh at y ou w an t t o say an d n ob ody i n ter r up t s or
c on tr adic ts or Ob j ec t s I f y our cor r esp on den t d oes an y
of th ese t hi n g s in r epl y y ou h av e t h e Op p or t un i ty t o t hi n k
i t over qu i et ly an d f or m ul at e you r r ej oi n d er
B u t y Ou al so l ose a gr eat adv an t ag e
I f y ou t alke d wi th
r
r
r
o
n
n
o
o
o
e
s
e
t
u
c
p
d
y u w ould g et su ggesti on s fr om h im ;
y
n ot on ly w ou ld h e su pp ly n ew id eas ; h is ob j e c t i on s w oul d
ar ou se y ou r t h ough t an d st i m ul at e y ou r i n v en t i on
For thi s exer ci se y ou ar e t o w r i t e som e b r i ef b u si n e ss
d r am as t h at will in som e m easur e r ep r esen t th e give an d
t ak e of an i n t e r vi e w Th e d r am at i c i m agi n at i on is al m ost
P u t y ou r self in t h e pl ac e
th e fi r st r e qu i si t e of a sal esm an
of y ou r cu st om er at th e sam e t i m e k eepi n g ev er y at om of
r
n
u
r
n
p
s
o
a
li
t
w
o
o
e
y
y
1 Y ou ar e t r y i n g t o sell a m an a Web ster s S e c on d ary
”
S ch ool D i ct i on ar y
f or u se in h is offic e
As an y self
H e says
r esp e c t i n g c u st om er sh ould h e is r es i st i n g
th e
,
-
,
.
.
,
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,
,
,
,
,
.
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,
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,
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,
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’
.
.
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,
84
VOCABULARY
)
a
y e ar s
I
85
h ave p r ac tic ally th e same b ook th at
I
b ough t
t en
ag o
.
h ave a p ocket dic ti on ary
I p r efer t o in vest all m y m on ey f or dic t i on ar i es in
0)
”
“
Un ab r idge d
an
—
Wr i te ou t thi s in ter view h is ob j ect ion s y ou r replies
t h e c on clu si on
2 Y ou ar e sal esm an f or a typ ew r i t e r t h at h as an addi n g
m achin e att ach ed Y ou g o t o see a b u sin ess m an ag er wh o
c alls in h is b ookkeep er
Wr ite ou t th e in ter view r ep r esen tin g th e th ree p erson s
b y at l east th r ee sp eech es ea ch
Wr i t e two c on cl u si on s to th e i n te rv i ew
a)
Th ey or d er th e t y p ew r i t er
b) Th ey c on clud e n ot t o b u y it
b)
I
.
.
,
,
.
.
‘
.
,
.
,
.
'
.
.
C HAP TE R
VII
CL E ARNES S
You w ill
h ave n ot ic ed as you h ave gon e on wi th your
l esson s h ow cl osely all your k n owl edg e an d p r ac t ic e h an g
Y ou will h ave seen t h at ea ch step is a l ogic al on e
tog eth er
an d t h at wh at y ou h av e l e ar n e d in on e se c t i on b ec om es th e
foun d ati on an d p r esupp osi t ion of th e n ext
S o y ou will r ealize th at all t h at y ou h ave l earn ed ab out
gramm at ic al c orr ec tn ess ab out c or rec t di ct ion ab out cor
r e c t arr an g em en t m ak es f or cl ear n ess an d efie ct iv en ess
You will r ealiz e t h at wh en y ou a cqui r e n ew Wor d s an d
Op en up n ew sou r c es f r om which t o d raw w or d s you ar e
w orkin g t owar d an ev er sur er m or e n early c om pl ete cor
rectn ess a t r u er eff e c t iv en ess
I n d ee d so i n t er kn i t ar e a ll th e thin gs t h at g o t o m ake up
a g ood styl e t h at th er e is n e c essar ily m uch r ep et i t i on an d
c r oss r ef er en c e in th e di scu ssi on I t is i m p ossi b le t o divid e
th e asp e c t s of ou r st ud y of styl e in t o w ater t igh t an d fire
p r oof c om p ar tm en ts To achieve c orr e c tn ess is in seven
sen t en c es ou t of t en
e sp e ci ally in b u si n ess w r i t i n g
to
an d t o a chi e ve cl e
achi ev e cl e ar n ess
arn ess is in al m ost as
m an y c ases t o achi ev e eff ec t iv en ess
N ever t h el ess th er e is wh en we h av e said all th e essen t i al
thi n g s ab out c or r ec tn ess a residuu m of m atter t h at b el on g s
t o cl ear n ess as a di st in c t asp e c t of styl e ; th e se ar e th e
thin gs th at w e sh all c on sid er in thi s ch ap ter
Th er e ar e a f ew g en er al c on sid er at i on s w e m u st t ouch
up on b efor e we g o in t o detail s
Th er e is a sch ool of wr i ter s wh o say app ar en tly
1
th e c on vic t i on th at t h ey ar e say in g som ethin g
un d er
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
-
.
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
86
E SS ENT I A L S
88
c e m ay
p r ec au ti on s
i ly clear if
be
sen ten
BU S I N E S S E NGLI S H
OF
en t r e
,
k es
the
ta
on e
p r op er
.
im ilar Ob j ec ti on s t o th e un qu alifi ed
”
“
di r ec ti on B e sim pl e as a r ecip e f or cl earn ess We m igh t
“
i m it ate D an te s in sc r ip ti on an d say B e S i m ple ; eve rm or e
”
b e si m pl e ; b e n ot too si m pl e
B e j u st as si m pl e as y ou
D on t t r an sl at e t e ch n ic al
can b e
an d st ill b e p r e ci se
ter m s i n t o p r attl e
D on t t u rn y ou r cl osel y r eason ed
t h ou gh t i n to b abb l e
Th er e ar e th r ee thi n g s y ou m u st h ave in m i n d in thi s
c on n e ct i on
1 Tr y t o k n ow y ou r audi en ce or y ou r r ead er s w ell
B u t y ou d on t
en ou gh t o t ak e th em on t h ei r own g r ou n d
wan t t o leave th em on th ei r own g r ou n d ; y ou w an t t o m ove
S O y ou m u st expl ai n y ou r t er m s
t h em on t o y ou r g r oun d
t o t h em an d l e ad th em u l t i m at el y t o t hin k in y ou r t er m s
2 Y ou m u st kn ow y ou r self an d b e l oy al t o y ou r own
b est thin kin g Make y ou r th ough t cl ear D on t b e si m pl e
at th e exp en se of su pp r essi n g t h e b est sid e of y ou r t h ough t
3 Y ou m u st k n ow y ou r sub j ec t an d t o thi s y ou owe
r
D
n
r
i
r
o
r
s
o
o
t
e
t
a
n
n
fi
l
a
l
b
l
i
g
i
u
t
t
t
b
t
a
s
a
t
i
n
o
t
t
y
y
y
y
y
Use its t ech n ic al
e xp r essi on t h at d oes n ot r ep r e sen t it
D efin e an d illu str ate th em if
t er m s wh en t h ey ar e n e e d e d
n ee d b e b u t d on t thin k y ou h av e g ai n e d in cl e ar n ess b y
l osin g in p r ecisi on I n th e l on g ru n you h ave g ai n ed n oth
in g b y su b st i tu t i n g f or th e good term s n ou n an d ver b th e
idl e p ar aph r ases n ame wor d an d ac tion w ord
3
Th er e
.
ar e
s
,
,
.
’
,
.
’
.
,
’
.
.
.
.
’
.
!
.
.
,
.
’
.
.
.
‘
,
.
’
.
.
‘
.
’
,
.
-
-
.
EXE RCI SE
A
1
.
l
quiz
.
th e
for egoin g di scussi on
St a te
c e a r n ess ,
2
on
i n you r own w or d s t h e
a n d efi e ct i v en es s
Wh y
1
.
i n t errel a t i on s
of
c o rrect n e ss ,
.
are
th e t h r ee
i lly cl osely
S p ec a
l
r e at ed
in
b i
u s n es s
i in g ?
wr t
CL E AR N ESS
89
“
Th i
n k cl e a r l y
Wh at a r e t h e fall aci es i n th e i n j u n ct i on
an d
”
ou w ill w r i t e c l e a r l y ?
y
4 Wh y i s t h e con v e r se o f t h i s i n j u n ct i on o ft e n t ru e ?
“
Be
5 Wh a t qu a lifi ca t i on s w ou l d you O ff e r t o t h e i n j u n ct i on
”
b r i e f a s con n ect ed w i t h cl ea n es s ?
B e s i m pl e
6 W h a t q u a lifi ca t i on s of t h e d i r ect i on
w ou l d you
m a k e a s con ce r n i n g c l ea r n e s s
7 W h a t a r e t h e t h r ee l oya l t i es you ou gh t t o f eel i n you r a t t em pt
t o b e cl ea r ? W h i ch i s t h e dom i n at i n g l oya l ty ?
3
.
,
,
.
.
,
r
,
.
,
,
?
.
Th er e
c er tain cl asses of wor d s c er t ain kin d s of
ph r ases an d cer t ain typ es of sen t en c es in th e u se of which
I t is w ell t o
we ar e esp e ci ally ap t t o fail t o b e cl ear
sa fe gu ar d ou rselve s at t h ese p oi n t s
ar e
,
,
.
.
1
—
Much
wor ds
Refer en ce
.
of
h at we
th e w r on g ch oic e an d
th e
ic e in or din ary w r it in g ari ses fr om
in ex ac t pl aci n g of p r on oun s
n ot
b cur i ty
o s
t
.
Much c on fusi on
i wh en y ou fail t o m ake cl ear t o
wh at n oun your p r on oun refer s as its an te c eden t For
“
”
Th e op er at or t old h im h is w at ch w as w r on g
ex am pl e :
Wh ose w at ch ? As th e sen t en c e st an d s it is i mp ossib l e
t o t ell ; y et it m ight b e im p or t an t t o kn ow
O f ten th e on ly
way t o r em ove thi s Ob scu r i ty i s t o ch an ge en t i r ely th e form
“
of th e sen t en c e :
You r wat ch is
Th e Op er at or said
“
or
Th e op er at or said
My w at ch is wr on g
wr on g
a cc or di n g t o y ou r m ean i n g
S t udy t h e f oll owin g sen t n c e an d its seve r al p ossi bl e
r e c on st r uc t i on s
1
.
ar ses
.
.
.
‘
-
,
’
‘
’
,
,
.
e
.
Sh e
sh e o u
'
l
sa
.
id
,
2
sa
not
gh t
k ed
n ot
th e
forewoman if
sh e co u
to g o
ed t h e
as
o
a
h
a
n
e
s
d
s
g
id
sh e
g
t h ou h t
.
k
forew om an if
“
I t h i n k you ou gh t n ot t o g o
S h e a sk e d t h e forew om a n if
”
“
I t h i n k I o u gh t n ot t o g o
S h e sa i d to t h e for ewom an
Sh e
ld
sh e
cou
ld
go
an d
th e
forew om a n
sh e
cou
ld
go
an d
th e
for ew om an
.
.
id
.
,
3
as
.
t o go
,
”
.
Can you go ?
I t h i n k you
ou
gh t
ESSENT IAL S
90
4
n ot
.
Sh e
to go
sa
id
BU SIN E S S EN GLI SH
OF
for ewoman
t o th e
“
M y I
go ? b u t I thi n k I
a
,
ou
gh t
”
.
p r on oun i t is esp eci ally likely t o c aus e c on fus i on
Of t hi s ki n d
b ec au se it h as n ot on ly its p r i m ary u se O f
st an di n g f or an y n eu t er n oun b u t als o wh at is kn own as
th e i n d efin i t e r efer en c e ; as
h bit
1 It i g d t l
f th ift
2
Th e
.
,
,
,
2
.
I t is
of
a
t
a
s O
i
m on th
n ow a
b u se
Th e
ea rn
o
oo
s
.
s n ce
I
r
ca m e
his in defin i te
.
.
f
r e er en
ce
m u st b e
gu ar ded
g ain st
a
I t doesn t t ell m u ch
’
a
b
ou t spe
lli n g
b k
in t h i s
oo
.
I t is
b etter t o say
Th i s b ook doesn t t ell
’
f
r e er en
1
2
.
c aution
sam e
Th e
Th ey m i n e
I
.
2
.
ou
s
n
e
.
in d efin i te
i ts
in
r at
grea t dea l of t u n gsten in Col ora do
h a v e h ou se fl i es i n E n gl an d
a
Th ey don t
S ay
a
ce :
’
.
b t p lli g
plies to th ey
ap
m u ch
.
-
.
h er
A gr ea t dea l O f tu n gst en i s m i n ed i n
I n E n gl a n d t h er e a r e n o h ou s e fl i es
Col or a do
.
-
.
f t o som e p r ocess or idea n ot
n am e d
b u t on ly sh ad ow e d for th sh ould b e c ar efully
L et it b e y ou r ru l e alw ays t o suppl y som e on e
av oid e d
w or d t o ser ve as an an tec eden t f or your p r on oun Her e
ar e ex am p l es of t hi s Ob sc u r i ty
h
h
m
i
t
b
Y
l
vi
f
i
i
f
i
b
l
b
t
d
d
t
py
p
if su ch r evi si on b e p ossibl e
S ay
Th m
g w t m t b m
i t t gi
b t it d
3
.
Th e
u se
of
it to
r e er
,
.
.
ou r c o
S
ou
e re
se
r ee o r
an a
n o t a t t ra ct
Y ou
me
can
an s
er
e
o
os s
e
.
eco
e a s s s an
n eer ,
oes
u
say
n o t a tt ra ct
me
b
i
ecom e a s s st an t en
gi n eer
,
b u t th e wor k
.
Th e m an a g er w a n t s m e t o t a k e t h e wor k
b u t i t does
en
.
Th e m a n a g er w a n t s m e t o
does
e
.
,
e
es
ou r
n ot a tt ra ct
me
.
.
of
i
ass st a n t
en
gi n eer
,
ES S
92
13
ENT IAL S
b i
Th ou gh t h e firm does
.
BU SI N E S S EN GLI SH
OF
u s n e ss
in S ou th
Am i
it h a s
er ca
n o on e
kn ow s foreign l a n gu ages a n d t h ey h a v e t o se n d t h em ou t t o a
wom a n wh o t r an s l a t es t h em a t t w en ty fiv e cen t s a p i ece
1 4 Wh a t i s t h e u s e O f fi n di n g t h e North Pol e ? O f cou r s e i t i s
O f n o u se com m er ci a ll
y
1 5 T h e w or l d ow es you su ccess if you dem an d i t—i t owe s you
ou do n ot
n ot h i n g if
y
1 6 I h a v e n ev er h a d a s er i ou s a cc i den t wh il e t r av eli n g a n d I
a tt r i b u t e t h i s t o t h e c a re I h a v e t a k en
1 7 Th ey h a v e m i n es in Corn wa ll ru n n i n g f ar ou t u n der t h e sea
wh o
,
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
Man y p er son s in cludin g some p r etty good wr i ter s
”
h ave t r oub le wi th wh at w e c all th e an d which con
5
ct i on
st ru
may
1
su
Thi s m i stak e is
.
un due
seem an
Mr You n g
.
Ol son
2
“
,
.
.
fam ily
H e liv es
’
s
.
ur
of
u
h im
i n O ra n g e ,
Y k
N ew
or
A dd
of
a
b
a
h at
h all give w h at
N ot ic e t h ese
I
t o it
s
com pan y,
th e
c
a
e
l
p
t
p ac e
am o n t of
i den t
O ff er e d
,
b b
3 J
es
r
p
,
so c omm on
an d
,
s
.
w h o is
f r i end
a
of
.
ea u t
ifu l
t own ,
an d
w h ic h i s
r ea
lly
a
.
f ou n der o f H u ll H ou s e i n Ch i ca go a n d wh o i s
known a l l ov e r t h e wor l d i s prom ot in g t h e cau se
4 Th e cu t ou t f ol der i s i n t h e sh a p e O f a b a rr el b ear i n g t h e
a n d w h i ch
com pa n y s t ra de m ar k e d l a b e l p r i n t ed i n t h r ee c ol or s
a p ear ed at t h e h ead of fif t een of t h e s ix t een p a g es of t h e f ol der
p
.
an e
a
m s,
,
.
,
-
.
,
’
-
,
.
Th e
for egoin g
wh o,
an d
an d
vi ou sl y
Thu s
id
1
Mr You n g
.
.
f r i en d
2
.
of
Ol so n
He
liv es
r ea lly a su
Q
J
’
s
ur
wh o, wh ich ,
.
w h o i s p r es i den t
f am ily, O ff ered h i m
,
of
N ew
Y k
or
.
,
or
i n O ra n ge, w h i ch i s
b b
A dd
i n c or r e ct Y ou can say
wh om on ly wh en y ou h ave
wh om in th e sam e sen ten c e
an d an d
wh ich ,
sa
p re
c
sen t en es ar e al l
a
a
com pa n y,
th e
of
a ce
l
p
b
wh o i s
an d
a
.
ea u t
ifu l
town ,
an d
w h ic h i s
.
fou n de r of H u ll Hou se an d wh o i s
k nown a ll over th e w or l d i s prom ot i n g t h e ca u se
4 Th e cu t ou t fol der i s i n t h e sh a p e o f a b a r r el b ea r i n g th e co m
r a de m ar k e d l a b el whic h i s p r i n t ed in th r ee col or s a n d wh i ch
n
a
s
t
y
p
st an ds a t t h e h ea d o f fif t een o f t h e S ix t een pa ges O f t h e fol der
3
.
an e
am s ,
w h o i s th e
,
.
,
-
.
’
-
,
,
.
6
1
.
Th e
u se of
for mer
an d
latter
as
p r on oun s
an d r ef
CL E ARNES S
93
c w or ds is b eset with so m an y d an ger s th at on e is
t em p te d t o advi se in exp er i en c e d wr i ter s t o av oid it al t o
geth er Notic e th ese :
e r en e
,
.
1
He t u r n e d
.
f rom
Ch ar li e t o t h e m a n i n t h e
s t r aw
h at
an d
ay
l
p
f u lly k n ock ed t h e la t t er off h i s h e a d
2 A S Ol son cam e u p in t h e e l ev a t or h e m e t H obb s a n d Mo r ton a
b ook k ee per f or H ol t E aton an d ex ch an ged a f ew w or ds w i th t h e
.
,
.
,
la t t er
3
.
.
H obb s
ca m e
to
i ing
h im in t h e wa t
t o m o r r ow
ou r O
ffi ce
r oo m
an d a s
th e
and
ked t o
se e
Mr
f ar m er m a de
.
B
an
r u ce
en
;
Ol son m e t
gagem e n t
f or
.
killful u se of r efer en ce w or d s d oes t w o th i n gs
2 ) it
1 ) I t s av es fr equ en t r ep et i ti on of t h e m ai n w or d ; (
(
b y b r i n g i n g for war d
con n e c ts on e sen t en c e w i t h an ot h er
I n th i s
an i dea fr omth e l ast s en t en ce i n t o t h e n ew on e
w ay a p ar ag r aph is oft en k n i t t og eth er i n t o a c l ear wh ol e
b y r efer en c e w or d s
Th e
s
,
.
.
E X ERCI S E
S tudy w i t h
A dd r ess
”
.
l ar gely b y
i taliciz ed
an d
c ar e,
N otic e t h e
th e
u se
of
3
m em or ize L i n c oln
’
s
G e tty sb ur g
p er fect cl earn ess w hich is
th e r efer en c e w or d s whic h
cur ed
I h ave
se
ven year s ago ou r fa th er s b rou gh t for th u pon th i s
c on ce iv e d i n li b er t y
a n d d e d i ca t e d t o t h e
con t i n en t a n e w n a t i on
r opos i t i on t h a t a ll m en a r e c r ea t ed e qu a l
p
N ow w e a r e en ga g ed i n a gr ea t c ivil w a r t e s t i n g w h eth er th a t
n a t i on or a n y n a t i on s o c on c e i v e d a n d s o d e dic a t e d c m l on g en d u r e
We ar e m et on a gr ea t b a t t l e fiel d of t h a t w a r We h a v e com e to
de di ca t e a por t i on o f t h a t fie ld a s a fi n a l r e st i n g pl a ce f or t h o s e w h o
h er e ga v e t h e i r liv es t h a t t h a t n a t i on m igh t liv e
I t i s a l tog eth er fit
t i n g a n d p r op er t h a t w e sh ou l d do t h i s
B u t i n a l a r ger s en s e w e ca n n ot ded i ca t e w e ca n n ot con s ec ra t e
w e can n ot h a ll ow t h is g r ou n d
Th e b r a v e m en livi n g a n d de a d
w h o s t ru ggl ed h er e h a v e con s ecr a t ed i t f a r a bov e ou r poor pow er to
a dd o r de t ra ct
Th e w or l d w ill li t t l e n o t e n or l on g r em em b er w h a t
w e say h er e ; b u t i t ca n n ev er f or g et w h a t t h ey di d h er e
I t i s f or
Fou rs cor e
a n d se
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
-
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
E S SENTIAL S
94
fin i sh ed w ork
wh i ch t h ey w h o fou gh t h er e h a v e t h u s f a r s o n ob l y a dv a n ced
I t is
r a t h er f or u s t o b e h er e de d i ca te d t o t h e g r ea t t a s k r e m a i n i n g b e fore
us :
Th a t f r om t h es e h on or e d dea d w e m ay t a k e i n cr ea s ed d ev ot i on
t o t h a t ca u s e f or w h i ch t h ey ga v e t h e l a st f u ll m ea su r e o f d evot i on ;
t h a t w e h er e h igh l y r e solv e t h a t t h es e dea d sh a ll n o t h a ve di ed i n
v a i n ; t h a t t h i s n a t i on u n der G od S h a ll h a v e a n ew b i r th of f ree
dom ; a n d t h a t gov ern m en t of t h e peopl e b y th e peopl e a n d f or t h e
o pl e sh a ll n ot
h
h
h
r
i
s
f
r
o
m
r
e
e
t
e
t
ea
p
p
th e
u s,
livi n g
BU S IN E S S ENGLI SH
OF
t o b e dedi ca ted h er e to th e
r a t h er ,
,
un
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
2 Rep eti t i on — GO th r ough th e
Y ou will
an d study th e r ep et i t i on s
ddr ess given ab ove
se e t h at t h ey h elp th e
cl ear n ess of th e sen t en ces in which th ey stan d an d ar e
i n di sp en sab l e t o th e cl ear n ess Of th e p ar agr aph as a wh ol e
D on t b e afr aid of r ep et i t i on s wh en th ey seem n ec essary
t o cl earn ess
D on t ab ove all th in gs i m i t at e th e m eth od
of th e sp or t r ep or t er an d edi tor in i n v en t i n g t e di ou s an d
st upid ci r cum l ocu t i on s in or d er t o av oid th e f r e qu en t us e of
a
.
.
.
,
.
’
’
.
th e
sam e
,
t erm
,
.
k r ep etit i on b u t ab ove all d on t evade it
3 Ellip si s or th e l eaving out Of w or ds — I t O ft en p r o
duces a desir ab l e eff ec t t o om it such w or ds as can c ertain ly
b e sup pli e d silen tly f r om th e c on text
For ex am ple
b th g i t b th
1 F th
w
y d g i t
h
h
l
d
w
i
b k
t
t
d
th
d ll
2 If y
; if n t
p
D on t
’
’
see
.
,
,
.
.
:
.
a s ar r a
er
a
.
Bu t
x
te t ,
if
a t ou r e
th e
if
Or
ro
oo s , sen
er a
us
a ns
ree
ro
o
er .
a rs
o
,
xpen se
th em
r et u r n
son ,
e
ea s e
ou a r e
.
a ns
a
e
w or d s
f or
an y
c on fusion w r ite
,
.
ou t
ily supplied from th e con
oth er r eason th ei r om i ssi on p r oduc es
th e fu ll exp r essi on
ar e n ot eas
.
EXERCI SE 4
c es supply th e n eeded w or ds I f
Th e
a sen t en c e can b e r en d er e d in t w o w ays giv e b oth
c aret sh ows wh er e th e m issin g wor d s are t o b e supplied
Ch i g
i
t P i tt b
g th
1 D yt
gh
k dI
t h l p dm i i g h i
b ility
d
2 A l th
I n th e
foll owin g
sen t en
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
a
on
ou
s n ear er
a
s
o
ru n
ar
ur
can n o
an
ca
e
a
o
.
r n
s a
.
ESSENT IAL S
96
B U SINES S
OF
EXERCI SE
E NGLI S H
5
Ch an ge th e
foll owin g sen t en c es
r e sp on di n g g ramm at ic al p ar t s
so as
t o m at
ch
th e
cor
.
1
d oo r
a
2
ft er
h er
room
in
a ra
Th e m en w er e i n b a d
.
h er
,
con d
“
.
ge
eye s
b l zi g
a
n
,
a n d s la m m in g
th e
.
Th e t ra v el er s pr ef er red
”
t h e Cel t i c
3
on
Sh e lef t th e
.
i t i on
an d
s a i li n g o n
a
th e
gam e w as p layed
“
”
A ra b i c a n d to r e tu r n
poor
.
.
4
Th ese
.
room s a r e
we
ll
v en t i la t e d a n d
wi th
a
H e w en t t o s ee w h a t h e cou l d do f or t h e
ca r ry i n g a f ew r em e di es w i t h h i m
5
b
u n da n ce
i n j u r ed
.
of
ligh t
m an ,
.
a nd
.
6
Wh en
.
p lac e w as ,
b k
I wen t
and
h om e, I w a s
ac
th at i t
s eem ed
i
su r p r se d
t o h a ve g r own
to
u g ly
se e
h ow
s
ma ll t h e
.
—
V ery si m il ar
6 Unif orm str u cture i n your sent en ce
to th e p r i n ciple of m at ch e d g r am m at ic al f or m is th at O f
.
k eepin g th r ough out th e sen ten c e th e str u c tur e y ou st art
with S om e wr iters esp eci ally if t h ey h ave a l on g or a
c om pl ex su b j ec t seem t o l ose sigh t of wh at th ey m ean
to say wh en th e sub j e c t or even som e p ar t of th e su b j e c t
is wr i tt en an d t o fin i sh th e sen ten c e in som e q u i t e in con
n
h
r
t
o
o
w
m
a
k
t
hi
s
cl
ea
s
t
ud
e
f
ll
i
g
r
a
T
o
e
u
ou
s
w
y
g
y
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
1
.
,
I t w a s won der f u l t o
m ach i n es t h a t
a
l m os t
s ee
s e em e d
h ow
fas t
i
t h ey w or k ed w th t h e n ew
to h a ve h u m a n
i n te lligen ce
,
and
t h ei r
lts
2 Th e t r a i n i n g t o O b ey w i t h ou t d i spu t e t o b e pu n ct u a l a n d r e
s p ec t f u l a r e t h i n g s i n w h i ch t h e A m er i ca n b oy i s l a cki n g
3 Th e fi rs t t h i n g I e x pect m y cou rse i n B u s i n es s E n gli sh t o do
f or m e i s t o b ecom e a n ex p er t st en ogr a ph er
4 Th e di m ens i ons of t h e r oom a r e f or ty feet l on g a n d t wen ty feet
i n t er es t
an d en t h us i as m
f or t h e
r es u
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
w i de
5
.
.
Ou r h ou se b ei n g
ven i en t
f or
us
to
r ea ch
l
to th e
s i tu a t ed c o se
it
,
m a k es i t
con
.
xa m pl e ca n dy you can m ak e a diff er
en c e i n you r m ode of di s t r i b u t i on ; b y t h e fi rs t m ode i t i s s h ov e l e d
ou t of a b i n i n a t i n s coop w ei g h i t o n O pe n s ca l e s a n d du m p i t i n to a
brown paper b ag ; b y th e s econ d i t i s s ol d i n n ea t w h i t e b oxes of
6
.
I f you
a re s e
lli n g
golf li n k s
,
f or
e
,
,
,
,
'
,
,
CL
s t an dar d
igh t an d li n ed w i th O il ed pa pe r ; b y th e th i r d
i n t i n foil a n d t h e bo x es a r e p ac k ed i n l a yers
,
you wr ap
.
EXE RCI SE
Revi se th e
form
97
we
p i ec e
ea ch
E ARNE S S
for egoin g
t h rough out each
6
c
kin g th e struc tur e u n i
Sen t en es, m a
.
—
i
r
n
w
o
d
s
Con j un c t i on s an d all c onn ec t in g
7 Connect g
w or d s an d ph rases ar e very i m p or t an t f or cl earn ess You
will b e surp r i sed t o fin d h ow m uch of your thin kin g is
c ar r i ed al on g in th ese w or ds an d h ow m uch c on fusion an d
m i sun d er st an di n g can ar i se f r om th e u se of th e w r on g
conn e c t iv e
On th e oth er h an d y ou will b e d eligh te d t o
fin d h ow b eau t ifull y t h ese li ttl e w or d s kn i t up y ou r
th ough t s an d wh at in t er est in g sh ad es of th ough t m ay b e
exp r e sse d b y th em
H er e is a p ar t i al li st of c on n e c tin g or c on jun c t ive w or ds
n d ph r ases
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
an d
as
wh ereas
or
as
if
t h ou gh
a l t h ou gh
t h at
b ut
i t h er—o r
n e i t h e r — n or
e
b
w h e t h e r —o r
b
ot h
b id
es
f or
eca u se
h e n ce
i
a
l est
l y—b u t a l so
m o r e ov e r
SO
t h at
so
in
or d e r
th u s
on
th e
on e
on
th e
ot h er
n ot on
con se
q u en t l y
.
ga i n
u n l ess
s n ce
— an d
es
t h at
i gly
accor d n
h an d
h an d
ve r
t h er efor e
fi n a lly
f or e x a m p l e
h ow e
Now y ou m u st n ot u se c on n ec t i n g w or d s m er el y f or th e
sak e of u si n g th em , n or m u st y ou v ar y th em si m pl y f or t h e
sak e of v ar y i n g th em
Th ey ar e an essen t i al p ar t of y ou r
.
hin kin g an d m ust b e c on sider e d as t o th ei r u se an d m ean
in g wi th as m uch c ar e as an y oth er w or d in y ou r p ar a gr aph
Y ou m ay wr i te a l on g p ar ag r aph wi th sc ar c ely a c on n ec ti n g
t
.
E S SE N T IAL S
98
B U S INESS
OF
E NGLI S H
wor d in it an d it will b e cl ear b ec au se th e th ough ts ar e so
well arran ged th at t h ey n eed n o c onn ec tin g S tudy th is
p ar agr aph as an ex ample of w rit in g th at disp en ses with
c onn ect ives
h
B i
ld b
m
x t t l dy i
f th
d to
h
f
i
Th
m
g
li
t
f
t
l
d
f
i
b
i
g
i
p
p
h
t ly
l g d E gi
i g i it m y b
l dy t k
t
k b i d l w m di i
F t y d i t ifi
d t h l gy
,
,
.
.
u s n ess
ou
S
ro ess on s .
e O n ce
con s a n
en a r
r an
e
es
an
e,
e
a
ea
n
.
er
e
en
e
o
s
n ee r n
c n e,
e
,
so
ea r n e
e
n
an
eo o
.
on e
r o es s on s
o
e
s
ra n c
e s a r ea
or e s r
an
an
s
s,
a r ea
e n
a
s c en
es
c
gr i cu l tu re a re secu r i n g pl a ces of h on or Th e new pr of ess i on s of
ma nu f a ctu ri n g of m er ch a n di s i n g o f t ra n sport a t i on a n d of fi n a n ce
mu st soon ga i n r ecogn i t i on
Th e e s t a b li sh m en t o f b u s i n ess s ch ool s
i n ou r u n iv ers it i es i s a m an if est at i on of t h e m odern con cept i on of
“
”
—
b u sin ess B ran dei s B u si n ess a Pr ofessi on
a
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
St udy th e
h ave
foll owin g
i taliciz ed
in its
u se of
c on n ect ives which
,
I
.
I n th e
fi el d
Of
b i
m odern
u s n e ss ,
so
i
r ch
in
O ppor t u n
i ty
f or th e
x erci se of m a n s fi n est a n d m ost va r i e d m en t a l fa cu l t i es a n d m ora l
qu a li t i es m ere m on ey m aki n g can n ot b e r ega r de d as th e l egi t i m a t e
en d
N ei t h er ca n m e r e b u lk or p ow er b e a dm i t te d as a w or t h y a m b i
t i on
N or ca n a m a n n ob l y m i n dfu l of h i s s er i ou s r espon s i b ili t i es t o
s oci e t
e
n
s
a
w
a
vi
b
u
i
e
s
as
g
m
s
i
n
c
e
w
i
h
h
c
c
f
b
i
e
s
s
e
o
e
t
t
n
u
o
u
s
n
s
d
t
;
y
h u m an h app i n ess or m i sery i s i n ex t r i cab ly i n t erw ov en —B r an d ei s
”
“
B u si n ess a P r ofessi on
’
e
-
,
.
.
,
.
Tur n
b ack
in coln s G etty sbu r g A ddr ess an d study
in it t h e c onn ec t iv es of all kin ds
Th e c on n ec t in g w or ds th at m ost in exp er i en c e d w r i ter s
an d sp eak er s over w or k an d c on se qu en t ly m i suse ar e an d so
to L
’
,
.
,
,
b u t,
an d
th u s
A ll th at
.
d on e is to w arn y ou
1 To b e c ar e ful t o m ean th u s w h en y ou say th u s Nev er
u se it b e c au se y ou n ee d som e w or d t o i n t r oduc e a sen t en c e
Th u s h as its own di st in c t v alu e which m u st b e Ob ser v e d
2 To ab an d on so as a m er e c on n ec t ive
I t i s p r ac t ic ally
alw ay s w r on g wh en u se d in t h at w ay
W or d y ou r sen ten c es
so as t o av oid u sin g i t un t il y ou ar e su r e of it s ex ac t m ean
in g an d v alue
be
can
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ESSENT IAL S
1 00
l
good
Th e m an
.
app le-p i ck er ,
2
H ou s eh old
.
minu te
3
com e
b ut
a n ew eg g
p
a p p li an c es
-
th e
fit ;
oor s h ov e ler
a
b
b ea t er i s
lit tle wor d of
m ost i m por t an t
Th e
.
m u st
job
th e
an d
B U S INESS
OF
t h r ee
-
.
.
l
long legg ed man m ak es
a
m u l t i pl yi n g
a re
or n
EN GLI SH
ett er s
very
—n et—h as
w or d i n th e
in
vocabu l a ry
r ap
i dly—every
recen t
r
a
s
e
y
b i
of
a
u s n ess
be
Net
.
k
v
h ow m u ch m on ey you t a e in , b u t h ow m u ch you h a e
I f you t a e i n t h r ee m i lli on dol la r s a n d pay ou t t h e s a m e you
I t i s et t er to ta e i n on e do lla r a n d h a e t en
n o n et a t a l l
m ea n s
l eft
h ave
n ot
k
.
b
.
l eft
c en t s
th a n t o t a
ke
k
an d
i n t en do l lar s
v
h a ve on l y fiv e c en ts l e ft
m ay b e con du ct ed w i th ou t
.
xt en s ive bu si n es s t ra n sa ct i on
S u pp ose you ow e B r own a h u n dr e d d ol
u s i n g a d oll ar of m on ey :
l a rs At t h e s a m e t i m e B row n owes W h i t e a h u n dred doll a r s B rown
W i t h t h i s or der Wh i t e m ay pay
m a y giv e Wh i t e a n o rder on you
h i s doct or
Th e doct or h a vi n g b ou gh t a b ill of goods f r om you m ay
“
”
a
o r d er
ou d e s t roy th e
h
o
i
h
t
h
i
Y
no
t
u s f ou r a ct u a l
u
w
t
s
e
T
p y y
t ran sa ct i on s h a v e t a k en p l a ce w i th ou t t h e u se of a n y m on ey
5 Th er e s eem s t o b e n o e n d t o t h e m et h ods t h a t a r e b ei n g con
t h a t an d t h e ot h er th i n g
E re l on g w e
ce iv ed t o t r a de m a r k t h i s
m ay re fu se t o e a t a la m b c h op u n l e ss it ca rr i es a tag sh ow i n g t h at
“
i t i s ou r f a vor i t e b ra n d or a s li ce of r oas t b eef u n l e ss i t h a s th e
”
m a r k on t h e s elv a ge
6 L a bo r w a s t h e fi rs t pr i ce th e or igi n a l pu rch as e m on ey th at
w a s pa i d f or a ll th i n g s
I f a m on g a n a t i on o f h u n ter s f or ex am pl e i t
u s u a ll y cos t s t w i ce t h e l a b or t o kill a b ea ver t h a t i t does t o kill a
d eer one b eaver wou l d n at u r a ll y b e w or t h or ex ch an g e f or t wo deer
4
An
.
e
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
-
,
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
Comp ar isons —Y ou
.
ft en add t o t h e cl earn ess of
n
n
o
f
n
n
m
s
u
t
b
m
ea
e
e
s
r
o
r
B
lik
c
o
r
s
t
a
t
e
e
s
o
s
a
t
t
y
y
y t ell
in g y our r ead er s or h earer s wh at a thi n g is n ot or t o wh at
it is di am et r ic ally opp osed y ou can som et i m es give a cl ear er
i dea of wh at it is An d it is O ften p ossib l e to in c r ease th e
cl ear n ess of y ou r st atem en t b y d r awin g in lik en esses an d
p ar all el s fr om oth er fields
S tii dy th e foll owin g p ar ag r aph s which exem plify th e
u se b oth of lik en ess an d of c on t r ast
9
.
can o
.
,
,
.
.
.
1
.
i
a ct on ,
like
tu
E ffic i en cy does
i n h u st
gb oats
,
le
an d
t osse d
n ot
li e in
b tl
b t
us
a
ou
e,
in
on
l
c ea s e es s,
i
in t en se m en ta l
v es
,
a
h
i
l
s
c
p y
m en a re
xci t em en t S om e
c on st an t l y da r t i n g h er e
n o se a n d e
th e wa
an d
.
an d
in
a t ei ri fic
k
“
t h ei e i s
a l w a ys s om e
Wi t h
seem t o b e t r em en d ou sl y a ct iv e
”
B u t t h e t u g b oat n ever g et s an ywh er e i n p a r t i c l a r
t h i n g doi n g
For al l i t s st r en u ou sn ess i t al w ays t i es u p at t h e sam e dock at n ig h t
—
o
a
n
r
t h ey proc eed ca l m l y q u i et l y a n d
h
a
lik
c
e
n
li
e
s
e
Ot er m en r e
Ocea n li n e r s m ov e a cco r d i n g t o p l an s l a i d ou t
wi t h n o s h ow of eff or t
T h ei r t i m e i s sch edu l e d accu r a t el y an d i n det ail
m on t h s i n a dv an c e
Th ey proceed t ow a r d a d e fin i t e p or t i r r e s pec t iv e of w i n d or w a v e
A l t h ou gh t h ey m ak e f a r l es s n oi se th ey ru n m ore r a pi dly th an th e
t u gb oa t a n d t h ey a r r ive a t t h ei r des t i n e d por t h a vi n g sa il ed ev e ry
m om en t a ccor di n g t o ch a r t a n d com pa ss s teer i n g t h e i r cou r se b y t h e
em
t h ere,
i tt in g cl ou ds
sm o e, an d
of
’
’
.
u
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
”
.
.
,
.
,
,
st a rs
.
E v ery
b
l d l ea rn t h e va l u e of r el a xa t i on an d
r epose
Wa tch a n a m a teu r cli m b a r ope H e m ay b e very s tron g
i n t h e a rm s b u t h e ki ck s j e r k s b r ea th es h a r d a n d l u n ge s expen di n g
s o m u ch
en e r gy u n n ec e ss a r il y t h a t h e u su a ll
f
vi
g
s
o
t
s
a
h
t
e
r
a
n
y
p
cli m b e d a f ew f eet
Wh en a t ra i n ed gymn a s t does t h e sa m e th i n g h i s
w h o l e b ody h a n gs qu i et a n d re l a x ed ; h i s b rea t h i n g i s n ot h u r r i ed ;
s m ooth l y a n d r h t h m i ca ll
h
o st
m
w
ou
o t i on
i
l
t
t
or
t h e w a s t e of
y
y
a n ou n ce o f en e r g
h
e gli de s u p t h e r o e
T
h
r
i
h
i
e
s
t
e
a
s
e
m
e
d
ff e r
y
p
e n ce b et w een t h e n erv ou s h u rr i e d m an a n d t h e m an wh o h as t r a i n e d
h i m self i n r el axa t i on an d con t r ol
2
.
man
u sy
sh ou
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
1 0 Cl ear ness i n th e
.
senten ce stru ct ure
— In
.
th e
i
s e ct on
gem en t of y our m att er in sen t en c es (
Ch ap t er
V S ec t i on 6 ) suffici en t w arn in g is given ag ai n st th e c ar r y
—
—
n
al l sen ten c e
th e d un n ag e b ag of l a gu ag e in t o whi ch
r
n
a
i
h
r
u
s
v
hi
g
t
h
t
t will h old
u
t
e
e
t
o
t
y
y
I t is t r u e t h at th e sh or t sen t en c e i s m or e lik el y t o se cur e
un ity b u t th e j erky eff e ct of in n u m er ab l e sh or t sen ten ce s
B esid es t h e arr an ge
esp e ci ally in a sp eech i s un f or t un at e
men t of all y ou r th ough t s in sh or t si m pl e sen ten c es d oes
n ot i n dic at e t h e p r op e r r el at i on of y ou r t h ough t s som e of
which ar e im p or t an t an d som e Of which th ough p er h ap s
n ot un i m p or t an t
ar e su b or di n at e t o y ou r m ai n t h ou gh t
A sen ten c e t o b e cl ear sh oul d sh ow th e p r op er sub or din at i on
of th ough t
A sen ten c e sh ould exp ress b u t on e c om plet e
on
th e
ar r an
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
t
i
f
l
o
b
t
d
h
h
f
u
i
l
h
t
e
O
u
t
t
t
u
;
g y
i is
c om pl etel y exp r ess th e th ought
an d n ot c all in a n eigh b or s en t en c e t o h el p it ou t
S t u dy t h e f ol l ow i n g g r ou p s I n each th er e ar e a l eadi n g
I n a g ood
t h ou gh t an d on e or m or e s ub or din ate t h ough ts
cl e ar sen t en c e th e l eadi n g th ough t is giv en th e p r i n cip al
pl ac e with th e m ai n sub j ect an d p redic ate of th e sen ten c e
t o e xp r ess it whil e th e su b or d in at e t h ough t s ar e t h r own
D e cid e which of
in in th e Sh ap e of cl au ses an d ph r ases
t h ese sen ten c es b est sh ow th e r el at i on of th e t h ough t
’
‘
,
.
.
,
.
,
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,
.
1
Th e
.
t on gu e
h
a
r
a
s
is
p ed
ged
tool
.
gr ow s
It
S h a r per
w th
i
con
sh ar per
w i th
con
s t a n t u s e.
'
Th e t on g u e i s
s ta n t
a
S h ar p
-
g
e d ed
t ool t h a t
grows
l
it
u se
.
Th e t on gu e i s
con s tan t u s e
g ed
t oo
,
an d
grows
w i th
S h ar pe r
.
Th e t on g ue
s h a r p - ed
g
sh a r p -e d e d
a
l
t oo
S h a r p er
t h at does
.
I
co u
l
i
w th
con st an t
bi g
e n
u se,
th e
on
ly
.
i
l S pen d th e t i m e S tu dyi n g
I cou l d n ot sl eep s o I dec i d ed t o s p en d t h e t i m e s t u dyi n g
I s pen t t h e t i m e s tu dyi n g S i n ce I cou l d n ot s l eep
B ei n g u n a b l e t o S l eep I stu di ed
3 He w a s a m a n of exper i en ce an d n a t i on a l r ep u t a t i on
He
di d n ot go b eggi n g f or a job
H e w a s a ctu a ll y a b l e t o ch oos e h i s
e m l o er
p y
S i n ce h e w a s a m an o f eXpe r1 en ce a n d n at i on a l r epu t a t i on
h e di d n ot go b eggi n g f or a job b u t w a s a b l e t o ch oos e h i s em pl oyer
S o f ar f rom goi n g b eggi n g f o r a job h e w a s a c tu a ll y a b l e to
ch oo s e h i s em l o er
S i n ce h e wa s a m a n of ex e r i en c e a n d n a t i on a l
p y
p
r e p u t a t i on
H e w a s actu ally a b l e t o ch oose h i s em pl oyer b ecau se b e i n g
a m an o f ex e r i e n ce a n d n a t i on a l r e u t a t i on
v
h
d
i
o
h
a
e
d
n
t
e to g o
p
p
b eggi n g f or a job
2
ld
grow s
n ot S e e p
.
I d ec de d I w ou d
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,
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,
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,
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-
,
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,
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,
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Cl ear n ess i n th e p ar ag raph — Thi s t opic h as b e en
al m ost com pl et ely f or est all e d i n an oth er se c t i on (
Ch ap t er
V , S e c t i on
Y our atten t i on is c all e d t o it h er e on ly in
11
or
.
der
t o em
ph asize its i m p ort an c e
.
Th e
foll owin g
is
a sum
GE N E RAL
E XE RCI S E S
BU S I NE S S
COM P O SI TI ON
ic ed t h at th ese ex er ci ses i n ter sp ersed
cor
am on g t h e m or e t ec h n i c al an d d et ail e d m at t er s of
h av e b een f or t h e m ost p ar t
r ect n ess
cl e ar n es s
et c
discipli n e in th e th in kin g ou t of m at er i al Th e sub j ec t s
h av e b een suggest ed an d th e m ain st ep s or i tem s in di
I n each ex er ci se y ou h av e b een ask ed f or on e or
cat ed
m or e l ett er s an d a sp eech
For t h i s l esson y ou ar e t o an aly z e t h e t opic s y ou r self
1 Mak e an outli n e f or f ou r p ar ag r ap hs on th e su b j ect
— H ow a B u s in ess W om an S h oul d D r ess L et th e outl i n e
con si st of t h e t op ic s en t en c es of t h e p ar agr ap h s
Wr i t e ou t t h e fou r p ar ag r aph s givin g esp eci al atten
E ac h p ar ag r aph S h ou ld c on si st
t i on t o illu st r ativ e d et ai l
of at l east fifty w or d s
2 F oll ow t h e s am e p r oc ess wi t h th e f ol lowin g t op i cs
m odern a dv er t i si n g on th e cost of
a) Th e
of
eff ect
livi n g
b ) H ow an d wh er e I sh ou l d a dv er t i se a n ew t oil et soap
of v er y fin e q u ali ty
0) Tr ad e n am es f or t h e foll ow i n g ar t ic l es
i A n ew au t om ob il e l u b r i cat or
ii A n ew g ol f b all
iii A n ew v ar i ety of du r ab l e h osi ery
iv A n ew v ar i ety of p ott ed m eat h am t on gu e or
ch i ck en
E x p l ain an d defin e each t r ad e n am e in a p ar ag r ap h of
at l e as t fif ty w or ds
Y ou
will h av e
IN
,
n ot
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,
,
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-
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-
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,
C HA P TE R
V III
E FF EC T I VE N E S S
E ff e c t iven ess
qu al
i ty or t h e ki n d of quali t i es t h at w e sh all di scu ss in t hi s
ch ap ter ; th ou gh it m u st b e con fessed th at it does n ot qu i te
ad e q u at ely n am e it
Oth er w or d s th at we m igh t u se ar e
for ce s tr en g th t w o w or ds t h at w e sh oul d n ot
em p h as is
O ff er t h ough in t h e b u si n ess m a g azi n es t h ey seem t o b e u se d
I t i s n ot
f or t h i s v ery qu ali ty ar e p u n ch an d p u ll
wi thin ou r fi eld t o t ak e up th ose asp ec ts of wr i tin g t h ose
devic es of exp r essi on th ose var ieti es of su b j ec t m atter th at
p er su ade a cu st om er to b u y a sp ecifi c ar ti cl e ; on e m u st g o
t o a sch ool f or sal esm en or adv er t i se r s t o l ear n th ese t ech
We m u st h ere di scu ss th ose t h in gs
n ic al i n du st r i al p oi n t s
—
n
l
r
l
r
ff
s
i
n
o
r
n
n
h
p
d
c
c
iv
i
i
g
o
u
e
t
e
e
s
a
a
w
t
e
a
t
e
con fin in g
t
y
ou r sel v es
as w e ar e d oin g t h r ough ou t th i s b ook
t o th e
r
f
r
n
s
e
ss
o
ic
l
id
x
i
ac
t
a
e
o
e
p
p
Th er e ar e a g r e at m an y d evic es design e d t o se c u r e eff ec
t iv en ess wi th which w e h ave n othi n g t o d o m or e th an t o
Th ey ar e i n dee d on ly m e ch an ic al c on t r iv an c es
n ot e th em
an d ar e n o m or e c on ce r n e d w i t h w r i t i n g th an is t h e sty l e
of t y p e in w hi ch y ou r b ook is p r i n t e d or th e c ol or of t h e
cl oth in w hi ch it is b oun d
For i n stan c e th er e is th e op en i n g ou t of th e t ex t i n t o sec
I t is th e f ashi on in m u ch
t i on s f al sel y c all e d p ar agr aph s
b u si n ess w r i t i n g esp eci ally advert i sem en t s an d f orm l et
—
h
h
r
r
n
f
r
r
i
t
e
l
a
g
e
u
m
b
e
o
t
e
s
t
a
t
m
n
o
v
t
o
e
e
t
s
som e
te s t g e
—
n
r
m
m
i
s
o
v
s
t
a
t
e
t
wh atever advan t age m ay c om e
t
e
t e e y
e
s eem s
b est
t o b e th e
,
w or
d
to
n am e
th e
,
.
,
,
,
,
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,
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-
,
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-
,
,
1 05
E S S ENT I AL S
06
OF
B US IN E SS E NG L I S H
fr om stan din g al on e I t is th er efor e p r in t ed al on e in d en ted
B u t n o m atter h ow it is p r i n t ed
as if it w er e a p ar ag r aph
i t is n ot a p ar ag r ap h u n l ess it is a d i st in c t an d c om pl et e
I t is a pi ty th at th i s p r ac t ic e is sp r ead
st ep in th e t hi n kin g
in g b ec au se it t en d s t o c on fu se stu d en t s as t o wh at a t r u e
p ar agr aph is An d t o con fu se a stud en t on this p oin t is
t o c on fu se h im on th e v ery c en t r al m atter of h is thin ki n g
an d w r i t i n g
B el ow y ou will fin d se c t i on s of a f orm l ett er sh ow i n g
Th e w or d false is n ot u se d in con
t h ese f al se p ar ag r aphs
Th e p oin t is th at
dem n at ion of thi s m an n er of p r in ti n g
t h e se c t i on s ar e n ot r eal p ar a gr ap h s b u t m er e m ech an ic al
divi si on s of th e m atter an d so do n ot c om e in to ou r dis
cu ssion of eff ec t iv en ess
.
,
.
,
,
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,
.
.
‘
-
.
.
,
,
.
a n to b e som e th i n g an d b e i t
a n t a ll b e
l
c
W
e
p
N apol eon s or L i n col n s or W a sh i n gt on s A n y on e can b e s om et h i n g
Bu t
You m ay n ot h a v e t h e g en i u s of a n E di son f or m ech a n i c s
t h e m a n wh o i s a m e ch an i ca l i d i ot m ay b ecom e a gr ea t a r ch i t ect
N o on e w i t h ou t t a l en t f or li t e r a t u r e ca n b e a D i ck en s B u t t h e
b oy wh o ca n n ot w r i t e a conn ected se n t en ce m ay b ecom e a r en own ed
ch em i st
I n ev ery p er son t h er e i s t h e pos s i b ili ty o f som et h i n g
F i n d t h at
som e th i n g a n d b e i t
D on t w a st e a ny m or e of you r life i n an a i m l es s expen di tu re
of t i m e
T h e day th at y ou defi n i t el y deci de t o m ak e som e th i n g of you r self
i s th e m ost i m p or t an t da y of you r lif e
L e t t h a t da y b e t oda y
D eci de to b e som e th i n g Th en b e t ru e a s st eel t o you r de ci s i on
Th i n k of i t p l a n f o r i t w or k f or i t a n d liv e f or it Th r ow you r
m i n d m igh t st r en gt h h e a r t a n d s ou l i n t o you r a ct i on s
N O _m a tte r w h e t h er you r O b j ect b e gr ea t o r s m a ll if you pr op
e r l y p l an i t s ach i e v e m en t
a n d t h en a dh er e t o y ou r p lan s
s u cce s s
will sm il e u pon you
an d
S it down
’
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’
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,
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,
,
,
.
An oth er
ch an ic al d evic es f or se cu r in g emph asi s
or p r oduci n g eff e ct iv en e ss i s th e u se of e i th e r c api t al s or
it alic s, A s c on c ern s th e form er we sh oul d b e qu ite safe in
of
th e m e
E S S E N T I AL S
108
6
de n
Tw o
.
of
a
fiee
’
co
m on a st er y i n
gr ow n B r azil s
in g
l an t ed in 1 7 5 4 b y a m on k i n th e g a r
Ja n ei ro an d f rom t h i s begi n n i n g h a s
,
w ea l t h i n
ff ee
co
i s,
in
C on cer n i n g h i st ory w i th
al l
it s
t e rm i mp ossib le
.
BU S I N E S S E NGL I S H
r op os e
Th e t h
.
8
w ere p
R io d e
e n or m ou s
’
7
s ee ds
OF
g
t h ou h t s
h
p
of
h is m ind i s
y ou
p
th e
con
v en t i on al
of
u se
b la n k
an d re
ligi on ;
l e sson s ; con cern i n g th e grea t
con cer n i n g h u m a n n a t u r e i t s e lf
,
.
To i nc r ea s e t h e w ee k ly p ay of a w ag e ea r n er i s a n
To m a k e h i m ceas e t o b e a w a g e
w h ch t h ey h ot y pu r su e
9
is
an
of
life
o
bj
l
s e em
t o t h em
i ly
en t re
ou t s
i de
th e
-
bj
e ct
ea r n er
r ea
li t i es
.
cou n t r y
.
b a llots
.
.
t h at wou l d
e ct
1 0 Ou r
11
o
-
.
i
th e
.
ilo soph y
a
.
i s,
a
f t er
al l ,
n ot
a
of
c ou n t r y
d oll ar s b u t
of
.
To t h i n k h a r d
an d
p e rs i s t en t l y i s p a i n fu l
.
will n otic e th at th e c on spicuou s an d th er e fore
em p h at ic pl ac es in t h e sen t en c e ar e th e b egi n n i n g an d th e
I t is p ossib l e in sp eaki n g t o give esp e ci al e m p h asi s
en d
t o a w or d th at c om es in t h e m iddl e
A n y up sett in g of th e n or m al or d er of a sen ten c e t en d s t o
give emp h asis t o th e p ar ts th at ar e ou t of or d er
Th e c on spicu ou s pl ac es in a p ar ag r aph t oo ar e at th e
b egin n i n g an d th e en d I f y ou ar e g oin g t o st ate y ou r
im p or t an t fac t your t opic on ly on ce it is b etter in b u si
n ess w r i t in g e sp e ci all y l ett er s t o giv e it th e fi r st sen t en c e
—
r
r
n
in y ou r p a a g aph
A b u sy m a
in d eed an y m an wh o is
r eadi n g f or f ac ts— lik e s t o g et h is f a c t or h is t opic fi r st
S om e m i n d s ar e so acut e th at th ey do n ot n ee d th e am p lifi
c ati on s an d ex am pl es th at c om e in t o sup p or t th e t opic
For su ch r ead er s give thi s st at em en t at on c e I n
st at em en t
liter ary wr itin g y ou exp e ct y our r ead er t o take d elib er ate
pl easu r e in th e r eadin g ; y ou d esir e h im to thin k an d feel
al on g wi th y ou
an d h avi n g g on e t h r ough th e p r oc ess t o
arr iv e at th e sam e c on cl u si on w i th y ou
Th e lit er ar y wr i t er
u ses with good eff ec t th e p ar agr aph th at an n oun c es its t opic
Th ese st atem en t s m u st n ot b e t ak en as rul es
at th e en d
Y ou
.
.
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E FFE C T IVE N E S S
10
9
—
h
h
lpf
b
v
i
n
d educti on s fr om the study
r
u
l
O
s
e
r
a
t
o
s
T ey a e e
Th ese tw o t yp es of p ar ag r aph s h ave
of g ood w r i t i n g
al r eady b een ill u str at e d (
p a ge
Th e pl ac es f or p r odu cin g eff e c t in a l ette r ar e at th e
b egin n in g th e en d an d in th e sp ace On th e lin e of vi si on
Th ese p oin t s ar e di scu sse d in d et ail in th e sec t i on On
l etters (
Ch ap t er XI I A )
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
—
b y proport ion
F ulln ess
2 E mph asis
gives
of
.
.
f c t iven ess t o an y esp eci ally i mp or
Y ou op en ou t in d et ail th e t opic t o which y ou
t an t m at te r
wi sh e sp e ci al atten tion given Wh en y ou Op en a l etter
n
h
n
a
m
o
n
o
f
ll
gl
c
u
o
u
ca
t
a
t
a
a
e
b
t
e
sp a c e u sed wh er e
t
e
y
y
th e c en t r al i m p or t an t h ear t of th e l e tt e r li es
For em ph asi s of t hi s sor t t h e p ar ag r aph th at st at es th e
topic Sen t en c e b oth at t h e b egi n n i n g an d at th e en d b y way
of s umm ar y or of i t er a t i on i s g ood ; b etw een t h e t w o st at e
m en ts y ou fil l in wi th sp ecific at i on s d et ail s or p r oofs ; y ou
clin ch th e wh ol e with a n ew an d str on ger statem en t of th e
fin al c on clusi on
3 Rep et it i on an d it erat i on — Th es e giv e a ki n d Of eff e c
t iv en ess t h at com es of d elive r i n g b l ow a ft er b l ow in th e
s am e pl a c e un t il t h e n ail i s d r iv en in
Thi s d evic e is p ar
t icul ar ly eff ec t ive in sp eakin g
Th e r eason f or thi s i s p ar tl y
a ph y sic al on e ; y ou h ear on l y on c e an d r ep et i t i on h elp s
m or e th an it d oes in m att er t o b e r ead wh er e y ou m ay see
N otic e th e effe c t of
th e st atem en t an y n um b er of t i m es
r ep et i t i on in t hi s p ar ag r aph
t
fl
i
f
i
b
l
g
l
i
il
Th
t
f
d i
y
p
p
em
ph asis
t r eatm en t
an d ef e
.
.
,
,
,
.
"
,
,
,
,
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,
,
.
‘
e
sco
e
o
an
os s
e
e
ec
re u a
ve
on
o
ra
roa
s
s
li m i ted t o a r el at ively n arrow s ph er e Re gu l at i on m ay p reven t
t
a b u s es lik e d i s cr i m i n a t i on
o r r eb a t i n g
o r ex c e s s iv e ra t e s
i
iv
o
s
e
p
R egu l a t i on m ay p r ev en t p er s i s t en t d i s r ega r d o f de fi n i te pu b li c
Re gu l a t i on m ay com pe l t h e cor r ec t i on of de fi n i t e e vil s
d e m a n ds
lik e t h e u se of u n san i t a ry ca r s B u t regu l a t i on can n ot m ak e an
i n effici en t b u s i n ess effic i en t Regu l a t i on can n ot su ppl y i n i t i at ive
.
,
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,
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.
ESSENTIAL S
10
and
en er
gy
Regu l at i on
.
m on opoly
ca n
R egu l a t i on m ay
B U S INESS
OF
n ot
b
v
o er com e
EN GLI S H
,
t h e w ast i n g
i kn ess
of
S c
v elop t h e a ct i on
Th e p oli cy of r eg u l a t i n g p u b li c servi ce c om
of r ail r oa d offi ci al s
“
—
a n i e s i s sou n d b u t i t m u st n ot b e ov erw or k ed
a
n
B
i
r
n
d
e
s
B
us
i
ess
p
.
cu r
,
b u t it
ca n
n ot
de
,
.
.
,
as a
P r of es s i on
,
.
instan ces
Y ou
Her e ag ai n m ay b e p oin te d ou t th e v alue of d et ail
—
l
n
n
h
i
a
r
h ave see ow t h elp s c e ess Op en in g ou t an d clear in g
up g en er al or ab st r ac t term s th at m igh t b e Ob scu r e or u n f a
m ili ar I t i s even m or e v alu ab l e as a m ean s t o eff e c t iven ess
Ou r em ot i on s ar e ar ou sed n ot b y th e wh ol e cl ass b y th e g en
er al t r u th b u t b y th e i n dividu al b y th e a c tu al livi n g p r es
We ar e m oved t o act ion b y som e det ail of p r e
en t Ob j ec t
“
Negl ec ted
sen t at ion th at t ouch es an em ot i on al sp r i n g
“
childh ood sti rs little feelin g in u s ; Th e n egl ecte d chil
“
d r en of th e sl u m s c om es ver y lit tl e n ear er t o u s ; Th e
child ren of th e c rowd ed t en em en ts wh o h ave n o pl aygr oun d
”
“
b u t th e str eets t ou ch es on ly th e m or e sen si t ive sou l s ; Lit
tl e p al e b lu e eye d Tom m y Ryan g aspi n g f or b r eath in th e
”
h ot ki t ch en wh er e h e lives wi th h is m oth er
b r in gs d oll ar s
en ough t o sen d Tomm y an d h i s m oth er f or a week in th e
c oun try
0 Hen ry d esc ri b in g th e sh op gi rl in on e of h is st or i es
“
c ould h ave said Her p r om oti on w as th e r esul t of str en gth
”
c our age in n oc en ce p at i en c e an d l oyal ty an d w e Sh ould
h ave h ad n o em oti on al r eact i on n o ch arm of h u m or an d
“
n o r eal vi si on of t h e gi r l
H er r i se t o an
H e did say
r i e s of H er
e igh t d oll ar a w eek sal ar y is th e c om b i n ed sto
”
cul es J oan of A r c Un a J ob an d L ittle Re d Ridin g Hood
Th en w e see h er st r uggl e an d w e see th e hum or of th e
d et ail s b y which h e p r esen ts it S uch suggestive d etails as
th ese som et i m es give a v er y n ic e t ouch of r oman c e as in
4
Th e
.
use of
specific
t erms
an d con cret e
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
Modern
t r an spor ta t i on i s
a
j u n gl e
o f r ou t e s ca
llin g
f or
i li sts
s pe c a
E S S ENT IAL S
112
BU SI N ES S E NGL I S H
OF
h ese ; t o fin d
ou t t h e g en iu s of y ou r t op i c t h e t h in g s t h at m ak e i t w h at
i t i s t h e t h i n g th at i t i s r e al ly g ood f or t h e t i m e wh en it
i s m ost ap p r op r i at e t h e ci r cl e t o w h om i t is t o b e giv en
t h ese an d m an y m or e p oi n t s t h at c om e t o a w r i t er wi th
e xp er i en c e an d ob ser v at i on
ar e t h e p oi n t s th at g o t o m ak e
r el e v an cy
To m od er n a dve r t i si n g an d t o t h e stu dies in
t h e p sy ch ol ogy of a dv er t i si n g w e owe m uch of ou r r ealiz a
t i on of th e v alu e of r el e v an c y
S u p p ose y ou w an t e d t o m ak e som e on e r ealiz e wh at a
good l u n ch eon y ou w er e g oin g t o h ave ; su pp ose in d eed
y ou w er e th e m an ag er of a r e st au r an t an d w an t ed t o
a t t r a c t c u st om e r s f or y ou r sp e ci al sp r i n g d el i caci e s
“
Y ou c ou ld say
W e will h av e sp r in g chi ck en an d str aw
b er r y sh ort cake an d l eave it at th at b u t th e an n ou n cem en t
w oul d attr act on ly th e ver y hun gr y I f y ou sh ou ld say
“
W e w ill h ave sp r in g chick en gr own in th e c oun try am on g
th e cl ov er an d d ai si es an d sh or t c ak e f r ag r an t as E ast er
” —
lil ies y ou w ould m i ss y ou r p oin t— you would sin again st
r el ev an c y
Th ese th in g s ar e t o b e ea ten
Y ou r d esc r ip t i on
of th em an d y ou r app e al t o y ou r h e ar er m u st b e a dd r esse d
t o th e sen se of t aste— on l y p ar t i all y an d i n ci d en tall y t o th e
sen s e of sigh t ; m ak e on l y a sligh t c on c essi on t o th e f a c t t h at
I sn t thi s a cc oun t of y our
w e b egi n t o e at w i th ou r ey e s
l u n ch eon m or e fiel ev an t ?
hi k
b il d
W w ill h v b il d h i k — li t tl t d
t f d
b gh t i
h t pl t t
d li t b w
d
t
d w i t h t h d li i
fl v f w d mk
h o
f b tt
t
l l in g
i
an d
n
s
t
o
p
se
ke
to m a
of
th e m ost
t
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
f
-
,
,
.
.
’
.
e
ou
a
o
oo r s,
of
sa
— r ea l
s h o r t f ca k e
m i n g in
b
i
n
e
i kli n g
e
r ou
s e a son e
a spr n
ro
e
c r u sh e d
,
on
c
a
c ou s
e
lt
c
d a sh
an d a
h om e m a de
-
s t r aw
b
a
en s
o
or
of
a
o
oo
-
ik a
-
ca
i — t h e r i p es t
,
er
on e
er ,
p a pr
b i scu i t sh or t
e r r es
en
e,
s
o
c
c
o a
e
a
ou c
e,
en s
ro
e
ca
ro
n,
e
u
er ,
A n d t h en w e w ill h a v e
.
k
e,
i
wh te
r edde s t ,
an
d fia ky
j u ci e s t
of
,
sw
im
s t raw
er r es
.
I f y ou
followin g
w er e
llin g
se
all
det ail s in tw o
kin d s of st at i on er y an d u sed th e
adv e r t i sem en ts which w ould y ou
~
,
E FF E C TIVENESS
i n to
put
i
a
tra
d e j ou rn al
an d
1 13
which in t o
w om an
a
s
m aga
?
z ne
i g
v
g
l
l g
a r e fir m s a s
a en t f or a
Th e pu r ch a s n
y
I n o w u se i t f or e eryt h n — e t t e r -h ea d s, o ce a n d
1
’
.
of
ou r
p a pe r
i g l
ffi
f act ory f or m s
i
li
i
s e con om
i
ca l ; i t i s du ra b l e ; i t i s c l e a r o f fi n i s h ;
I
st s e t c
r
e
t
c
p
I t i s w a t er m a r k ed ; t h e m a n wh o
i t h a s qu a li ty i n th e f eel of i t
ma k e s i t see m s t o s ay I w ill a l ways m a k e t h i s p a p er j u st w h a t
I w ill n ever ch ea p en t h i s pa per on w h i ch I h a ve set
i t i s n ow
,
,
.
.
‘
,
.
my
2
th e
q u ali t i e s of ou r
en v e l o pe t h e s iz e
borders t h e gol d
Th e fin e
of
cu t
th e
of
r
.
i bbon s
th e
,
l
co o r ed
,
i
s t a t on e r y
an d
s h a pe
g es
ed
a re
the
of
th e
an d
,
m u ch
e n h an ce d
s h e et ,
th e
by
s h a de s
i i box es
a rt st c
an d
.
S u pp ose y ou
w er e th e p r op r ietor of a sod a foun tain
wh er e y ou su pplied al l sor ts of soft dr in ks wh i ch of th ese
an n ou n c em en ts w ou ld y ou m ak e on D e c em b er 1 5 an d w hich
-
,
on
J ul y 15 ?
1
.
S pa rklin g,
b bb li g
n
u
tw in kli n g
,
a er a t e d
w a t er s ;
f ru i t i ces ;
-
gra p e j u i ce ; a n d l em on a de
2 A cu p o f ch ocol a t e p i pi n g h ot f ra g ra n t a n d com for t i n g ; s m ok
in g bo u ill on t h a t w ill m a k e you f or g et t h e t em per a t u r e o u t s i de
.
.
,
,
.
EXE RCI SE
1
.
id a
j
3
Wr i te a p arag r aph p ar t i all y desc r ib in g a vi si t t o Flor
in th e wi n ter— m aki n g th e d et ail s r el ev an t t o th e su b
e ct an d
th e
.
—
p ar agr aph descr ib in g in p ar t an exp er ien c e
in th e Can ad i an Rocki es l n t h e su mm er m aki n g t h e d et ail s
r el ev an t t o t h e su b j e ct an d th e season
3 W r i te an a dver t i sem en t of c an di es c on t ai n in g rel ev an t
detail s
a ) Th e c an di es th em selves
b ) Th e p ack ag es
2
.
Wr i t e
season
a
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
4
.
Wr i t e
an a
dver ti sem en t
of
h osi ery
m akin g th e det ails
'
,
E S S E N TI A L S
1 14
l v
r e e an t
t om er
icl e
t o th e
BU S IN ES S E NG LI S H
OF
p er su asive
an d
ar t
) H osi ery f or m en
12 ) H osi ery f or w om en
.
cu s
.
a
5
ssi b l e
po
t o th e
.
Wr i te
an
a
.
dver tisem en t
of
a
p ort in g g oods h ouse
s
-
pp ealin g
a
) To m en
b ) To high sch ool b oys
0) To high sch ool gi r l s
d ) To gr amm ar sch ool b oys
Wr ite an adver ti sem en t of a sp or t i n g g oods h ou se
a ) For D e c em b er 1 5
b ) For Jul y 1 5
a
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
6
-
.
.
.
ugg estiveness —I t d ep en d s en ti rely on
wh at kin d of m ater i al y ou ar e h an dl in g wh at audi en c e you
ar e a dd r essi n g an d wh at y ou r pu r p ose is as t o wh eth er
st iv en ess is m or e efiectiv e
If
e x ac tn ess of d e t ail or su gge
r
o
u
r
n
n
n
n
r
n
n
w
e
e
w
i
t
i
g
gi
i
g
j
o
u
r
t
o
a
e
ee
al y ou w ould
y
6 Exact ness
or s
.
.
,
,
,
.
F
Gv
o
Ma y
r om
e r n m en t on
l e d f r om
m a te r i a l or
h au
I f you
k
Ca n al
4 , 1 9 05 , w h en w or
t h e P an a m a
va r i ou s
”
s p oil
th e
cu t s
to
st a r t e d
was
Ap il
“
d mp
to
,
u
r
b y th e
U it
ed
n
1 , 19 1 4 , t h e r e h a
cu
,
bi
S t at e s
v e be e n
r d s of
a
y
c
.
wer e writin g
to
a
p op ul ar
m agazin e y ou
would
x v
m ate r i a l f r om t h e en t i r e can a l wou l d m ak e a
li n e of s ix ty t h r ee pyr a m i ds e a ch on e equ a l i n s ize t o t h e G rea t
Pyra m i d of E gyp t r e ach i n g u p F if th Av en u e f rom t h e B a t t e ry to
H a r l em a d i sta n ce of n i n e m il es
e ca a te d
Th e
-
,
.
,
Or t o v ary th e
Th e
W i de
am o u n t
an d
t en
of
fe e t
S upp ose y ou
illustr ation
diggi n g don e w ou l d
deep
f rom
Ma i n e
were m akin g up
O pen
t o Ore
a
a
gon
p ar ty
ca n a
l
fif ty fiv e
-
fee t
.
of y oun g
l adies
to
E SS ENT I A L S
116
OF
BU S I N E S S E N G L I S H
p ort of th e Washin gton D C Cham b er of Com m er ce
“
”
”
L ife p r efix ed th e c ap ti on
E asily F ix ed
m
Wh t b i
g
ll y d i wh t i d t y m t
d
re
,
.
,
.
.
i
of
is th e
cer t a n ty
of
en t er pr s e
e s r e,
of
n
us r
os
f l
j
“
n ee
s,
f or t h e p ea ce u r ea d u s t m en t
s t en t w t h
t h e a ccept e d p r n c p e s
r e st
i n con si
a
i
i i l
van cem en t o f a l l in di
vi dua l en dea vor s f ree of a n y s en se o f r ep r e s s i on s ecu re in a s en se
a n d gu a r ded f r om t h e da n ge r t h a t t h e d i s
o f a c t i on
o f li b e r t
y
cl o s u r e of pe r son a l p r e r oga t iv e s an d pe r son a l a ch i ev em en t s w ou l d
e n t a il
of
an d
l aw
i
i
er od
a
p
th at i s
i
a ll
en er a
en
u s n es s
a
‘
eth c s,
an
d f or t h e
en e r
g et i c
ad
.
,
,
.
Com p ar e th e tw o
for egoi n g p ar agr aph s wi th th i s en th u
siast ic sp e cific eff e ct ive p ar a g r aph f r om A r n old B en n et t s
“
”
You r Un i te d S tates
N
Th
P
t
i
lv
i
t
i
w Y k i
f ll f t h
bl
y
’
,
,
.
an a
en n s
e
s a
on
n
e
or
s
o
u
e
no
e
qu a li t i e s t h a t fin e a n d h e r o i c i m a gi n a t i on a l o n e ca n giv e Th a t
t h e re e xi s ted a r a il roa d m a n poet i c a n d au da c i ou s e n ou gh t o w an t
i t a rch i t ect s w i t h g en i u s pow e r f u l en ou gh t o c re a t e i t a n d a
t
h
ea r t e n ou gh
o l o v e i t — t h es e t h i n gs a re f or m e a
b
li
c w i th
u
p
su r e r p roo f t h a t t h e A m e r i can i s a g r ea t r a ce t h a n t h e e xi s t e n ce
m u seu m s o f c l a s s i c a r t
of a n y q u a n t i ty o f w ea l t h y u n iv er s i t i es
or
r e fo r m
de ep de lv ed s a f e de pos i t v au l t s
a s soc i a t i on s f or p r i s on
b on ds S u ch a m on u m en t does n ot spr i ng u p b y
cra m m e d w i t h
ch ance ; i t i s pa r t o f t h e s l ow fl ow e r i n g o f a n a t i on s s ecr e t s pi r i t !
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
,
.
’
.
8 S ummar i es
.
—
A
an d t ab ul at ed st at emen t s
b u si n ess
or
cien t ific ar t i cl e or l etter m ay often se c u r e g r eat eff ective
n e ss b y p r e sen t i n g it s m at e r i al in th e f or m of an an al y z e d
su mm ary wi th t h e i t em s set ap ar t an d n u m b er e d
Man y
p er son s ar e attr ac ted b y th ese t ab l es an d oth er gr aphic
p r esen t at i on s of m ater i al
Th e r e ar e esp eci all y in th e b u si n ess w orld m an y p er
son s wh o n ee d n ot am pl e st at em en t of d et ail an d w ell st at ed
r eason s b u t a c on d en se d vi ew a sor t of pi ctu r e which th ey
For ex am pl e
can g r asp quickly an d easily
s
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
1
.
I f you w a n t t o
Prol on g th e lif e
of
you r
en
gi n e
E FFE C TIVE N E S S
1 17
keep expen se
Ret a r d de p rec i a t i on
A dd t o com for t a n d s a fety
P r e v en t d e l a ys a n d r epa i r s
se e t h a t yo u r ca r i s e q u i ppe d w i t h ou r s p r i n gs
2 M r s F r e de ri ck su m s u p t h e ca u se s o f e igh ty pe r cen t o f th e
i n effi c i en cy of h ou sew o r k
l Th e w o r k e r doe s n ot h a v e a l l t h e n e e d fu l too l s or u t e n s il s
a t h a n d b e for e h e r w h e n s h e b egi n s to w or k ; t h ere for e
2 S h e w a st e s t i m e a n d e ff o r t w a lki n g t o h u n t i n g f or o r f et ch
i n g i n gr e di e n t s t ool s o r m a t e r i a l s sh e n egl ect ed t o h a v e a t h a n d
w h en sh e b eg a n t h e t a sk
3 S h e s t ops i n t h e m i ddl e of on e ta sk to do s om et h i n g el se
u i te u n r e la te d
q
4 S h e l ow er s t h e e ffi c i en cy o f good w or k b y l os i n g t i m e p u t t i n g
t ool s or w or k a w a y gen e r a lly du e t o po or a rr a n gem e n t of ki t ch e n
pan t ry a n d c l o set s
5 S h e u s es a poo r t ool or a w r on g on e ; or w ork s a t a t ab l e
i ron i n g boa r d or m ol di n g boa rd of t h e w ron g h e igh t f rom
si n k
Redu ce
u p-
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
-
,
,
fl
th e
6
on
.
oo r
.
Sh e
h an d,
goo d
con d
l o se s t i m e be ca u s e
an d
i t i on
b
e ca u s e
sh e
sh e
does
n ot
doe s
n ot
k eep
k eep
su
h er t oo l s
ffici en t
an d
s u pp
li e s
il s
in
u t en s
.
.
An alysis
— As
i
a m att er of f a c t
g r eat effe c t iven ess is achieved b y givin g t o y ou r wh ol e
sp ee ch
a r t i cl e , or l et t e r th i s at m osp h er e of or g an iz at i on
Wh eth er or n ot y ou n um b er y ou r _p oin ts y ou r sel f y ou r
r e ad er or h e ar e r sh oul d b e ab l e t o n u m b er th em
D o y ou r
thin kin g b y dist in ct l og ical step s so th at it n ot on l y can
b e b u t m u st b e un d er st ood an d r em emb er ed
Thi s or gan iz at i on an d an alysi s of y ou r t h ough t an d m ate
r i al h as b een em ph asiz e d in y ou r e x er ci ses in b u si n ess com
p ositi on ; it h as b een stated as a fac t or in clearn ess ; i t
i s di scu sse d un der th e m aki n g of a sp ee ch an d un d er
thin ki n g ou t a l ett er
Th e aim h as b een t o ex em plify it
in ever y ch ap te r of thi s b ook
I t is i ndi sp en sab l e t o eff e c
t iv en ess of th e p r ac t ic al an d l ogic al sor t
9
an d
org an zat ion
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
,
'
.
,
.
.
.
E S SE N TIAL S
118
1 0 Sin cerity — A
BU S INES S ENGLI SH
OF
hful n ess
se cu r es g r e at an d l ast i n g efiectiven ess
Th e applic an t wh o
st ates h is qu alific at i on s m od est ly an d t r u thfully wi t h r eal
dign ity is th e on e wh o m akes th e efiectiv e applic ati on Th e
a dv er t i sem en t t h at m ak es n o f al se p r om i ses b u t is en th u si
ast i o an d r el ev an t i s th e on e t h at att r a c ts d es i r ab l e an d
p erm an en t resp on se No r ead er b eli eves th at h op el ess dis
a ster will ov ert ak e h im i f h e d oe s n ot act N OW
On l y th e
m ost i n exp er t p er son w ould b e t ak en in or pu sh ed t o a
decision b y ur gen ci es so cr ude as th e f oll owin g
.
dign i ty
of
t on e
.
an d
t ru t
.
,
.
'
.
.
,
On l y
of
a
few days
l arge
th e
i du r in g wh i ch you m ay ob ta i n
off e r e d f r om r e gu l a r p r i ce s
r em a n
i
r edu ct on
ac
at
t
You w ill
a
gl or i ou s
t h ese
L et
us
h ea r
I T TO A
Rem em
b
er
so u
s
f rom
fit
en e
v er y
m i nu t e,
an d
w r i t e to m e
.
.
b l t ly
b k t
oo
D Y
M AI L
onc e
b
.
Si t dow n t o day t h i s h ou r , t h i s
You mu s t
th e
e
a
ne
v er
h ave
a n oth er
i g lik e
a n yt h n
by
ou
y
th
m a il
re t u rn
is
.
O ppor t u n
p r i ce
Ma k e
i ty
to
s ecu r e
.
ou t
u r or der a n d
o
y
.
it i s
YOUR b en efi t
th at we
—I n
ki n g
a r e s ee
c e th er e is a
m ai n id ea ; we h av e dis cus sed th e m ean s of th r owin g this
up in to a high ligh t I n ever y p ar ag r ap h th er e is an i t em
or a th ough t or a pu rp ose t o b e m ad e cl ear an d eff e c t iv e
In
ev er
a
r
r
a
o
t
t
icl
e
or
l
p
ch
h
h
o
ugh
e
tt
r
t
e
r
or
e
i
s
s
ee
t
e
a
y
sm all ser i es of th ough t s w hic h c on st i t ut es it s r e ason f or
b ein g D e cide in ever y c ase w h at thi s f oc u s thi s h eart of
n g it i n t o p r om i n en c e b y som e of
n
r
l
b
i
r
i
o
s
a
d
u
r
e
tt
e
y
Mak e y ou r c en tr al p oin t
t h e m ean s we h ave di scu ssed
cl ear P u t your clim ax wh er e it b el on gs an d light it up
Th er e will b e som e p r a c t ic al illu str at i on s of thi s in th e
l ett ers (
Ch ap t er XI I A )
1 1 Emph asis
.
on
th e f ocus
.
ea
ch
.
s en t en
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
usion — I n b u sin ess wri tin g esp e
cial l y y ou n ee d th e eff e c t of p u shin g on t o a c on clus i on ;
in s cie n t ific wr it in g y ou m ay say th at y ou h ave n ot d ata
12 Reaching
.
a con cl
,
,
!
G E NE RAL
E XERCI SE S
BU S I NE SS CO M P O SI TI ON
dver t isin g is as y ou kn ow a
ver y el ab or ate thin g Rapid an d c om pl ete c omm un i cat i on
e d th e p r ob l em s of
al l ov er t h e w or l d h as c om p l e t el y al t er
selli n g g oods ; n at i on al an d i n t ern at i on al sell i n g c on st i tu t es
Thi s h as r ai se d adve r ti s
m u ch of th e b u sin ess of ou r d ay
i n g t o a pl ac e of g r eat i m p or t an c e ; an a dv er t i sin g exp er t
mu st b e t r ain ed a s el ab or atel y as a l awy er or a d oct or
B u t so f ar as th e fin al b asic p r i n cipl es g o th ey ar e sim
l
n
ar
e
a
s
h
m
t
a
a
m
f
c
h
f
d
l
ch
c
a
a
t
r
o
f
a
t
ar
u
n
a
e
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
_
p ;
y
t e r ist ics of all g ood wr i t i n g
Th ese p r i n cipl es ar e in d ee d
on ly ou r t w o f r i en d s— cl ear n ess an d eff e ct iven ess
A t th e sam e t i m e i t m u st b e r em em b er ed th at adver t i se
m en t s di ff er f r om oth er c om p osi t i on s in th e m an n er of
th ei r app r oach t o th e r e ad er
Th ey m u st b e pl an n ed t o
c at ch t h e w an d er i n g ey e an d t o h old at t en t i on u n t il t h e i r
p u rp ose is acc om plish ed Th ey h ave on ly a m om en t in
which t o t ell th ei r wh ole st or y an d in th at m om en t th ey
mu st over com e an i n di ffer en t or ev en h ostil e att i tu de in th e
r e ad e r
c on vin ce h im of t h e d esi r ab il ity of a c er tain act
an d p e r su a d e h im t o p e r f or m t h at a ct
I f y ou w ill ex am i n e a n u m b er of e ff ect ive a dver t i sem en t s
y ou will see t h at th e w r i te rs h ad cl early in m in d th r ee dis
t in c t ob j e c t s
1 To c at ch an d h old th e r ead er s at ten t i on b y app ealin g
t o som e i n te r est t h at i s e asil y r ou se d ;
2 To c on vey som e c on vi n ci n g in f or m at i on in th e f ew est
p ossibl e w or d s ;
3 B y a di r e c t app e al t o h is d esi r es t o p er su ad e h im t o
ac t i on
Th e
a r t an d
b usin ess
IN
of
a
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
.
.
.
E FFE C TIVE N E S S
121
wr i tin g of adver tisem ent s is a fin e di scipli n e f or th e
Try th ese exer cises :
secu r m g of cl earn ess an d effec t iv en ess
—
r
1 You are a m an ufac tu r e of t oil et art icl es soap p er
fu m es fac e p owd er s d en t ifr ic es
m en t of you r soap (
or som e p a r
a ) W r i t e an advert i se
ticu l ar v ar i ety of it ) t o b e r u n in an au tom ob il e t r a d e
j ou rn al ; m ake it r el evan t —t o th e soap t o th e custom er
r t i s i n g m e dium
t o th e adve
h ) W r i t e an adver t i sem en t of a soap to b e r u n in Th e
Woman s H ome Comp anion ; m ake it r elev an t
0) Wr i te an a dv er t i sem en t of sev er al v ar i et i es of fa c e
p ow der ; ch oose th e m e dium in wh ich y ou will r u n it
d ) W r i t e a fold er of ab ou t a h u n dr e d w or d s ad v er ti si n g
r
i
r
n
o
h
o
d
n
i
r
ic
m
a
k
t
e
l
e
v
a
t
t
t
e
pu
p
s
o
f
t
h
r
t
e
e
e
o
u
e
e
f
;
y
g oods
2 Y ou r d ep ar tm en t stor e is h avi n g a sal e of sh oes W r i te
a dver ti sem en ts f or th e m orn i n g p ap er
a ) For m en s sh oes
b ) For w om en s sh oes
Wr ite an adver ti se
3 You ar e a d eal er in st at i on er y
m en t t o b e u sed in th e m or n in g p ap er on th e day th at sch ool
op en s
Y ou ar e n ot r esp on si b l e f or ill u st rat i on ty p e or an y of
t h e di spl ay feat u r es ; you ar e t o p r od u c e on ly c op y
Th e
.
,
.
-
.
,
,
'
,
,
.
e
’
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
C HA P TE R I X
S
A
A ll
.
POKEN E NGLI S H
SPE
A K I NG E NGL I S H
fun d am en t al m atter s th at we h ave studied so f ar
B oth Sh oul d
appl y b ot h t o w r i t t en an d t o sp ok en E n gli sh
b e g r am m at ic ally c orr ec t ; f or b oth th e c or r e c t an d p r e ci se
wor d is n ec essary ; b oth sh oul d sh ow a sufficien t r an ge of
exp r essi on t o se c u r e v ar i ety an d e x ac tn ess ; b ot h sh ould s o
ch oose an d ar r an ge th eir m ater i al as to c on serve c or re ct
n ess cl ear n e ss an d eff e c t iven ess
Th er e c om es a p oin t h ow ev er wh en th e t w o for m s of
—
r
r
m
n
n
o
xp
r
i
o
n
div
r
g
t
h
a
so
c
s
id
r
i
e
a
t
o
ss
e
e
e
e
e
e
s
as f or
e
e
;
—
n
r
n
n
n
n
m
n
n
u
o
x
pl
u
ci
a
t
i
o
a
d
p
o
ci
a
t
i
th at c on c ern
e a
e
e
sp ok en E n gli sh on l y ; oth er s as sp ell i n g an d pun c t u at i on
con c er n w r itten E n gli sh on l y
I t is n ot n ec essar y t o sp eak of th e i m p ort an c e of ou r
or t o t ell an y st ud en t h ow m u ch it c oun t s
sp ok en w or d
P oor P et er t h e G alilean fish er m an
in p r act i cal affai rs
st ill u se d t h e r u d e sw ear w or d s an d p rob ab l y th e u n g r am
m at ical ver n acul ar of h is b a ck c ou n t ry vill age an d th e ci ty
ser v an t gi r l s j eer e d at h is d en i al s
B u t every m an s S p ee ch
”
b ewr ay eth h im
O f c ou rs e w h en a m an h as att ai n e d su c
c ess wh en h e h as a p r osp er ous office or b el on gs t o a b ig
fir m h e can h ave st en ogr ap h ers wh ose t r ai n i n g h as e quip p ed
th em to t ak e c ar e of th e m ech an ic al an d m an u al sid e of th e
wr i ti n g ; t o su p ply th e pun ctu at i on an d sp ellin g ; t o ar r an ge
th e m at e r i al t o th e b est advan t ag e ; an d in r ar e c ases t o
c or r e ct th e er r or s in g r amm ar an d dic ti on th at slip in to
dict ati on
th e B oss S
B u t wh en h e sp eak s a m an st an d s al on e Wh en h e g oe s
th e
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
-
,
’
-
.
‘
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
.
1 22
E S S E N T I AL S
1 24
OF
BU S I N E S S E N G LI S H
m ean in g
wh en we talk ; wh en we wr i te we h ave onl y th e
b l ack an d w hi t e p ag e an d we can n ot t ak e ch an c es as t o ou r
m ean i n g
We m ust m ake it cl ear th er efor e we can n ot
hin ts an d fragm en ts of
e li m in at i on
r i sk c on d en s at i on
,
-
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
sen t en ces
.
ch an ce f or r ep et it i on m akes a very r eal c on di
t i on in or al ex p r essi on
We kn ow th at if we ar e n ot un d er
st ood in on e f or m w e can al t e r th e f or m ; we can am p l if y a t
w ill ; i n d ee d r ep e t i t i on m ay in c on v ers at i on t ak e th e pl ac e
of al m ost an y of t h e d evic es t h at se c u r e cl e ar n ess an d eff ec
Th er e is n o p e r m an en t r e c or d of ou r sp ok en
t iv en ess
m at er i al t o which ou r h ear er m ay t u rn a gain an d again as
ou r r ea d er t o th e w r i tt en or p r i n t e d p a g e
Re p et i t i on is
in a sen se a su b st i tu t e f or p er m an en ce
An y of th ese
all ow ab l e p e c ul i ar i t i es of c ol l oqu i al sp ee ch m ay b e ov er
wor k e d or ex agg er ate d ; such ab u ses of th em we m u st con
st an tl y gu ar d a g ai n st
—
Th er e is a l ar g e n um b er
r
n
n
r
i
n
l
n
v
e
sa
o
a
m
a
e
s
2 Co
t
of t hi n gs which w h il e t h ey d o n ot in a st r ic t i n t erp r et a
t i on b el on g t o a c ou r se in E n gli sh ar e t oo i m p or t an t t o b e
ign or ed in an y l esson s on sp eakin g Th ey ar e in d eed
l ar gely m atter s of m an n er s r ath er th an of l an gu age A
”
n
m
D
n
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
as
er
t
s
h
iv
o
f
e
n
r
m
o
t
e
e
a
e
t
a
g
y
g
I f y ou d on t kn ow y our
1 Cu l t ivat e a pl easan t v oic e
fau l ts in th is p ar ti cu l ar g et a f r i en d or t each er t o c r i ticize
an d h el p y ou
A h ar sh r aspin g v oic e will fi n ally i rr i t at e th e p er son s
y ou h ave t o de al w i th i n t o a st at e of g en e r al an d a cu t e
an t a g on i sm t o y ou w hich t h ey m ay n ot b e ab l e t o expl ai n
or which t h ey m ay at t r i b u t e t o s om e d eep seat e d d e fe c t in
r
r
n
o
li
u
s
o
a
e
ty
y
p
An u n du l y l ou d v oic e will m i sr ep r esen t y ou seem in g t o
exp r e ss an am ou n t of e g ot i sm an d b u m p t i ou sn ess of which
r
n
o
o
u
g
il ty
u
a
e
t
y
3
Th e
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
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.
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,
,
,
,
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,
,
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,
’
’
.
’
.
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
.
SPOKEN EN GL ISH
1 25
l evel m on oton e is fat al t o efiectiv en ess Th e soothin g
qu ali t ies of su ch a voice m ay b e an asset if y ou are a n u r se ;
b u t in m ost oth er b u sin esses y ou n ee d v ar i ety an d fl ex i
b il ity of v oic e
D on t t alk th r ough y ou r n ose
Thi s d efect is so easil y
c u r e d th at th e failu r e t o cur e it is justly set d own as an
un p ar don ab l e failu r e
A high ex ci t e d t r eb l e will c r eat e an u n b ear ab l e n er v ou s
ten si on in an en t i r e offi ce f or c e
A l ow soci ety m u rm u r is n ot th e id eal f or a b u sin ess gi rl
t o se t h e r self ; a qui et b u t cl ea r an d c r i sp en un c i at i on th at
car r i es t o th e oth e r en d of th e t el eph on e wi r e
an d th at
cau ses th e h e ar er n o e ff or t in li st en i n g i s a b et t er id eal
—
n
n
o
u
S u ch a v oic e ee d ot b e l d it s eff e ct iven ess is in dep en
den t of v ol u m e of sou n d
A d eep q u i et ch est t on e p r od u ce d lik e th e si n gi n g v oic e
as it w ere f r om th e di aph ra g m seem s b es t in al l v oc al t r an s
a c t i on s
2 A m er ic an s h ave p r ac t ic ally on l y on e gestu r e or r ath er
gesticu l at i on an d th at is th e gestur e of p oin tin g Thi s
can b ecom e v er y i rr i t at in g an d i s in m an y ci r cl es con si d
Th e d r am at ic g estu r e th at sh ou ld a cc om p an y
er e d ill b r e d
—
n
r
p u b lic sp eaki g sh ou ld b e m ade a matt e of stu dy un l ess
i n deed th e stu den t h as th e d r am at ic tem p er am en t an d u ses
in st in c t ivel y el oqu en t an d eff e c t iv e gestu r es
D on t l au gh or ev en sm il e whil e y ou t alk u n l ess of
Cou rs e y ou ar e qu i t e ov er c om e wi th th e f u n of y our own
sp ee ch — an d d on t giggl e w h en y ou h av e fi n i sh e d
3 Lis ten wh en th e oth er p er son is t alkin g
G ive h im
y ou r ey es an d y ou r at t en t i on n o m att er wh at i s g oi n g on
D on t seek h im or d on t r ec eive h im u n l ess
ar ou n d y ou
r
n
n
n
H
h
r
o
n
i
h
i
o
u
tt
o
h
v
u
divid
d
i
ig
u
c
a
m
e
a
e
t
e
a
s
a
t
e
y
g
y
t o f ee l t h at h e is as i m p or t an t as an y of th e p er son s wh ose
l etter s l ie on you r desk
A
.
’
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
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,
,
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-
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,
,
,
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’
,
,
,
’
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,
’
’
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,
,
.
.
E S S E NT I AL S
126
OF
BU S I N E S S E NGL I S H
um b l e aw ay say in g uh h u h jus t so exactly pr e
cis ely I k n ow i t an d u t t er in g ot h er ph r ases an d in ar t ic ul at e
soun d s t h at ar i s e ou t of m er e n er v ou sn ess on y ou r p ar t ; at
b est th ey ar e in t en d ed t o exp r ess agr eem en t or en cou r age
m en t— an d th es e ar e m uch b ett er exp r essed b y y ou r att i tud e
of at t en t i on an d i n t er est
4 Reply t o wh at y our p ar tn er in th e i n t ervi ew or th e
c on v ersati on says D on t h av e th e m an n er of w ait in g f or
th e l as t b ar e w or d to issu e f r om h is lip s I n or d er t o t ell
a m or e or l ess r el ev an t st ory or t o m ak e s om e h alf u n con
n ect ed st at em en t of y ou r own
Thi s h ab i t it is th at kills
c on v er sat i on an d cl ogs or al b usi n ess am on g Am er ic an m en
“
”
Try t o w ait ti l l t h e oth er m an h as
5 D on t
cu t in
h ad h is say
Or if y ou fin d y ou r self in th e t oil s of a h op e
l essly l on g win ded in t ervi ewer or if y ou see t h at som eon e
is g oi n g t o m ak e a l on g expl an at i on of som ethi n g y ou
al r eady k n ow y ou m ay i n t err up t wi th a c ou r t eou s p hr ase
’
D on t
r
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
’
.
,
-
.
,
.
’
.
.
.
-
,
:
,
P ar don m e, I
Oh
(
can sp ar e
th e
o
u
y
exp lan ati on , et c
.
kn ow t h er e will c om e an em er gen cy wh en
b u t is su ch an em er g en cy n ot b est m et b y t h r owi n g th e st ill ~
t alkin g vi si t or ou t of t h e win d ow ? )
6 D on t say y u p or y ah or n op e or na h or an y thin g el se
in pl ac e of t h ese w or d s b u t a c ou rt eou s yes or n o In c ase
r
or
a
n
r
r
r
n
r
t
r
n
o
u
s
p
a
ki
g
t
a
n
ld
r
o
a
up
e
i
o
o
a
i
s
t
uc
s
e
e
o
e
e
y
r
m
m
o
o
i
ou
a
f
ll
o
w
o
f
o
u
r
a
n
b
r
o
d
s
s
s
n
o
a
s
e
e
s
y
y
y
y
y
ma dam or b y th e n am e of t h e p er son Yes Mr B ru ce or
N 0 Miss L ewis B u t wh en y ou ar e w or ki n g wi th t hi s p er son
f or h ou r s at a t i m e t h i s p r ac t ic e m ay b ec om e v ery i r r i t at in g
an d a si m pl e y es or n o m ay b e so p r on oun c ed as t o b e al l
t h at c ou r tesy d em an d s
I f y ou ar e in a p u b lic pl ac e an d h av e t o t alk wi t h st r an
ger s n ev er say L ad y or Mister S ay Mada m t o all w om en
oth er th an m er e gi r l s ; t o v ery y oun g gi r l s s ay Miss ; t o all
I
y es,
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
’
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
m en
,
.
say
S ir
.
E S SENTIAL S
1 28
BU S INESS EN GLI SH
OF
ill pl ease an d r eassu r e you r
au di en c e m ore t h an an y am oun t of i n c orr e c t sp ee ch
N o t a c t fu l p er son w
i ll h ow ever osten t ati ou sly u se th e
cor r e c t w or d so a s t o seem t o r eb u k e t h e p er son wh o h as
u se d t h e i n c or r e c t on e ; h e wil l ch oose som e ot h er f or m of
ex p r essi on
A b u sin ess sp ee ch or i n terv i ew is n ot a d eb at e or a t alk
in g m at ch D on t c on tr adic t I f it c om es t o a d r awn qu es
t i on shif t th e g r ou n d as t ac t ful l y as p ossib l e as y ou do on
a soci al occasi on
ce r el y
sym
p ath etic in ter est
w
.
,
,
.
’
-
.
.
,
,
.
E XE R CI S E
1
Wr it e a qu iz of fifteen qu esti on s on th is ch ap ter u p
Th ey sh ou ld all b e qu est i on s th at y ou can
t o th i s p oi n t
N on e of th em sh ou ld b e an swer ab l e b y a m er e y es
an sw er
1
.
.
.
or n o
.
Wr i t e ou t fiv e qu est i on s suggested b y thi s ch ap ter t o
whi ch you n eed an swer s an d su b m it th em t o y our in str uc t or
4 Caref ul enu n ci at i on — Th e clippi n g an d sl u r ri n g of
w or d s -an d p h r ases give a c ar eless an d s om etim es u n cu l ti
v at e d t on e t o sp ok en E n gli sh ; C m on f or c om e on ;
s w eek
2
.
,
.
.
’
’
’
,
f or th is week ;
’
w eek , f or
st
n ex t
week ;
wh ad
-
j
u - say,
Y ou sh ou ld n ot b e p r iggi sh
wh a t did y ou say ; et c
t i r esom e in th e en un ci at i on of t h ese f am ili ar ph r ases ;
.
h er sh ould y ou
f or
an d
n ei
gl e ct fu l
1 P r on ou n ce m an y t i m es al ou d th e ph r ases an d c om b i
n at i on s in th e f oll owi n g li st givi n g each l ette r it s v alu e :
t
be
ne
.
.
,
di d you
’
don t you
do you w a n t t o go
w h e r e a r e yo u g o i n g
wh at do you m ean
wh a t
go
wh a t
on
ou r
h ou r s
a re
.
.
a
li st
th at
’
do
l a st
in g
m on t h
S u n da y
1
11 8 13 8 0
th e m a t t e r
s
s
you
xt
r
igh t
d s c omm on ly slu r r ed in
n u n ci at i on
P r on ou n c e e a ch on e m an y t i m es givi n g
syll abl e it s full v alu e :
2
B el ow i s
sh or t
’
are
ne
of
w or
,
r
o
p
ea
ch
SPOKEN EN GLI SH
i
a r ct c
b
a r re
l
i ge
ch ocol a t e
c ru el
d i a m on d
d iff er en t
ev en i n g
ex t r ao rd i n a r
y
car r a
Fb
e
ru a ry
f r i en d sh i p
va li d
c r ea t u r e
l
a i n t i ff
p
s h e r iff
29
m ot iv e
n a tu r a
gen t l em a n
geogra ph y
go v e r n m e n t
h el p
h el ped
h i s tory
i dea l
i n s t i t u t i on
k ept
l a bor a t o ry
li t erat u r e
m i s er ab l e
m orn i n g
o r d n a ry
i
i
ct u r e
p
e
m
o
p
po e t
oe
t
ry
p
rea
l
r eco
gn iz e
i eg u l a r
'
i
ru n
s e pa r a t e
se
v er a l
t ra n s po r t a t
yes t er da y
—
n ot
sp ell e d
w or ds en di g ifi i d ive as
a s if th ey w e r e sp ell e d u fi u d or u v
3 D on t d r op y ou r fin al g s in w or d s en din g
al l
in
n
,
,
’
’
,
,
.
in
’
.
go i n g
s ea ki n g
p
5
.
f
Care ul
ciat ion
is
p r ac tice
i g
a ct i n g
n ot
set
ing
.
i ing
ca lli n g
r ea d n
r
p on
i on
t om orr ow
n a t u re
P r on oun c e
l
wr t
—
i
unc at ion A
h ab i t
up with out study
c orr e c t p r on u n
an d m uch
c ar e ful
of
,
.
p r on un ci at i on of wor ds is in dic ated in y ou r dic
t ion ar y b y c er tain sign s i n ven t e d t oSh ow th e v alue assign ed
b y g ood u sage t o e a ch l et ter th at h as m or e t h an on e v al u e
Y ou sh oul d b e so f am ili ar wi th t h ese sign s (
c all ed diacr it
ic al m ark s ) th at y ou can r ead at a gl an ce th e p r on un ci a
t i on of a w or d given in y our dic t ion ary
Th e f oll owi n g ar e th e m or e i mp or tan t di ac r i tic al m ar k s
f or th e v owel s
Th ey ar e d r awn fr om Web st er s I n t ern a
t ion al D ic t i on ar y an d ar e u sed al so in Web ster s S ec on
d ar y S ch ool D ic tion ary
1
.
Th e
‘
.
.
’
.
’
.
5
a
a
as
in bits , f ate , lab or
’
’
’
sen at e , de l i cat e , ae rial
’
r en t
ca
re , sha
re , p a
’
a as in am , add,
a
arm , f ar ,
a
ask ,
r an
’
dom
fa t h er
grass
’
,
p ass , dan ce
E S S E N TI AL S
1 30
an t
i n f_
fin
al,
_
a as in
guidiance
’
’
,
ev e , m ete ,
é v en t
’
seren e
depe n d
,
,
en d, m et , é xcu se
fern
de
i ce , t i m e ,
a
h
Idé
,
h er, er m ine ,
re cen t ,
u
’
'
’
’
d
h
p ru den ce fl
’
4
si gh t , insp ire
0
cen cy ,
1
b
v
ey
,
t ob ac
'
’
c o, s or r ow
6rb , 16rd, Or der,
’
P r on oun c e th e
ab h Or
1
8
(
m or,
p ut ,
i ntrude
f ulfill
’
’
’
j
ivi n i ty
’
f 56 t , W 56 1, 135 6 11
8
ou t ,
ou
’
'
r
u
d
i
n
l
t
,
:
y
y
p
f 6 6 1, f 6 6 d, 1116 6 11
2
111, pin , p i t y , admi t
’
'
Old, n Ote , O er, p r opOse
,
'
1
'
'
up , t ub , st ud y
’
urn , f ur , con cfir
fiY: m Y
’ by
ti
ér
id,Occu r
'
’
’
O
f ull
’
'
trib u n al,
’
ru de , r u
ét
cv
r
i
u
'
t or
’
use , p ure , d u ty , ass um e
’
’
'
uni te , ac tuate , ed uca t on
a
éff a
n ot ,
'
'
ii
‘
’
,
Odd,
as in
’
soci
’
O
t alk
all , awe , sw arm ,
a
BU S IN E S S E NGL I S H
OF
vou r
'
a v oi d
t h ou , de
O il , n o
oi
'
i sy
’
,
foll owin g w or ds obs er vin g
,
th e
di ac r itical
m arks :
h at e
l
l
f er n
m ut t e r
f ur l
n ot
m ut t on
t ug
érr
kn ot
m ul t i p l y
t ub
er ror
Oc cu r
t um u t
i t em
l or d
r u ra
u n i te
Or der
tu n e
i
n
p e
Or an
i ce
us e
é vén t
i
p n
dul y
ser en e
r e sum e
m fit e
a coh o
l ab or
c al m
de li cat e b al m
F r an ce
aft er
b asket dan ce
b r an ch gr ass
r en t
a
h alf
p
f ath er eve
er od e
‘
’
ar m
p
l
g iz e
k et
algeb r a
al ar m
en d
p i ty
p er m i t
sen d
n ot e
al b i n O
h er
cas
r opOs a l
ru d
l
i m en t
f u ll
u ll
p
t u ll e
u
l
i
t
p
p
pur l
r u de
t un n e
k
foo l
b ook
t uc
r oom
k
t oo
ou t
i n dem n i ty
i n dem n ify
v er
O
E X E RCI SE
2
Con sul t y ou r di ct i on ar y wh en n e c essary an d
u sin g th e p r op er di a c r i t ic al m ark s, th e f oll owi n g
1
.
gl a ss
r a f ter
a tom
om en
k
ba si s
t as
gile
rol e
cu li n a ry
a
s t u den t
op en
o
f t en
t ea s e
r ou t e
l
l
c ea r
b
re
a te
l i ty
c l ot h
cl ot h e s
i de n t i t y
i den t ify
c ar
t u m or
tun
ic
tu
p ell ou t
w or ds
m bl
s
:
e
h u rt
h u st
le
sa ta n
i
s at a n c
l ab or
l ab ori ou s
u r g en t
,
E S S ENT IAL S
1 32
th e
di stin c tion s
d o n ot kn ow
in
n e cessary
an y
y ou
c e r, e r r
y ou r ,
,
do , de w , du e
p or e ,
su rp
ca n ,
b
re
u
p
u rst
a c t s,
,
e en
n oo s e
ax
l o s e l oo s e
,
l o a t h l oa t h e
l
su r p u s
h i r e, h igh er
for m e r ly for m a lly
a cce t e x ce t
p
p
s e ct s , sex
,
e r e, e r r , e a r
k i n , k en
b
b
n ew s ,
,
u st ,
li ce
b in ,
,
y or e
r
o
o
,
p
L earn th e m ean i n g
,
t h e re
,
.
l
l
ill
ar
ill
ow
p
p
fe ll er f ell ow
j e s t j u st gi s t
‘
ir
u d
so n
c os e, c oth es
a i r, a r e , e r e
th e
BU S IN E S S E NGL I S H
OF
,
f or , f u r , f a r
,
r
n
r
n
r
n
n
r
n
o
m
o
e
o
f
r
e
ig
b
o
ud
s
ud
e
t
s
f
f
ig
t
s
t
s
o
t
e
)
fam il i es h ave tr ou b l e in p r on oun cin g th e difficu l t E n gl i sh
th s an d wh s
P r a c t ic e f ai thfu lly th e f oll ow i n g li st
Use
e ach of th e w or d s in a sen t en c e
th
k
wh l
th i mbl
S om e
e
-
,
,
’
’
.
.
.
an
ee
e
i
th at
w th
w h er e
th aw
wor th
w h et h e r
th e
t en t h
w eat h er
t h en
ven th
s ix th
th i rty
th i r t y t h r ee
wh p
wh t e
wh a t
wh y
i
i
w h i th er
se
t h em
in
th i n k
t h i ck
th
w h en ce
-
re f re
o
r
s
n
mm
n
d
a
w
f
ll
i
g
i
c
ll
o
u
c
o
o
o
o
w
n
m
s
a
e
s
e
f)
q u en tly m i sp r on ou n ce d L ook up th e cor r ect p r on u n ci a
t i on in y ou r dic t i on ar y an d p r on ou n c e th em m an y t i m e s
al ou d c orr ec tly
I f t w o p r on un ci ati on s ar e all ow ab l e th e
di cti on ary gives th e p r eferr ed on e fi rst
‘
Th e
.
,
.
.
i
acou s t cs
pl a n e
a ero
ged
a li a s
a li b i
a
a
on
r
p
l
a t h et e
a t t orn ey
a u topsy
aw
kw a rd
a ye
b
bl d
b gh t
ecau s e
e s se
rou
mpi on
col u mn
ch a
SPOKE N ENGLI SH
133
w or ds of m or e th an on e syll ab le th ere is a
r
t
c
t
i
n
st r ess on on e syll ab l e c al l e d acc en t— p r o tect
o
e
o
p
u n p r o tec t cd
in au g u ra te in au g u ra tion
Thi s i s
in dic ated in y our dic ti on ar y as sh own in th ese w or d s b y
an a c u t e a cc en t
I n a l ar g e gr ou p of w or d s th e m ean i n g
of th e w or d ch an g es wi th th e a cc en t
S t udy th e foll owi n g :
3
.
I n E n gl i sh
’
-
-
’
,
-
’
’
-
,
-
-
-
-
,
-
,
’
.
,
.
.
ESSENTIAL S
134
BU S IN ESS EN GLI SH
OF
EXER CI SE 3
ch of th e wor ds in th e foregoin g list in a sen
ten c e of y ou r own
2 A dd t o th e li st ten w or d s wh ose m ean i n g or fun c t i on
ch an ges with th e acc en t
1
.
Use
ea
.
.
.
6 Tel eph on e E ng li sh
tr an sa c t i on of b u sin ess
ci ally i m p or t an t in th e
ov er th e te l eph on e t o ob ser v e th e
c aut i on s as t o pl easan t c ourteous an d c or r ec t sp eech ;
b e c ause th e t ot al i m p r essi on m ust b e m ade b y th e w or d s
Tel eph on e et iqu ette h as som e qu i t e w ell
an d th e v oic e
defined r ul es
1 Never ask wh en y ou c all Wh o is th is ? A sk I s th is
I t is
.
.
esp e
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
S p eak
i
sat on
Mr B r u ce
I s th is
Or r ck L ock ett ?
2
,
,
.
’
.
pl easan tly cl early
,
an d
,
s r esi den ce ?
c orr e ctly
as
in
c on ver
.
3 N ev er b e
fresh or t ak e an y lib er ti es you w ould n ot
tak e in a f ac e t o f ac e in t er vi ew
4 Never l ose y ou r t em p er
5 I f y ou c all an d f or a b u sin ess c on sul t at i on h ave y ou r
b u si n ess j otted d own in n otes b ef or e y ou b egin t o t alk
6 I f y ou ar e a y oun g em pl oyee or a jun i or of an y kin d in
a b u si n ess d on t u se t h e t el ep h on e f or p er son al or s oci al
affai r s
D on t all ow y ou r f am il y or f r i en d s t o c all y ou
ov er th e b u si n ess t el eph on e ex cep t in e m er gen ci e s
7 An agr eem en t a p r om i se or an app oi n tm en t of i m p or t
an c e m ad e b y t el eph on e sh ould b e i mm e di atel y c on fi r m e d
in w r i t in g f or th e r e c or d an d m em or an dum
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
,
,
‘
.
.
,
’
,
’
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
B
We
.
M AK
I NG
A S PE E
CH
un d er t ake h er e in str uct i on in a c our se in
pub lic sp eak i n g f or t h at is a qu ite el ab or ate c ou r se of
st ud y an d p ra c t ic e in it self
ful l en ough an d imp or tan t
en ough t o st an d al on e
can
n ot
,
,
.
E SS E N T I AL S
1 36
BU S I N E S S E NGL I S H
OF
d et ail Con n ect th em wi th c om p an ion th ough t s an d id eas
A s y ou w alk ab ou t on y ou r
an d f or c e t h em i n t o w or d s
e r r an d s
as y ou g o to y ou r p l a ce of b u si n ess in th e c ar s
sp en d c on s ci ou sl y e ve r y d ay an h ou r or m or e c at ch in g an d
o d sen t en c es t h e t hi n g s t h at c om e i n t o y ou r
e x p r essi n g in g o
mi n d
2 As of te n as p ossi b l e sp e ak th ese th ough t s al ou d
A
ch ild t alks t o hi m sel f t o h is t oy s t o h is pil l ow t o h i s sh oes
“
“
”
”
h ouse or st or e
t o h is sh ad ow ; j u st as wh en h e pl ay s
h e is p r a c ti ci n g t h ose p ow er s h e wi l l n ee d i n r eal life so
“
in th i s t alk h e i s r eh ear si n g th ose
di al ogu es of b u si n ess
”
l ove or str ife th at h e will l ater en gage in in all ser i ou s
n ess
Y ou can l ear n m u ch f r om th i s i m p or t an t p sy ch ol og
ic al an d edu cat i on al fact Y ou will g ain r eal p r oficien cy
b y r eh e ar sm g t o y ou r self sp eech es y ou m igh t m ak e t o
cli en t s or t o au di en c es
3 Read a b r i ef e di t or i al or a sh or t ar t i cl e in a m ag a
zine Cl ose t h e b ook an d r ep r odu ce it foll ow in g th e t r ain
of r e as on i n g b u t n ev e r m em or izi n g t h e w or d s ; g r adu all y
I n cr ease t h e l en g th an d di fficul ty of th e thi n g s
you r ep r o
du ce
4 Rea d al ou d a g r e at d eal
Thi s e x er ci ses an d e d u c at es
y ou r sen se of th e fl ow an d r h yth m of sen t en c es an d c r eat es
a h ab i t of c om p l et e sen t en c e m aki n g
A sp ee ch v ar i es in l en gth an d f or m ali ty f r om th e f ew
”
r em ar k s
or th e soci al a f t er di n n e r sp ee ch t o th e l e c tu r e
th e a dd r ess th e or at i on
Ou r stu dy h as t o d o chi efly wi th
th e speech a b u si n ess m an n ee d s oft en t o m ak e— a Sp ee ch
d esign ed t o give p rac tic al in form ati on an d t o p r oduc e
p r act ic al r esul ts
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
.
1
of
.
th
1
2
.
Th e p art s
of a
—
E v er y t y pic al m od el
speech
i s kin d h as fou r p ar t s :
Th e i n t r od u c t ory s ec t i on
Th e c on vin ci n g se cti on
,
3
.
4
.
s
p ee ch
p er su adi n g secti on
Th e cl osi n g secti on
Th e
P KE N E NGL I S H
S O
—
~
s ec ti on
Thi s
137
ill var y w ith th e
occ asi on an d th e su b j e c t
I n g en er al i t is as if y ou h a d
just b een i n tr oduc e d t o a p er son u p on wh om y ou d esi r e t o
m ake a pl easan t im p r e ssi on
Y ou don t w an t t o off er t h e
s t al est com m on p l a ces— n ei th e r d o y ou w an t t o am az e an d
Y ou w ou l d lik e t o st ar t y ou r sp ee ch t oo wi th
st ar t l e h im
a n ot e of cor di al p l easu r e t h at will m ak e t h e c om p an y f e e l
th at i t is a p l easu r e t o y ou t o con t r i b u t e w h at y ou h av e t o
giv e I n w h at w e m ay call a b u sin ess S p eech it is n ot
well t o b e as fun n y a s y ou can b e in y ou r i n tr od u c t i on ;
le ave thi s f or a soci al sp eech
P er son al di scl ai m er s ar e in b ad t aste ; if y ou a r e r eally
n
t otal ly
o
r
m
u
d
o
f
l
e
b
li
gl
m
o
d
n
t
e
e
e
s
a
t
d
y
y
h u m b l e an d ign or an t y ou sh ou l d n ot in j u st ic e t o y ou r su b
ll
n
r
n
h
r
e
c
t
a
o
u
u
di
c
t
e
e
a
t
a
b
d
a
e
e
e
j
y
An n ou n ce in th is in tr oduc t ory p ar t y ou r su b j e c t an d th e
—
r
i
h
r
n
h
n
l
f
a
t
o
u
a
o
o
d
h
p eci se asp ect p t t
g
i
g
a
e
t
t
e
e li m i t s
y
Mak e y ou r in tr o
of t r eat m en t t h at y ou h av e se t y ou r self
duc ti on as b r i e f as p ossibl e an d p ass as s oon as you can
t o th e t r eatm en t of y ou r t opic
2 Th e con vi c ti on — I n t hi s sec on d sect i on y ou st ate y ou r
fac ts m ake y ou r p oin t s b r in g f or w ar d y ou r ev id en ce an d
in t r odu c e y our p r oof Th e e vid en ce an d th e p r oof n ee d
n ot b e th e f or m al
t e ch n ic al m at ter s of f or m al d eb at e or
l egal ar g u m en t ; in a “sp eech of th e kin d w e ar e di scu ssin g
th ey m ay b e m atter s of si mpl e d em on str at i on or ob j e ct iv e
Thi s sect i on m ay b e qu i te l on g filli n g up th e
evid en c e
wh ol e b ody of y our sp eech
I n a r ep or t f or e x am pl e thi s c on vi n ci n g or expl ai n i n g
m ater i al m ay w ell c on st i tu t e th e w h ol e Sp ee ch
I n a l ec t u r e— p r actic al or l ear n ed— th i s is p r act i cally t h e
I f y ou w ou l d n ot t ak e
on ly kin d of m at er i al in t r odu c e d
i t t oo ser i ou sly w e m igh t c all thi s t h e i n tell ec tu al secti on
of y ou r sp eech
1
Th e i n tr odu ctor y
.
.
w
.
’
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
E S S E N TI A L S
1 38
OF
BU S I N E S S E NGLI S H
lways w ell t o op en y ou r con vin cin g section wi th a
very str on g ar gum en t I f y our sp eech c on sists of con v in c
in g m att er on ly r eserv e al so a st r on g a r gum en t t o cl ose
wi th
3 Th e p er su asi on — Thi s sec t i on c on t ai n s th e u r gen c y
A ssum in g t h at y ou h ave m ad e t h e p oin ts cl ear
t o ac t i on
in y ou r p r evi ou s se c t i on th at y ou h av e given am pl e p r oof
an d a d e qu at e e vid en ce th at y ou h ave m a de pl ai n th e p u r
p ose or fu n ct i on of th e d evi ce or pl an y ou ar e di scussin g
r
n
o
i
o
m
Y
o
k
n
o
u
w
d
iv
e
t
h
e
u
u
r
udi
c e in effect
as
o
a
e
y
y
“
”
H er e y ou sh ow h ow
Wh at ar e you g oin g t o do ab ou t it ?
i mp or t an t ac t i on or d e ci si on is— h ow easy h ow p r ofit ab l e
—
r
h
o
s
a
i
n
r
n
o
ch
ea
p
w
d
e
i
b
l
e
e
v
e
a
a
h
h
n
h w
w
d
o
t
t
e
o
er
y
y
h an d h ow un p r ofit ab l e h ow c ostly h ow di sast r ou s or h ow
I n m an y kin d s of
f at al w oul d b e th e f ailu r e t o act
sp ee ch es t hi s se c t i on c on st i t u t es t h e b ody of th e sp ee ch
in p oli t ic al c am p aign sp ee ch es in h or t at or y ser m on s f or
Wh en y ou ar e sp eaki n g t o a m oti on t h at som e
e x am pl e
on e h as m ad e it is g en er all y p er su adi n g m atter th at y ou
su pp or t i n g
th e oth er p er son s
u se ; y ou ar e as a r ul e
If
app eal h e h avi n g p r esu m ab l y c r eat e d th e c on vic t i on
r su asiv e y ou sh ou ld g en er all y b e gi n
i
u
wh
l
p
ch
s
p
e
s
e
e
o
r
o
e
y
I f y ou p r esen t al so th e c on
an d en d wi t h a st r on g app eal
v in cin g m att er i t is w ell t o arr an ge y ou r p er su asion in a
clim ax l eadin g up t o you r str on gest app eal Y ou m ay
c all thi s p ar t of y our sp eech th e em ot i on al sect ion —still
b e ar in g in m in d th at th ese d esign ati ons ar e onl y su g g es
t i on s n ot fix e d t echn ic al t er m s
4 Th e cl osi n g s ection
Thi s m ay v ar y in fin i tel y b ein g
a d ap t e d t o y ou r m at er i al
y ou r occ asi on an d y our au di
I f y ou ar e m aki n g a c on vin cin g sp eech on ly cl ose
en c e
with on e of y our m ost eff ective p oin ts so as t o l eave a
st r ong i m p r essi on ; y ou m ay n eed n o oth er cl osi n g w or d s
I t is
a
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NTIAL S
E S SE
14 0
OF
B U S INE S S
ENGLI SH
gr ou n d s ; l earn th e d et ail s of e qu ip m en t an d man agem en t
Keep stu dy in g y ou r p r oduc t or y ou r p rob l em Y ou w ill
fin d g r eat vi st as Op en in g ou t of i t i n to m an y oth er fi elds of
th ough t
2 Thi n k ab ou t y ou r t opic t ur n it ov er in y ou r m i n d
J ot d own p r om p tly
an d see it f r om m an y p oi n t s of vi ew
t ry i n g t o
an d at r an d om
an y t h ou gh t s t h at c om e t o y ou
ph r ase th em well fr om th e b egin n in g
3 B e gin t o an alyz e y ou r t opic i n t o its i tem s or st ages
of t h ough t an d ar r an g e y ou r r an d om t h ough ts u n d er th ese
4 To th is en d c on sider th e oc casi on th e audien c e an d
—
h
al l th e ci rcu m st an c es un d er wh i ch
t e t i m e all ow e d y ou
A dju st th e siz e of your topic t o
th e sp ee ch is t o b e giv en
For e x am pl e :
th ese c on di t i on s
If y ou wer e g oi n g t o a d dr ess a c om m en c em en t audi en c e
an d sp eak f or an h our an d a qu art er y ou m igh t t ak e th e
”
B u si n ess E duc at i on
t op i c
I f y ou w er e g oi n g t o sp eak t o a c on v en t i on of c om m er ci al
“
”
t each er s y ou m igh t n arr ow t h e t op i c t o B u si n ess E n gl i sh
I f y ou w er e S p eaki n g t o a cl u b of y ou n g b u si n ess p eopl e
“
H ow t o Wr i t e a B usin ess
y ou m i g h t b e c on t en t w i th
“
”
L ett er
H ow t o Reply t o a
or m or e n arr owly st ill
Com p l ai n t
Y ou r p r oc edur e will v ary w i th al l th ese con diti on s ;
S h ou ld y ou h av e a w h ol e h ou r an d a li m i t e d t op i c y ou c an
r
f
a
i
n
h
r
o
n
x
u
s
t
iv
o
a
e
e
e at m en t ; if y ou h av e on ly a
t
g
f ew m i n u t es on a c r ow d ed p r ogr am y ou w il l t ry t o fin d
th e m ost t el l i n g p oi n t s in y ou r t opi c an d h an d l e t h em as
qui ckly as p ossib l e
5 Th i s is s ay i n g t h at y ou r sp eech m u st b e r el ev an t ;
n ow h er e el s e is r el ev an cy s o eff e c t iv e as i n th e sh or t sp ee c h
We n eed som e illu str ati on s of th i s p r i n c i p l e
S u pp ose y ou ar e m aki n g a sp e e ch on t h e op en in g of a
pub l ic pl ay gr oun d in y ou r t own or city n eigh b or h ood
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S
Th e p oin t is
th er efor e , g o
POKEN EN GLI SH
14 1
in g
w ou l d n ot
i
l
i n t o th e h y gi en ic an d e du cat ion al v alu e of
—
m
n
r
l
T
h
i
n
o
o
w
o
l
p
g
a
d
o
i
n
o
a
es
d
s
t
u
u
t
a
e
t
s
p
y
p y
n ot g o in f or an ex p osi t i on of t h e p hy sic al an d s oci al p r ofit
gr ou p p l ay Y ou w ou ld sh ap e y ou r m ater i al t o su i t
of
—
l
r
h
r
a
b
f
a
a
ou
r
n
r
o
i
d
e
s
i
ili
t
p
u
b
lic
o
u
n
d
i
c
t
e
o
u
t
o
y
yg
y
p
p
y
—
en er a
y ou
r ecr eat on
n ot
,
.
-
.
n eig h b or h ood
A g ai n
.
p eakin g on Th e n eed of k eep
in g op en in th e ev en i n g t h e r ea di n g r oom of ou r p u b lic
”
lib r ary
Y ou w ou ld n ot op en u p t h e h i st or y of li b r ar i es
n or ev en of pu b li c li b r ar i es ; y ou w ou ld n ot di s cu ss r e adi n g
it s e duc at i on al b ear i n g it s d an g ers th e ch oi ce of b ook s ; y ou
w ou ld n ot di scu ss t h e g en er al or p ar t ic u l ar adv an t ag es of
r
i
m
h
o
f
o
b
li
r
di
n
g
r
o
s
f
o
cu
s
u
t
i
c
s
o
e
n
c
a
o
t
e
o
u
e
p
;
y
p
p
ev en i n g s an d t o t h i s focu s y ou sh ap e y ou r m at er i al
“
A gai n su pp ose y ou ar e t o S p eak on th e t opic Th e p r o
”
Y ou w ou l d n ot
h ib it ion of Chin ese i mm ig r at i on b y l aw
waste ti m e on i mmi g r ation in gen er al ; on th e Ch in ese
e x cep t in cid en t all y ; or on t h e p r oh i b i tion of i m m ig r a tion ;
th e f oc u s of y ou r sp ee ch p r ob ab ly w ou ld b e S h a ll we p r o
h i b i t b y l aw or b y tr eaty ? an d t o thi s y ou w ou ld d ev ote
y ou r self givin g p er h ap s an i n t r od u c t ory gl an ce at th e
oth e r asp e c ts
6 Thu s will ci r cu m st an c es d et er m i n e th e sc op e an d
—
h
h
h
f
u
e
r
i
i
o
s
ee
c
w
t
e
s t o b e c on vi n ci n g or
n at u r e o
r
t
p
y
p er su asive or b oth H avi n g decid e d th i s an d h avi n g fou n d
th e p oi n t f or em ph asi s divid e y ou r m at er i al j u st as y ou
divide it f or th e p ar agr ap h s of a w r itten c om p osit i on
a cc or din g t o th e i t em s th e step s t h e st ag es of y ou r t h ough t
S et d own th e t op i c s of th ese p ar ag r aph s in th ei r n at
ur al th ei r l ogic al or th ei r eff ect ive or der an d m ak e th em
t h e b asi s of y ou r fu rt h er thi n ki n g
G o over th em m an y
t i m es am plify in g th em an d an al yzi n g th em un t il you feel
,
s
upp ose
ar e s
o
u
y
-
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E S S ENT I A L S
14 2
y ou
p ar t
h ave
OF
m ast er e d th em
.
BU S IN E SS E NGL I S H
Do
n ot
m em or iz e th e
se
or
an y
ur sp eech I f y ou m u st h ave n otes in h an d wh en
h
n
h
o
n
o
u
r
r
u
p
k
h
a
v
e
t
i
g
b
t
t
e
s
p
a
g
ph
o
pic
S
a
ea
e
a
t
s to
y
B u t i t is b et t er t o l earn t o sp eak wi th
ser v e as r em i n d er s
ou t n ot es
Reth i n k on y ou r feet th e t h in gs y ou h av e
th ou gh t ou t b e for eh an d
of
o
y
.
,
.
.
.
EXE RCI S E
qu iz of t wen ty questi on s on m akin g a sp ee ch
Th ey m u st b e qu est i on s t h at y ou can an swer ei th er fr om
mem or y or fr om c on sul t in g th e for e g oi n g t ext
N on e of
th em sh oul d b e an swer ab l e b y a m er e yes or n o
1
.
Wr i te
4
a
.
.
.
ES S E NT IAL S
144
3
.
Th e
4
.
Th e
i n flu e n ce o f
e du c a t i o n a l
5
.
Th e
n ee d
6
.
Th e d a n
s h ow s
7
OF
BU S I NE S S E NG L I S H
vi n g p i ctu r e pl a ys on t h e dr a m a
s s i b ili t i e s o f m ovi n g
o
i
t
r
c
u
es
p
p
ce n sor s h i p O f t h e m ovi n g
p i ct u r e fil m s
t o m or a l s a n d t o t a s t e of t h e m ovi n g p i ct u r e
of
th e m o
-
.
.
-
.
ge r s
-
.
Com b in e
.
Movin g
l i
e u s on
P ic tu r e
for eg oin g
”
with
S h ows
th e
,
pic s in t o on e sp eech on
an in tr od u c t i on an d con
to
.
8 Y ou
.
al l
l
ger of a c om p an y m akin g a typ e
Y ou ar e given
a dd in g m a c h i n e at t ach e d
t o p r esen t y ou r m a c h in e b efor e a c om p an y
ar e sa es- m an a
n
wr iter with an
fifteen m in u tes
of b ookk eep ers
Ou tlin e y ou r sp ee ch
9 Y ou h ave t w en ty m i n u t es on th e p r og r am of a f ar m
c on ven ti on t o p r esen t th e m er i t s of a gasolin e p u m p
ers
n
n
n
h
n
r
r
lli
g
u
li
u
s
p
ch
m
a
ki
g
t
c
vict ion
u
a
s
e
t
e
o
e
e
o
o
e
O
e
y
y
s t r on g
G ive th e wh ol e sp eech
1 0 Y ou h ave t w en ty m i n ut es b e f or e th e wives of th e
far m er s t o t alk ab ou t a firel ess c ook er y ou ar e sellin g Ou t
lin e y ou r Sp eech m akin g th e p er su asi on str on g
G ive th e wh ol e sp ee ch
Y ou
1 1 Y ou m an age th e advert i sin g of a l oc al g r oc er y
h ave twen ty m in ut es t o sp eak b efor e th e l oc al cl u b of adv er
“
H ow I A dver t i sed Cu r ly Cr i sp s
t isin g m an ag er s on
r
s
e
t
c
r
l
b
r
kf
f
o
o
d
Y
ou
h
a
ve
u
s
e
d
a
t
l
e
a
t
h
e
a
ea
ea
as
t
e
(
)
meth od s of adver ti sin g
Outli n e th e sp eech
1 2 Y ou ar e p u b l ici ty m an ager of a wh ol esal e fir m Of
j ewel er s an d silver sm ith s Y ou h ave thi rty m in u t es at a
sessi on Of th e A ss oc i at e d A dv er t i sin g Cl u b s of Am er i ca t o
sp eak on
Cr eat in g an A tm osph er e in a Mail Or der Cat a
”
l ogue
Outlin e y ou r sp ee ch givin g r ath er cl ose d et ail
1 3 Y ou ar e t r affic m an ag er of a r ail r oad ; y ou m ak e an
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-
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,
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SPOKEN ENGLI SH
h ou r
on
p eech t o th e g radu atin g cl ass of a B u sin ess Coll ege
“
Th e Opp or t un i ty f or y oun g b usin ess m en as t r affic
’
s s
”
xp er ts
Make th e i n t r od u ct i on esp eci ally str on g
14 P r ep ar e a d et ail e d ou tlin e of a sp eech of thi r ty m in
“
”
u tes on Wh at m y c ou r se in B usin ess E n glish did f or m e
Th er e is n o c all f or p ersu asi on
15 P r ep ar e a t wen ty min ut e sp eech on
Th e b u si n ess
”
value of a kn owl edge of th e S p an i sh l an gu age
Mak e a st ron g i n tr oduc t i on
1 6 Y ou ar e a t each er of Fr en ch I tali an an d S p an i sh
O u tlin e a sp ee ch fr om th at p oin t of vi ew on th e topi c
assign e d in 1 5 m akin g th e p ersu asi on st r on g
1 7 Ou tli n e a thi r ty m i n u t e sp ee ch on
H ow ou r c on su l ar
ser vic e m ay p r om ote A m er ic an b u si n ess
1 8 Ou tli n e a thi r ty m i n ute sp ee ch on
Th e w or k of th e
”
B u r eau of D om est ic an d For eign Comm er c e
Oth er t op ic s m ay b e add ed or su b sti tu t ed a cc or d in g t o
I t w oul d b e w ell t o
t h e n ee d s an d exp er i en c e of th e cl ass
h ave e ach m em b er of th e cl ass suggest on e or m or e t opic s
on wh ich h e w ould lik e t o sp eak
Th e f oll owi n g t opic s ar e
su ggeste d
e
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-
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1
i
Wh a t
.
r e a s on s o f
occu pa t on
i
h
ce
o
u
c
o
r
y
H ow
Wh at
Wh a t
“
sh ou
ld
w i sh
do you
foll ow ?
to
th e
ke
sm o
is
a
m on Opoly ?
is
a
t ru s t ?
a
p
bl
ro
em
b i
Of
a
c
i ty
b e h an dl ed ?
u s n ess
.
.
.
.
.
H
.
11
.
12
.
‘
are
?
gi r l S h ou l d dress
”
Wat ch i n g th e cl ock
Th e m i n i m u m w a ge
A cou r se in B u si n ess E n gli sh
O pp or t u n i t i es f or w om en i n accou n t an cy
R u n n i n g a pop cor n ca r t a t a su mm er r esort
Th e f a r m a n d t h e t e l e ph on e
Th e f a r m an d t h e a u tom ob il e
H ow
Wh at
-
.
.
.
th e
ESSENTIAL S
14 6
13
.
Wh y
March
-
a ry
14
.
15
.
16
.
17
.
v
i i g
a d er t s n
th an f or
J
OF
une
A g
u st
u
farm
in
S pa ce
-
BU S INESS E NGLI SH
p
a
e
rs
p
cos t s
.
ven t i n g t r ade m arks
“
M i n i n g th e scrap h eap
Ma rk et i n g i s ye a r s b eh i n d produ ct i on
R et a il delivery a n d t h e h igh cost of livi n g
Co oper a t iv e d eliv ery a m on g r eta il er s
Mark et i ng b y t el eph on e an d t h e h igh cost
In
m or e f or
-
.
-
18
.
19
.
.
.
-
.
.
of
livi ng
.
ES S E N T I AL S
14 8
in
list
a
t est s
uch w or ds which you r evi ew from time to t ime
sp elli n g of which y ou giv e y ou r self f r equ en t
of s
in t h e
an d
BU S IN E SS E NGLI S H
OF
,
,
.
custom s th at E n glish sp ellin g ob ser ves ;
we can n ot st ric tly sp eaki n g call th em r ul es B u t th ey ar e
un iform en ough t o en ab le u s t o g r oup t ogeth er c er t ai n
cl asses of wor d s an d so h elp ou t ou r m em or y S uch gr ou p s
of w or d s— c on t ai n i n g t h ose in which m i st ak es in sp elli n g
ar e m ost lik ely t o occu r— ar e giv en b el ow
B u t wh en w e
h ave m ade all p ossib l e cl assific at i on s th er e r em ain s a v ast
st or e of f r e quen t l y u sed w or d s w h ose p e culi ar i t i es of S p ell
Th er e
f ew
ar e a
,
.
,
.
.
in g
ar e u n cl assifiab l e
.
x am pl es given u n d er each r u l e or st atem en t of p r ae
t i ce sh ou l d b e m aste r e d an d th e r u l e or st at em en t n ot ed f or
futu r e r efer en c e
1 Th e spelli ng of deri vat i ves — 1 S t ud y th e f oll owi n g
Th e
e
.
.
.
m at, m at t e d, m at t i n g
i g
ru n ,
ru n n n
sa d,
s a dde r ,
ru n n er
s a dd es t
lli n g
r ef er r i n g
e fer
r e fe r r e d
r
p
p
p
gr i n g r i n n e d g r i n n i n g
t h i n t h i n n er t h i n n est
el
r o e ll e r
ro elli n g
r
o
p
p
p
p p
p
com p e
l
,
,
com
e
p
ll ed
,
,
com pe
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
w or ds exem plify th e foll owi n g ru l e : A w or d (
1)
2 a c cen t e d on th e l ast sy ll ab l e
of on e sy l l ab l e or a w or d (
4 ) b e f or e whi ch
wh en (
3 ) it en d s in a si n gl e c on son an t (
5 ) wh en
st an d s a si n gl e v ow el d ou b l es th e fi n al c on son an t (
it t ak es a t erm in at i on b e gi n n i n g wi t h a v ow el
2 N ot ic e t h ese :
Th ese
'
,
,
,
.
.
w i ll , w i l l i n g , w
'
ill ed
ll du ll n ess
f u ll f u ll n e ss f u ll er
h e l p h e l p e r h el p f u l
t a lk t a lk er t lki n g
a
du
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
S
PE LLING
14 9
Wor d s t h at en d in a d ou bl e c on son an t
son an t s u su ally k ee p th e t w o c on son an t s
t er m i n at i on th ey t ak e
3 Not ic e th ese
or
no
an y
two
m att er
con
wh at
.
.
in g w on der ed
a n sw e r i n g
a n sw er e d
a n sw er
off e r O ff e r ed O ff e r i n g
a l t er
a l te r e d a l t e r i n g
w on der , w on der
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Wor d s acc en ted on an y
doub le th e fin al c on son an t
ll abl e
sy
b u t th e
.
4
.
N otic e t h ese
ga i n ga i n er ga i n i n g
l ea n l e an er l ean est
,
,
,
,
ch e a p ,
ch ea p er ,
c h ea pes t
Wor d s th at h ave two v owel s b efor e a si n gl e
son an t
do n ot d oub l e th e fin al c on son an t
con
.
5
.
Not ic e th ese
t ri m , t r i m l y
flat,
fl t ly fl
f a t,
fa t n ess
s ad,
a
,
a t n ess
m a d, m a dn ess,
Wh en
ly
m a d ly
sa d
s a dn e s s ,
w or ds d esc r i b ed in 1 ab ove t ake a t er m in at i on
t h at d oes n ot b e gi n wi th a v ow el t h ey do n ot d oub l e t h e
si n gl e fi n al c on son an t
6 N ot ic e th ese :
th e
,
.
.
p a l e , p a l en es s, pa li n g
h a t e, h a t e f u l , h a t i n g
x ci te ex ci t em en t ex ci t i n g
m ov e m ov em en t m ovi n g
sa l e
sa l a b l e
force for c i b l e forcefu l
e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Wor ds en din g in a silen t e keep th e e wh en th ey t ake a
ter m i n at i on b e gi n n i n g wi th a c on son an t th ey d r op th e e
wh en th e ter m i n at i on b egin s wi th a vowel (
exc ep t in ce r
E S S ENTIAL S
150
BU S INESS E NGLI SH
OF
in wor ds n oted b el ow wh ere th ere
ta
th e
7
e
.
)
is
a r eason
f or
keepin g
.
Not ic e th ese
i
i
bl
g bl
g bl
bl
n ot ce , n ot cea
ge
ch a r ge
ch an
,
,
ch a n
ch a r
ea
ea
v
a d a n ta
ge
e
e
e
a
ce
e
a
p
a ce ,
e
p
e
v
a d an t a
,
geou s
I n th ese
wor ds an d a f ew oth ers th e e is r etain ed t o secure
th e r igh t p r on un ci at i on of c an d g
Oth er exc ep ti on s t o r ul e 6 ar e who lly n u r sling wis dom
a b ri dg m en t lod g m en t j u dg m en t an d t h ei r c om p oun d s
8 Notic e th ese
.
:
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
W d
di g ie ch an ge th e i i n t o y b f
a c on fu si n g assem b l age of v owel s
Not ic e th ese
or
ven t
9
.
s en
n
in
e or e
-
i ng t o p r e
.
m er cy, m erc if u l
du ty, du t if u l , du t i a
i
i i
bl
i i n ess
t dy, t d est, t d
dry, dryn ess
sh y, sh yn es s
e
,
t i dily
Wor d s of more th an on e syll ab l e en din g in y wi th a con
son an t b e for e it ch an ge th e y i n t o i b e f or e al l t er m i n at i on s
exc ep t t h ose t h at b egi n wi t h i
.
Bu t
b efor e
tar ysh ip
an d
-
lik e th e y is
k ept :
ladylik e,
secr e
.
Wor d s of
b efore all
somet
sh ip
-
ll abl e
term i n at i on s
in y gen er ally retain th e y
Y ou will
D ai ly is an exc ep t i on
slil y an d dr ily
on e sy
imes see
en
din g
.
.
.
BU S I N E SS E NGL_IS_H_
E S S E N TI AL S OF
152
_
an
—
o
l
l oya l
l u cky
l u st y
sch o ar
n ear
i den t i cal
f a l se
a gr eea b l e
5 A dd th e
.
t er m i n at i on
-
er or
-
es t or
b oth
to
ea
ch of th e
.
followin g w or d s
f at
t a ll
fin e
s ad
n ea r
we t
t i dy
p
l u cky
g ay
dear
l ov ely
mad
r et t y
i
s ill y
w t ty
Th e sp elling Of pl u rals — Thi s h as b een t reat e d u n d er
corr e ct g r am m at ic al i n fl e c t i on (
Ch ap t er I , 1 , 2 ) wi th c opi ou s
2
‘
.
.
x am pl es I t m ay b e r evi ewed h er e if deem ed advisab l e
3 G r ou ps of w or ds wh ose spell i n g is f req u ently con
“
—
d
1 Th e fi r st of t h es e i s t h e
fuse
ci i e g r ou p—w or ds
t h at h av e th e s oun d of l on g e s om e ti m es r ep r esen t e d b y ei
“
”
Th er e ar e t w o rul es of thu m b that wi ll
s om et i m es b y ie
h elp y our m em ory
a) Wri t e e or i
fir st acc or di n g t o th e pl ac e in th e
—
alph ab et of
if
t h e l ett er t h at i mm edi at ely p r ece d es it
Th er e
thi s l ett er st an ds n ear er e u se 6 ; if n ear er i u se i
—
ar e som e exc ep ti on s t o t h i s
field fief
b ) Wh at am oun ts t o t h e sam e thin g in p r ac t ic e is
c on tain ed in this b it of r hy m e
e
;
.
.
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
,
“
Wh
en
Pu t t h e
E
1
x cept i on s— lei su r e
Q upted h er e
,
f r om
l et t e r
b efore
th e
6
w ei r d,
B u h l ig
’
c
you” 1spy
th e i
.
s ei ze
.
s
“
B i
u s n es s
E n gli sh
.
S
1 53
i in th e u se of th e t er m in ati on i se or
Th e
ize in whi ch l on g i is foll ow e d b y th e sou n d of z
t en d en cy is t o s p ell thi s t er m i n at i on un ifor m ly i ze
B u t usage h as c on fi rm e d th e ise in th e foll owin g w or d s
2
Con fu si on
PE LL ING
.
ar ses
-
,
-
,
.
-
.
-
v i
a dvi s e
a
r
s
i
e
pp
a r i se
ch a s t i s e
c i r cu m c i s e
com p r i se
m erch a n d i se
p rem i se
a d e r t se
re
vi se
x ci s e
e x e r ci s e
e x o r c i se
f ran ch i se
i m pr ovi se
i n ci se
s u r p r i se
su r m i se
s u pe r vi s e
e
i
com p r om s e
d em i s e
desp
i se
devi se
i s fra n ch i se
d i s gu i se
en f r an ch i s e
en t erp r i se
d
f oll owin g lists
b
l
t
b
l
d
i
b
l
p
bl
i t lligi b l
p t bl
bl
b li v bl
d
d ivi i b l
h
i
b
l
d t i bl
i
b
l
p
p
l bl
bl
ligi b l
l gh b l
l v bl
ll p i b l
bl
dm i b l
ti
g lli b l
i mm v bl
bl
mp h
d
ib l
h
g bl
ib l
dd i b l
p
h
g bl
h
i bl
i t gi bl
m i bl
d ib l
p
pt i b l
i fl m m bl
vi i b l
m
i
i
b
l
p
bl m bl
di b l
i bl
bl
i xh a t i b l
d ig t i b l
v i bl
i d t t ibl
i f lli b l
a
b
bl
i
b
l
t
p
p
Th er e is a sh a d ow of a r ul e t o b e d educ e d f r om th ese y et
s o sh ad owy t h at on e h e si t at es t o st at e i t
I t is t h i s
a b l e is
m ost often u sed wh en th e d er iv at i ve I s for m ed f r om an
E n gli sh w or d wh ich c an b e seen in th e d er iv at ive as a c om
—
l
e
t
e
r
o
w
d
as
b lam e in b lam ea b l e lau g h in lau g h a b le
p
l ov e in l ova b le den y in u n de n ia b le ; i e i s th e t er m i n at i on
o f w or ds t ak en fr om L at i n or F r en ch
an d t h e r oot can n ot
3
S tudy th e
.
a
e
u n en a
cu r a
e
res
e
un
ca
u ra
a
u
sa a
e
au
a
no
a ra
e
cea
o
e
e
a
e
a
e
e
e
os s
e
c
an
ea
e
or r
e
n
a
a
a
a
u sa
ar a
ro
uc
re
e
au
e
e
n
e
s
e
e
re
uc
a
e
e
us
es
e
e s ru c
n a
e
e
e
ss
s en s
s u sce
e
e r ce
er
e
en s
n an
e
ne
a
co
e
s
e
e
e
e
u
u ra
ea
e
on s
res
co
ra
ar
a
e
e
c
a
e
s
e
u n en
e
e
e
a
e
a
o
n
e
a
e
e
ec a
un s
e
e
e
e
e
e
,
-
.
,
-
,
'
,
,
E S SENT IAL S
1 54
st an
et c
d l
a on e as
OF
BU S INESS EN GLI SH
—
w ds visib le
in E n gli sh
or
au dib le,
,
edib le,
.
E xc ep t i on s in th e given ab le li st are
bl
mi b l
c p bl
p b bl
E xc ep t i on s in th e given i b le li st ar e
d ibl
g lli b l
i xh t i b l
ibl
a dd
ll p i b l
Th e n umb er of th ese exc ep ti on s in li sts so sm all wi ll w arn
h
n
r
o
t
a
t
n
u
t
a
t
t
e
t
e
e
u
l
e
e
h
iv
giv
will serve on ly as a clue
y
n ot as a guid e
4 D i stin gui sh b et ween tion an d sion ; sion is th e sp ell
in g of thi s t erm in at i on in d er iv at ives tak en f r om ver b s en d
-
a
a
a
a
e
e
ro a
e
ara
e
-
re
ne
co
e
uc
u
au s
a
e
uc
e
e
e
s
,
.
-
-
-
.
in g in
-n
d, -de, -g e,
a ppr eh en d,
r e,
-
-s
e,
mi t,
-
ss,
-
i
a ppreh en s on
possess,
,
,
,
,
all
ot
h
,
ar e
i
a t t en t on
er
c ases
i n ten d i n ten t i on ;
;
,
th e term in ati on is
i
i n form a t ion
i
con t en t on
con t en d,
p ell ed
s
v acat i on
cu l t iv a t i on
con st ru ct on
A pp ar en t
,
,
,
In
i
po s se s s on
i t a dm i ss i on
i
i
i
e
r
m
er
t
m
s
on
s
p
p
i n v er t i n v er s i on
r ev er t
r ev ers i on
a dm
,
att en d,
r eces s on
p r ocee d, p r ocessi on
,
E xc ep ti on s
.
i
r ecede,
e
o
s
o
d
r
n
vi
vi
i
p
p
s u b m er ge
su b m ers i on
i m m er se i mm ers i on
coh er e coh e s i on
a dh e r e a dh e s i on
Con fess con fess i on
ro
ver t
-
-
tion
.
i n st i tu t i on
i
e du cat on
xc ep t i on s ar e coer cion an d su sp icion ; b u t as a
mat ter of fac t th e t erm in at i on of th ese tw o wor d s h as n o
c on n ect i on wi th th e tion an d sion en din g
e
-
-
.
EXE RCI SE
A dd t wen ty
ch of th e foll owin g gr oup s
e g r ou p t h e ize
sp elli n g th em ou t : Th e a ble g r oup t h e i
gr oup; th e tion gr oup an d th e sion gr oup
n ew
wor ds
2
to
ea
,
-
-
-
,
,
-
-
,
.
ESSENTIAL S
156
OF
B U S INESS
EN GLI SH
h er d
h ea r d
k ey
q u ay
eer
p
p i er
or
p e
ur
o
p
p r ofi t
h
o
e
r
p p t
m an e
m ain
i
i
p r de
r ed
p
W
—
l ett ers
Th ese
c on fusin g
Wh en y ou kn ow th e history of th ese
t o y ou n g stu d en ts
w or ds you gen er ally see th e r eason f or th e su r vival of thi s
l etter in w r i tin g after it h as disapp ear ed in sp eakin g an d
I n th e m ean t im e
t h e sp elli n g of such w or ds b ec om es e asy
th ey si m ply h ave t o b e m aster e d b y will an d p at i en c e
Th e
foll owin g ar e som e of th e c omm on er w or d s th at h ave Sil en t
l et t er s :
k w
d mb
k wl dg
b mb
k k
th m b
mb
k t
k kl
l mb
5
or ds cont ain ing sil en t
.
a
.
ar e
.
,
,
.
,
.
u
no
no
e
o
e
n ac
u
co
no
nu c
a
e
kn a v e
gnaw
ul ary — Ver y soon aft er
r
l
l
i
a
n
n
m
u
t
t
s
o
a
r
b
i
will
ccu
v
c
b
u
o
t
a
u
s
ss
o
u
a
a
e
e
u
e
e
y;
y
y
n
r
r
n
fi
u
e
fi
n
r
n
m
o
t
a
v
e
will
h
h
ill
h
h
d
d
o
u
t
a
t
w
o
t
e
e
b
d
t
e
e
y
w or ds th at you u se wi th an y fr e qu en cy I n som e occup a
Th ese y ou m u st set
t i on s th e n um b er will b e ev en sm all er
G r ou p t h em u p on an y p r i n cipl e t h at
y our self t o m aster
seem s t o y ou r eason ab l e an d easy an d m ast er th e sp ellin g
of th em on c e an d f or al l
Y ou m ay gr oup th em
6 Spelling your w ork i ng
.
v ocab
.
.
.
,
.
SPELLIN G
157
letters of th e al p h ab et makin g th em
s ci en t ific all y alp h ab et ic al an d m ast e r i n g th em in or d er
—
n
n
o
s
l earn all th e ag e w or ds all th e
2 B y th ei r t erm i at i
al w or d s et c
—
n
i
n
r
h
ll
d
p
r
s
which
t
h
e
a
u
s
d
t
B
h
a
t
m
e
t
e
e
a
e
t
e
3
e
y
y
c r edit w or ds all th e b an kin g w or ds all th e b ookk eepin g
wor ds etc etc
Th e p r oc ess of master in g th em will b e th e p r oc ess of
c omb in ed wi th
st ud y al r eady d esc r i b e d m or e t h an on c e
t h ei r c on st an t p r ac t ic al u se
B el ow is a li st of tw o h u n d r e d an d fifty w or d s every on e
of w hich m ay b e n ee d e d b y an yb od y atten di n g t o th e p r ac
Master th ese b oth f or th e sak e of kn ow
t ic al aflair s of life
D ivid e th em in t o gr oup s
in g t h em an d f or th e p r a c t ic e
a cc or di n g t o an y p r i n cipl e t h at y ou c ar e t o w or k ou t ;
m aster th em in alph ab et ic al or d er
B ef or e
or
si m ply
y ou l eave t h em kn ow th ei r m ean i n g s an d b e ab l e t o u se
L uckil y m an y of th em y ou w ill kn ow
t h em in sen ten c es
al r eady
Wh en two sp ellin gs ar e all owab l e your dicti on ary gives
th e p r eferr e d fi r st
bb vi t
xi ty
1
.
Sim ply b y th e
,
.
-
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
a
a e
re
i
a cces s on
a c com m o da te
i g
a ccor d n
a ccru e
a cr os s
v
geou s
a ffo r d
a f ra i d
a l m ost
a l w a ys
a l r eady
a l l r igh t
a l t h ou gh
a n a l ys i s
a d an t a
an
e
a ppa r en t
ll a t e
a ppli ca t i on
a pp r ec i a t e
a rr a n ge
a r r iv a l
a rr iv e
a r t i cl e
a p pe
a s cen t
a s s en t
a ss es s
a s se t s
ign ee
a ss ignm en t
a ss
1 58
E S SENTIAL S
OF
B US INES S
ENGLI SH
E S SENTIAL S
1 60
8 Ab b reviat i ons
B US INESS
OF
EN GLI S H
—
A
an d con t ract i on s
c on tr ac t i on is a
sh or ten ed f or m of a w or d u se d t o sav e t i m e or sp a c e an d
is m ad e b y om i tt i n g a l et t er or l ett er s
An ap ost r oph e is
used t o in dic ate th e Om ission S uch ar e
A
i t i ; p b p b li t i ;
iv d
d
.
,
.
.
’
a ss oc a
ss n ,
on
’
u
n,
u
ca
’
on
r ec
r e ce
,
e
.
Th ese
c on tr ac ti on s ar e n ot foll owed b y a p er i od Th er e
i s n o a cc ep t e d li st of c on t r a c t i on s ; th ey ar e d evi se d a cc or d
in g t o n ee d
An abb r evi at i on is an au th or iz ed an d i n v ar i ab l e sh or t
t en in g of a m uch u sed ter m ; it is f oll owe d b y a p er i od
A c aut i on as t o th e u se of c on t r a c ti on s an d abb r evi ati on s
is n e c essary D o n ot u se t h em in th e b ody of y ou r w
r i t in g
or wh en you u se th e w or d t h ey s t an d f or in an un t e ch n ic al
S u ch sh or t en ed f or m s give a lu dic r ou s if n ot g r o
S en se
tesq u e efiect wh en t h ey ar e ou t of pl ac e ; as f or ex am pl e
.
.
-
.
.
,
.
,
1
Wh il e
.
b
h e h ad
2
Wi s
w e w er e h a
sen t
ee n
I t is
.
m
.
’
’
i n s p e ct
to
f act
a
th at
t o Ch i n a
n st r
’
vi n g
t ea th i s P
th e P
P re s
.
.
O
M
.
.
.
ca m e
in
i g
say n
.
Wil son
ap
poi n t e d P r of
.
Re i n sch
of
.
—
ou t of t i tl es
Sp ell
wh en th ey occur
in th e t ext al l e ccl esi ast ic al civil p r ofessi on al an d m ili
Mr s an d
t ar y t i tl es (
ex cep t Mr
A dm i l D w y G
l F t
C l
l Cl yt
P f
Bi h p A d
R v
H Vi
t H
bl
d J h
P lm
W illi m J i g B y
For th e u sag e wi th r eg ar d t o th ese t i tl es wh en u sed in
th e a dd r ess of a l et t er s ee Ch ap t er XI I A 2 3 an d 8
2 S p ell ou t Ch r i sti an n am es
G g Ch l J h Willi m t G
Ch
J
Wm
3 S p el l ou t t h e n am es of th e m on th s ex cep t in li st s of
d ates Wh en ev er t h e n am e of a m on th app ear s in y ou r
t ext sp ell i t in fu l l
1
p ellin g
th e Col
Th e
.
s
,
ra
a
e
s
er ,
a
,
,
.
e
enn n
en er a
,
n
o
s
,
r
er son ,
ou t ,
,
,
u n s on ,
e er en
o on e
o n
a
on ,
r o essor
n cen ,
.
on or a
an .
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
eo r
e,
a r es ,
o
.
n,
a
,
no
eo
.
as
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
no
.
,
.
e
S
l
.
2
.
4
I
I
wa s
S tr eet,
1
.
n ot
(
2
.
at
5
t o S eptem
b
14
er
.
Rail r oad, For t,
ou t
.
Mou n t P or t P oin t A ven u e
,
wh en ever th ey occu r
,
,
,
N orth w estern
Ra il r oa d
in y ou r t ex t
“
f r om Min n eap oli s
,
th e
on
.
.
i
He is
s ta t on e d
pr e s en t
at
F
at
n ot
(
S h er i da n
or t
Ft
.
S h er i
.
.
.
.
1 61
.
c am e
On e
th e m os t
of
A
P o rt
4
of
et c
I
R
d an )
3
f rom Ja n u a ry 1
e n g a g ed M a r ch 2 4
wor k ed
S p ell
.
PELLING
r th u r
is
Abb r evi ate
i d
A l b m Al
Al k
A iz
A iz
Ak
A k
a
r
a,
a
as
a
a n s as ,
C ol or a do, Col o
Di t i t
Dl w
Fl i d
G gi
i cu t
s r c
of
.
or
a,
Fl a
eo r
a,
Ga
I dah o
.
e sert
.
,
p ossession s
t own s as f ol
n am es of
,
.
.
N or t h Ca r oli n a N C
N or t h D ak ot a N D
N e b r a s k a N eb
N eva da N ev
N ew H a m p sh i r e N H
N ew J e r sey N J
N ew Mexi co N M
N ew Y or k N Y
Oh i o
Okl ah om a Okl a
Oregon O r e
P enn sylv a n i a Pa
Ph ili pp i n e I sl an d s P I
P ort o Ri co P R
Rh o de I s l a n d R I
S ou t h Ca r oli n a S C
S ou t h D a k ot a S D
l u mb i a D
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
I n di a n a , I n d
.
.
,
.
,
.
K an sa s K an
K en t u cky Ky
L ou i si an a L a
Ma i n e
.
,
,
,
,
,
Ma s sa ch u se t t s Ma ss
Ma ryl an d M d
Mi ch iga n M i ch
Mi n n esot a Mi n n
Mi ss i ss i ppi M i ss
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
an d
,
.
I lli n oi s , I ll
I ow a
i es
,
Co
D el
a r e,
e a
i
t err t or
th e
D
Mou n t
,
C on n
,
at
,
.
r
su m m er
,
Ca lifor n i a , C a l
C on n ect
k pl a ce
t h e wa r t oo
of
Mi ss ou r i Mo
Mon t an a Mon t
.
r
th e
foll owin g
/
r
i vem en ts
ach e
n am es of st at es,
.
on a ,
an t
i g
spen d n
S t at es
th e Un t e
a
r
.
f am ily
My
b illi
.
.
Ten n es s ee, Ten n .
Tex a s, Tex
i
Ter r t ory
ta h
U
.
.
of
H aw a ii
,
T
.
H
.
A
E S S EN TI L S OF
1 62
Vi r gi n i a , Va
B U S INESS
W i scon s i n Wi s
We st Vi r gi n i a W
Wyom i n g Wyo
.
.
,
V e r m on t V t
Wa sh i n gt on Wa sh
.
,
ENGLI SH
,
,
.
,
.
Va
.
—
Y ou will fin d in
6 E st ab li sh ed abb vi i
t ion ary a c om pl ete li st of a cc ep t e d abb r evi at i on s
re
.
at on s
.
f
v en ien ce of r e er en
h ere
.
at
a gt
A
a
.
M
.
m
.
am t
an s
.
.
a s st
a tt y
f or t h
F Fah r en h ei t
f ol foli o
f t foot f e et
f o b f re igh t on boa rd
g a l ga ll on g a ll on s
etc.
or
ix
i
.
.
,
h p h or s e pow e r
h r h ou r
-
.
a ttorn ey
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
im p
i m p or t e d
.
i n ch es
jr j u n i o r
kg kilogram
in
.
.
.
lb
.
m
.
pou n d
m ete r
m em o m em oran du m
.
m in
m inu t e
.
.
.
m m
.
m illi m e ter
.
.
B ro
Co
.
D
m os
r oth e r s
.
bi
.
.
ca sh on
deliv ery
l
N B
.
No
.
.
oz
b
doz
doz en
e. e
er ror s e
.
.
er
al l
r
er
p
d
p
xcepted
P
.
ti ce
no
b
num
.
ke
igh t
ou n ce
.
de t or
.
ta
.
K
0
c
di t t o
.
m on th s
.
MS m a n u scr i pt
MS S m an u scr i pt s
i m e te r
ca n d e -power
cu
.
do
dr
.
.
m o m on t h
.
com pan y
.
C O
cu
.
cen t
.
p
b
b
r ot h e r
.
r os
cm
c.
,
.
.
B
.
.
v era ge
a v o i r du po i s
a vo i r
b a l b a l a n ce
bb l b ar rel
B E b ill of ex ch an ge
/
B L b ill o f l a d i n g
/
B S b ill of sa l e
b o t b ou gh t
B P b ill s payab l e
B R b ill s r eceivabl e
.
ot h e rs
a n d so
.
a
av.
an d
.
.
nd
e
p
p
a s s st an t
.
x am pl e
e
gen t
for en oon
forenoon
a
.
f or
.
et a l
a n s w er
.
g
.
a ccou n t
a m ou n t
.
.
a pp
e
a
.
c on
ce th ose m ost c omm on ly n eeded ar e given
.
a cct
u dic
yo r
For
.
a
p
M
.
cen t
id
a f te rn oon
or
E SS E
1 64
BU S I NE SS E N GL I SH
OF
c om b in ati on s
An d m ost
b k
NTI AL S
man
of
l
woma n ,
an d
s
uch
as
l
s a e sm an
s eam an
n eed ew oman
fla g man
s ee ds m a n
f or ew om a n
c u
i cem an
st m an
o
p
wa sh erwom a n
em a n
ra
den cy t o om it th e hyph en in ton ig h t
today tom orr ow th ou gh c on ser v at ive wr i t ers st ill r etai n it
4 Th e l ar g e gr ou p of c om p ou n d w or d s f orm ed b y th e
un i on of a ver b en din g in in g with a n oun ar e sp ell ed with
t h e hyph en :
3
Th er e is
l bw om an
.
t en
a
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
di n i n g -r oom
b
i g ca r
r i n t i n g oth e e
p
i g h ofise
oa r d n
5
l
s ee p n
n
r
n
a
e
t
a
d
p
,
f ell ow
m an
-
of
fos ter
m ea su r i n g ta pe
m ow i n g m ach i n e
e t ch n
,
p ell ed wi th
h il d f ll w b i g
-
i g n eedl e
o
e
-
e n
-
th e
p
h yph en
—
h iv e
sister ,
.
m oth er ton gu e
a r en t
.
-
n on
or
din ar ily h ave
,
-
h yph en as
n on u n i on
n on in terf er en ce
B u t c er tai n
n on p ar tisan
w or ds form ed in thi s way ar e so fam ili ar an d of so l on g
st an din g t h at t h ey p r esen t b u t on e id ea an d ar e sp ell e d
with ou t th e hyph en ; as n on sen se n ondescrip t n on essen tial
6
wi th
,
,
ar e s
,
-
fellow fath er m oth er b r oth er
foster c
Com p oun ds
w or ki n g-m a n
-
-
-
Com p oun d s
.
-
-
th e
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
n on en ti ty, n on p lu s
7
Vice
.
t i tl es
ar e
,
.
lieu ten an t
n
era
l
e
,
g
elect,
ex
,
-
c on n ec te d b y
a
hyph en wi th
th e
used
oth e r
as
p ar ts
term
of
of
th e
u P r esi den t Taf t, G ov
M
ar sh all, ec
i
n
V
r
s
d
e
t
P
e
i
ce
a
s
,
,
e r n or G en era l H arr ison , Maj or G en er al F u n s ton
8 Th e u sage c on c ern in g n um er al s in c om p oun d s is t hi s
t i tl e
-
-
-
-
.
.
F
c
i
a
o
n
r
t
s
)
a
im p l e
s
an d
g en er al
1
.
He
r e du ce d
2
.
He
of er ed
f
t ak e th e
my
on e
ha
e st
,
im a t e
ar e u s e
th e m ean i n g is
.
m e t w o t h i r ds
b ) Wh en t h ey
h av e th e hy p h en
-
th e
hyph en b u t wh en
hy p h en is om i tt ed
d
by
of
on e
h a lf
m y p r i ce
b efor e
.
.
n ou n s as a
dj ect iv es
t h ey
:
lf i n ter e st
,
a
t h r ee
-
f
ou rt h s
s h a r e,
a
tw o th
-
i r ds l en gt h
.
S PE
H
al f,
)
q u ar ter , et c
0
.
h a lf te rm ,
a
a
-
S uch
d)
wi th
lf m il e
qu art er sect i on
a
-
,
t en m
-
ile
a
r i bbon
er en gi n e
o
w
p
i n ch
,
as
t h r ee
a
ta
k e th e
-
f oot
t w en ty m u l e t ea m ,
.
foll owin g
th e
-
,
un s
no
-
e
st r e t ch
1 65
c omp oun de d with
,
xp r essi on s
hyph en
th e
a
ha
LLI N G
l
li n der
s ix - cy
a
l
p ell ed
a so s
fiv e -yar d dash ,
a
ru e
,
ar e
ca r,
t h r ee
a
f or t y h or s e
-
a
.
9
S p ell
)
twen ty
-
wi th
a
hyph en
tw en ty-t w o, t h i r ty
on e,
th e
c om p ou n d n um er al s
on e,
th
-
i r ty two
su
ch
-
.
—
wh en ever th e two
su m u p
w or ds of a c om p oun d
h ave b een u se d t ogeth er so l on g as t o h ave l ost th ei r sep a
r at e m ean i n g or h av e c om e t o s t an d as on e en t i t y ; or wh en
ev er on e of t h e e l em en t s p r e d om i n at es st r on gl y w r i t e th e
N ewly m ad e c om p ou n d s an d th ose i n
t w o as on e w or d
whi ch th e el em en t s seem of e qu al im p or t an c e sh ould b e
sp ell e d wi th th e h yp h en
To
,
,
.
.
EXE RCI SE
3
Wr i t e off thi s list of w or ds supply in g h yph en s or wr i tin g
as on e w or d a cc or di n g t o t h e r el at i on of t h e t w o id eas
i b k
h b k
b hw
fi hi g g
t
d
ffi
di t
b ill h d
di d x
n igh t f ll
b gg g
bi d g
igh t b ll
t h w d
h t
b l
b i th d y
f ll w t d t
t
h ip
b ll t b x
b l k m i th
l k h ip
w
b th
m
bl k b k
l
f
l
f
t
pp
p
p
bl d h d
f
b d i dd
w t
py igh t
p
m
b d h ld
d ft m
b d
t)
(
b xi g m t h f ll w i t iz
f
b d id
w t
p
b f t k
t m k
b yh d
(
y b w
,
,
ra
a r
au
a
a
e
ce
e
ca r
o
a
ee
s
r oo
an
en
e
r oo
e
s
ca
o
er
e
co
r
n
ra
er
a c
oo
e
e
a
n
e
a e
su n
or s
oo
r oo
a er
an
s
c
o
e
su n se
en
s
co
r ou n
n
e
s u
oo
o
o
s ea
o
e
s
or
c er
s
on
n
ca c
s
oo
e
e
a
r
ac
r
ee
r
oo
ca s
ca r
ea
o
e
a rr a n
en c
o
a a n ce
a
.
coa
a
a er
en
ro
r oo
o
r oo
a
e
i m p ervi ou s )
1 0 Th e
.
t ry t o
u se of cap
give
an
e
it als
xh austive
stu
dy
t r eatm en t
of
.
Th e
m ad e
th e
h ere d oes n ot
u se of c api t al s
.
E SS ENTI
1 66
BUSIN E S S E N GLI SH
OF
in dis pensab l e in st an ces ru n up t o quite a l ar ge
n um be r
G o over th em all ca r e fully an d do th e ex er cises
Bu t re g ar d thi s se c ti on as v alu ab l e f or r efer en ce wh en y our
n ee d arise s
Use capi tals f or
1 Th e w or ds I an d 0
2 Th e fir st wor d of a sen te n ce
3 Th e first w or d of every lin e of p oe try
4 Proper n am es an d th e ad j ec tiv es f orm e d fr om t h em ;
But
e
ven
ALS
th e
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
North Am eri ca Am eri ca n
E n gl an d E ng l ish
F
,
r en ch
Pa ri s, Pa r i s i an
,
Man y w or ds form erly p rop er
p r op er n am es
F
ra n c e,
d erived fr om
h ave p asse d in to gen er al terms an d n o l on ger
,
n ames
i
or
u top a n
qu ix ot i c
li ste rin e
a m pe r e
m orocco
as
t
e u r ize
p
5
.
Th e
n am es of
th e S up rem e B e in g
m em bers of th e Ch rist ian Trin i ty ;
Almi gh ty
an d
,
th e
rst
Ca us e , t h e
th e
as ,
Ab l te tc
6 Th e n am es of th e B i b l e an d oth er sa c r ed books ;
n ot in th ose adj e c tives d e r ive d fr om th em ; as
Th e
Fi
Pow er
or
so u
,
e
.
.
b ut
,
H oly Scri ptu r es H oly Wri t W or d of G od K or an Veda
b i b li ca l scri ptu ra l ta l m u di c veda n t i c etc
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Tal mu d ;
.
,
p ec t—e ccl esi ast ic civil an d mi li tary wh en
t h ey p re ce d e th e n ame ; t i tl es wi th ou t th e n am e wh en use d
in di r ec t a ddr ess ; t i tl es wi th out th e n am e wh en use d of
p resen t in cum ben ts ; abb r evi at i on s of ac ad emic t itl es foll ow
7
.
Ti tl es
in g th e
of r es
,
,
,
n ame ; as,
Ki ng G eor ge
i dent Ta ft Pr es i den t W il son Secretary of
S ta te B rya n You r E x ce ll en cy Your H on or t h e P res i den t
th e
Ma yo r ; Da vi d S ta rr J or da n Ph D L L D ; B a rt h ol om ew S t on e
,
ex -Pr es
,
,
,
DD
.
9
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
ESSE
1 68
15
P
Th e
.
l ease
chief w or ds
t
Fl
.
.
in
an
or
d er b ill
,
or
,
in voic e ;
as,
ou r
b x S hi
Th e fi r st w or d
10
BU S IN E S S E NGLI SH
Pot atoe s
.
2 5 lb s
OF
f oll owi n g :
m e th e
s en d
10 b u
16
N TI AL S
uns
o es
W a f er s
ne
of
for m ally cited sp eech
a
qu ot a
or
i on :
1
Mr
.
.
Y
ea t s
sa
All
id
,
J q
B u t if th e qu otat i on
n ot u se th e c api t al
2
S h a k e sp ea re
.
’
n
u
o
y
ac u e s
s
g
s a ys ,
is
ru n
“
A ll
p
l d k e ep s i m p l e
w or l d s a s t a g e
sh ou
oe t s
.
’
th e
in form ally in to
.
th e t ex t do
!
Th e
ol d a da
ge
p assage ;
p l et e
I
sh ou
of
h a n ds
ld
a
th a t
.
”
is
a
gai n
c ol on wh en in tr oducin g
a
vi se you to t h i s eff ect
l oca l a t torn ey e tc et c
ad
.
,
:
P u t th e m atter
d in istr at ive
appli ed ; as
t ru e
.
a com
i n to
th e
.
govern m en t al dep ar tm en ts l egisl at ive
an d
judici al b odies wh en sp ecific ally
n am es of
a m
pr ov en
as,
,
1 8 Th e
m ak es w as te
as e
w or d after
Th e fir st
17
“
h t
,
,
,
,
,
Con gr ess,
H ou se of Represen ta t ives th e S en ate H ou s e o f Com
B oa r d of A l der m en D epar tm en t of P u bli c Roa ds Wa r D epa rt
m on s ;
,
,
,
m en t , S u pr em e Cou r t
,
.
E XE RCI SE 4
S upply th e
1
.
ou r
t u es da
y
,
l
c apit al s
sa esm an ,
se
e
m
t
p
b
mr
b
.
14 1 5
er
n ee
-
.
d ed
r u ce
w
,
in th e
ill
be
f oll ow in g p assages
i
b kt m d y
n
r oc
on
on
h e w ill h av e w i th h i m
a
a
l
com p e t e
an d
li ne
v l t i es f r om p ar i s Vi en n a an d b erli n
“
2
f or l oan of t l os es b oth
n e i t h e r a b orr ow e r n o r a l en de r b e
i t self a n d f r i en d — s h a k es p ear e
3 l a st yea r i h a d n o v a ca t i on b u t th e l eg a l h oli days
l abor day
a n d t h a n k s givi n g i s en t a t h o m e i n n e w to n c en t er
b
et w een ch r i s t
p
m a s a n d n ew yea r s i w en t sou th
on w a sh i n g ton s b i r t h da y i d i n ed
a t th e a t h l et i c c l u b
o n decor a t i on day i w en t w i t h col
cl ayt on to
of
no e
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
S PE
bo
1 69
a sa il
k golf cl u b on th e fou rth of j u ly i
“
i n dr h u dson s li t t l e b a t w i n g
4 h e w ill l ea v e i n o ct ob e r f o r t h e ea s t an d w ill con t i n u e h i s
s t u d i e s i n h a rv a r d u n iv er s i t y i n t h e sch oo l o f b u s i n e s s a n d com
h e h a s t h e deg r ee o i b a f rom col u m b i a u n iv er s i t y wh ere
m er c e
b e s pec i a liz e d in p sych ol ogy
5 l a s t decem b er i mm ed i a t ely b e for e ch r i s t m as m r m ort on w a s
h e s t a ye d a t t h e a r li n gto n w h e r e h e m et m a n y
i n w a sh i n gt on d c
a m on g t h em h onora b l e w illi am gor don h ol t
s en a tor s a n d m em be rs
m em b er o f con gr es s f rom t h e n i n t h di s t r i c t w h o sa i d t o m r m or
t on
t h e pr es i den t w ou l d v et o t h e p a n a m a ca n a l t oll s b ill ev en if
th e
und
b
LLI N G
r oo
wen t
.
f or
'
’
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
:
b
i t w er e pa ss ed o th b y t h e h ou se
6 a t a r ec ept on
en a t th e
i
.
of
t h e h ou se
i n t e r i or
giv
n e v a da
f r om
b
an d
r es
i den ce
of
s en a t e
mr
.
.
l
m em
s ecr e ta r
of
y
b
er
th e
f or e ign comm erce
t h e com m i s s i on e r of i n di a n a ff a i r s m r t u m u l ty p r iv a t e s ecre ta ry
t o t h e p r es i de n t j a m es pa r k er h a ll de
a n o f t h e l aw s ch ool of t h e
“
a dv e r t i s i n g a s
u n iv e r s i t y of c h i ca go p r o f e ssor c h e r i n gt on a u t h or of
“
”
”
h a r p er s w eekly
a b u s i n e s s f or ce
n or m a n h a pgo od e d i t o r o f
an d
s ev er a l m e m b e r s o f f or b e s robe r t son s com a n
l
i
g
l
i
a
a
h
n
t
e
t
r
c
p y p y
y
“
”
t h ea t e r i n th e p a ss i n g t h e t h i r d fl oor b a ck
7 m e ssr s j evn e a n d c o ch i ca g o ill
e
a
s
e
n
n
ce t h e f oll ow i n g or de r
e
m
a
o
l
s
d
e
t
p
2 5 l b s m och a an d j av a cofi ee
1 5 0 l b s p ill sb u ry s b est fl ou r
3 cases van ca m p s p l a i n p ork an d b ean s
2 ca ses ol d m i ssi on calif orn i a oliv e s
,
t h e h ea d
th e
of
d om e s t
of
u r ea u
ic
.
ch an d er ,
m or t on m et t h e
mr
,
b y th e
an d
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
’
.
.
.
’
’
Syll ab l es, an d th e div idin g of w or ds i nt o syllab les
—Wh en you m ust divide a w or d , divide it b etween syl
11
.
p eakin g every vowel or every v owel
c om b in at i on p r on oun c ed as on e in dic ates a syll ab l e (
t hi s
d oes n ot cou n t sil en t fin al e ) I n every E n glish wor d of
m or e th an on e syll ab l e on e of th e syll ab l es is a cc en ted
S t ud y th e f oll owi n g di r e c t i on s :
l ab l es
.
Roughly
.
s
,
,
,
.
.
,
def i n i t e, nbi s i
-
-
Wh en
w r i t in g or
1
.
-
-
ly,
s
y
l -l a -b l e, di
i i s i on
-
f
-
,
ex - p e
ii s ive
-
,
el l an t
a p-p
-
.
wor d is t o b e divide d at th e en d of a lin e of
t y p ew r i t i n g d ivid e i t on ly b et w e en syl l ab l es
a
,
.
E SSE
1 70
2
a
Ar ran ge
.
cc en t ed
siv e, e t c
sy
N TI AL S
b r in g
to
ll ab l e
,
if
p
OF
th e
BU S I N E S S E N GLI S H
divisi on i m m edi ately aft er
ib l e ;
oss
def
as,
-
i n i te,
s yl
-
l ab l e,
th e
exp en
.
Wh en a w or d is on e syll ab l e or p r on oun ce d as on e
d on t divide it at all N o m atter h ow l on g it m ay b e
a cc omm od at e it t o y ou r sp a c e in som e ot h er way
4 Neve r en d a lin e wi th dd tt ll ; divid e b et ween d oub l e
c on son an ts ; as col later al su b m iss ion Th e t en d en cy i s t o
divi de b etween an y tw o c on son an ts r egar dl ess of th e l ogic al
syll ab ificati on of th e w or d ; as fonn d a ti on i mp or tan t ch i l
N at u r ally t hi s c an n ot b e d on e if th e t wo
dr en p lain tiff
c on son an ts r ep r esen t on e soun d f a th er m oth er p itch er
5 D o n ot divi d e a w or d of t wo syll ab l es if it can b e
av oid e d an d n ev er divid e su ch a w or d wh en it l eav es a syl
l ab le of on e l etter to b e car r ied over t o th e n ext lin e ; thus
n
i
o
m
igh
divid
n
i
s
l
u
t
o
t
n
o
i
s
u
t
e
o
b
y
y
y
6 I t is p ar t ic ul ar l y i m p or t an t f or a typi st t o l earn th e
r ul es of divi si on
Th e p r op er u se of th em sav es h im th e
r agge d r igh t m ar gin
t h at often disfigu r es typ e w r i tten
3
,
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
-
-
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
-
-
,
.
.
,
x
-
-
,
.
.
'
.
-
m at t er
.
E SS E NTI
AL S
BUSIN E S S
OF
G
E N LI SH
p r i ce of gr ap es an d askin g if h e sh ould b u y Th e d eal er
Th e t el eg r ap h
N o p r i c e t oo h igh
t el e g r ap h e d b ack
offi ce d oes n ot p u n ct u at e an d so t h e m essag e r e ac h e d t h e
b uy er wi th ou t a comm a a ft er N o w i th th e r esult of a l oss of
m an y th ou s an d d oll ar s t o th e auth or of th e m essag e
Th e t en d en cy at p r esen t i s t o r ed u c e th e am ou n t an d
var i ety of p u n c tu at i on an d t o h old r ath er l igh tl y t o th e
r u l es f or pl aci n g th e m ar k s
Thi s is p ar tl y du e t o ou r h av
in g l earn e d t o w r i t e m or e cl ear ly an d c orr e c t ly
W e n ee d
fewer w or ds wh en w e h ave sou gh t an d f oun d th e r igh t w or d
We do n ot n eed t o k eep addin g expl an atory ph r ases an d
cl au ses wh en w e m aster th e ar t of statin g ou r m ean in g
di r ec tly an d sim ply
Y ou wi ll fin d m ark s of pun c t u at i on in l ar g er n u m b er s
an d g r eat er v ar i e ty in li t er ar y an d phil osophic al w r i t i n g
Thi s is b e c au se li t er atu r e
th an in b u sin ess c om p osi t i on
an d phil osoph y m u st m ak e m or e m odific at i on s an d r eser
vat i on s an d exc ep t i on s t h an b u sin ess
Thi s is th e on l y difl er en ce b etween li ter ary pu n ctu at i on
B u sin ess w r i t in g i s or sh ould
an d b u si n e ss p u n c tu at i on :
b e di r e c t an d si m pl e in styl e m aki n g f ew exc ep ti on s an d
qu alific ati on s an d r ec or din g p r ac tic ally n o after th ough ts
I t is i n t en t on st at in g f act s an d is n ot ai m i n g at em ot i on al
I t c all s f or sh or t cl ear em ph at ic st at e
or ar ti st ic eff e c t s
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
m en ts
.
d m an y p er i od s f or h e l oves
H e will n ee d m an y c omm as f or
sh ort si m pl e sen t en c es
h e gives qu ick b r i e f n um er ou s d et ail s He will n eed c ol on s
—m or e th an th e liter ary m an — b e c au se h e m akes fr equen t
su mm ar i es an d d ot es up on li st s of ar t icl es an d p r ic es
If
h e is a cu st om er h e will n eed m an y i n terr ogat i on m ark s
He will n eed or c ould p r ofi t ab ly u se a f ew sem ic ol on s
A dd to th ese a f ew ap ostroph es an occ asi on al p ai r of qu ota
t i on m ar k s an d fr om t im e t o t i m e a d ash— an d y ou r b u si
Th e
b u sin ess m an will
n ee
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
U
UA TI ON
P NCT
173
w r iter is r eady to p un c tuate Th er e sh ould b e very l it
tl e difli cu l ty in l e ar n in g th e m ain u ses of each of th ese
I t is n ot shi rki n g th e i ssu e or m er ely eva din g a diffic u l ty
to a dvi se th e b u sin ess st u d en t s o t o con st r u ct h is sen t en ces
an d so t o ch oose h is w or d s a s t o b e i n d ep en d en t of el ab
or ate pun c t u at i on
1 Th e p eri od — Thi s m ar k of pun c tu at i on is u se d
1 To m ar k th e cl ose of a c om pl ete d ecl ar at ive sen ten c e
An d h er e we m u st r ep eat th e w ar n i n g al r eady given sever al
t im es ag ai n st m i st aki n g f or a sen t en c e a c oll e c ti on of w or d s
h owever l on g an d h owever i m p ort an t which still d oes n ot
mak e a c om plet e st atem en t N otic e thi s
k if h
b t if l G m
ilv h dl
Bl d f z
O
t d fi t
g d l t i g t t i g dg
G
t l wh i h i
n ess
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
‘
,
,
:
.
n
ur
l
ea u
n su r e s
c
s ee
as a
e
oo
a
er
u
as
n
an
cu
an
er
s
n
e
e
e
a
.
r a or
e o
u a ra n ee
.
rs
very pa r t i cu l a r I f n ot fou n d s o m on ey prom pt l y r ef u n de d
Al so f u rn i sh ed w i th i den t ifi ca t i on f eat u res m aki n g i t on e of th e
most fetch i n g li t t l e a dv ert i sers ev er devi sed
You will di sc ov er th at on l y on e of t h ese gr oup s— th e
c as s
in
e
.
.
.
fi rst on e— is a sen ten c e Y et th e oth er fou r ar e p u n ctu at ed
just a s if th ey t oo w er e sen ten c es I t is an easy m atter
—
r
n
n
n
n
to tu
th em i t o se te ces it is a m er e m atter of givi n g
th em a sub j e c t or a v er b or b oth
b l d f z t l wh i h i
g d l t i g tt i g
It h
.
,
.
,
‘
.
as a
g
a
e o
r a or s ee
oo
as
cu
n
n
l
i n e v e ry p a r t i cu l a r
I f it i s n ot
fou n d so th e m on ey i s ch eer f u lly r e fu n ded We a l so fu rn i sh it
w i t h i den t ifi ca t i on fe a t u re s m a ki ng i t on e o f t h e m os t f et ch i n g
li t tl e a dver t i sers ever devi sed
ed e
g
n su r e s a
c
I t is
.
u a r a n t eed
fir st
-
c a ss
.
,
.
,
.
2
n ot
M
.
A fter in it ial s
.
gen erally after abb revi at i on s b u t
c on tr acti on s : T P O Con n or Mr E sq
,
a
D
.
ft e r
,
f
.
m er e
b
o
.
.
,
an d
,
’
.
et c
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
3 A fter A rab ic n um er al s an d l et ter s d esi gn at in g t h e
i tems of a ser i es, as f or ex am pl e th e n um er al s m ar kin g th e
s ec ti on s an d su b sec t i on s in t h ese ch ap t er s
.
-
.
4
.
To
p ar at e wh ol e
se
n
um b ers fr om th e d ecim al s th at
ES S E N TI AL S OF
1 74
BUSIN E S S E N GLI S H
cc om p an y th em esp eci ally d oll ar s fr om c en ts A p er i od
always p r e c ed es a d e cim al wh et h er or n ot t h er e b e a wh ol e
8 0 02 7 2 5
n u m b er :
a
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
E XE RCI S E 1
S upply
p er i ods
an d
Rear r an ge th e m att er
n
r
o
r
u
c
t
u
a
i
p
p
e
ly
t
e
t
p
c api tal s in th e foll owin g p assages
wh en it is n ec essar y in or der t o
.
.
1
.
b i
l ette r
u s n es s
a
li t tl e
d iffi cu l ty
is
a
t a lk
on
p a p er
con su l t m r w
con ger
if you h a ve a ny
ou r sa l e s
m an a ger
”
3 t h e l et t er w a s ob vi ou sl y a ci rcu l a r pr i n ted b y t h e t h ou s an d
s ign a t u r e i n c l u de d a n i n su l t u n der t h e c i rcu m s ta n ce s t o t h e i n q u i r er
4 t h e n or th w e s t ern li m i te d l ea ves t h e polk s t stat i on f or s t
Pau l a t 1 2 4 5 p m
5 m oder n a dv er t i s i n g h a s s u cc eeded i n doi n g wh a t i t s et ou t
t o do i t h a s crea t e d i n t erest wh er e n on e exi s t ed be for e
2
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
Cor r e ct th e
6
.
th e
b k
foll owin g
t h e h om e f or t h e
7
l
em p oye rs
w ill
.
b
n ot
st an d
ta lk ed to, b u t th ey h a te
bi g
,
8
.
v
in th e
2
.
1
.
e n
i g
h
r
a
n
e
c
p
ta lk ed
f t er t h e can al op en s m an y
G u lf wh i ch will b e t o av oi d th e
e en
.
a
Th e interr og at i on mark
A t th e
Ab k
b e p r a i se d t o h ig h l y
te ach er th e u s i n ess m an , f or
can n ot
oo
en d of
c
k
as s
f or
e
t h ey
f or th e
l
s ch oo
very body
don t m i n d b ein g
’
at
goes will
h eavy t oll s
car
b e t r an ssh i pp ed
s
se
h at asks a di r e ct questi on
ac t u al in f orm ati on or is used
t
Wh o i n ven ted th e ste am en gin e ?
w Wh en w ill t h i s n ot e m a t u re ?
Wh en m ay w e expect a sett l em en t ?
m May we h ear f rom you prom pt ly ?
m W ill you ki n dly r epea t you r i n qu i ry ?
a Wh a t does h e ta k e m e f or ?
fl Wh a t bus i n ess m an i n ou r day h as n ot
,
u
o
g
men t s i n
ffici ency ?
e
,
—This i u d
a sen ten e
wh eth er th e questi on
f or eff e c t :
,
oo
h ea r d
of
th e
expe ri
ESSE
1 76
N T I AL S
‘
B US IN E S S
oF
E N G Ll S H
E X ER CI SE 2
Fin d
in ven t sen ten c es Sh ow in g all th e sp e cified u ses
th e i n ter r og at i on an d excl am ati on m ark s
of
or
.
4
.
i
sem col on
Th e
— Thi s
p u n c tu at i on
.
m ar k i s
of
a s or t
less fi n al p er i od ; it sep ar ates st atem en t s n ot so com pl etel y
se sep a r at e d b y p er i od s an d n ot s o cl osel y
d i st i n ct as th o
ci ate d as th ose sep ar at ed b y comm as
a sso
1 I t is u se d in a se r i es of det ail s su ch as th e f oll owi n g
t o sep ar at e t h e m em b er s of th e ser i es
“
h
B
ty
ig
ll t
d t
t
1 J bb
t
y
y
,
.
.
.
t w en ty fiv e
b uy
-
se
ll
at
2
.
tw o
sa
o
u se
er s
o
.
at
on e
a
u
t w en t y,
se
ll
e
at
c en
fif ty ;
on e
se
s,
b uy
at
on e
a
on e
S
ix ty
,
.
A f ml
b i
or
-
is
e t t er
n ot
an
a cc
i den t ;
it is
fact or
r m an en t
e
p
a
of
l d b e c om po sed w i t h g re a t ca r e ; i t sh ou l d
r e fl e c t
com p l et e k n ow l e dge o f
th e b s i n es s
3 S ign s o f p rospe r i ty ca n b e s e en on e v e ry h a n d ; c r ops a r e l a r ge ;
e v e ry ki n d o f m an u f ac t u r er i s p u s h ed w i t h o r d e r s ; m e r c a n t il e b u s i
n ess i s fl ou r i sh i n g ; w h il e t h e r a il r o a ds a re b l ock a de d w i t h f r e igh t
wa i t i n g t o b e m ov ed
m ode rn
u s n e ss
sh ou
it
;
u
.
.
.
p ar ate b y sem ic ol on s th ose p arts of a
t en c e t h at ar e al r ea dy p u n c tu at e d b y c om m as
ft
i d bl d l y t l k f
t b k
1 H
w
b ttl ; b t th gh h l k d f i t h f ll y h
ld t fi
m
th
h
d
m
g d b i
t
ld b
2 T
b
p
2
As
.
a r
ul e
se
,
sen
:
os
er
.
ac
en
e
.
o
o
e
e
u
a
oo
a
,
ou
co n s
er
oo
e
er a
e
co r r e s
u s n es s
e a
e
a
on
u
en
,
e cou
,
a
,
oo
o
an
s
th e
or
nd
no
e
ou
it
.
e du
ve t h a t v e ry des i ra b l e
—
a ct ; h e sh o u l d b e a k e e n ob se r v e r
v
q
li
k
i
g
r
e
a
t
t
e
n
u
r
r
e
a
e y
but
y
p
h i s eye s a l w ay s open ; h e sh o u l d b e ki n d h e ar t ed w i t h ou t b e i n g
gu lli b l e ; h e S h ou l d w i th ou t b e i n g con ce i te d po sse s s con s i de r a b l e
a b ov e
c o n fi de n ce i n h i m s e lf ; h e sh ou l d h a v e i m a gi n a t i o n ; h e s h o u l d
al l h a v e a t re m en dou s en th u s i a s m f o r h i s bu s i n es s
ca t e d
in t h e
s ch oo
l
of
e
x per i en ce ;
he
s h ou
ld
ha
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
5
.
Th e
l
co on
.
for m al l i st
”
B u si n ess E n gl i sh
say s
th e s en t en ce i t is u se d in
”
m ath em at i cs
1
.
B e f or e
— Thi s m ar k
a
.
d
P r ofes sor L ew i s in h is
of i t em s
“
I n st r i ct l og i c th e c ol on is t o
w h at th e m ar k of e qu ali ty is in
of
i
n
u
c t u at on
p
.
,
is
u se
N CTUA TI ON
'
PU
Th e
1
foll owi n g
Th e
.
s
k e l et on
c
b
an d
m u sc l es ;
f or m s
i
j oi n t s
ca r r e s
ve s
u se of
c ol on
th e
f
g
t h e s e pu r pos es : or m s a s t ron
and
rom
n
r ot ect s t h e
a
o
r ans
ody ;
t
p
a
r
s;
s
t
ch m en t
t
e
a
t
a
t h e Wea
to
p
s er
-
s u p po r t s
il l us tr ate th is
‘
sen t en es
f ra m e w ork f o r t h e
1 77
vi l
giv
k
g
f
r
igi d
i j u ry ;
th e
vem en t s a r e poss i b l e
2 I n t h e m ode rn b u s i n e ss w o r l d t h e l e t t er h a s t h e se f u n ct i on s
i t i s t h e a dv e rt i s e r m a ki n g k n ow n t h e goods ; i t i s t h e s a l es m a n
r s u a d i n g t h e c u s tom e r t o b u
i
i
s t h e c oll e ct o r
cou r t eo u s b u t
e
t
;
p
y
i n s i s t en t ; it i s t h e a dj u s t e r o f c l a i m s a t ten t ive an d prom pt ; it
i s t h e co m pl et e a n d con v en i e n t rec or d o f t h e t r a n s a ct i on
3 B u s i n e s s h a s t h r ee i m por t a n t a s p ect s
P r od u c t i on
Ma n u f a c t u r e
D i st r i bu t i on
,
t hat m o
so
.
.
,
‘
,
,
,
.
:
.
in form al li st or a very b r i e f list d oes n ot u su ally
h ave th e c ol on Th er e ar e in deed t h ree g r ad es of form al
i ty in a li st or su mm ar y i n dic ate d b y th e pun c tu at i on m ar k
—
For m al th e c ol on ; l ess for m al— th e
t h at p r e c ed es it
—
r
d ash ; l east fo m al th e c om m a
2 B e for e a f or m al an d i m p r essive st at em en t an e x t r ac t
or a l on g qu ot at i on n ot i n t r od u c e d b y th a t :
An
,
.
,
,
,
:
f
.
.
,
x t pr esen t a s er i es o f
”
r esol u t i o n s a dop t e d a t a m a s s
o f t h e c i t iz e n s o f F or e s t Hill
2 B ell o c s ay s
W ea l th is m a tter w h i ch h a s b een con s ci ou s ly
a n d i n t ellig en t l y t r an s f or m e d f r om a con d i t i on i n w h i ch i t i s l e s s
”
t o a con di t i on i n w h i ch i t i s m or e se r vi cea b l e to a h u m a n n ee d
1
.
Con t i n u i n g, th e
s pe a
k er
id
m ee t i n g
,
I
sa
ne
.
.
,
.
A fter th u s as follows th e following
G ive
1 I Sh a ll a dvi s e you t o p r ocee d t h u s
t i m e o f on e m on t h ; if h e does n ot s e tt l e t h en
3
,
,
.
of
i n t h e h an ds
of
.
Th e
H a ll
,
P r es den t ;
o
an
i
a t t orn ey
of
th e
A
,
an
a
ce
l
p
e
xt en s i on
th e m a tt er
.
i i a re t h e follow i n g Ja m es P
Ma rvi n H B ell S ecret a ry ; H u b ert B art on Trea s
fficer s
2
u rer
h im
:
.
s so c a t on
.
:
.
,
,
.
Th e m or e
e xa mp le,
f
or
i n f orm al
in s ta n ce ,
i
— n amely
ex p r ess on s
h ave
a sem
,
as,
th at is,
ic olon b e for e th em
f
or
an d a
E SS E
1 78
NTI AL S
OF
BU S I NE S S E NGLI SH
Y ou m ay occ as i on ally
c omm a aft er th em (
wi t h th ese t oo S in c e usag e v ar i es )
4 To sep ar ate m i n u t es fr om h ou rs wh en
Th e p er i od is also u sed
giv en in n umer als (
pur p ose )
.
,
fin d
a
c ol on
.
,
th e t im e is
.
.
f or th e
sam e
.
5
A f t er
.
th e
fter
an d audi en c e :
an d a
t er ,
My
Mr
dear
lut ation at th e b egin n in g of a form al l et
th e salu t ati on of a sp eak er t o th e ch ai r m an
sa
Mr Ol son
.
Ch a i rm an , L ad i es,
.
Gen t l em en
and
E XE R CI SE 3
S upply
c api tal s p er i od s in terr ogati on an d excl am ati on
m ar k s c ol on s an d sem ic ol on s In th e foll owin g
,
,
1
.
t h e w a tch wor d
i n ten ded
t o you
,
,
of
v
th e
i i g
a d er t s n
t o fit you sh ou l d b e
in t h e m a ki n g
cu t
cam p a
ign
w as
t o you r m ea su rem en ts
a
an d
su
it
fi tted
l ar gely a m atter of th ese qu a li t i es apt i tude t ra i n
i n g exper i en ce wor k
3 t h e foll ow i n g n ew m em be r s of th e a ssoci at i on w er e el ected
l w elli s s ecr eta ry of t h e b ol t m f g com pan y g m m eigs pu b li ci ty
m an a g er of kl ei n g ros s an d co h en ry i n el son a dv er t i s i n g m a n a ger
r oya l b l u e r u g co
4 h e O pen ed w i th t h e sta t em en t t h ey h av e h a d t h r u s t u pon
t h em a n i n du st r i a l con fl i ct of an u n n ec es sa ry a n d w h olly i n excu s
a b l e ch ar act er
5 dem a n d i s t h e produ ct o f t h e m yr i ad f orces of c iviliz a t i on
su ppl y a l w ays f oll ow s dem an d
cou l d
a n y th i n g b e m ore ob vi ou s
t h an t h a t wh a t ob s t i n a cy to r ef u se t o a dm i t i t
6 it wa s h en ry cl ay wh o sai d i w ou l d r ath er b e righ t t h an
r
e
s
i
n
d
e
t
p
7 t h e f oll ow i n g t Opics a r e off ered f or di scu ss i on gett i n g u p a
ca t a l o gu e h ow m an y l et te r s sh ou l d t h e r e b e i n a foll ow u
p ser i es
a
nn
l
i n g a ca m pa ign th e u se of t est i mon i a l l etters su cces sfu l col
p
2
.
s u cces s
,
is
,
,
.
’
’
,
,
.
.
.
.
-
'
l
l ect ion m eth ods
8
.
wh a t
a
etc
p a t h et i c w a ste
of
en ergy o f
t ime
a n d of
mon ey
ESSE
180
h ab itu al r eac ti on
N TI AL S
B US I N E S S E NGLI SH
OF
c om m as t ake th eir pl ac e on your p age
a s n a t u r ally an d u n p r em e di t at edly as do t h e sp a c es b et w een
th e w or ds
We
an d
,
.
i h out i n ten din g t o m ake a l aw or a r u l e
Th e p er i od an d th e sem i col on ar e m ar k s of sep ar at i on ;
t h e c ol on an d t h e d ash ar e m ar k s of u n i on or a ddi t i on ;
I t di st i n g u i sh es r ath er
t h e com m a i s a m ar k of di st i n ct i on
I t h ol ds w or d s an d i dea s j u st f ar
th an j oi n s or sep ar at es
wh ile stil l all ow in g
en ou gh ap ar t f or u s t o r eal iz e th em
Th e f oll owi n g ar e el ev en i m p or
u s t o see t h em all at on c e
t an t u ses of th e c om m a
1 B et w een th e el em en ts of a sen ten c e wh en th e con ju n c
t i on s are om i tt e d
m ay
say
w t
.
.
,
.
.
.
1
2
I t was
.
O
ve r
s t r e t ch e d
3
l on g du ll a n d e xh a u st i n g j ou r n ey
m ou n t a i n s t h ro u gh fo r e s t s a cro s s r iv e r s
.
a
.
,
,
,
,
th e
e n du r e d
th e
i
h ou r
s tra n
a
ft e r
h ou r, d ay
er
f
ea r
t
y
y
4 F e g u s on c am e d ow n t h e gan g p l an k f oll ow e d b y
t h e m a i d t h e n u r e t h e b a by t h e t w i n s a n d t h e b oys
5 A firm con st a n t g en t l e d i sci pli n e sh ou l d p r ev a il
a
ea r
roa d
f t er
day,
a
.
-
r
.
s
,
.
ofli ce
l on g
.
He h a s
.
,
,
,
,
h i s w if e,
.
,
in
,
e
v ery
.
u ch
d even b efor e th e an d
th at c om e s b et w e en t h e l ast t w o n u m b er s of t h e ser i es Th i s
p r even ts ou r su p p osin g th at t h e l ast t w o ar e t o b e t aken as
on e
N ot ic e th e f oll ow i n g
ki t t
bl k
1 O
t h
th
wh it
d
p tt d
In
s
i
a s er e s
th e
is
c omm a
u se
.
.
2
.
ur
.
Ou r
wh i te
ca
as
ca t
ree
h a s t h r ee
en s
ac
a
m
ki t t en s— a bl a ck
,
,
a
a
e,
w h i t e,
an
and a
a
s
bl k
ac
e
o
an d
.
c omb in ati on s ar e n ot ser i es th e i t em s of which y ou
d esi r e t o keep ap ar t ; y ou wan t t o j oin th em as cl osel y as
p ossib le I n th ese y ou do n ot u se comm as
1 Th t b
g gi l i th d gh t
t if l
f th G v
2 A di t i g i h d f
ig
xh i b i t i g
ti t i
S ome
,
.
a
.
s
.
3
.
e au
G
od
p
n
y ou n
u
u s
dom e s t
e
o re
r
n
i gi n gh a m
c
s
ar
se
s
ll s
e
s
f or
au
e
fift ee n
er
n
e
o
.
ce n t s
.
o
e r n or
.
P
UN CTUA TI ON
1 81
xpl an ator y i n t erme di ate an d i n tr od u ct or y
e x p r essi on s an d ex p r essi on s ou t of th e n at u r al or d e r in t h e
Th ese t e r m s will b ec om e pl ai n er up on th e stud y
se n t en ce
of t h e f oll owin g sen t en ces
a ) E xpl an at ory ph r ases
1 M
B
th
m mb
j i
f
fi m i t ki g h i v
B m d
i
ti
2 F m Fl g t fl y
th A p h
th
m m i t f th
2
To
.
s et off e
,
,
,
.
:
r.
.
n
on
r u ce,
a
u
er
u n or
e
er
e
o
ou r
e
ra
r
n
a
s
,
s
a ca
.
‘
a
ro
.
G r ea t D i vide
s a
ou
ca n
s ee
a
o e,
e su
e
o
.
b ) I n ter m e d iat e p h r ase s
l
I h a d,
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
We
the
l
em p oy
ca n ,
o
h im
.
c ou r s e ,
.
r
,
,
,
I n tr od u ct or y
)
- Mr
a
.
occu p i e d,
c
d ) Ph r ases
1
.
Th e w a
2
.
In
3
.
Wi t h
ve s
r ep ly
.
,
ca m e a w a y
I
i
i
w th ou t
i g
s ee n
f r o m t h e cl a s s
p er i s h i n g b y t h e
b ei n g g i v en , h e w th dr ew
H a v i n g li ved b y t h e
o
ou t of
t
s w or d,
h ei r
lli n g
ro
a re
.
ph r ases
B r uc e b e in g
w P er m i ss i on
l e t ter
dec i ded t o
co n t r a r y ,
h
u
r
n
s
f
i
f
you a n y q u a n t i t y y ou de s i r e
Th e a rb i t r a t or s ga v e h a r sh t h ou g h p e fec t ly log ic a l j u dgmen t
H e w a s w e a r i n g a n e l e g a n t t h ou g h i n ex p e n s i v e s u i t
0
l
on
t o y ou r le t t er
t h ey
n at
u r al
are
or
foa m
.
swo r d
.
.
A p r i l I) , w e d e s i r e t o
f
.
d er
in, w h i te wi th
o
h im
s a y, e t c
t h e b es t i n t en t i ons i n t h e w or l d, h e w r ot e
a
.
v e ry fooli sh
.
E X ERCI SE 4
S u p p ly
p er i od s c ap i tal s sem ic ol on s
foll ow in g sen t en c es
1
th
d
bv
bl
l dfi
p
,
,
,
an d
c om m as
in th e
:
.
a
i
o e
us
er e
s
r ea
a
ue
c ou
-
e ck e d
sky
bl
e ow
us
l ay
l ev el w a v e dash e d san d t h e gu ll s n ow r etu rn e d f rom t h e
n o r th w er e c i rcli n g a n d cryi n g i n t h e a i r s h ou t i n g a n d l au gh i n g t h e
b ath er s w ere pl ayi n g in th e w ave s o r lyi n g on t h e w a rm sa n d f a r off
o n t h e h o r izo n a t r a il o f s m ok e m a r k e d t h e cou r s e o f a st e a m e r l i n g
y
on th e b e a ch in b l i ss f u l i dl en ess
you fill you r sou l w i th p eace an d r est
t h e w de
-
.
E SSE
1 82
N TI AL S
OF
B US I NE S S E NGLI S H
j apan es e a r e an a m b i t i ou s a l er t a n d i n t elligen t peopl e
i
m
a ry e du ca t i on i s b ecom i n g gen e r a l a m on g t h em t h ey are s t ron g
r
p
cl ea n a n d h ea l th y i n sh or t t h ey cou l d n ot b e den i e d a dm i s s i on
to ou r cou n t ry on t h e grou n ds th at m igh t k eep ou t h a l f t h e i mm i
g r an ts t h at ar e n ow com in g f rom sou th eastern eu r op e
3 w ill you ki n dl y l et u s k n ow b y r e t u rn m a il j u s t w h en you
ex pect to sh i p ou r o r der n o 7 34 8 da v en por t t o b e s en t d i re ct t o ou r
cu s t om er l aw r en ce s t or k w a sh i n gt on i ow a ou r cu st om er w i sh e s t o g e t
th i s da v en por t a t th e ea r li est pos s i b l e m om en t a n d we pr om i s ed h i m
to h a st en m a t t er s a s m u ch a s poss i b l e
4 i n a n sw er t o you r q u est i on if i t i s t ru e th at r ed gu m w h en
m a de i n to f u rn i t u r e m a r s v ery ea s il y we w ill s ay n ot on l y i s
t h i s n ot t ru e bu t on t h e oth e r h an d f u r n i t u re m a n u fa ct u r ed o f
t h i s wood w h en fi n i sh ed n at u ra l sh ow s fi n g er p r i n t s l es s t h a n a n y
o t h e r w oo d a n d i s t h e r e for e v e ry ea sy t o k e ep c l e a n w e e n cl os e
f rom th e su per i n ten dent of t h e woodmen of th e wor l d
a l ette r
bu il din g Om ah a n eb ra sk a wh i ch bear s ou t th i s sta t em en t fu lly
i n asm u ch a s door a n d i n te r i or t r i m i n a pu bli c bu il din g a r e su b
s a ge t h a n f u r n i t u r e
o
c
h
h
a
r
d
er
u
e
d
m
u
c
t
e
t
j
2
.
th e
.
.
ct ive cl ause
“
”
Wh en we say set off we m ean : P u t a c omm a after th e
cl au se if it stan d s at th e b egin n in g of a sen ten c e ; p u t a
c omm a b oth be for e an d after it if it c om es in th e m i ds t of
a sen ten c e
A r estr ic t ive cl au se d efin es n ar r ows pi n s d own th e w or d
t h at it m odifies ; i t fix es th e applic at i on of th e w or d it m od
ifies so cl osely th at th e two can n ot b e sep ar at ed
You can
n ot t ak e ou t a r est r ic t iv e cl au se an d st ill sa
y wh at y ou
d esi re to say ; often th e m ean in g is destroyed or ab sur dly
p erver ted b y r em ovi n g thi s cl ause
A n on restric tive cl au se add s som ethin g to th e wor d it
modifi es ; it does n ot n ar r ow ; it exp an d s Y ou can d r op it
ou t an d st ill m ak e c om pl et e sen se
Th e l ogic of thi s is th at y ou m ay set off th e n on rest ric
t ive cl au se b y c ommas You m u st n ot sep ar ate th e r est ric
3 To set off
.
a n on r estr
-
ic t ive
,
b ut
n ot a r estri
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
.
.
-
,
.
.
E SS E
1 84
2
be
i n j u ri es
His
.
i
a p p a r en t ly
l a t er
tr i v ia l,
given
is
gr a ph y w h ic h is g oi n g
W e dn es day ev en i n g s
s t en o
in
co u r s e
t o m e,
a b le
B US I N E S S ENGLI SH
p
ved
ro
to
.
Th e
.
OF
w h i ch w er e
,
s e r ou s
3
N TI AL S
on
to be
,
va l u
v er y
.
E XE RCI SE 5
S u pply th e
1
b k
Th e
.
Mr
.
we
ll a r r a n ged
sen t en
c on c re t e
-
e
c es
.
x ampl es
i s m os t
.
Wi se s b ook
wh
’
.
foll owi n g
in t h e
give s
th at
oo
i n s t r u ct ive
2
comm as
i ch give s
m a ny
co n cr e t e
e
xa m pl es
v e ry
is
i n s t r u ct ive
3 P r o f es so r G u li ck w h o h a s liv ed m a n y y ea r s i n Tok yo w r ot e
t h i s v a l u a b l e b o ok o n J a p a n
4 Th e a r ch i t e t w h o d e s ig n ed t h i s b u il d i n g h a s s u b m i t t e d pl a n
f o r a b u s i n e s s b l o ck i n B u en os Ay r e s
5 Ou r a rch i t ec t w h o h a s r ece n t l y gon e t o B ra zil w a s t r a i n e d in
o
.
.
.
s
c
.
.
.
B
o s ton
6
Mr
.
n ge
l
u
p
7
.
8
.
n ow
.
i
w h o h e s t a t e d f or
ru ce
Th e m a n w h o h es i t a t e s i s
Th e w o m a n
th e r
is
Th
.
t o da y
e
x cept i on a l
w om a n
r a th er
a
wh o
doe s
u n u su a
i m m edi a te
l
t ro u
4
t at ion
1
.
2
.
3
.
5
f r om
.
O p e r a t on
p
d a
ap
il e fi n a ll y
k
t oo
th e
e
in
un
iver sa l
su
ff ra ge
is
b li v
e
e
e
in
un
ive r s a l
su
ff ra ge
is
.
h is m a
i a gn os e d
h is
l a dy
i itis
a s a ppe n d c
vi se d
ad
.
i i ti s
en d c
p
e
e
i gn o se d
ca se
l a red
d ec
at
o n ce
th at t h e
.
c omm a p r ec ed es
h or t
an d
a s
i n form ally u sed
quo
:
b
H e re
H i s on l y s t a t e m en t w a s
I h a v e n ot h i n g t o
“
We can on ly s ay h ope fu ll y E very cl ou d h a s
E
v e ry
m em
er
a n s w e r e d,
.
,
,
c omm a t o sh ow th at
c on n e cti on is om itt ed
I n ser t
.
1
was
e
Th e
.
wh
.
b li v
n ot
e r s on
Th e doc t or w h o d
.
bl
i
l o st
n ot
w h o do es
.
11
g
.
1 0 Th e doct or s w h o
an
l on
a
.
ra
9
B
.
th e
He
a
cou l d
ea t
no
f at ;
sh e ,
no
l ea n
a
.
w or d
s ay
s
a
.
ilve r li n i n g
.
ily supplied
e as
N CTUA TI ON
PU
2
.
3
.
6
E n cl o sed fin d
Aft
Use
.
d
er
i n n er
k
ch ec
f
con cer t
of
my
a ccou n t
in
f u ll
; w e, t o t h e t h ea t e r
.
.
c om m a after
a
i n s tan ce,
or
a m ou n t
,
t h ey w e n t t o t h e
y es, n o, well, n ow, th en , h owever
fu r th er mo r e, n ever th eless, in fa ct, i n
th erefore, m or eover ,
s h or t,
$ 12 5
f or
1 85
th e
on
i le
st an d
n am e or
h an d, t h e
oth er
t t
of
p er son u se d t o add r ess h im wh en an y of th ese
at
t h e b e g i n n i n g of th e sen t en ce u n l ess it is v ery sh or t an d
c l ear
P u t a com m a b ot h b efore an d a ft er t h em w h e n t h ey
“
”
ar e
w ed g ed
i n to th e sen t enc e t o m ark a b r eak in t h e
F or ex am p l e
t h ou g h t
h
d
b
tt d d t
1 Y
th
th e
,
.
.
es,
.
e or
e en
as
er
a
en
e
.
ign e d
I n fa ct I h a v e r ece iv ed a p r om ot i o n
N o w m y d ea r s i r I f ee l t h a t I h a v e b ee n s l a b b i ly t r ea t e d
m I n sh or t I sh ou l d lik e m y m on ey r e f u n de d
O
I w ill h ow e v er w a i t a n ot h e r w ee k
7 Mor eov e r I t h i n k you w ill a dm i t M r L o n g t h a t w e h a v e b e en
a t i en t
p
N o, i t i s
)
N
tru e th a t I h a
not
ve
o
res
.
O
O
,
F
r
.
,
i
,
.
.
,
b
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
7
Wh en
.
s om et
t h ey
c om p ou n d sen ten c e ar e l on g
c omm a b efor e t h e con j u n ct i on th at
t h e m em b er s
im es h ave
a
of
a
,
j oin s th em :
1
t
i on
.
,
i
sh
an d
we
tran s t
2
3
by
.
.
a
i pm en t
Th e
ca n
w a s de
n ot
liv e r ed
t o th e
i bl e
be
re s pon s
ll
b u t th ere
i
ca rr er s
b
f or
r ea
kag
f
i n pe r ect
es
h a pp en
i
con d
ing
in
.
l a ce
Ou r p
is
sm a
,
f a r m i s q u i t e n ea r
sh a d
i
i
n g l an e
w
n
d
y
My
a re
th e m a
in
m a n y t r ee s
r oa d ,
and
b ut i t is
a
th
i ck
e ts
.
o a ch e d
r
pp
.
Wh en
c on jun cti on is om i tte d in su ch a sen ten c e
is p u n c tu at ed w i t h a sem i col on
8 A c om m a is of t en u sed t o p r ev en t am b ig u i ty or
av oi d an ab su r d c om b i n at i on
th e
,
it
.
.
to
N
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
9
.
W h at ever
Wh
i s, i s
r
h e w as, is
o
Ove r t h e w i n do w ,
Y
ea r s
Use
a
a
f te r
,
igh t
.
k n ow n
cu r t a i n s w e r e
n ot
.
I m et h i m
c omm a
to
se
hun
g
.
.
p ar at e l ar ge g r oup s
of
figur es i n to
E SS E
1 86
N TI AL S
OF
BUS I N E S S E NGLI SH
p er i ods of th ree ; b u t do n ot sep ar at e n um b er s u sed to in di
c ate th e year in a d ate
1 9 13 m d l ; i
bg t h w
ly
1 9 12 w
th
1 I
gh t t
1 9 14
f 19 13 w b
mm
.
n
.
er
su
2
.
3
.
o
i in
Th i s m a ch i n e, w h i ch
In
.
o
ou r
ca r
e
n
me
m en m i n ed
ton s
co s t
s ix
e
ea r
.
f rom
h a s a l r ea dy
w th
sa ary a d a n ce d
m il es
4
v
ou r
o
s
ou
r ou
e
l
H is
o
an
e
e
m on t h s
to
i
ca r r ed
me
.
Ma rch
19 14 ,
,
o f or e .
lways p rec e d ed b y a c omm a
1 1 S et off b y c omm as th e n am e of a m on th d efin in g a
week day and th e n um b er of a year d efin in g a m on th or
a day of th e m on th
M h 19 13
1 I
d th t
i b l fl d t D yt
2 T
d y J
l t d y f
4 w ill b
th
t i
bb re vi ati on
1 0 Th e
a
.
,
e tc
.
,
is
a
.
.
,
,
.
u es
.
3
ar c
n
.
a
,
,
occu r r e
,
une
e
e
,
e
On J a n u a ry 1 0, 19 12 , h e w a s
.
er r
as
e
a
oo
a
or
l
e m p oye d
a
en r es
in
ou r
on
.
.
ffice
o
.
E xER CI SE 6
S uppl y th e
sem
c apit al s p er i ods in ter r ogat i on s excl am ati on s
c ol on s an d c omm as n eed ed in th e foll owin g
ic ol on s
,
,
,
,
p assages
,
,
:
i n tan gi b l e property ca ll ed credi t s stock s m ort gages bon ds etc
if th ey a r e t a x ed at a ll a re ta xed tw i ce
2 t h e l a w l evi e s a poll t a x on a m a n s i m pl y b eca u s e h e i s a liv e
b u t i t does n ot ki ll h i m a s i t l ogi ca ll y s h ou l d w h en h e dec li n es to
1
.
-
.
a
p y
3
f act
th e
.
i n deed
th at i n
sam e
i s it
n ot a
i
e du ca t on
b
in
i
f i
g iz
i l
t m e m y r en ds t h a t w e r eco n e th e
h t sen se
an d
ac t ca
a re
an y r
er a
r
p
ou t
ig
li b
l
th i n g
i n tere st ed in b a s e b a ll a n d h e w ill su b
ject h i m self t o an y h ar dsh i p ph ys i ca l or m en t al to ob ta i n a n y
k n ow l edge pra ct i ca l or th eor et i ca l th a t e n l arge s h i s skill or h i s
pl ea su r e in t h e gam e
5 a m an i s t h e p r i son er o f h i s pow er a t op i ca l m em ory m a k e s
h i m an a l m a n ac a t a l en t f o r deb a t e a di spu t an t skill to g e t m on ey
m ak es h i m a m i ser th at i s a b egga r
i give you t h e l at est an d b est in f ormat i on on f oll ow u p
4
.
on ce
ge t
a
sm a
ll
b oy
-
.
-
ESSE
1 88
N TI AL S
B US I N E S S ENGLI S H
OF
—
2
2
m
a
o
u
n
m
an
r
n
fi
l
s
n
g
e
x
e
i
e
c
e
d
n
e
15
p
y
i s h e d b u s i n es s cou r s e a t l a r ge U i n J u n e on e yea r w i th b ig con c ern
t h r ou gh m i dw e s t good a ppea r an ce l o t s o f pe r son a li t y an d a m b i t i ou s
de s i r e s con n ec t i on w i th r e s pon s i b l e con c er n on sa l a ry e x pen ses a n d
com m i s s i on b e s t r e f s A ddre s s D D 4 6 T r i b u n e
.
w a n t ed— sa
i
s it u a t on
.
7
Th e dash
.
.
—Thi s is
l
a so a
tu at i on ; b u t i t h as d efi n i t e
a s u b s ti t u t e f or an y an d
u se s
v e ry u sefu l
— it
m ar k
of
n
u
c
p
b e th r ow n inas
can n ot
very m ark of p u n c tu at ion as
m an y i n exp e r i en c e d w r i t er s a r e p r on e t o d o
S om e w r i te r s on pun c t u at i on con dem n sc or n f u lly th e u se
s f ou n d in s om e a dve r t i sin g c op y w h er e i t i s
of t h e d ash a
u sed t o sep ar ate th e i tem s of a ser i es d ecl ar in g th at su ch
u se gives a t on e of e xci t em en t an d h y st er i a t o t h e p assage
A s a m att er of f ac t th e d ash u se d in such p assages is
n ot a m ar k of pu n c tu at i on at al l ; a r eal m ar k of p u n ct u a
t i on is qu i t e as m u ch an exp r essi on of th ou gh t or feeli n g
I n th e c ase w e ar e di sc u ssi n g th e d ash i s
as i s a w or d
th e p ar ts of th e
a m er e m e ch an ic al d evic e t o sep ar ate
I f th e c op y w r i ter w ould w r i te c om pl ete
an n ou n c em en t
sen t erices
an d h av e t h em sep ar at e d b y a sh ort sp a c e h e
w ou ld a cc om pli sh h is p u r p ose an d sav e th e ab u se of t h e
d ash
Th e f ol l owm g p ar agr aph fr om an adver t i sem en t exem
lifi
s
m
n
f
h
e
s
hi
e
ch
a
i
c
l
u
s
o
t
a
e
t
e d ash
p
m t F m P p
F
P vi d C l
N t i l St t
!
—
— d U
ti
l ti
C Op
l P lli g P w
Ci
Wh th
e
,
.
'
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
or e
r cu a
ar
os
o-
on
a
e ra
ro
er s
on
e
an
a ss ,
n u su a
a
u
on a
n
a e
,
e r.
o
on e
or
e
er
fa rm er— f ru i t gr ower— gra i n pro
du oer—da i rym an —c ot to n or t ob a cco p l a n t a t i on o wn e r w h e t h e r you
w a n t t o r ea ch t h e Nor th — S ou t h —E a s t o r W e s t— you ca n rea ch
t h e r igh t p r osp ect in t h e r igh t t er r i t ory b y t h e u s e o f t h e For e
m os t
F a r m P a p er L i s t— a li s t o f t r em e n do u s i n fl u en ce a n d g r e at
et c
et c
r es u l t b r i n gi n g pow e r— a li st
o
u
y
w an t
to
rea ch
th e
t r u ck
,
-
-
,
Th e
u ses
of
foll owin g
t h e d ash
:
ar e
th e
.
,
.
c om m on est
an d
m ost
i mp ortan t
'
P
UN CT UATI ON
1 89
i n dic ates a su dd en b r eak in th ou gh t a ch an ge
c on st r u c ti on a h u m or ou s or whi m sic al addi ti on ; as
m t hi b i
b l —b t wh y
ll th
t
1 Wh
it
1
It
.
,
,
en
.
2
3
e
.
es
r ou
h e we n t— f or w a n t
as
— th a t
k eep a sh o p
s e d ov er t o
a
s
p
He
,
u s n ess
s
o
I , too,
.
4
ca
H e w h i stl ed
.
of
,
th e
s
’
wh y I
s
g
t h ou h t
of
a sk
so
.
q u e st i on s
o
m
a
r
d
r
t
i
e
g
m an y
m a j or i ty— h e
il en t
os e ?
r eca
u
.
.
p u n ctu ates p ar en th etic al an d e xpl an ator y cl au ses
l ess cl osely att ach ed th an th ose set off b y comm as an d m or e
cl osely at tach e d th an th ose en cl osed in p ar en th eses ; as
l ti
l b p b l m —i f it i v
lv d
1 Th
f th
2
It
.
,
,
e
.
w
ill
ch a n
2
Ab
a
Th e
.
on
face
th e
a
de
po
l ogy
layed
s o c et y
em
of
du e
— m ay
ro
or
a
i
of
A dh
B en
e
o
de e p d r e a m
l on g
t oo
ge
ou
.
f r om
3
so u
s
e
—Aw k
.
h is tri
p e a ce
you h a s
.
—I
b i
e
er
e
n cr e a se
k n ow l e dge
ac
o
i t w i th
e
re
so
on e
e
n
igh t
gr et —b ee n
.
used b efor e lists of t erm s an d d etail s in m uch
t h e sam e way as a c ol on
Th e d ash is l ess st ifi an d f or m al
t h an a c ol on
Wh en y ou see a c ol on b efor e a list you feel
th at th e li st sh oul d b e d r awn up in c ol u m n s or at l e ast in
a n u m b er e d ser i e s
Wh en y ou see a d ash y ou feel sati s
fie d t o h ave th e d et ail s r u n i n t o th e sen ten c e sep ar ated f rom
on e an oth er b y c omm as or sem ic ol on s ; as
1 Su h l gi l t i
ff t
l l ki d
f b i
m —m
f
t
j bb
wh l
l
t il
d
3 I t is
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
c
.
u r e rs ,
2
p
e rs ,
Th e s e
.
ow er,
3
o
w o r ds
ar e
,
ec s
th at
f l
coa l t a r
n
a
an
u se u n e s s
,
fin d i n
fu m es fl a vors
a
o e s a e rs ,
i n fl u en ce
We
.
on
s a
e
re a
i
l
s ou s
.
w on der
-
u s n e ss
e r s.
th e
st r
o
s
fu l
th
of
a ll
an u ac
en
m en—cu l t u re ,
i n gs—m edi c i n e s
,
dyes,
p er
.
gem en t p r e ci sel y th e
op p osi te of 3— wh en th e i t em s or d et a il s ar e n am e d fi r st
an d th en sep ar ate d b y a d ash f r om a summ in g u p ph r ase ; as
1 C
g p ti
i d t y— th
q l
mbiti
th
4
Th e
.
d ash
is
'
used
in
an
ar r an
,
-
,
ou ra
.
i t ies
2
e,
th a t w i n
Q
.
g o od s
.
ua
li ty
,
a
en ce,
a
on ,
n
e se
us r
a re
ua
e
.
du ra
b ili ty
,
di st i n ct i on — t h e se
are
th e m a r
ks
of
ou r
E SSE
190
3
A
.
corr e ct
5
1
d ash
in al
b er s
.
itted b etween
Na t i onal A dvert i sing Managers
t h e pr oceedi n gs,
a r epor t o f
Use b oth
“
t wo
m et i n
see
pp
.
1 5—2 9
.
p er i od an d d ash after side h eads wh en th ey
th e d ash on ly wh en th ey ar e p ar ag raph ed ;
-
”
in
ru n
ar e
om
.
For
.
,
.
of
ssoc a t on
m erel y
-
in dic ate figur es
to
i i
Apr il 2—4
Ch i ca go,
6
A
Th e
.
2
n e ede d
is
,
num
BU SI NE S S E NGLI SH
i m a gin at i on li tt l e el se b es i des
i n a b u s i n es s l et te r
i
Use th e
.
t er m
gli sh
or
e n t h u s a sm ,
ccu r a cy,
En
N TI AL S
as)
i n fl ict i on of a dj ect ives an d a dverb s —Th ese
2 Th e i n fl ect i on of a dj ect iv es an d a dv erb s
Th ese w or ds u n der g o et c
1
Th e
.
words,
etc
.
.
,
7
D on t
’
.
t er ;
u se a
u se a
c ol on ;
.
d ash after th e
d on t use b oth
lut ati on
sa
formal
of a
l et
’
.
8 Th e p are nth esis — E xpl an at i on s, d efin i t i on s, an d com
m en t th at st an d di sti n c tly ap ar t f r om th e t h ough t of your
sen t en c e sh oul d b e en cl ose d in p ar en th eses ; as,
.
’
l
I
.
to ma
2
.
a
m
com p e
ll ed
by
wh i ch
(
i
c r cu m s t a n ce s
ke kn own ) to see k a n ew pos i t i on
You w ill fin d i n ou r cat a l ogu e (
pg
am
I
qu i te
w illi n g
.
28 )
.
a
descr i pt i on
m a ch i n e you w an t
u or ) h a s
3 Th e L a t i n wor d f or f ol low u p (
ers
e
q
p
giv
ca n t l
en u s t h e E n gli s h w or d p er secu t e
y
of
th e
.
v ery
-
.
s ign i fi
.
—
Th ese m ar k s
9 Brack ets
.
dded b y som eon e
or pub li sh er ; as
n ot
a
th e
in sert ed or
—
a r ep or t er an edi tor
au t h or
en
cl ose
m atter
,
,
,
1
‘
.
Th er e
l an gu age
E d i t or ]
n ea r
are
Th
!
e
N ew
a
qu art e r
S ta n da r d
of
a
D i ti
c
m illi on w or ds i n th e En gl i sh
on a ry
—Th e
i
c on t a n s
.
2
Appl
!
.
Th e
a u se
Am i
er ca n
sch oo
l
t ea ch e r i s t h e
fi rst foll ow er
of
t h e fl ag
]
S i n c e th ere
ar e n o
b r ack et s
on
th e
k eyb oar d
of th e
stan d
.
NTI AL S
E S SE
192
1
We
.
f
con r on t e d,
a re
B US I N E S S E N GL I S H
OF
sa
id
“
Cl ev el an d,
by
cond
a
i t i on
n ot
,
a
t h e or y
“
It
.
2
.
i s t h e du ty
i d Cl e v e l a n d
”
c i t iz en
sa
c
t h e du t y
n ot
,
th e
of
i t iz en
of
to
s u p p or t
g overn m en t
th e
gover n m en t
th e
to
s u p p or t
,
th e
.
3
quotati on m arks w h en y ou tu rn
in di r ect for m N otic e t h e d iffer en c e
Do
.
i n to
n ot u s e
th e
.
i d W h er e sh a ll I fin d t h e m a n age r ?
a s k e d wh e r e h e s h ou l d fin d t h e m a n a ger
He
sa
He
wor ds
th e
,
xp r essi on th at h as
b een u sed so oft en as t o b e fam i l i ar t o ev ery b ody I t is
a r efl ec t i on on a r e ad er s i n t e llig en c e t o qu ot e L ay on Mac
4
Do
.
qu ot ati on
n ot u se
m ar k s f or
.
an e
.
’
,
”
du fi, to b e
n ot
or
to b e,
f
o
fath ers man
th e
,
f ma tri mon y
i n h u ma n i ty to m an , h oly s ta te
i
si ns
th e
o
’
,
s
xp r es
or an y e
fam il i ar
5 I n wr i tt en m at ter n ot i n ten d e d t o b e p r in t ed qu ote all
t i tl es of b ook s t r eat i ses p oe m s s ets of b ook s l ec t u r es
p ic tu r es an d oth er w or k s of ar t an d the n am es of sh i p s
I f y ou ar e p r ep ar i n g a m an usc r ip t f or p u b lic at i on c on sul t
an exp er i en ce d p r i n t er
or a sp eci al m an u al on p r in t i n g
c on c ern in g th e t r eatm en t of t i tl es cit ati on s etc N otic e
t h e f oll ow i n g
s on
so
.
.
,
'
,
,
,
,
,
u
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
1
.
S er
i es
B r i t t a n i ca
2:
L
e tt e r
3
.
a
b k
oo
s:
En
gli sh
M en
L
of
e t t er s
”
;
“
Th e E n cyc
l op e di a
”
.
B i
Vo l u m e s
u s n ess
a
P ro
f e s s i on
I
van h oe
”
;
Th e S ca r
l et
.
P oem s
C on du ct
“
J p
of
.
,
of
an d
L if
a n— I t s
e
”
;
“
T
e s s ay s,
o a
l e ctu res
”
S kyl a r k ;
P r e s en t , P a s t ,
,
an d
F
“
Th
Or de r e d
et c
u tu r e .
e
”
Cot t e r
’
s
S ou t h
S a t u r da y
Th e
Nigh t
”
;
P
UN CTUATI ON
19 3
i ct u r es an d s t atu es oper as etc
Th e H ol y F a m ily
”
”
“
“
”
Mon a L i sa ; Th e D yi n g G a u l ; I l Trov a t or e
“
”
“
”
5 S h i ps
Ar a b i c ; Ma u r et a n i a
S S
4
P
.
,
,
.
:
.
.
.
.
w or ds or p h r ases to which p ar ticul ar atten ti on
is call ed ; a w or d th at is foll ow ed b y it s d efin i ti on ; an
u n u su al n e wly in v en t ed or hu m or ou sly u s e d w or d ; w or d s
off er ed as i l lu str at i on s
or oth er w i se m en t i on ed m er ely as
wor ds t o set t h em off fr om th e t ext
I n a t ech n ic al t r eat i se on l an gu ag e as f or ex am pl e in t hi s
b ook w or d s ar e u sed in thi s w ay so f requ en tly an d often in
so l on g a li st t h at t o qu ote t h em w oul d b e t o disfig u r e t h e
p age with pun c tu ati on m ar k s an d t o p u t an un due str ai n
I n such a c ase th e w or d s ar e
on th e ey es of t h e r ea d er
i t ali cized
N ot ic e th e f oll owi n g ex am pl es
6
Q u ote
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
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,
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,
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.
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1
2
.
.
Th e t er m
“
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i
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law
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an d
oo
“
b d
h ad
an
a
”
i n t eresting or igi n
t a k e on n ew m ean i n g
.
i n th e
da y
.
ktie
“
”
4 We th ou gh t w e h a d bou gh t a fool p roof ca r
”
“
D em u r ra ge m ea n s t h e paym en t a sh i pper m ak es f or deta i n
5
i n g a ca r or a boa t b eyon d t h e t i m e a ll owed f or l oa di n g a n d u n
3
.
H e w a s w ea r i n g
a
i g
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s cr e a m n
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.
-
.
.
.
I f y ou
I f y ou u se an occ asi on al w or d of sl an g , qu ote it
’
h ab itu all y u se sl an g , d on t qu ot e it N othin g c ou ld b e
.
,
.
i r r it at in g th an th e p epp er in g of a p age wi th qu ot a
t i on s m ar k s u se d to ap ol ogiz e f or t h e S l an g of a w r i t er wh o
h as n ot t ak en t h e p ain s t o l e arn a d e c en t v oc ab u l ary
Th e
fol l owin g sen ten c e was actually seen in an ar t icle in a
b u sin ess m agazin e :
m or e
.
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propos i t i on
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E S SE
1 94
.
N TI AL S
I f th at is your
quote
BU S I NE S S E N GLI SH
OF
voc ab ul ary
,
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ith er d on
’
t
w r i te
,
d on
or
’
t
.
qu otati on in side th e p assage you
qu ote I n th at c ase you u se th e d oub le qu ot ation m arks
f or th e m ain p assage qu oted an d S in gl e m ar ks f or th e in n er
qu otati on ; as
7
S om et i m es th er e is
.
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.
,
,
Th e
cr
i t ic
says :
t on
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s
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sen su ou s, a n d
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p e,
“
Mil
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i s st ill j u st
ud
‘
poetry
mu st b e
s im
.
E XERCI SE 7
Pun c tu ate th e
foll owin g p assages
c api tals as are m i ssin g :
fi
f p b li
v
1 Th
3 p b li i d t i
d i v tm
d m i
t
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o
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5 ta
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ere a re
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an
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en
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bli l
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e es
f
c
oan s
2 pu
bli
c
a s se ssm en t s
an d
x at ion
form s of ta x a t i on are th e s e gen era l proper ty t a x cu stom s
d u t i e s ex ci se t a x e s i n com e t a x es i n h e r i ta n ce ta x e s cor pora t i on a n d
bu si ness ta xe s
3 I n r esp on se t o you r l ett er of j u n e 1 2 m ay we ask w h at di d y ou
fin d w ron g w i t h th e coff ee i n w h at r es pect di d i t d iff er f rom w h a t
or m e r l
ca n you w i t h ou t i n co n v en i en ce giv e u s
a
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h
v
f
rec
iv
e
u
e
e
d
y
y
som e in f orm a t i on as t o h ow t h e coff ee w a s p rep ar ed f or t h e t a b l e
an d t h e q u a n t i t y u se d w ill you r et u r n t o u s a s m a ll s a m p l e t o b e
su b m i tt e d t o ou r coff ee ex pe r t f or ex a m i n a t i on
4 Wh i ch m an r en ders t h e gr ea ter s ervi ce to h i s cou n try th e sol
d i er i n th e a r m y or t h e w or k er in i n du st ry w h i ch m or e des erv es a
em
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va r i ou s ca su a l t i es s i ck ne ss a cci den t u n em pl oym en t old
2
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.
.
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th e
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I n th a t
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bl
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di sta n t yea r 1 8 75 w h en t h e t el egr a ph an d
t h e m os t w on der f u l t h i n gs i n t h e worl d
.
'
ll you n g p rofe ssor o f e locu t i on w a s de spe ra te ly b u sy in a n oi sy
m ach i n e sh op t h a t s t ood i n on e of t h e n a r row st r ee t s o f bosto n
not f a r f r om s coll a y s q u a r e i t w a s a v e ry h ot a f t er n oon i n j u n e
b u t t h e you n g pr ofes sor h a d for got t en t h e h ea t a n d t h e gr i m e
of t h e w o r k sh o
p h e w a s w h oll y a b sor b ed in t h e m a ki n g of a n on
de scr i pt m ach i n e a s or t o f c ru de h a r m on i ca w i t h a cl ock spr i n g
a gn et a n d a w i r e i t w a s a m os t a b su r d to
r eed
m
appea ran ce
i
n
y
a
a
ta
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CHAP TE R
BU S I NE S S
A
A l ar g e p ar t
XI I
C OM P O S I TI O N
L E TT ERS
.
w or ld s b u sin ess is at p r esen t c arr i ed
on b y l ett er s
Th i s st at e of t h e c ase h as b een b r ou g h t ab ou t
b y t h e e n orm ou s i n c r ease of a dv er t i si n g c r eat i n g a n ati on al
an d i n t e rn at i on al m ar k et in p r i n t ; t h e am azi n g d ev el op
m en t of m ail ser vi ce ; t h e f acili t i es f or m aki n g an d m u l t i
plyi n g l etter s afior ded b y th e st en ogr aph er t h e dic t ag r aph
t h e t yp ew ri ter an d t h e d evic es f or m ult iply i n g c opi es ; an d
th e e ase r api d i ty an d saf ety of t r an sp or t at i on
Th e l ett er as a b u si n ess ag en t h as m an y a dv an t ag es
I t is an e c on om ic al an d eff e c tiv e a dv er t i ser
I t is a c ou r teou s an d el oqu en t sal esm an wh o i s n ev er d e
n i e d an audi en c e
I t is a pl easan t dis c r i m i n at i n g c u stom er wh o g en er ally
kn ows wh at h e w an ts an d wh o w ast es n o ti m e
I t is a p oli t e b u t p er si sten t c oll ect or
I t an n ihil at es di st an c e b etw een b uy er an d s ell er
I t is a c on tr ac t m ad e wi th ou t f ee or f or m ali ty
I t ser v es as a p erm an en t t r us tw ort h y r ec or d of t h e t r an s
a c t i on
Th e t r ai n i n g t h at on e m u st h av e f or th e p osi t i on of c or
r esp on den t in a l ar g e m od er n b u si n ess is if on e g ets i t i n
th e sch ool s e qu al t o a p r ofessi on al e duc at i on ; or it c om es
B u t an y m an
as th e p r oduc t of a l on g ab sor b i n g ex p eri en c e
m an en g aged in p r ac ti c al aff ai r s m ay h av e occ asi on to
or w o
of
’
th e
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
19 6
B US IN E S S
COMP OS I TI ON
197
write a b usin ess l etter ; an d th er e is easi ly ac cessib l e a l ar ge
field of kn owl edg e c on c ern i n g b u sin ess c or r esp on d en ce of
which th e youn g stu d en t as w ell as t h e or din ar y m an of
aff ai r s m ay quickl y p ossess hi m s elf
As a
Th e l et ter is t h e ty p e f or m of b u si n ess exp r essi on
m att er of f ac t t h er e ar e t h re e p r oc esses in b u si n ess c om
mu n i cation an d on ly t h r ee :
1 Th e i n qui r y ab ou t som ethi n g y ou n ee d or ar e i n t er
.
.
,
,
.
est ed
,
in ;
Th e
in for m at i on ab ou t som ethi n g t h e oth er
m an d esi r es or ough t to d esi r e ;
3 Th e sal e an d p u r ch ase of th e d esi r ed an d d esi r ab l e
ar t icl e
All b usi n ess w r i ti n g— l ett er s adv ert i sem en ts ci r c u l ar s
A
ar e c on c er n e d w i th on e or al l of t h ese t h r e e p r oces ses
g ood sal es lett er is a g ood adver tisem en t ; a good adv er ti se
m en t is on l y a l etter t o an u n li m i te d n u mb er of p os si b l e
b u y er s ; in a good l ett er or a good adver t i sem en t y ou u se th e
sam e m at er i al an d w i t h a v er y f ew di ff er en ces t h e s am e
m eth od y ou u se in a fa c e t o fac e in t ervi ew
Con v en t i on h as d ecr eed t h at c ert ai n t hi n gs ab ou t a b u si
n ess l et t er S h al l b e as th ey ar e an d i t is u n w i se to v ar y f r om
th em ; t h er e i s n o r oom f or or igin ality in th ese for m al an d
ac cep t e d t hi n g s ; t o d evi a e f r om t h em w ould m er el y b e t o
t
d ecl ar e y ours elf an u n i n for m ed p erson
Th e di s c u ssi on of L ett er s whi ch f oll ow s i s l ar g el y c on
c er n e d wit h th ose m at t er s th at m u s t app ear in a b us i n ess
l et t e r ;
1 A g ood fir st i mp r essi on — To g et t h e v er y r e al b en efi t
l l ow i n g
t h at com es of a g ood fi rs t i m p r essi on ob ser v e t h e f o
p r ec au t i on s
1 Use st at i on er y of g ood qu al i ty an d of a c cep t ed f or m
B usi n ess l et t er p ap er is in si n g l e sh eet s ab ou t 8 1/ x 1 1
p r efer ab ly w hi te ; en vel op es sh ould m at ch an d fit
2
.
givin g
of
.
.
,
,
.
-
‘
,
,
,
-
-
.
,
.
~
.
‘
,
.
.
2
.
,
E SS E
198
N TI AL S
p ewr i tin g sh ould b e good
3 Th e p ag es m ust b e f r e e fr om b l ot s er asu r es an d oth er
c or r ec ti ons
4 Th e l et ter sh ould b e attr ac t iv ely arr an g ed on t h e p ag e
a) Th e m ar gi n at t op an d b ot tom v ari es wi t h t h e l en gt h
of t h e l et t er b u t it mu st n ev er b e l ess t h an an in ch an d a
h alf S tudy th e r el at i on of th ese m ar gin s on th e p age of
a w ell p r i n t ed b ook
b ) Th e s id e m ar gi n s S h ould n ot b e l ess t h an an i n ch in
width I n a s h or t l etter th ey m ay b e wider Th e letter
”
sh ould b e
c en t er ed on th e p age so as t o p r esen t a sym
m et r ic al d esign t o t h e ey e
Th e l ef t h an d m ar gi n sh ou ld
b e k ep t ab solut ely ev en — t h e ri gh t h an d as ev en as p ossi b l e
5 Not hi n g sh ou ld b e w r i tt en in th e m ar gi n or ac r oss
wh at h as al r eady b een wr i tten
6 B u sin ess l ett er s sh ou ld b e w r i tten on on e sid e of t h e
p ap er on ly S oci al l ett ers sh ould b e w r i tten on c on secu tive
p ages—1 2 3 4 n ot 1 3 4 2
Th e d evic e of secur i n g att en t i on
7 AN Old p ostscr ip ts
b y p u tt i n g i m p or t an t m att er i n t o a p ost sc r ip t t h at on e
s om eti m es sees in s al es l et t er s
is i n ar t ist ic an d am ou n t s
t o a c on fessi on of weakn ess
8 Th e sign at u r e m u st b e l egi b l e
9 Th e l ett er m u st b e f old ed p r op er ly
a) Fold th e l ow er e dg e of th e sh eet up t o wi thi n a qu ar t er
Thi s m ar gi n m ak es th e l ett er easy t o
of an i n ch of t h e t op
un fold
b ) Mak e a sec on d fold f r om r ight t o l eft m aki n g alm ost
t h r ee e qu al divi si on s
l eavin g a
0) Mak e t h e t hi r d f old fr om l e ft t o r igh t
quar ter i n ch m ar gi n on th e righ t
d) P l ac e th e l ett er in th e en v el op e so t h at th e t op of
t h e l ett er is in th e l eft en d of th e en v el op e as y ou h old i t
op en t ow ar d you
2
Pen m an ship
B US I NE SS E NGLI SH
OF
.
ty
or
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
“
.
.
-
.
-
.
.
.
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.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
-
.
.
E S S E N TI
2 00
AL S
B US I NE S S E N GLI S H
OF
in for m at i on of c or r esp on den ts Th e arr ang em en t an d
con t en t s of t h i s h e a di n g ar e mat t er s of t ast e ; i ts pl a c e on t h e
S h eet is c on v en t i on al an d fix e d
Wh en th e p r i n t ed or en g r aved h ead is n ot use d a h ead
in g g ivi n g t h e fu ll add r ess of th e w r i t er is w r i tten p r e fer
ab ly at t h e r igh t h an d n ear t h e t Op of t h e sh eet in t wo
l in es— th r ee if th e ad dr ess is l on g
Th e p r esen t t en d en cy i s t o do aw ay w i t h b ot h abb r evi a
Y ou wi ll h ow ev er
t i on s an d pu n c tu ati on in t h e h eadi n g
see b oth u sed
E x am p l es of b ot h styl es ar e gi v en b el ow
Wh atev er styl e y ou deci de up on adh er e t o it c on si st en tly
Cer t ai n fi r ms h av e a l on g estab li sh e d cu stom a n d a h is
t or i cal h eadi n g whi ch t h ey w ou ld n ot b e wil l i n g t o ch an g e
E x am pl es ar e g iv en of h e adi n g s wi t h th e or di n ar y i n d en
ti on an d of t h ose arr an g e d in t h e s o cal l e d b l ock f or m
S i n c e th e di r ect i on on t h e en v el op e of l et t er s w r i t t en t o y ou
will b e i den t i cal w it h th e h eadin g of y ou r l ett er thi s h ead
in g sh ou ld b e fu ll an d a c cu r at e
I t is n ot sa fe t o om i t t h e
n am e of a st ate e v en a ft er t h e n am e of on e of ou r l ar g est
c i t i es ; t h er e ar e n o l ess t h an t hi r t een B ost on s I n t h e Un i t ed
th e
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
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,
,
.
.
.
,
-
.
-
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.
,
.
,
S t ate s
.
Th e D a t e — Thi s
giv es th e n am e of t h e m on th th e day
of t h e m on th an d th e y ear
Th e p r esen t t en d en cy i s n ot
t o abb r evi at e th e n am e of t h e m on th
Th e or di n al en di n g s
n d r d th — ar e n ot u se d a f t er t h e da
h
h
A
f
m
o
n
o
t
e
t
y
c om m a sep ar ates th e day of th e m on th fr om th e y ear No
p eri od is use d aft er th e y ear D o n ot u n d er an y ci rcu m
st an c es u s e t h e f or m
Th e
in th e d at e of a l ett er
foll owi n g ar e ex am p l es of h eadi n g s an d d at es
2
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,
.
.
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,
.
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.
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u ne
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H O M E I N S U RA N CE B U IL D I N G
S O U T H L A S A LL E S TRE E T
C H I CA G O I LL I N OI S
Ju ly 7 19
S UI TE 3 1 7 ,
13 7
,
,
HO M E I N S URA N CE B U I LD I NG
S U I TE 3 1 7 ,
1 3 7 SO
UTH
.
L A S A LL E S TRE E T
H I C A G O I LL I N OI S
J u ly 7 1 9
C
,
.
,
E XE RCI S E 1
Ar r an g e
th e
foll owi n g i tem s
c or r e
c t ly
h eadin gs
in
an d
d ates
1
.
2
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s ou r
b ll bl k b
oc
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r oom
3 15
e n t on
b m i h ig j
b il di g 14 1 5 d l m
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4 a dv er t i s i n g a ss oci a t i on of ch i ca go 12 3 w e st
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3
.
678
oa k
st
sa n
.
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m a di son
st r eet
.
.
dd r ess of th e
p er son w r i t t en t o sh ou l d b e p l ace d at t h e b eg i n n i n g of ev ery
b u si n ess l ett er at t h e l eft an d b el ow th e d at e lin e— th e n am e
in a l in e b y i t self b egi n n i n g on th e l ett er m ar gin ; th e
add ress in t w o li n es b el ow e ach of t h e l i n es slig h t ly i n d en t ed
Th e b l ock for m of ar r an g em en t m ay b e u sed
Th i s add r ess
sh ould b e c orr ec t in ev ery p ar ticul ar si n c e it is id en t ic al
3
.
Th e A ddr ess — Th e
b u si n ess
n am e an d a
,
.
,
.
,
E SSE
202
N TI AL S
BUS IN E S S E NGLI SH
OF
wi th th e dir ec t ion th at will app ear on th e en v el op e Th e
p r op er t itle of th e p er son w r i tten t o sh ould b e used in t hi s
add r ess
Th e m ost comm on ly u sed t i tl es ar e th e f oll owi n g :
w
f
b ov f t y
k
d f
n
t
M
a
d
y m
g
.
.
r.
u se
an
or
an
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ve an ot h er t i tl e
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m or e m en
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.
.
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f orm er ly b u t i t rem ain s in th e a ddress
m ayor s j u st i ces of t h e
of m em b er s of t h e l e g a l p r o f e ss i on
p ea ce an d st a te off i ci al s ot h er t h an t h e G over n or
M is s u sed f or an u n m ar r i ed w om an ; a firm of u n marr ie d w om en
w ou l d b e a ddre sse d as M iss es
M rs u se d f or a m ar ri ed w om an an d p r efix ed t o h er h u sb an d s n am e ;
if sh e i s a w i dow it i s pr efix ed to h er Ch r i st i an n am e
M esda m es abb r evi a t e d M mes an d u sed in a dd r essin g a firm or oth er
g r ou p of w om en in wh i ch th er e ar e m arr i ed wom en or wi d
ow s
I f Mr s H a r t an d Mrs H ayn or ar e p a rt n er s or if
M rs H ar t an d M i ss K ayn or are p art n ers —
in ei t h er case
is
l ess
a ddr ess n
.
f r equ en tly
E s q f or E sq u i r e,
a t er t h e
i g
in
t h an
u se d
,
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t h e fir m is
H on
.
a
bb vi t i
re
a
on
i
i m p or t an t
occu p e d
am
b
j u dges et c
f or
a bb r evi a t i on
.
’
d oct or
.
u se d
f or
in g
Ph
.
a
bb vi
re
p osi t i on s,
of Con g r ess
er s
c
de
s
gr ees
doct or
ca
b int
e
an d of
h av e
occu py or
i
off cers , sen at or s,
s t at e
l egi sl atu res
,
l gyman
ot h
at e d
l
r
p e
f or
l gym an
a
c er
Dr
.
wh o h as
on e of
R ev
.
.
l
th e
i
s ch o as t c
.
of
th e
of
u s ed
a c er
m e d i ci n e
f r equ en tly f or
s ch ol as t i c doct or s de gr ees ;
or
fix
f r om
th e
D
i le
t t
e e ct e d or a p po n t e d
to
Dr
L
of
oct or
P r of ess or ,
i
an d
an y
’
il os oph y
b
b li
f or t h ose wh o
u se d
Rever en d ,
f or
u se d
on e
n ot
P r of
a
b
pu
.
.
m ay b e
Dr
m em
as s a dor s,
,
R ev
H onor a b l e,
of
M me s
by
a ddr ess e d
and
.
bl g
e on
s
i
p os
a ce r t a n
— LL
aw s
a
ffix
by
r
i t i on
as,
B
.
igh t
in
a
D
oct or
of
You m u st
.
Ph D
l
ho d
on e
.
,
MD
.
.
,
et c
.
l y t o on e
de gr ee givi n g
on
-
i n st i t u t i on of l ea r n i n g ; or b y cou r t esy t o on e w h o h as bec om e
a n ex pe r t or a n a u t h or i t y i n so m e b r a n ch o f l ea r n i n g
I t is
u s ed v er
y ca r e l ess ly a s a ppli ed t o a ll ki n ds an d gra des of
.
0
t ea ch er s
.
E S SE
2 04
N TI AL S
BU S IN E S S E NGLI SH
OF
Un i t ed Fru i t Comp any
Wh a rf
L on g
G N
E
L
T EM E
M es srs
D
.
T EM E
.
Wes t
3 9 t h S t r ee t
Y
.
.
N:
Clar k e
S h e lb y C
.
Compa n y
0 H ea t h
.
N ew Y or k , N
G N L
Dr
.
N
2 3 1 -2 4 1
E
M ass
B ost on,
.
L ong mon t
Colorad o
D
H on
D
S IR
E AR
Wi llia m J en n i ng s
Was h i ng t on D C
.
,
B r yan
.
.
S IR :
E AR
P r of essor J oh n
M M a n ly
.
Th e Un i v ers i ty
f Ch i cag o
o
Ch i cag o, I ll
MY
D EA R
.
SI B
E XE RCI SE 2
A r r an g e
foll ow in g add r ess es c or r ec tly an d g ive t h e
p r op er t i tl e an d salu t ati on
w
k
7
O
t
S
H
l
F i Cl
6
8
S
t
1 H
y
y
y
W t B tt l b
Vt
d
M ti
N Al x
p t
N th
F i t C m p y S h b yg Wi
i
B Sid
C
d L mb
S id y N Y
y M ill
H W F l m i g d t i t C m p ll M
l C b l M f t i g C Nil M i h ig
Q N ti
L M H
l Av
I di
329 A
fl Mi
p li
W lt H P g Am i
Am b d t I t ly
my H
iv l L w ll h d f t h d p tm t f a t
9 P
v d U iv ity
th e
:
e
O
an
er
fl
S
on a
a
ss
b
C
a
n
ar
n
u re
er s
o
er
u
a
o
a
a s or
a
en
a
a
an u
o
ne
.
a
ac u r n
er c a n
ea
o
e
as s
.
.
.
.
es
.
en u e
ar
a
.
o
e
or o
scon s n
.
as sa
e
r an c sco
an
o
o
e
r s en a
e
e
ra
es
e
s
an
.
an
err on
.
.
er
e
a
.
er
er c
.
ar
n
e
.
.
a
an
ne
-
a
u rn
ern
or
J
C
l
o
en r
.
or
en
an
c
an a
n
a
o
o
.
o
s
.
.
s r on o
ar
.
l McF arl an d
S ch ool I n di an ap oli s I n d
t e ach er
1 0 P au
.
‘
.
of
m ath em at i cs
T ech n
i cal High
B US I N E S S
11
.
L
C
.
.
D
em ar est a n d
C S
.
.
COM PO S I TI O
H arper
N
2 05
p ar tn er s i n
b i
u s n ess
1 1 9 Ta
le W ash i n gt on
1 2 Ca t e r H a r r i son m ayor of Ch i cag o
1 3 M e rr i t t W P i n ck n ey j u dg e i n t h e Cou r t of D om est i c Rel a
t i on s Ch i ca g o I l l
1 4 H u g h P H u g h es m emb e r of t h e S u p r em e Cou r t J u di ci al B u il d
i n g N ew Y ork
1 5 La n dor A B ar r et t a D oct or of P h il osop h y car e of Am er i can
E xp r ess C om pan y B er li n S W G erm an y
c om a
St
S e att
.
.
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
5
Th e B ody
.
l en g th
,
f
o
th e L e t ter
is t ak en
an d
up b el ow
.
Thi s m u st b e
disc u ssed
at
.
—
i
r
T
h
m
l
m
e
n
l
I f th e
e
C
t
a
o
6
o
p
y C se
lutati on is th e
—
h
m
l
n
r
m
o
h
n
c
t
a
s
i
t
e
a
e
a
r
i
g
p
i
cl
l
v
ki
g
t
e
o
e
e
e
n
ee
t
s
t
a
g
y
p h r ase of r esp ec t an d c ou r tesy fol l ow in g th e lett er p r op er
S o f ar as b us i
an d i m m e di at el y p r e c e di n g t h e sig n atu r e
n ess l ett er s g o w e ar e p r act i cally li m ite d i n p r ese n t u sag e
sa
.
-
,
.
,
t o You rs t r u ly, V ery tr u ly y ou r s, You r s
v er y
tr u ly,
in
or ,
a
l ett er t o a su p er i or R esp ectfu lly you rs I n for m al an d
fr i en dly l ett er s u se S in cer ely you r s Cor di ally you rs etc
Th e c om pli m en t ary cl ose sh ou ld b egi n at a p oi n t ab ou t
h alf way fr om l eft t o ri gh t Th er e sh ou ld b e n othin g el se
A c ap i t al l ett er is u sed f or it s first w or d an d a
on th e li n e
c omm a com es af ter it ; as You rs tr u ly Very tr u ly y ou rs
You rs e tc is n ev er t o b e t ol er ate d
—
I n t h e fi r st pl a c e t h e sign at u r e
Th
a
e S i g n tu r e
7
I t is n ow con ce d e d th at a w ell an d p l ai n
sh ou ld b e l e gi b l e
ly w r i tt en sig n at u r e is th e m ost d i fficu l t t o f or g e ; so t h e
t h eory th at an u n de ciph er abl e t an gl e is a p r ot e c t i on ag ai n st
f or g er s n o l on ger h ol ds
Th e S ign at ur e S h oul d alw ays b e wr i tt en wi th p en an d in k
if p ossibl e b y t h e p ers on c om p osm g t h e letter I t
an d
sh ou ld b e wr i t t en on th e li n e b el ow th e c om pl im en t ary cl os e
an d so pl ac e d as t o b ri n g t h e en d of th e n am e t o t h e r igh t
m ar gi n
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
E SSE
2 06
A
N TI AL S
w om an wh o
s
ign s
a
B US I N E S S E NGLI S H
OF
b u si n ess l etter sh ould i n dic at e
h er
i le ; as
t t
,
L U CY R
MEAD E
.
MRS H E N RY
(
.
MRS ) L U CY
(
MI S S ) L U CY
(
th e fir m
n am e
p erson writin g
th e
th e
is
s
ign e d
l etter
th e
,
s h ou
ld
.
wr itt en
By
.
in it i als of
b el ow ; as
,
t r u y you rs ,
H O LT
8 Th e D irecti on
or
l
Very
on
)
.
n am e
be
.
MEADE
R MEA D E
R
.
Wh en
R
th e E n v elop e
— This
E ATON
H
is
.
iden t ic al
in
Th e n am e of
ddr ess (
S ee ab ov e
th e p ers on sh oul d b e w r i tt en ab out m idw ay b etw een t h et op
an d b ott om of t h e e n v el op e
five typ ewr i t er
I n th e li n e b el ow an d a li ttl e t o th e r igh t (
sp ac es ) t h e n u m b er of t h e b uildin g an d n am e of t h e st r eet ;
an oth er fiv e ty p ewr i t er sp a c es t o t h e
in t h e li n e b el ow th i s (
r igh t
h
t
e n am e of t h e c i ty ; i n th e n ext l in e an d s i m il ar ly
)
i n d en ted th e n am e of th e st at e Or it m ay b e ar r an ged in
b l ock form
Th e p r esen t t en d en c y is t o av oid abb r evi at i on s of th e
w or ds str eet av en u e sq u ar e p ar k et c an d t o di sp en se with
p u n ct u ati on ex cep t th e p er i ods after abb r evi at i on s You
will h owever see m an y di r ecti on s th at Sh ow c om m as at th e
e n d of each li n e an d a p eri od at th e en d wh eth er or n ot t h e
n am e of t h e st at e is abb r evi at ed
E ver y li n e of th e di r e c t i on sh ou ld b e gi n wi th a c api t al
“
I n t h e l ow er l eft h an d corn er m ay b e wr i tte n su ch dir ec
t i on s as P ri vate To B e F orwar ded A t ten tion of Mr D or st
I f y ou u se th e S ign c/o do n ot u se a
c/c H olt do E aton
c apital 0
su
b st an c e wi th
th e
a
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
,
.
.
.
,
E S S EN TI
2 08
OF
BUSIN E S S ENGLI S H
it em This can b e don e on ly wh en th e
i tems ar e of e qu al im p or t an c e an d com pl exi ty You w ill
h ave gath er ed fr om th e exer cises in c omp osi ti on in ters p er sed
am on g y ou r l esson s t h at y ou n ee d a n ew p ar a gr aph f or each
Th e l etter t h at y ou w r i t e m ay h av e
n ew asp e c t of a t opic
on e i t em c on c ern i n g which you m ay h av e t o m ak e a l on g
This i t em y ou m ay h av e t o h an dl e in m or e
expl an at i on
t h an on e p ar agr aph b oth f or th e sak e of cl earn ess an d f or
t h e sak e of y ou r c or r espon d en t s p at i en c e an d p ower of
at t en t i on whi l e th e ot h er i t em s t ak e b u t a si n gl e p ar agr aph
F or i n st an c e : A c us tom er or d er s f r om y ou r h ou se t h r ee
ar t icl es
two of which y ou ar e for w ar di n g i mm edi at ely ;
th e or d er f or t h e thi r d w as so v a gu e t h at y ou m u st ask f or
fu rth er p ar ticul ars ; you m ay t ry t o assi st b y d esc r i b in g
thi n gs y ou h av e in stock of th e sam e ki n d ; y ou sp e cify th e
det ai l s you n eed t o h av e b efor e you can fill th e or d er
Y ou can s ee t h at th e t hi r d i t em h an d l ed in y ou r l et t er
h as t h ree asp e c t s an d sh ould h av e t h r ee sh or t p ar agr aph s
while th e oth er tw o ar e di sp osed of in on e p ar agr aph each
L et y ou r Ou tli n e Sh ow t hi s b ef or e y ou be gi n to w r i t e
2 I n th e reac t i on agai n st a c on ven t i on al st ilt ed styl e of
b u sin ess l ett er s al m ost l eg al in it s c ol or l essn ess an d r oun d
ab ou tn es s w e S h ow sign s of goi n g t o t h e oth er ext r em e
“
”
Wr ite as you t alk is an in jun ct i on y ou fr e quen tly h ear
W ell th at d ep en d s— on h ow y ou t alk I f y ou t alk lik e a
g arr ul ous m aiden aun t you r b u sin ess l ett ers m ay soun d
like t his (
an ac t u al ext r ac t fr om a so c all e d b u si n ess
l etter )
on e
p ar agr aph
ALS
to
an
.
.
.
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
C oricern i n g you r
w t ch -h a e , am a ca
zl J
k
r em ar
l
igh t
h ar d y deem i t r
r
n
n
r
r
n
W
m
n
t
t
e
e
e
a
d
e
e
p
,
p p
t h at you
ll
t o Se
gi n g er
i
i
g
becau se of
th e p r esen ce of al coh ol in t h em w e can on l y s ay t h at w i th ou t al coh ol
Jam ai ca gi n ger fin ds it s or igin al
t h ese art i cl es wou l d b e i m p oss i b l e
sou r ce in th e r oot of a n oil y su b st an ce
P epperm in t com es f r om an
oi l an d W i n t er gr een does al so
O il i s n ot sol u b l e in water an d f or
i
i
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
U
B S INES S COMPOS I TI ON
th at
t
i t is
r ea son
i cally
xt racts
all
e
Y ou w ill
to
n ecess ary
in
l
i n t h e preparat i on
,
to p rodu ce t h e p r op er
or der
f rom
l
u se a coh o
209
b v
l i
so u t on
of
rac
p
.
l really h as it s l e gi t im ate
u ses an d w h en a ssoci at ed w i th fl av or i n g ext r act s w i t ch h az el
an d a
v ari ety of ot h er da il y n eed s i t i s re ally a g ood ag en cy We dou b t if
i t s u se i n an y of t h e cap aci t i es n am e d h as ev er i n sp i red a t as t e f or
s t ron g dr i n k
We t h an k you f or th e evi den ces of you r st erli n g ch aracter as
m an if est e d b y you r l ett er an d h op e ou r p l ea san t r el at i on s wi th you
w ill con t i n u e i n de fin i t ely
I t i s al ways a g en u i n e i n sp i r at i on t o work
f or an d wi t h an yon e wh o i s s qu are w it h ev eryb ody a n d ev eryt h in g
see
th e
a
o e
t h at
l
a coh o
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
I f y ou talk
like
a
gr ouchy un cl e
,
you r
b u si n ess l ett er wi ll
u d lik e this
so n
Wh y
ill g o
i t i sn t
w
’
d on t you sh i p m y or der ? I f you don t wan t t o sel l t o me , I
el s ew h er e w i t h m y or der s, as m y m on ey i s g ood w i t h ot h er s i f
’
’
i
w th you
.
I f b y w r i t i n g as y ou t alk y ou m ean th e ad op t i on of a
si m pl e livin g v oc ab ul ary an d t h e u se of a di r e c t f or c e ful
l
in j un ct i on is a good on e B u t we m ust n ot b e
garr ul ous or r ep etit iv e or slan gy or p r ovin ci al or b r usque
or v agu e in ou r b u s i n es s l et t er s
3 We kn ow h ow ev er th at t h e r eac ti on ag ai n st a for m al
Th er e
dry, fix ed s ty l e In b u si n ess l ett er s is wh ol esom e
ar e sc or es of f oss il exp r essi on th at h av e h u n g on f or g en
er at ion s in l et t er wr i t i n g an d t h at sh ould b e di sc ar d ed
Th e f oll owin g ar e some of t h em
th e
sty e ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
i n st
vi se
ad
as
at
p
,
sa m e
p er
at al l
.
and o
b eg
f lly n ot ed
w ill fin d
con t en t s ca r e u
e s t ee m e d
y ou
f a v or
h an d you
i n du e cou r se
.
,
u lt
.
n ou n or
r
p on ou n
e
f or s i m p l e s ay )
(
e st eem e d i n qu i r
y
v a l u ed i n qu i ry
en c l os e d h er ew i t h
e a r li est pos s i b l e m o m en t
b y r et u r n m a il
ou r l ett e r r ece ived
y
st a te
h and
l
as
(
blig
i
t mes
e n c ose d
x
ro
)
ES S E N TI
2 10
ALS
OF BUSINE S S E NG LI SH
foll owin g w or ds as
gen er ally m ean ingless : h er ewi th
Avoid
‘
th e
t oo
,
m or eov er,
or e,
h
i n asm u c
as
iff
f or
a
l etter
an d
fu r th er
h er eb y, th er eto,
'
m
st
.
foll owin g is such a l ett er as som e c orr esp on d en ts
”
from th e jun k sh op of l an guag e
assem b l e
Th e
-
D EAR S IR
We
k n ow l edge you r e steem e d favor of t h e 3 l st u lt
We t ak e p l ea su r e i n h an di n g you h er ew i t h ou r pr i ce li st a n d di scou n t
sh eet a s p er r equ es t a n d t ru s t you w ill fin d s a m e sa t i s f a ct ory
b eg to
ac
.
-
,
.
id ea th at th e p r on oun I is to b e r en oun c ed utterly
in a l et t er is a m i st ak en on e I t m u st h av e g r own ou t of t h e
w arn i n g ag ain st un due eg oti sm I t is qui te p r op er to us e
thi s w or d wh en ev er it is n eed e d ei th er f or dir ectn ess or
em ph asi s ; i t m ay ev en app ear if n eed b e as t h e fi rst w or d
of y ou r l et t er
4
Th e
.
.
.
o
,
,
.
Th e
to
us e of
v id
a o
In
a
th e t er m s th e wri ter
t h e I is
l ett er
v ery
s en t ou t
ar t
ifici al
fr om
th e p r es en t wri ter
.
firm
a
an d
or
c or p orat i on
,
th e
sin
gul ar p r on oun sh ould n ot b e used
Th e I t on e is ob j ec ti on ab l e as b ein g in sin c er e wh en it is
used t o in ti m ate th at a d eal er or a m an ag er or an yb ody els e
is d eeply an d p er son ally c on c er n ed in th e exp er i en c es of
a c us t om er
.
-
,
.
I w an t you t o h a v e t h e fi r st ch a n ce
Se n d you r or der d i rect to m e
at
t h ese
b g i
ar
a n s.
.
5
h as
.
I t m ay b e th at it is th e eff ort t o av oid th e us e of I t h at
c reat ed a fashi on of l eavin g ou t al l sub j ec ts of v er b s ; or
it m ay b e di r ec tly du e t o th e desir e f or a t el egr ap h ic b r evity
Wh atev er m ay b e th e expl anati on of it , it is v ery b ad ; as ,
’
Rece iv ed you r
W ill l et you kn ow
l et ter
r e su l t
an d
of
ha
ve
i n qu i r y
.
bg
e
un
i n vestiga t i on
of
m a t t er
.
.
E S SE
2 12
1
W h at
.
i s th e
a c or r es p on d e n ce
2
.
3
.
4
com pos
in t h e
st e p
i t i on
l et ter
of a
wh
i ch
op en s
?
is th e
D
b
fi r st
th
i ng
“
W it
.
Di
.
fi rst
BU S I NE S S E N GL I S H
OF
you do w h en you r e p ly t o a l etter ?
e s cr i e a l e t t er i n w h i ch you m a y h a v e t o giv e m or e pa r a
t o on e i t em t h an t o ot h er s
Wh at
g r a ph s
NTI AL S
th e
s cu s s
i n j u n ct i on
f oll ow i t ?
G iv e a li st of
r
e
as
u
o
y
ta
lk
I n w h at
.
s en se
m ay w e
5
a
.
v oi d
6
si
ve
v e n t i on a l
w or ds
an d
h
r
p a ses w e
sh ou
ld
Di
th e
s cu s s
th
u s e of
b i
in
t h e p r on ou a
w or d m a e a n I - e t t e r ?
is
u s e of
k
l et te r ?
D i scu ss
l ett er s D oes t h e
c on s t i t u t e s a n ofien
u s n es s
l
Wh a t
.
'
I-
7
of
con
.
.
me re
th e
.
th e
8
G iv
.
l e t t er
l e t t er
t h e y ou w or d y ou cr ea t e
l
r
e
ou
t
t
e
y
a
f ou r qu a li t i e s
th e
e
D oe s t h e
.
?
t h at
f r eq u en t
W h at
s h ou l d
an d
i
r om n en t
p
u se
d oe s ?
m ake
up
t h e t on e
of
a
.
i
3 L ett ers
in cl osur es
cont ain n g
.
—
E v er y l ett er w r i t er
.
uld b e fam ili ar w it h t h e c omm on for m s of in cl osu r e
i
r
n
f
h
n
r
w
i
t
t
f
e
n
cl
u
I
i
cl
o
s
u
n
r
o
t
e
o
s
e
t
e
s a r em i tt an c e
e
e
(
)
s t at e in t h e l et t er t h e ex ac t am oun t th e f or m in which i t is
—
—
ch eck d r aft or m on ey or d er an d h ow it is t o b e
sen t
appli ed so t h at y ou r l ett er m ay b e a li n k i n th e c om pl ete
I n addi t i on t o thi s m en t i on of
ch ai n of t he t ran s ac t i on
t h e i n cl osu r e t h e w or d I n c or I n os in c ase of m or e th an
on e i n c l osu r e sh ould app e ar a t t h e l ow er l eft h an d c or n er
of y our l e tt er
D r afts ch ecks p ostal m on ey or d er s exp r ess or d er s b ill s
of l a din g rec ei p t s et c
ar e u su al ly f old e d w i t h t h e l et t er
s o th at th ey app e ar w h en t h e l ett er i s un fol d e d
S t am p s
—
h
l
r
i
a
n ev er st uck t o t h e p ap er
s ou d b e w ap p e d n oil e d p p er
N o r em i t t an c e sh ould b e m ad e wi th ou t a l ett er t o
expl ai n it
A p r om p t ackn owl e dg m en t of a r em it tan c e m ust b e m ad e
an d a r ec eip t or a r e c ei p t e d s t at em en t i n c l osed wh en t h e
I n thi s ackn owl edg m en t th e am ou n t
oc casi on r eq u i r es it
sh o
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
BU S I NE S S
of
r em
th e
ittan c e
A ssu m e h ea di n g
(
o r de r i n g g ood s )
it w as desig
th e
.
ad
,
21 3
p u rp ose f or which
sh ou ld b e m en t i on e d
ex am pl es of such l ett er s
an d
mat ed b y t h e sen der ,
Th e foll owin g ar e
C OMP O S I TI ON
dr es s
an d
,
s
ignat u re ;
S ec
1 0,
.
L
et t e r
2,
.
1
G N
E
A g
TL E M E
Th
is
2 1, 19
u st
u
.
.
N
c h ec
k
i s i n paym en t
of
of
my
t o da y
i
w t h you , d u e
a ccou n t
.
Y
ou r s
l
t ru y,
Inc
.
2
D
.
EAR
S IB
Th a n
A g
u
r e ce
k
21
u st
i pt e d
f or t h e
you
Th
.
is
c h ec
l
se t t es
st a t e m e n t
k
i n cl osed
a c cou n t
i n f u ll
of
ur
o
y
i n you r l e t t er of
w e i n cl o s e
an d
,
.
Y
ou r s
very
l
t r u y,
foll owin g is an exam pl e of a c ar eful an d c ourt eous
I t is fr om t h e offic e of t h e Whi t e St ar
ac k n owl e dgm ent
S t eamsh ip Com p an y
D AR S B
Th e
.
.
E
I
Th
is
w
ill
i
k n ow l edge
ch e ck f o r
ac
i n cl os ed
d e pos i t t o s e cu r e
w th
B
r ece
wh
r ese r
va t i on
i pt
i ch
of
we
,
n ot e ,
R oom
of
l et ter
o
u
r
y
of
i s to b e
r
d
e
s
t
e
ay
y
a pp
li ed
as a
f or you r da u gh t er
r at e
132
lf
1 i n Room 14 0 f or you r s e
at t h e
We t h an you er 7 m u ch f or t h s de pos t a n d w a sk you n d y
u
n a m e o f y ou r d a u h t e r
s en d u s t h e
We sh ou d
e t o ca
an d
er t h
k
to
th e
th e
i
on
u
r
e
n
t
o
a
tt
y
v s
f ll
to
ou r
.
i
i
g
t ra
v el e r s
’
ks
ill
ki
l lik
cr e di t
.
l e t t e r s of
You r s very t ru ly
ch ec
an d
l
ll
.
,
E XE RCI SE 4
Wr i t e
1
.
2
.
3
.
th e
foll owi n g l etter s
g
i g
k
k
li
To you r r o cer , sen d n a ch ec t o b e a pp ed on you r
A s f or th e r o ce r , a c n ow e d e t h e r em t t an ce
To
D bl
ou
g
e da y ,
Pa
ge
l g
Co
.
,
G
a r de n
i
i
C ty,
t
a ccou n
.
.
L g
on
I s l an d,
N
.
Y
.
,
E S S E NT I
2 14
r en ewi n
m on ey
4
f or
.
g
o r de r
S en d
.
a ccou n t
6
.
in
7
3
.
an d
igh t
f
f u ll
l os e
a
i pt
at
a
of
v ol u m es—
r e ce
I nc
a
GLI S H
EN
Wor l d s Wor k
Th e
o
u
r
y
b ill
b ill
b k
”
’
I n cl ose post al
.
goods
bv
o
x
i on U n ivers i ty
”
A r t of Ra il r oa d i n g
t o a cu s t om er w h o h a s p a i d h i s
t o L a S a l l e E t en s
e
.
s t or e
oo
l a di n g
of
of
“
Th
f or
A s f or t h e p er son s
4,
BU S I N E S S
“
to
on
dr a t
an
a
I n d i a n a , f or
scr
b k
a
S en d
b i pt i
OF
f or
a set of e
5
su
you r
ALS
.
l
t o E m er E
Mi ch igan C i ty
Tu r n er ,
.
,
i p pe d
t o h i m b y you r h ou se t oday
con ce r n e d, a c n ow e d e t h e r em tt an ces i n
sh
.
k
l g
i
e.
c orr esp on d en c e of an y b usin ess
h ouse c over s a r ath er w ell defin ed fi eld n o m att er h ow l ar g e
E v en in a v ery c om pl ex b u sin ess lik e th at of a d ep art m en t
st or e or of a m ail or d er b u si n ess t h e divi si on i n t o d ep art
m en t s giv es e ach m an ag er a p r et ty li m i t ed r an g e of m at t er s
Th e l ar g er n um b er of l et ters h an dl e d b y an y
t o h an dl e
giv en b usin ess c or r esp on d en t ar e so n ear ly alik e t h at t h e
A ft er suffici en t Ob se r
s am e an sw er m ay b e sen t t o th em
v at i on an aly sis an d summ ary h av e b een m ade of th e
c or r es p on d en c e as a wh ol e l et ter s th at will apply t o t h ese
c om p osed des1gn ed to
st an d ar d i n qui r i es ar e c ar eful ly
c over th e p oin ts sur e t o ar i se
Th ese l ett ers ar e for m l ett ers
Th ey ar e fil ed an d wh en
t h e occ asi on ar i ses th e c or r esp on d en t di r ects a st en og
r ap h er t o c op y such an d such a l ett er an d s en d it fil l i n g in
th e n ec ess ary n am es an d an y oth er d at a t o giv e it sp ecific
ap p lic at i on
O r m or e oft en still t h ese lett er s ar e r ep r od uc e d in l ar g e
n um b ers an d al l th e st en ogr aph er h as t o d o is t o wr i t e in
t h e n am e an d th e d at a if an y ar e n eed ed
Man y for m let t er s ar e p r i n t ed b y a p r oc ess th at im i tates
ty p ewr i t in g an d t h e n am e an d sp ecific d et ail s ar e wr i tt en
in b y a ty pi st t o m at ch th e b ody of t h e l et t er
S om e c or r esp on den t s h avi n g l ear n ed th e v al u e of th e
p ar agraph un i t d evi se form p ar ag r aph s each d esign ed t o
4 F orm-l ett ers
.
-
.
Th e
-
.
,
-
,
.
.
'
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
-
-
,
.
,
,
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,
-
,
.
,
-
,
,
ESSE
21 6
N TI AL S
BUS I NE S S E N GLI S H
OF
will n otic e th at th ey soun d qui te like r eal l etters
i n deed b etter t h an an or di n ary c or r esp on den t
an d ar e
c ould p oss i bly dic t ate ev ery day
P er h ap s y ou h av e seen t h at d epl or ab l e sch em e f or savi n g
—
f
n
s
s
th e
t i m e an d m on ey a d op t e d b y a ew b u si es h ouse
s ch em e of m er ely f ast en in g t og eth er wit h a clip c er t ai n
form p ar ag r ap h s an d sen din g th em oth er wise un c on n ect ed
Th ese al so ar e outsid e th e fi eld Of E n gli sh si n c e t h er e is
n o gr amm at ic al p r ec ed en t f or t h e wi r e clip as a c on jun c ti on
Th e sam e l aws g ov er n th e c om p osi t i on of a f or m l ett er as
It
of an y oth er l ett er or pi ec e of b u si n ess c om p osi t i on
It
an d c ou r t esy
sh ould di spl ay cl e arn ess
eff ec t iv en ess
sh ould b e ad ap t e d t o t h e p erson s t o wh om it is s en t b ei n g
m ad e as p er son al an d h u m an as si n c er ity p er m i ts
Y ou
w ould n ot sen d th e sam e for m t o Ch r i st oph er
Nor th
1 9 5 S Michig an
excl u siv e g r oc er s an d wi n e m er ch an t s
Av e th at y ou w ould sen d t o G l e ason B r oth er s gr oc er i es
an d g en er al m er ch an di se Th r e e O ak s W is
B u t t h e t wo
l et ter s sh ou ld b e equ ally c our t eous cl ear an d eff ec tiv e Th e
d evi sing of for m lett ers is n ow a b usin ess a p r ofessi on an d
an ar t
An y b us in ess m an c an l ear n t o d evi se f orm l etters
B u t som e for m l et t er s ar e lik e p oem s— t h ey ar e w or k s of
i m agin at ion an d gen ius
5 Th e t yp ewri tt en 1ett er — 1
Th e p er s on w h o t yp e
w r ites a l ett er sh ould l ear n as soon as p ossib l e t o estim at e
t h e am ou n t of m at er i al h e will h av e so as t o pl ac e it att r ac t
iv ely on th e p age
All l etters ar e wr i tt en on th e sam e
l ett er h ead ; so n at u r ally a sh ort l ett er sh ou ld h ave m uch
wider m ar gin s on all si des th an a l on g on e c an h ave I t
“
will m ak e a m u ch m or e att r act iv e app ear an c e if it is cen
”
in a c om p act for m on t h e sh eet th an if it is sp r ead
t er e d
ou t in t w o or t h r ee li n es acr oss th e w h ol e sh eet
Th i s
j u dgm en t is difficult f or a ty pist wh o tak es dict ati on on
Y ou
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
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,
,
.
,
-
,
,
-
.
.
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
BU S I NE S S
t h e ty
p ewr it er
dic t at or
in thi s
c as e
2 17
m u st
w arn
th e
l en g th of h is l ett er
2 I f t h e l et t er i s l on g l eav e g en er ou s m ar gin s an d u se
N oth in g i s so di sh ear ten in g as a p ag e p ack e d
a s econ d s h eet
fr om edge t o edg e w ith st on y sin g le sp ac ed t ext ; th e r ead
in g of it seem s a p h y sic al i m p ossi b i l i ty
3 S econ d sh e et s ar e th e sam e p ap er a s t h e l ett er h ead s
with ou t p r in ted or en gr av ed h eadin g Th e n am e or i n i t i als
of t h e p erson a ddr esse d ar e pl ac ed n ear t h e u p p er l eft h an d
m ar g i n of th e secon d an d of ev ery s ub se qu en t sh eet f ol
—
2
M
h
a
L
h
m
r
o
f
e
as
P
l ow ed b y t e n u b e
t e p g ;
4 N O m att er h ow l on g y ou r l et t er al w ay s l e av e a m ar gi n
Th e l eft h an d m ar gi n
of at l east on e i n c h l ef t an d r ig h t
sh ou ld b e p er fe c t ly r eg u l ar th e r igh t h an d m ar gi n as r eg
ul ar as p ossib l e A ty p i st sh ou ld m aster th e r u l es of h y
i
h
n
r
h
f
h
h
n
n
a
S
n
e
a
d
n
a
d
v
e
v
divi
i
t
s
o
t
t
e
ee
e
t
e
s
o
o
e
a
e
g
p
w or d
S h e w ill t h en av oid t h at j agg ed r igh t edg e th at so
disfigu r es a l ett er
5 D ev el op a s en se of t h e p ar agr ap h
I f y ou ar e com
p osin g on a ty p ew r i ter it is n o m or e diffic u l t to p ar agr aph
B u t a typ i st tak
t h an if y ou ar e w r i t i n g wi t h y ou r p en
in g d ic t ati on m us t l earn t o b e q u i ck t o see with ou t b ei n g
t old wh en a n ew asp ect of th e l e tter i s t ak en u p so as
t o call f or a n ew p ar ag r aph
I n b us in ess l et t er w r i t i n g y ou h av e t o r el ax a li tt l e th e
r ul es f or p ar ag r aphi n g an d al l ow a ty p ist t o b r e ak u p t h e
m at t er i n t o sm all er sec t i on s f or t h e s ak e of th e b eau ty of
t h e p ag e an d th e c on ser v at i on of th e r ead er s at t en ti on
B u t th ese b r eak s m u st n ot b e qu i t e ar b i
an d ey esigh t
An ex p er t ty p i st d ev el op s a sen s e f or th ese divi si on s
t r ar y
6 A r r an g e so as n ot t o b egi n a p ar ag r ap h at t h e b ott om
of a p ag e u n l ess y ou h av e r oom f or at l e as t t h r e e l i n es
Man ag e so th at y ou will n ot h av e a sin gl e li n e or a f ew
w or d s to c ar ry ov er t o a n ew p age
ty p
i st
Th e
.
C OMP O S I TI O N
as
to th e
.
,
,
.
-
.
-
,
.
-
,
.
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-
,
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,
,
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-
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-
,
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,
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,
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,
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-
,
’
,
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.
E S S E NTI
2 18
AL S
OF
BU S I NE S S E N GLI SH
p en in g sen t en c e of a l et ter sh ould b e in den ted
fiv e sp ac es f r om th e m ar gi n
E v ery p ar agr aph sh ould
h av e p reci sely th e sam e in d en t i on
8 As lit tl e er asin g as p oss i b l e sh ou ld b e d on e ; on e l ett er
sh ould n ev er b e wr i tt en ov er an oth er
9 Q uoted m atter l ooks w ell i n d en t ed fr om b ot h sid es
1 0 L ist s sh ould b e in d en t ed an d t ab ul at ed
11 At th e b ottom of th e l ett er at t h e l eft m ar gin sh ou ld
b e pl ac ed th e in i t i al s of th e p erson di ct at i n g th e l et t er an d
—
HC
th e i n i ti al s of th e sten ogr aph er ; as PL M
1 2 B el ow t h ese in i ti al s sh ould b e w r it t en I n c if on e
in cl osur e is to b e m ade ; if m or e th an on e wr it e I n cs wi th
—
f
o
n
n
a
h
n
u
b
e
r
i
cl
u
re
i
dic
e
d
as
I
o
s
m
s
t
n
c
a
t e
2
;
1 3 Mis tak es in sp ellin g ar e un p ar d on ab l e
An y ty pi st
can m ast er th e li st of w or ds u sed in a giv en b us in ess
14 Ty p ewr i tin g is a kin d of p r in t i n g an d ev ery ty pi st will
l earn m uch b y studyin g th e d et ails of a w ell p r in t e d p ag e
—
f
i
Th e l ett er of applic at i on is
6 L et t ers o appli cat on
th e m st i m p or t an t d ocum en t t h at a y oun g p er son in b u si
g
H e mus t r e gar d it as h is op p or
n ess will h av e t o wr it e
He
t un ity t o b r i n g hi m self t o th e n otic e of b us in ess m en
sh ould b e willi n g t o t ak e an y am oun t of p ain s t o m ak e h is
l etter r ep r esen t h is b est self an d secu r e th e att en t i on an d
i n ter est of t h e r ead er Th e foll ow in g for m id ab l e looki n g
list c on tain s th e sim pl e D o s an d D on t s of th e l et ter of
applic at i on
1 Use pl ai n whi t e un rul ed p ap er full siz e sh eet s wr i t
Use en v el op es t o fit
in g on on e sid e on ly
S en d n o
2 B e su r e t h at p ap er an d en v el op es ar e cl ean
letter with er asur es or b lots
D o n ot of cou r se
3 Typ ewrite y ou r l etter if p ossib l e
If advi sab l e sen d a sp eci m en of
ty p ewr i te y our sign at ur e
y our h an d wr i t in g as an i n cl osur e
7
Th e
.
o
.
.
.
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,
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,
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-
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'
,
-
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’
’
’
-
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,
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,
A
22 0
BUSI NES S E N GLI S H
E S S ENTI LS OF
—
t h at is m ean i n gl ess ;
sal ary
ver
l
bj ec t
— th at is un b u si n ess l ike an d p r ob ab ly i n si n c ere Con sider
w h en y ou n am e a s al ary y ou r ab ility an d exp er i en c e an d
t h e s al ar i es p aid in y ou r l oc ali ty
Th e foll owi n g ar e ex am pl es of l etter s of applic at i on
ne
sa ar y n o o
say
-
.
,
,
.
14 38
WES T MADI S ON
S TREET
CH I CAGO , I LL
Ap il
21 ,
r
X
D
.
Tri b u n e
467
Ch ica g o
S IR
E AR
sh ou
I
'
l d lik e
b y you i n t o day
at
p a r en t s
L wi
e
96
s,
f r om
h im
th e
’
s
“
T ib
to
r
b
app
ly
u n e.
ii
”
f or t h e p os t on of
I am ou r t een year s
f
a b ove
given
Ran dol ph S t re et
num
W est
er
.
f
I
.
r e er
v
i
ad ert se d
liv e w i th m y
t o Mr J u li an H
cop y of
a l ett e r
ol d an d
you
i n cl ose
I
fi
i
o
ce b oy
.
.
a
.
Y
ou rs
l
t ru y,
ROB ERT P ATT ERS ON
6 3 04
U N IVERS Y A VEN U E
IT
C
H I CAG O
I LL
,
S ep t em
b
er
.
14 , 1 9
.
H 9 1 1 H er ald
D
Ch ic ag o
S IR :
E AR
Th
I
is
am
ll eg e
is i n
a
an swer
gr a du ate
t o you r
of
v i
High
a d e r t sem en t
i n t h i s m or n i n g
l
’
s
.
B i
a n d of
S ch oo
H era ld
u s n ess
i ce
I n th i s coll eg e t h e con di t i on s of a b u s i n ess offi ce a r e du p li
h
w
I
c at e d as n ear l
ssi b l e
h
il
a v e h a d n o ex p er i en ce
I
as
S
o
o
e
p
y
can wr i t e a b u s i n ess l et t er corr e ct l y a r ra n g e d cap i t aliz e d sp ell e d an d
p u n ct u ate d ; fil e a l et t er ; fin d a l et t er a l e a dy fil e d ; u se t h e m i m eo
g rap h or oth er du pli cat i n g devi ces ; m ake ou t b ill s an d st atem en ts ;
a n d m e et c all er s
I kn ow t h e n atu r e a n d u se of dr a f t s ch eck s
r ec e i p t s
i n v oi ces st atem en t s et c
I am tw en t y f ou r year s of a g e an d liv e at h om e
I sh ou l d b e gl a d t o call at you r office a t your con v en i en ce
Y ou rs t ru ly
MI S S ) L UCY R MEADE
(
Co
wh er e I h ad
,
a
cou r se
.
in
offi ce
p r act
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
r
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
,
.
,
B
US I N E S S
COMPOSITI ON
1 32 9
ARS NA L
IN
Messrs H olt J
D I AN APO LI S
J
IND
.
,
an u ary
14 , 19
.
E at on
:
.
Wes t M on roe
214
S TREET
E
Ch ica g o,
Hi
S treet
.
Willi am A G or don wh om
h
r
n
n
w
a
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f
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ou l d
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p
like t o b e con s i der e d a can di dat e f or th e pl ace
I a m a g i a du at e of th e S ch ool of Comm er ce of t h e U n iv er s i ty
of Wi scon s in
For t w o ye ar s I h av e b een assi st an t b ookk eep er f or
S h or t all
S t u r gi s 1 2 5 P en n sylv an i a S tr eet I n di an ap oli s
I h av e
t h e i r p er m i ssi on t o r e f e r t o t h em
I am al so at li b er t y t o re f er you
t o P r of essor F r eder i ck Cl ark e of t h e U n iv ers i t y of Wi scon si n wh o
can S p eak of m y w ork a s a st u de n t
I am t wen ty f ou r year s of ag e an d u n m ar r i ed
A ssu r i n g you t h at i f I am ch osen I sh all en deavor to make
m y work sat i s f actory I am
Very t ru l y you rs
C HARL E S W G AL E
I h ave
l earn ed
g
f ri en d
t h r ou h m y
,
Mr
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
foll owin g is a suggest ion f or a l etter applyin g
w ell kn own h ouse f or a p osit i on n ot advert ised :
7
a
.
Th e
-
3 87
NORTH FI E LD
AVE
.
P I TTS B UR G , P A
Mr
D
to
.
Wa nama k er
J oh n
P h ila d elp h ia, P a
S IR
E AR
J
an u ary
.
14 , 1 9
.
.
’
i mpr ove m y p osit i on I am
w ri t i n g t o you b ecau se I f ee l t h at m y se rvi ces w ou l d b e v al u ab l e i n
h
h
w
ns :
t
o
n
u
a
t
r
a
v
f
ll
i
g
q
lifi
i
h
ou
s
e
c
a
o
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e
e
o
o
I
y
1 Rap i dit y an d a ccu r acy i n taki n g n ot es an d in t yp i n g
I
h av e a r ecor d of 1 1 0 wor ds
2 K n owl e dg e of th e r e qu i r em en t s of th e p osi t i on in a
l ar ge ofii ce
3 E n t h u s i asm f or my w or k an d a des i r e t o give com p l et e
sa t i s f act i on
a ssu m e det a ils )
My p rep arat i on an d experi en ce con si st of (
I
am
gr aph er
s t en o
a
an d
wan t t o
.
.
.
.
.
.
”
‘
.
.
.
.
ES S ENTIAL S OF
222
i n cl ose
I
f
of
r e er en ces
i
l ett er s
of
cop es
BUS I NE S S
ENGLI SH
mm en dat i on
of
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an d
r eco
n am es
.
.
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v
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I f you h a e a
m
n ot , w
o
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fi
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y ap p
ill
r esen t
at
li
p
,
cat on f or
i
V ery
i re
I d es
to
app
f u t u re u se ?
t ru l y you r s
MI S S )
(
,
MARY
ly
f or i t
A
L OG AN
.
If
.
I f y ou ar e en g ag e d f or a p osi t i on of t r u st , esp ecially if
m on ey is t o b e h an dl ed , you m ay b e r e qui r ed t o giv e se
‘
cu r ity
m en
Y ou m ay g et t w o p r op er ty own er s t o act as b on ds
ou
m
a
a
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ppl
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c e associ ati on ,
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.
”
or
;
which aft er i n v estig at i n g you r ab ility h on esty h ab its et c
will act as ybu r b on d sm an
8 Th e f oll owi n g r ep r esen ts st ill an oth er t yp e of l et t er o f
applic at i on
A m h di g d dd )
(
G N L M N
,
,
,
.
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.
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ssu
E
T E
ea
e
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n
an
a
r ess .
:
ve l ear n e d
I ha
b i
u s n e ss
i n t h at
t h at y ou
m er
at n
L i A
in t h e
-
xt en si on
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ar e
i can
l an n i n g
cou n t r i es
p
.
l arg e exten si on of you r
sh ou l d lik e t o s erv e you
a
I
.
A
I h av e h a d t en ye ar s exp er i en ce a s a sal esm an in S ou th
m er i
can cou n t r i es
ive det ail s ) I h ave a t h or ou gh sp eaki n g an d wr i t
’
G
(
.
J
.
kn owl e dg e of S p an i sh
I a m t h i r t y t w o y e a r s of a g e a n d m a r r i e d
I sh all b e gl a d t o m ak e k n own t h e r eason f or my des i re f or a
h
or ou gh l y s at i s f a ct or y r e f er en ces
i
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os
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p
I sh ou l d ap p r eci a te t h e f av or of an in t ervi ew
an d b on d if n ecess ary
Y ou rs Very t ru ly
H E NRY RAN S OM
mg
.
-
.
.
.
.
,
,
E XE RCI S E 5
U si n g y ou r own
a dv er t i sem en ts
1
.
dd r ess as h eadin g
—OFF I CE B RI G H T
B OY
by
B
m en t
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i on
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f u ll y
A dd
,
r ess
th e
foll owin g
1 5 T O 1 8,
an d
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0 W
le
te
4 30,
E S S ENTI
22 4
w
ill
be
i g
2
.
SIT
un e
f ew days ; exp i n en gi
an d t ech d i ct at i on ; w ill a ccept
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ific
week u n t il w ork
.
,
wor th y
b
l
ar ch , s c en t
$ 2 0 p er
Tr i
U SINESS EN GLI SH
OF B
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ou t of
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ALS
m ore
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i
r emu n er a t on
A dd
cap a
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r e ss
.
b ilit i
es
1 72,
.
WA N TE D—Y OU N G MA N
UA TI O N
r a p h er
ivate secret ary
kn owl edg e G erm an
or
r
p
,
g radu at e
A 1 r e f er en ces A ddress L
,
.
,
5 01 ,
N OG
24 H S
e xp er i en ce d
F r en ch an d S p an i sh ;
Tr ib un e
S TE
,
,
.
.
,
.
NOTE — Th e i n stru ct or sh ou l d su b st i t u t e f or t h ese exer ci ses or a dd
t o t h em oth ers accor din g t o t h e n ee ds an d e xp er i e n ce s of h i s cl ass
H e sh ou l d give ev ery m em b er of t h e cl ass a cl assifi ed a dv e r t i sem en t
t o an swer a dap t e d t o t h e st u den t s exp er i en ce an d exp ect at i on s
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
7
.
Lett ers
—p erson al
i
of r ecomm endat on
— Th ese
ar e of
tw o
kin d s
g en er al A p erson al l etter of r ecomm en da
t i on is add r esse d to s om e fir m or i n dividu al t o wh om t h e
wr iter is c omm en din g a c an did at e f or a sp eci fic p os it i on
Thi s is m ost oft en w r i tt en di r e c t ly t o th e fir m or p er son
add r ess ed
A gen er al l etter of r ec om m en d at i on is r eally a t esti m on i al ;
“
”
it op en s wi th th e ph r as e To w h om it m ay c on c er n
Th i s
kin d of l etter is given t o th e can did at e him self t o b e u sed
as h e sees fit ; h e k eep s t h e ori gi n al an d sen ds a cop y wi t h
h is applic at i on ; t hi s Cop y sh ou ld alw ays b e fr esh an d cl ean
”
an d sh ould b e m ar k e d
Cop y
Th e p er son al l ett er is of c ou r se m or e e ff e c t iv e b u t al so
m or e di fficul t t o w r i t e
I t sh ou l d b e ask e d f or wi th gr eat
m od e ty an d r ec eive d wi t h r eal app r eci ati on
s
Th e l etter of r ec om m en da t i on sh ou l d m ean all t h at i t say s
Un d u e p r ai se h u r t s ev er y b od y c on c er n ed
O f c ou r se if
on e c on sen t s t o r e c omm en d an applic an t h e m u st m en t i on
th e good an d affir m at iv e p oi n t s
Th e f oll owi n g i s a gen er al l ett er of r ec om m en d ati on
an d
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
U
B S INE S S COMPOS I TI ON
96
Wh
To
WE S T
225
RAN D OL P H S T
.
CH I CAG O,
om
May
It
I LL
.
Con cer n
v e kn own t h e b earer Rob ert P at terson f or sever al year s an d
a m w ell a cq u a i n t e d w i t h h i s p ar en t s
I h av e ev e ry r ea son t o con
an d of
s i der h im a you n g m an of ab ili t y
of h on or ab l e p r i n ci pl es
g ood h ab i ts I h ave n o h esit an cy in recomm en din g h im f or offi ce
w ork
You rs t ru l y
JU LI AN H L EW I S
I ha
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
Th e
foll owi n g is a p erson al lett er
9 67
of r ecom m en
WI N TH ROP AVE
MAD I S ON WI S
.
,
J an
M essrs H ol t J E a t on
2 1 4 W M on r oe
d ati on
.
.
14 , 1 9
.
:
.
.
Ch i ca g o, I ll
G N
S t re et
.
L
N
I n r ep l y t o you r r e qu est f or in f orm at i on con cer n i n g Mr Ch arl es
W G al e wh o is app l yi n g f or t h e posi t i on of assi st an t b ookk eeper in
n
n
n
m
r
r
n
h
n
r
m
m
h
i
m
s
t
o
b
i
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v
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g
o
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u
s
s
s
I
h
s
t
i
n
eco
d
c
e
o
e
c
e
o
e
y
y
di ally f or t h i s p os i t i on A s a st u den t i n m y cl asses h e w as e ag er
c on sci e n t i ou s
an d effi ci en t
Y ou w ill m ak e n o m i st ak e i n e n g agi n g
T EM E
E
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
Y
ou rs
v er y
l
t ru y,
F R D ERI CK CLARKE
E
— Th e se
i
i
ar e u se d t o i n t r oduc e
tw o of y ou r acqu ain t an c es t o e ach oth er
Th ese l ett er s
sh ould n ot b e ask e d f or or giv en c ar el essly b e c au se ev ery
b ody feel s t h at t h ey c ar r y b u si n ess an d soci al ob ligat i on s
A letter of i n tr od u c t i on sh ou ld b e sh or t st ati n g th e r eason
Th e b u si n ess l et t er of i n t r od u c t i on
f or t h e in t r odu c ti on
i s l eft un se al e d an d giv en t o th e p er son i n tr oduc e d
Th e
w or ds I n tr odu ci n g Mr
ar e w r i tt en i n th e l ow er l eft
h an d c or n er of th e en vel op e
8
.
L et t er s
of
ntrodu ct on
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
A
U
E S S E NTI LS OF B S I NES S E NG LI S H
22 6
foll owin g
Th e
A ss
(
x ampl e
is
h ea din g,
l etter
of a
an e
a ddress,
i
i n trodu ct ion
ign at u r e )
Th i s w ill in t r odu ce t o you my f r i en d Mr W il li am H oyt wh o i s
vi si t i n g you r city w i th a Vi ew t o g oin g i n t o b u sin e ss t h er e
H e i s a w i de aw ak e s ou n d b u si n ess m an an d w ill b e an access i on
t o an y com m u n i ty an d an y b u s i n ess
A n y at t en t i on t h at you m ay
sh ow h im w ill b e app reci at e d b y h im
a n d w ill b e a p e r s on al f av or
um e
l
of
sa u t at on ,
.
an d
s
.
.
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
to me
.
S i n cer el y you r s ,
E XE RCI S E 6
Wr it e t h e foll owin g g en er al l etter s of r ec omm en d ati on
or i n t r oduc t i on as y ou t hi n k b est
1 F
J h E dw d wh i j t g d t d f m
mm e i l
h igh
h
l d wh w i h t b gi i
b k
Wi t h p y
b kk p wh f f mily
2 F
M Ch l
i m vi g t B t
3 F
L y R M d
xp t fii
i t t wh i
Mi
,
sc
or
.
r eason s
.
l ooki n g
4
.
an
oo
n
ss
f
l a r g er
or a
h
os on
o
uc
.
l
sch oo
,
A
s
us
e
n
ro
n
ra
ua e
a
an
ou r
,
oo
ro
a co
rc a
.
er,
ee
or
o
a
.
ea
e,
an
e
er
o
‘
as s s an
ce
o
,
s
i s co
i n S an Fr an c
.
L og an , w h o h as h a d t w o year s in
an d wh o w i sh es t o
e gi n a s a typ i st
.
b
r epl y
.
uiry
is r eally n e c essa ry
a c om
.
fi r st pl ac e b e
t o m ak e t h e i n qui r y
s u r e t h at it
D o al l
in y ou r p ow er t o fin d ou t f or y ou r self w h at y ou w an t t o
kn ow Wh en y ou wr it e a l et t er of i n qui ry g o str aigh t t o
G ive cl ear an d full d et ail as t o th e t hin g y ou
y ou r p oi n t
w an t t o kn ow I f you r i n qu i ry h as sev er al i tems or d et ail s
op en t h em ou t an d ar r an ge t h em in or d er s o t h at t h ey m ay
A n i n qui ry p r eli m i n ary t o a p ossi b l e
b e quickl y gr asp ed
pur ch as e n eeds n o ap ology an d n o r etur n p ost ag e
Th e r eply t o a l etter of i n qui ry sh ou ld t ak e up in d et ail
t h e i t em s of t h e i n qu i ry an d an swer t h e qu esti on s di r e c t ly
an d sp ecific ally
od
Th e f oll ow i n g l ett er s ar e off er e d as g O
e x am pl es of th e d et ail ed l et t er of i n qui r y an d th e sp ecific
r eply
9
i
i g
op en n
Miss Mary
igh
o
n
a r es
or
F or
mercial
o
o
es
s
o
r.
s
s,
ar
o n
or
.
L ett ers of
nq
an d
.
-
I n th e
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
{
E S S E N TI
2 28
AL S
BUS I N E S S E N GLI S H
OF
Cer t ai n
l ett er s of i n qui ry ar e c on fiden ti al as ki n g f or in
form ati on c on c ern i n g t h e c r edit or st an din g of a fir m or
i n di vidu al Th e w r i t erof such a lett er sh ou ld r egar d h im
s elf as aski n g a f av or an d sh ould sh ow a c ou rt eous r eali z a
t i on of t hi s fac t an d sh ou ld sen d r etu r n p ost ag e
Th e r eply t o such a l et t er sh ould m ak e n o s t at em en t th at
can n ot b e just ifi e d
an d sh ou ld c ar efully di st i n gu i sh b e
I f t h e r ep or t is un f av or ab l e n o
t ween Op in ion an d f act
n am es sh ou ld b e m en t i on ed an d n o det ail s given t h at w ould
iden tify th e p er son s r ep or t ed on t o any p er son oth er th an
N o on e b u t an exp er i en c ed p er son
t h e c or r esp on d en t
sh ould un d er t ak e th e r eply in such a c ase
,
.
,
.
,
,
i
.
,
,
.
.
E XERCI S E 7
Us i n g y ou r
1
th e
To S ear s, Roe
.
i r gen eral
2
To th e
.
m a il
B
-
,
b k
.
l g
or der
oar d
Co , Ch
uc
ca t a o u e
Tra de
of
i cag o
,
ki n g
as
t h em t o
sen d
u
o
y
ki n g
f or
.
Mar sh all t own , I ow a,
of
as
i
con cer n i n g th e b u s i n e ss ch an c es i n t h a t c i t y
an d re
qu est i n g Sp ecific i n f orm at i on as t o op en i n g a b ook st or e t h ere
3 To t h e D et r oi t B l a u g a s Com p an y 1 1 7 W e st H u r on S t r eet
D etr oi t con cern i n g t h e equ ipp in g of a su mm er cotta ge w i th th ei r
g as f or cooki n g an d ligh t in g
4 T o th e N at i on al S u i t Com p an y N e w Y ork aski n g f or cat a
l ogu e an d sampl es S pecif y car e f u lly wh at ki n d of g oods you
pu
b li
dd r ess wr it e t h e foll ow i n g l ett ers
own a
ca t on s
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
w an t
5
.
To
.
F i ld
Mar sh all
l
m ate r i al f or
sam p e s of
i on as w ill
su gg est i on s
t
Co , Ch i ca g o,
e
l
.
i
cu r t a n s
h e p t h em t o
ch oos e
ki n g
as
r oom s
f or fiv e
.
l
s am p e s
th e
t h em t o
G iv
e
sen d
you
su ch de scr ip
i n t elligen tly
.
Ask f or
.
l i g
g b ag s
T o S p au d n
con cer n n
s eep in
6
.
i g l
Co
.
,
Ch
i c ag o
,
ki n g in f orm at i on
as
in
detail
-
.
i n e B oat Com pan y 87 N o S t ate S treet Ch i cag o f or
in f orm at i on con ce n i n g t h e i r can oes i n qu i r i n g if it is p oss ib l e t o pu t
a g a soli n e m ot or i n t o cer ta i n of t h ei r ca n oes
A sk f or su ggest i on s
7
.
T o Ra c
,
r
.
,
,
'
.
as
t o' t h e m ot or
.
,
BU S IN E S S
8
L k
oc e t t ,
T o O rr
.
li st of w ork b en ch es
g ram ma r sch ool
Ch i cag o,
t ool s
an d
-
COMPO S I TI ON
ki n g
l g
wood workin g
as
f or
229
f or
i
r
p ce
r oom
-
a
an d
cat a o u e
in
a
.
x
i U iv i
q u i ri n g
li b l
g
li b el ev en t h ou gh t h e li b el w as n ot m ade pu b li c u n t il a f ter t h e
man s deat h
P r esen t t h e f a ct s an d a sk f or i n f or m at i on
f or i n f orm a
1 0 To t h e F i r st N at i on al B a n k of Rockf or d I l l
t i on a s t o t h e ch ar a cter an d fi n an ci al st an di n g of E 0 Hil t on of
Rockf or d
1 1 T o t h e W estern E l ect r i c Com p an y f or i n f orm at i on as t o
th ei r i n te r com m u n i cat i n g t el ep h on es f or you r offi ce b u il din g
1 2 T o t h e G u m L u m b e r M an u f a ctu r i n g A s soci at i on aski n g f or
sam p l es of t h e i r w ood fin i sh e d an d f or i n f orm at i on as t o i t s q u ali
t i es a s an in t er i or t r i m f or a b an k b u il di n g
1 3 T o Th e D ell s I n n Kil b ou rn Wi sc on s i n a skin g t erm s f or a
9
n
To th e l aw dep art m en t of L a S all e E t e n s on
er s ty, i n
’
a
wh et h er or n ot a m an s est at e i s
e f or dam a es f or
.
,
’
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
p a rt y
14
,
of
five f or
s ix
a st ay o f
Wh i t e
To
.
,
,
days
S t ar S t e am sh i p
.
Li
n e,
Y k i q ii g
N ew
or
n
,
u r n
as
to
i —fir st an d secon d cl ass — an d sailin g s in Ju ly
f r om B ost on t o L iverp ool ; a par ty of f our
1 5 T o a fl ori st a ski n g f or p r i ces on tw o s tyl es of de cor at i on of a
r oom f or a cl ass su p p er or a b a n q u e t f or wh i ch
you a r e ch ai rm an of
t h e com m i tt ee on decor at i on
G iv e specificat i on s f or two styl es
on e i n exp en siv e on e m or e costl y
A sk f or su ggest i on s f rom h im
te r m s,
accomm odat on s
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
E XER CI SE 8
Reply to t h e
foll ow in g l ett ers
WI S CON S I N
HARRI N G TO N ,
M essrs
.
B u t l er,
Ward
!C
o
c
May
3 0,
19
.
.
R us h S tr ee t B ridg e
Chicag o
G N L
E
T EM E
P
N
l ease
sen d
t e r e st e d i n
a
me you r
drop
ligh t
l
cat a og ue of
l
m
a
a
s
g
p s.
Y
livi n g r oom ; ca ll a t t en t i on
E x pr es s h ope t h at h e w ill
d i n i n g r oom
a
-
.
in
.
ou r s
-
f or
i lly
am esp ec a
-
S ay you a r e s en d i n g ca t a l ogu e ; m en t i on
w ill fin d d r op ligh t s ; poi n t ou t a ligh t t h a t
on e
I
to
l
A L LE N ROB ERTS O N
t h e p ages on w h i ch h e
w ill su i t a li b r a ry a n d
ligh t f or a
a
spec i a l
t r u y,
pu r ch a se
.
E S S E NTI
2 30
2
.
A
(
ssu m e
h ea di n
AL S
OF
.
BUS INE S S E N GLI SH
g)
.
N a t io nal S u i t Comp an y
N ew YOrk
G
L
N
Kin dly sen d
.
EN T E M E
me
ly
l
s am p es of
g oods
f or
Y
it
t ru ly
a su
ou r s
.
,
A
M
( I s s ) MARY
LOGAN
.
give det ails as t o th e kin d of su it sh e
—
—
r
n
r
n
r
r
es
h
f
a
n en
h
w a t s st eet o d
s
t
ki
d
o
f
b
i
li
l
ilk
e
c
w
s
o
o
t
e
;
;
ap r oxi m at e p r i ce
u gg est t h at sh e m ig h t u se t wo su i t s —a
c ol or
s
p
;
;
E xp r ess desi r e t o p l ease h er
s ilk an d a wool
wr i t e a r epl y t o t h e l et t er
3 As f r om Mar sh all F i el d 85 Co
c all e d f or u n d r 5
E
x
e r c i se 6
e
4 A s f r om t h e fl or i st w r i t e a r ep l y t o t h e l et t er c all e d f or u n der
Mak e a t t r act iv e su gg est i on s f or a t h i r d styl e of
1 5 E xe r ci se 6
decor at i on n ot qu i t e so e xp en s ive as th e secon d su gg est e d b y t h e
i n qu i ry
5 A s f r om t h e Raci n e B oat Com p an y r ep l y t o t h e l ett e r c all e d
f or u n der 7 E x er ci se 6
Y ou a re you r selv es p r ep ar e d t o f u rni sh
a p or ta b l e m ot or su i t a b l e f or cer t a i n t yp e s of ca n oe s
G ive det ail s
I n vi te f ur t h er i n qu i r y an d vi s i t t o s al e s r oom
N OTE —Th e i n stru ct or sh ou l d var y t h ese pr act i ce exe ci ses t o su i t
t h e n eeds of h is cl ass an d a dd t o t h em if h e fin ds i t de s i r ab l e
—
L
e
t
t
o
r
e
n
oo
e
d
r
i
d
s
I
n
l
d
i
g
g
d
t
er
s
r
r
n
o
10
rs
e
t
e
o
s
o
g
g
A sk
cou rt eou s
t h at
sh e
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
,
r
.
,
.
.
.
m u st b e cl ear , ex ac t , an d c omplete ; t h e fol l ow in g a r e
’
’
’
som e of t h e D o s an d D on t s th at will h elp y ou t o t h at en d :
ou
y
.
G ive
a
list of th e t hin gs you
—th at is
ul ated
w
u
ar
a
n
e
se
a
ch
i
t
e
m
o
n
p
li
t
e
a
t
e
p
2 I f you ar e sen di n g a sm all or d er it m ay b e w ri t ten in
r
r
r
o
I
f
i
i
a
i
t
n
a
t
u
l
l
g
w
i
p
a
t
r
t
e
t
o
se
e s h eet
r
t
a
e
e
s
e
y
3 Wh en or d er i n g f r om a c at al ogu e u se th e b l an ks f u r
Foll ow c ar efu lly t h e di r ec t i on s giv en i n
n ish e d f or or d ers
al l c at al ogu es ; giv e t h e c at al ogu e n u m be r f or e ac h i t em
1
t ab
an t
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
4
uan ti ty,
Q
—
r
i
c
e
h
t
ese
p
.
r
l
i
t
l
s tyle or sh ap e or
ua
s
o
e
o
i
z
c
y,
q
,
,
b r an d,
i p ort an t thin gs t o sp ecify I f f ab r i cs
ar e or d er e d secu re an d sen d s am pl es
5 G iv e full shippi n g di r ec ti on s if p ossi b le— at l east say
wh ethe r th e goods ar e to b e sen t b y p ar c el p ost exp r ess or
,
ar e
th e m
.
.
.
,
,
E SSE
2 32
N TI AL S
B US I N E S S E N GLI S H
OF
h uld exp r ess pl eas ur e ; r efer to th e or der
b y d at e an d m en t i on an y sp eci al c on di t i on s or i n st r uc t i on s
it c on t ai n ed ; say wh en t h e or d er will b e shipp e d or was
shipp e d ; p er h ap s giv e a sug g es t i on f or a fu r th er or d er
;
ackn ow l e d g e an y r em i t t an c e m ad e givi n g d et ai ls
1 A ckn owle d gi n g th e fi rst or d er abov e
dd
t
A
g
ig
m
di
d
h
e )
(
D AR M D A M
f M
h 1 5 i l i g xp
A pt
th
k f y
d
k n owl edgm en t
s o
,
.
,
.
ssu
A
E
cce
m on ey
an d
,
r ess
a
,
an
n a ur
s
.
:
an
ou r
or
s
ou r or
er o
ar c
,
n c os n
r ess
e
f or
or de r
Th e
n
ea
e
g oods
w e t r u st
v e b e en
they w ill
i pped t oday b y p arcel p ost as
r
r
a
t
s
a
t
s
c
o
v
i
f
o
e
y
p
Very t ru ly you rs
sh
ha
you
d i r ect e d,
.
,
I nc
.
in cl osure might b e a cir cul ar an n oun cin g a sal e
si l k s t ocki n g s or som e ot h er ar t i cl e at t ract iv e t o l adi es
2 A ck n owl edgi n g th e sec on d or d er ab ove
Th e
.
,
.
.
(
A ssu m e h ea di n g,
D EAR
Y
ou r
g
dep en d
by
a ddr ess,
or de r
J ly
of
as a r u sh
cam e
or der , an d
it t h at
on
15
u
n ot
.
M i ch ig an Cen t ral ,
on
ly
as
b b
you r
or de r
it w
fl
th e
.
th
ill
is
m or n i n g
q
f or t h em
V er y
sh
be
ou r
.
We
.
i pp e d
le
.
Th e
are
t om or r ow
b u t t h e wh o
you r e u est
n t e r e st e d i n t h e
Y ou w ill p r o a l y b e i
f ru its t h at w e are i n cl os i n g
oo
ign atu re )
We i n cl ose i nv oi ce
f or S at u r d ay
b k
an d s
S IR :
t h r ou h
you
of
g oods
.
or der
w
ill
i
p u tt n g
it
Y ou m ay
w
r ea ch
ill
be
sh
ipp ed
.
i l pri ce li st of can n e d
We sh ou l d b e very m u ch pl eased t o
sp e c a
.
l
t ru y you r s,
I n es 2
.
E XE RCI SE 9
U si n g y ou r own n am e an d ad d r ess an d ch oos i n g t h e
n ess h ou ses f or y ou rs elf, w r i t e t h e foll ow i n g or d ers
1
2
Al g
ar
.
e
Cr eX
ru g
b
Tw en ty wor k -
.
g ra de
.
.
an d
e n ch es
t wo
f or
i
r ee d ch a r s
a
f or you r p or ch
n
r oom f or th e
b usi
.
ki g
w ood-wor
s
ixt h
BUS IN E S S
-
3
On
.
On
4
May
D
e ce m
A li
b
a
15,
er
of
t on
i l
Tw en t y
.
15,
a
c oa
t on
l
COM PO S I TI ON
l
of
.
coa
l
.
f r om a m a il or der catal og u e
t welv e i t em s f r om a wh ol es al e h ou s e
se e ct ed
ar t c es
2 33
-
.
gr ocer i es of
f or
you r s t or e in a sm a ll t own
6 T i ck et s f or f ou r p er son s on t h e W h it e S t a r s t e am er
A r ab i c
B ost on t o L iverp ool Ju n e 1 6
7 S ix au t om ob il e sp ec i al t i es f or you r F or d a u t om ob il e
8 T w o doz en du stl ess ch alk er a se s f or y ou r sch ool r oom
9 A li st of gr ocer i es f or y ou r cam p i n t h e w oods w h er e you a re
t o sp en d a m on t h w i t h t wo f r i en ds
5
.
st
of
‘
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
r
.
-
.
.
,
.
E XER CI S E 1 0
A ckn owledge in g ood f orm
c alle d
f or in E x er cise 8
N OTE —A s
vi
or
d er s
of
l etter s
th e
.
x e r ci se s
i n p r e ou s e
wh ch s u t h i s
i
st it u t e or der s
th e
i
,
n ee ds
th e
i n stru ct or
m ay
a dd
or
su b
.
— Th ose
i
f
l etters
as ki n g f avor s sh ould b e ch ar a c t e r iz e d b y di r e c t n ess an d
fra n k n ess S tat e your r e qu est in th e b egi n n in g of y ou r
l ett er an d gi v e wh at ev er expl an at i on s will j u st ify it S uch
l ett er s sh oul d n ot b e t oo humb le an d apol ogetic (
if you
r e all y f ee l t r ou b l esom e or u n w orth y d on t d ar e t o ask t h e
favor ) b u t Sh ou ld b e gr ate fu l an d ap p r eci ative in t on e
Th e foll ow i n g ar e ex am pl es of l et ter s as ki n g f avor s or sp e
ci al c on sid er at i on
5 7 2 8 U N V RS Y A V NU
1
1 1 Let t er s
.
ask i n g
an d
a
n
r
t ng
g
av ors
.
.
’
,
.
,
I
.
E
E
IT
CH I CA G O ,
I LL
J ly
u
M essrs
.
B eech
j B eck P u b lis h e rs
(
,
.
E,
,
14,
,
4 1 B eacon S q ua r e,
G N
B os t on ,
Mas s
.
L
N
I sh ou l d lik e you r p er m i ssi on t o u se i n _a t ext b ook I a m p r e
a
i
g
a s m odel s of p ar a g r a ph st r u ct u r e
f
r h igh s ch ool s tu den t s
a
r
n
o
p
”
“
S oci al Cont r ol
I sh all b e h appy
f ew p a ssa g es f r om P i n ch ot s
E
T EM E
-
-
,
,
’
.
E S SE
2 34
give
w i se
to
so
du e
an d
N TI AL S
it
h el p f u l
cr e d
.
OF
B US I N E S S E NGLI S H
l d like t o con gr atu l ate Vou on pu b lishi n g
a b ook
Very t ru ly you r s
E D WARD O WARREN
a ddress
sam e h ea di n g
an d s ign atu re as in 1
sh ou
I
.
,
.
2
A ssu m e
(
.
th e
bv )
G N L M N
a
o e
,
.
T E
E
,
,
E
l d lik e you r p erm i ssi on t o rep r odu ce as a p am ph l et i n a
s er i e s I am i ssu i n g on p u b li c qu e s t i on s f or u se i n m y cl a sses Ch ap
”
n
n ch ot s
I sh ou l d of cou r se m ak e due
i
S oci al Co t r ol
t e r X of
P
a ck n owl e dgm en t
You rs very t rul y
sh ou
I
“
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
3
G N
E
A ssum e
(
.
L
N:
wh i t e
h ea d
in g
,
a ddr ess,
an d
s
ign atu re )
.
T EM E
F 1 4 4 ) t h at I or dered f rom_you Ap r il
(
1 5 h a s r ea ch e d m e b u t p ov e s t o b e t oo sm all f o m y dau g h t e
f or
I d i d n ot r e aliz e w h en I o de e d i t t h at sh e h a d
w h om I o de ed i t
g ow n a g ea t de a l r ecen t ly I sh ou l d like t o ex ch an ge i t f or t h e
s am e t h i n g in a l ar g er s ize
Y ou rs t ru ly
Th e
m u sli n dr ess
r
,
'
r
r
r
r
.
r
r
r,
r
.
.
,
ply t o such l etters sh ould b e cour teou s an d as con
I f t h e f avor s ar e t o b e g r an t e d l et it
s id er at e as p oss i b l e
b e d on e as cor di ally an d as gen er ou sly as i s c on si st en t wi t h
t h e p oli cy an d i n t er est of th e p eopl e y ou r ep r esen t
Th e f oll owin g ar e r epli es to t h e l ett er s given ab ove
i
d
t
h
A
i
g
ig
m
h
d
d
s
d
e )
(
Th e
re
:
,
.
,
.
ssu
1
D
e
ea
n
,
a
r ess,
an
n ea c
n a u re
cas
.
.
E AR
Y
S IR
qu est i n g p erm issi on t o u se a f ew p as
“
h a s b e en du l y con s i de r e d
S o ci a l C o n t r ol
s a g e s f om P i n ch ot s
r
h
t
u
su
a
c
w
ill
giv
l
If_
e
e
e di t t o b ook au t h or
ou
an d p u b li sh er
y
e i th er i n you r p r e f ace or i n y ou r i n t r odu ct i on w e w ill m ost cor di a ll y
g an t th e p er m i ssi on you a sk
Very t ru ly yours
ou r
r
l et t er
of
M ar ch
’
1 6,
re
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
r
.
,
A
23 6
MI S TER S ALL I E
D
f or
U
ESS ENTI LS OF B SI NES S ENGLI SH
F
ear
g od
w h en
’
r en :
k
s sa e
sh e
HO
US E
doan h av e
.
you n o
.
I g ot th e V alv a wh i ch i b y
n dl e
h
n
n
n
m
a
a
s
o
u
d
o
e
o
e
y
you doan t r eet m e
e a
I wat e t en
f ll
S AN PRI S CO
le
h an d
m e t h e h an del p ret ty
valva f rom k rain e Co
.
I
I
Th er e
r
i te
u se
l oose
t h e w in h e
qu eck
I
no
th e se
i
b l w th
b k a
e
ac
G ood b y
le in
fin d th e h an d
t h e b ox
w ee]
y ou d oan
n d I or der s om e
o
h er
sen
.
i
w at t h e
.
s en d
s n ce
.
b u t wh y
t h e v alv a
r
i
a
l
t
ou
e
y
t o my cu stom er su r et in g ,
r i t e, i s m y m on ey n ot so g ood t o you as t h e ot h a
days an d m y cu st om er h e h oll a f or t h e v alv a
no
su m m er a n d
h e i s h ot
f rom
.
YOUR F RE N
.
E x cu se t o m e
.
.
v ery f ew cust om er s so v er satile as this ch armi n g
I t ali an c orr esp on d en t (
wh o f r om t h e p ost sc r ip t m ay b e
judged t o h ave a d rop of I ri sh b l ood in h is v ei n s ) wh o m ak es
an d adju sts h is ow n c om pl ai n t in th e sam e l ett er
Th e followi n g sugge st i on s ar e t o b e b orn e in m i n d wh en
w r it in g l etter s of c om pl ain t an d adj u stm en t
1 Your c om pl ai n t m u st of c ours e b e j u stly g roun de d
I t m us t b e c ou rt eou sly an d c al m ly m ad e an d supp or ted b y
d etailed f ac ts f or which y ou h ave p roof or evid en c e You ar e
alw ays ab su r d wh en you l ose y ou r t em p er— in w r i t in g
d oub ly so Sh ow th e same c our tesy th at you exp ect t o
r ec e iv e
2 A l et t er of com plai n t wh eth er it b e j ust or u n just
m u st b e p r om p tly ackn owl edge d Thi s p r om p tn ess is a l on g
s tep t ow ar d adju stm en t
3 A fr an k ackn ow l edg m en t of fault if th e f aul t is
y ou r s g oes f ar in a l etter as it d oes an y wh er e t o c r eat e a
b etter feeli n g
4 They say it is always good b us i n ess t o b e n ot onl y f ai r
b u t as gen er ou s as p oss i b l e in all ow i n g any cl ai m s a cu s
t om er m ay m ak e A t an y r at e t hi s m ak es a m uch pl easa n ter
l etter t o wr it e
5 As a m att er of effec t iv en ess p u t y our c on cess i on to
fi
i
r
m
o
e
t
r
P
o
u
cu
r
s
t
n
u
r
l
t
e
u
u
fu
l
r
r
s
o
e
t
o
r
t
e
sa
to
y
y
y
ar e
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
U
B S I N E S S COMPOS I TI ON
c on c ede in th e b ody of you r l etter wh ere it will b e as
un ob t ru sive as p ossib le
A djust m en t s ar e as a m atter of fac t n ot matt ers of E n g
lish b u t m atters of b usin es s p oli cy Th ey ar e gen er ally
in an y l ar g e b usin ess t urn ed ov er t o an exp er i en c ed de
m
n
a
r
n
g
r
m
a
e
a
t
e
t
p
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
E XERCI SE 1 2
Wr i t e
1
se n t
t h em f or
a cr eam sep a r at or , a
g as
er s,
ro
two
of
th e
i l
n
a
l i
r a n ge
com p a n t
,
t h at
an d a
ou t
of
or de r
an
h ot -wat er h eat er ,
ve r each e d you
2 Th e r epl y t o t h i s exp r e ssi n g r eg r et an d exp l a in i n g t h at t h e
ot h er a r t i cl e h a d t o b e s e n t f r om t h e f a ct or
h
r c it
o
t
e
i
n
n
a
y
y
3 To t h e N or t h e r n F u r n i t u r e Com pa n y S h eb oyg a n Wi s con s i n
t h a t ow i n g t o t h e i r del ay i n s h i pp i n g a n e x pen s iv e s i deb oa r d you
l ost t h e sa l e a s you r cu st om e r r e fu sed t o w a i t
4 A s f or t h e N or t h e r n F u r n i t u r e Com pa n y w r i t e t w o r epli e s t o
t h i s l et t er —on e t o a cu st om e r w h ose b u s i n e ss i s in E au C l a i r e Wi s
on e t o a cu s t om e r w h os e b u s i n ess i s i n H ou st on
Te x a s
c on s i n
on
ly
a
War
To
.
foll owin g lett ers
m ki g
d B th
th e
ha
a rt c e s
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
13 L ett ers
.
—
T
m
e
n
h
e
a
t
p y
r eq u est in g
fi r st l et t er
t o th e
w es y ou is a m er e c ol orl ess n ot e sen t in c our se
an d assu m i n g as a
of b u si n ess
as c ou r t eous as p ossi b l e
m att er of c our se th at th e failur e t o p ay wi th out r em i n d er
is an ov er sigh t ; as
wh o
r
e
p son
o
,
,
,
,
D
EA R
SIR
i n cl osed
Th e
of
$ 1 3 5 w a s du e
b ill
Th e
l ooked
s t a t e m en t
on
on
th e
of
fi r st
w
t h e m on t h
of
ill
S h ow
t h at
a
b l
a a n ce
.
bl
t h e m on t h w a s dou t
es s
v er
o
.
c d l etter
b ei n g m ore effec tiv e
Th e
o
u
r
c
c
o
u
n
a
t
y
t h e t en th
r e n de r e d
b y you
of
Y
m ay b e m or e
se on
.
ou rs
t ru l y,
mph at ic in th e
e
h op e
of
A
G
E S S ENTI LS OF BUSINESS EN LI SH
2 38
D EAR S IR
ks
we wr ot e you
I t i s n ow on
o
Tw o w ee
u s on
f r om
a ccou n t
you
.
l ease
P
.
ag o
i g
con cern n
a
b l
of
a an ce
$ 1 3 5 du e
l g ver du e an d we h ave h ear d
give t h i s m att er im m edi at e att en t i on
Y our s tru ly
,
i g
n oth n
.
,
If
t
a
hi r d l et ter
can
you
c as e
D EAR
so
,
is
c
it is
n e essary ,
or di n ari
ly
a s
ign th at
d elin qu en t as a cu stom er in an y
will p r ob ab ly wr i te with gr eat fir m n ess ; as
r et ai n
n ot
y ou
th e
,
S IR :
S i n ce you h av e p ai d n o a tt en t i on t o Ou r t wo l ett ers con cern i n g
y ou r ov e r du e am ou n t , w e a r e f or ce d t o eli eve t h at t h e del ay i s de
b
li b erate We m u st i n si st t h at th i s accou n t b e sett l ed b y t h e 2 5 th of
I f th i s i s n ot d on e w e w i l l dr aw on you ; an d if you
t h i s m on t h
h av e n ot r em i tt e d i n t h e m ean t i m e p l ease a rr an g e t o h on or ou r
dr a f t
Y ou r s tru ly
.
,
.
,
.
,
h av e fin ally t o pl ac e th e acc ou n t in th e h an ds of a
l awy er or a c oll ec ti n g agen cy y ou w ould p r ob ab ly w ri te
D EAR S R
d t pl
g t w h v b
f
t
M h t
y
f
Ch l
h
tt
H yt 4 1 7 U i ty
th
d
f $ 13 5 i
y M
B il di g Ch i g Y w ill h f m h im t
Y
t ly
I f y ou
,
I
uc
o
n
o
n
u
,
ou r
e
ca
re
re
an
s o
,
ou
o
.
e
ou r
a e
a
or n e
e ar
or ce
e en
r.
,
ro
ac e
o
ar e s
a
on ce
ou r s
A ft er th e
ou r
o
,
accou n
n
.
ru
,
c i on r each es this st age it p asses com
n glish
l
h
E
u
t
o
f
t
fi
ld
f
l
e
t
o
e
e
o
e
p
y
Man y b usi n ess h ouses u se l on ger ser i es of c oll ec ti on l et
—
m an y of th e l ett er s c on t ai n i n g ar gum en t an d exp os
r
s
te
—
th e efior t b ein g di r ec te d t ow ar d
t ul at ion an d p er su asi on
c ollect i n g th e m on ey an d keepin g th e cu st om er Th ese let
t er s sh oul d b e th e w or k of an exp ert w r i t er an d b u sin ess
tr an sa t
,
.
.
m an
.
c ou r se if you ar e th e cu stom er y ou can p r ob ab ly t ell
b e for eh an d w h en y ou wi ll n ot b e ab l e t o m eet y our acc oun—ts
Y ou sh ou ld t h en t ak e t i m e b y t h e f or el ock and ask f or an
ext en si on of t i m e
Of
,
.
,
.
E SS E
NTI AL S
OF
BU S I N E S S E N GL I S H
must expl ai n sh ow the g oods un fold th e pl an pr o
d u ce in t er est an d c on vi ction
3 I t m ust p er su ade ap p eal sti r th e em ot i on s an d aw ak en
a d es i r e f or th e t h in g p r esen t e d
4 I t m u st st ar t th e hu m an m otor —
create ac t i on s ecu r e
r esu l t s
I f y ou will r evi ew at t hi s p oi n t Mah i n g a S p eech (
Ch ap t er
I X B ) y ou will ag ain see t h at th e p r oc esses of c om p osit i on
a r e p r ac t ic al ly t h e s am e as f or a s al es l et t er
A Sal es l etter sent in r ep ly t o an i n qui ry h as a gr eat
a dv an t ag e
b ec ause it can b u ild u p on an i n t er est al r eady
aw ak en ed
B u t n o W i d e aw ak e c or r esp on d en t w i l l r ely en
t ir ely on t h i s in t er est
A t ar dy r ep ly or a col d an tiqu at ed
form l etter wi th out r el ev an cy i s c er tain death t o a b uddin g
inter est
S u p p ose y our em pl oy er is pu sh in g a m oder n art i stic
d r op ligh t An in qu i r er h as seen th e fir m s adv ert i sem en t
an d f r om th e cu t b eli ev es th at it w ould b e sui t ab l e f or
h is den
S u pp ose wh en h e w r i t es t o ask ab ou t it y our
cl er k fills an en v el op e wi th ol d cold form l etters th at
di sc ourse on el ectr ic fixtur es in g en er al an d in cl oses tes
t im on i al s fr om b an k s an d off ice b u ildi n gs an d railw ay
s t at i on s t h at h av e i n s t all e d y ou r fixtu r es— ju st p ossi b ly
h e in cl oses a r ep r i n t of th e adv er ti sem en t y ou r i n qui r er
h as al r eady s een
S u ch a m ec h an ic al i r r el ev an t p r oc ess
If he
t h r ot t l es y ou r cu st om er s i n t er est in it s c r ad l e
b u y s a lamp f or h is den h e b uy s i t fr om an oth er h ouse
A sal es l et t er t h at h as t o awak en in t er es t m u st fi rs t of
Th e
all g et ev er y t hi n g i t c an ou t of th e fi r s t i m p ress i on
—
a
e
e
r
b
a
t
r
t
l tter as a p ic tu e sh ould e t c iv good p ap er cl ean
t yp e pl eas an t s p aci n g ; t h e n ot e st r uck in t h e op eni n g
r
a
r
r
a
a
est
m
s
o
n
t
e
g
ph
u
pl
i
a
e
s
r
t
e
p
1 Th e op en in g p ar ag r ap h of a sal es l etter is ev en m or e
im pp r t an t th an th e op en i n g sec ti on of a sp eech ; a s p eak er
2 I t
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
r
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
-
‘
,
.
.
,
-
,
.
’
-
.
,
’
.
.
-
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
.
'
‘
-
e
,
,
~
.
‘
,
’
,
.
'
-
.
BU SI NE S S
h as t hi s
COMPO SI TI ON
24 1
—
i
of h s au di en ce
th ey
dv an tage
c an n ot b olt wh en
t h ey see from h is op en i n g sent en c es t h at d eadly b or ed om
sta r es t h em in t h e fac e ; an d a sp eak er
if h e c an k eep on
m ay r e cov er h is gr oun d
B u t t h e w aste b ask et y awn s
t em p t in gly n ear f or th e le tt er t h at op en s c old ly or st u p idly
A t t h e sam e t i m e i t is t ru e t h at a b it of m er e cl ap trap
or i n sin cer i ty t o cat c h at t en t i on is n ot d esi r ab l e
I f t hi s l ett er sold an y thin g it w as in spi t e of its
Op en in g
a
‘
,
,
,
-
.
.
-
.
D
EA R
SIR
li a n ce w i th you r req u es t of r e cen t dat e we ar e sen di n g
ou ou r l a t e st g e n e r a l ca t a l ogu e i n asm u ch a s w e do n ot k n ow w h i ch
y
We a l so h av e m a ny speci a l Cat a
r t m en t ca t a l o gu e you w i s h
de p a
l ogn es f or d i ff er en t ki n ds of goods On r equ est w e s h a ll b e gl ad t o
s e n d a n y on e of t h e se a l so
You r s t ruly
c om p
In
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
Yet its
tr
i ckin ess
D
AR
E
c oldn ess
of thi s
is
l m ost
a
as
invit in g
th e
ob v ioII s
S IR
W h a t Y OU a m ou n t t o i n t h i s w or l d D EPE ND S
W h at you do w i t h you r TI M E de t er m in es
S ELF
.
ar e
as
UPO N YOUR
W H O LLY
a b so lu
t e ly w h a t y ou
.
i
T me is
val u e
g r e a t es t
ou r
a n d sm a
ll
in fec t an y
l etter in to
w e w as t e i t ,
i
f l Of
unm nd u
its
ly
s u pp
Th e l an guid
an d
h er i t ag e ;
.
xt op en in g sen t en c e w ould
H e w ould sc ar c ely b e ab l e t o d r op th e
r eader
th e w ast e b ask et
"
of
n ot e
th e
ne
.
-
.
D EA R S I R
Will
y ou
ta
c u l ar a n d con s
ou r
y
ke
i de r
i n st i tu t i on ?
a
m om en t
’
'
s
w h et h e r t h e
glance over t h e i n clos ed cir
si t u a t i on t h ere i n se t f ort h i s t rue of
ti m e t o
'
E S SE
42
NTI AL S
OF
BUS I NE S S E NGL I S H
Wh at is wr on g with thi s op en in g ?
a) A c or r esp on d en t sh ould n ot ask
f or
a
i
t o aw ak en
m om en t
’
t me
s
.
h oul d assu m e th at h e is p resen t in g a matter
ab sor b i n g in t er est
H e sh ou ld as su m e
b) H e sh oul d n ot suggest a g lan ce
Th ese t w o p h r ases
t h at h is ci r c ul ar will b e r ead in d et ail
hy p n ot ize th e r ead er in to in diff er en c e
r i s ab ou t ;
c) Thi s sen ten c e sh oul d say wh at t h e ci r cul a
thi s is wh at a b u sy m an w an ts t o see fi rst
d) Th e si tu ation is a c old g en er ality
e) Th er einset for th is a for m alism
r
i
m
i
e
i
Y
a
h
n
o
r
a
t
t
t
l
ck
hu
a
uch
t
s
t
h
ou
i
n
s
u
i
o
n
s
t
e
t
r
f)
;
—
h is
m
a
n
n
e
ss
s b el ov ed b u si
a b l oodl ess t hi n g t o c all a
—
h
r
e
s ch ool
is c oll eg e hi s d ea ly b el ov d job y ou r i ns ti tu tion
i
h
r
a
m
m
a
r
f
a
ar
i
n
i
t
cid
h
k
g
I
n
e
n
l
l
a
b
t
t
t
e
i
s
s
e
o
y
g)
y
s in c e wh eth er is l eft b er e f t of i ts t w in b r ot h er or
B u t i ts chi ef f aul t as an op en i n g p ar ag r ap h is its l ack
an d it s ext r em ely
or h u m an app eal
of c ol or or w ar m th
hum ble cl aim f or i tself
A sal es l etter sh oul d r em ai n a l etter an d n ot b ec om e a
m er e adv er ti sem en t
Th e Op en i n g of thi s l ett er f or
e x am pl e r eal ly b el on gs in an adv er ti sem en t
He
s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
,
.
,
,
.
‘
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
“
It
DEA R S I R
So
Al a
ves seven per cen t
sa i d Mr
Joh n H S a mu el s
sa
.
.
.
,
a
m an u f a ct u r er
o
f
B i m i gh
r
n
am ,
.
—
m att er
n ar r at iv e
Thi s is
foll ow ed b y a l on g
which h Ow
ev er efiectiv e in a pu b lic adv er ti sem en t d oes n ot b el on g in
a l etter of an y ki n d
To p r ef ac e it wi t h a D ear S i r d oes n ot
t urn it in to a l et ter
2 Th e u r gen cy t o ac ti on wi th which y our sal es l ett er
cl oses sh ould b e sin c er e I f y ou h av e sen t ou t th e sam e
letter six m on ths b efor e an d h av e at t h at tim e assur ed y ou r
h op ed f or cust om er in a v oi ce quiv eri n g with em ot i on th at
y ou h av e on ly t en sets of thi s in disp en sab l e b ook l eft
,
,
.
.
-
.
.
,
-
AL S
E S S E N TI
44
B US IN E S S E NG LI SH
OF
groc ery t o dist an t town s ; it is m or e th an w asteful t o sen d
an n ounc em en ts Of sp r i n g styl es t o chu r ch si ster h oods B u t
y ou w oul d sen d y ou r b ar g ai n sal e ann oun cemen t t o most
of t h e h ousek eep er s i n y ou r own town an d y ou w oul d sen d
r
n
r
o
e
n
n
n
t
r
o
e
fi
n
u
l
c
c
i
li
t
e
e
en an d em b r oid ery m ater i als
g
y
t o th e S i sters
Your sal es l et t ers to sell fil in g devices t o l awy ers an d
b us in ess m an ager s sh ould b e sh or t an d cr i sp wi t h p oi nted
p ar ag raph s an d i sol at ed se n t en ces to c at ch th e eye at a
gl an c e n ever n eedin g a sec on d p age
You r sal es l et ters t o s ell fert iliz ers or pl ows or n u rsery
stock m ay b e l on g di s c u r siv e c oll oq u i al an d g ossip y de
si g n e d to giv e a l on g wi n t er ev en i n g s r eadi n g b y t h e l amp
.
-
,
.
-
-
'
'
,
~
,
.
-
,
,
,
’
-
h
l
l etter is
s
e
s
a
T e
,
l v
t o t h e g ood s it is tr y in g t o sell
I t k eep s wi thi n it s fi eld an d u ses t h e m at er i al it fi n ds t h er e
I f it is sellin g l an d in Fl orid a it d oesn t u se i m ag es of sn ow
capp e d moun tai n s and c old tr ou t str eams ; i f it is selli n g
l an d in Main e i t d oesn t p r ais e p al m t r ees an d c or al i sl an ds
A ll its ar gu m en t an d p ersu asi on b ear in min d th ese g oods
Th e foll owi n g is sub m i tt ed as a good ty pic al sal es l et ter :
r e e an t
,
.
.
’
,
’
.
,
.
J ly
u
Y ou
ar e ,
of
F i h i s C mp
U it d S t t
th
s
n
e
an y
o
er e
v
st ore of
i g
e eryt h n
Wi th
is t he
t h at t h e P
ike
kin d
in
of
it s
.
Mark et, l ocat ed
S t reet ) , i s th e
il
f l y aw are of th e f act
ol de st an d l a rg est con cern
r
ect
e
p
.
a es
e
Ch oct aw
ret a
c ou r se ,
1 0, 1 9
fin est
r et a
th e P
conce
ike
iv ab l e
Ch i cag o
a
il
at
fish
N orth
mark et in
186
S t at e S t r eet
Ch
F i sh er i e s Comp an y
.
in fish
di s t r i
an d
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f r om Ma ine Oyst ers f r om Con n ecti cu t Cr ab s f r om
Maryl an d F r og L eg s f r om L ou i si an a All a r e on me at Ch oct aw
Mark et as qu i ckly as e xp ress servi ce can deliver t h em a n d i n t h e fi n es t
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'
an d t h e lik e
We r ece i v e
cell a rs w i t h S al t Mack er el H er r i n g Co dfish
S al m on S tu r g eon T r ou t an d oth er fish dail y
sm ok ed Wh i t efi sh
f r esh f r om ou r Ch i ca g o sm oke h ou ses
N ow th i s lit t l e di sser t at i on i s j u st t o acqu ai n t you w it h ou r f acili
Ou r ob j ect i n sen d in g you t h i s l et te r i s t o en ab l e you t o av ail
t i es
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We h ave au t om db il e delivery servi ce daily t o b oth N or th an d
Th ese au to de liv er i es st art nor t h at
S ou t h s i des
a
m ; an d
s ou t h at
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p In
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All peopl e en j oy fish th e year rou n d wh en th ey kn ow i t i s f resh
We are qui te su r e t ha t you do an d t h at if you w ill f av or u s wi th a
t r i al or der you wil l b ec om e one of ou r m an y r e gu l ar cus t om ers
Lo
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PI K E
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MARK ET,
P O N D Man ager
CH O CT Aw
F H
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.
1 86
No
,
H er e
ar e som e of
g ood l ett er
th e
r e ason s
S t at e S t r
eet ,
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Tel
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,
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Ran dol ph 6 9 84
wh y we m ust
.
c all this
a
:
) I t is wr itten in v er y good E n gli sh
b ) I t m akes its app e al c on si st en t ly t o t h e pub lic it h as
—
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l
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d
h ou sekeep ers of a r ather p rosp er ous cl ass
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a
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IS re e
to th e
season
.
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ofier s
fish
wh en every
b od y c r av es fis h — wh en it is t oo h ot t o eat m eat
d) I t em p h asiz es t h e c ooln ess an d f r esh n ess of its good s
e ) I t n am es t em p t i n g v ar i et i es a
r m on i ou s
n d su ggest s ha
.
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f)
s ugg est i n g t h e h ou r of d eliv ery
t ac t fully su gge st s a fi rst or d er an d iaiteS you to
b e c om e a r egu l ar cu stom er
It
‘
sh ow s
h ow
eas
,
.
'
'
.
E S S E N TI
24 6
.
Th e
foll owin g
is
AL S
a
OF
BU SIN E S S E NGLI S H
p oor Sal es l etter
-
DEAR S I R
We
ar e
in
r ece
ip t
We
of
in qu i ry regar din g ou r
f or war din g you u n der
r e cen t
r
o
u
y
P eer l ess
ke p l easu re in
sep ar at e
sh ow i n g t h e scr e en i n u s e u n der v a r i ou s
on e of ou r b ookl et s
cov er
an d en cl ose h e r ew i t h ot h er li t e r at u r e p er t a i n in g t h e r et o
con di t i on s
We are r ep resen t e d in you r terr i tory b y t h e Mu sk eg on Ten t 85
Awn in g Comp an y Mu skeg on Mi ch ig an an d h ave asked t h em t o
t ak e u p w i t h you t h e m att e r of you r scr een r e qu i r em en t s
We h Ope very m u ch you w il l deci de t o giv e t h e P eerl ess P or ch
S cr een a t ri al as we ar e su r e you w ill fin d i t t h e m ost con v en i en t an d
at t ract iv e t ype of s cr een you h av e ev er m a de
You rs v ery tr u ly
P or ch S creen
.
ta
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
p r ep ar ed t o c ri ticiz e this f or y ourself—t h e c old
“
”
form al sty le ; th e p r esen ce of t h ose d r eary stick ers of
sty l e r e cen t in q u i r y en clos ed h er ewi th, li ter a tu r e p e r tain
ing th ere to; a ty p ogr aphic al er r or in th e w or d m ad e th at
m ak es n on sen se of th e sen t en c e I n ci den t ally t h e Mu sk egon
Ten t
A wn i n g Com p an y did n ot t ak e it up
1 5 Foll ow up l ett ers —B ef or e w e w ri te some sal es
l ett er s of ou r own we m ust discuss t h ei r sequel s which ar e
kn own as foll ow u p l etters Th ese ar e th e m ost diffic u lt of
Th ey sh ou ld b e arr an ge d in a se r i es
all b u si n ess l e tt er s
p r oducin g a cum ul ative effect in ar gum en t in p er su asi on
I f y ou st ar t wi th a sal es l et ter st r on g
an d in u r g en c y
en ough t o p r oduc e r esu l t s it is very di ffic ul t t o r ai se it t o
Thi s is wh y so m an y
th e f our th or fift h p ow er of str en gt h
form lett ers ab an d on ar g um en t an d t ake t o sc oldin g or
s c r eam i n g
Th ere seem s to b e a p r ac tic al a gr eemen t th at n ot mor e
th an fou r f oll ow u p l ett er s sh ould b e used m aki n g fiv e in
th e ser i es
Th e wh ol e ser i e s sh ould m ain t ai n a t on e of
resp e c t an d of self r esp e c t n o m at t e r h ow u r gen t t h ey m ay
“
b e c om e An y on e wh o h as ever in th e c ap acity of p r os
L
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tin
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E SSE
24 8
D
b
N TI AL S
BUS I N E S S E NGLI S H
OF
Ju n e 9 , 1 9
E AR
.
S IR
At t h i s t im e
i
i
t h e yea r you r p an o n ee ds at ten t on, an d t h e
n on e t oo
ood
fin e i n str u m en t i s so de cat e a p ece of
sm t h at on y an e p er t i s comp et en t t o t u n e an d re u at e i t
of
g
l
A
i
x
g l
m e ch an i
A s you kn ow t h er e a re t h ree p arts t o p i an o work—r eg u l a t i on of
t h e a ct i on ; v oi cin g or t on e r eg u l at i n g ; an d t u n i n g
I f an y of t h ese
i s n egl ecte d t h e lif e of you r p i an o is n ot t ru ly r en ew ed an d t h e
w ear an d t e ar of g en era l u se i s m ore t ellin g on i ts l ast i n g q u ali t i es
We m ak e a speci al ty of ou r Tun in g D epart men t Th e m en wh o
a r e at you r di sp osal a re t ru l y exp ert s
We serv e as pr om pt ly as we do efli cien tly Ou r ch ar ge i n cl u di n g
al l ou r exp e rt c are
wh i ch i n su r es t o you
is
S ervi ce t o t h e
”
Poi n t of S at i sf act i on
S ig n an d return th e i n c l ose d car d
We kn ow Crown Q u ali ty
”
WorM an sh ip will pl ease you
Very t ru ly you rs
is
est
.
li
.
,
.
,
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,
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.
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.
“
“
.
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DE AR S IR
Recen t l y w e wrot e you,
g ar d t o you r p i an o t u n i n g
an d
.
m an y
We
ve
xp ert t u n ers t o t ake car e
We wan t you r p at ron ag e an d you r t r i al or der
of t h i s n ew b u s i n ess
”
h
r
r
n
h
a
u
C
u
a
m
a
li ty W o k
own Q
s ip
w ill p r ov e t e v l e of
Th i s exp ert w orkm an sh i p w ill m ean mu ch t o th e l ast i n g qu ali t i es
G ive you r p i an o n o care f or a year an d i t w ill
of you r i n st r u m en t
”
r att l e b ox
G ive t h e same i n stru m en t excell en t
deg en erat e in t o a
r e gu l ar car e an d i t w ill b ecom e a sou r ce of j o
an d h arm ony in you r
y
h om e lif e
S i n ce ou r t u n i n g dep ar tm en t i s esp eci all y b u sy at t h i s t i me it
w ill g r eat l y f acilit at e m at ter s an d sav e ex t r a t ri ps i f al l or ders
Y ou r prom ptn ess I n th i s
com e pr om p t l y an d di re ct l y t o t h i s office
m att er will assi st u s in givi n g you servi ce t o t h e p oi n t of s atisf ac
t i on
Very t ru ly you rs
we
are
w ar r an t e d i n
i g
ha
in you r l ocali ty, in r e
rece iv e d so m an y re li es t h a t
p
ot h er s
s en d n
.
on e
of
ou r
e
“
,
.
“
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
EXERCIS E 1 3
Wri te th e l etter s an d p art s of l etter s as i n dic ated b el ow
1 Wr i te th e fi r st an d l ast paragr aph s of a l et ter des ign ed t o sel l
ster
an el ect r i c t oa
.
.
.
BU S I N ES S
Write
th e
fi rst
l ast
an d
CO M PO S I TI O N
p ar a
grap h s
of
a
249
l etter
lli n g
se
i
a ch ck en
'
incu b at or
3 W r i t e t h e op en i n g an d cl osi n g p ar a g r aph s of a l ett er desig n e d
t o sell a l ot i n a su b u r b b u il di n g u p w i t h b u n g al ows
4 Wr i t e a ser i es of t w o l et t er s t o s ell a cr eam sep ar at or
5 W r i t e a sal es l et ter an n ou n ci n g a s al e of hou seh ol d lin en
6 , W r i t e a sa l es l e t t er a n n ou n ci n g t h e op en i n g of a dep ar tm en t of
h ouseh ol d u t ili t ie s i n a de p ar t m en t st or e
Wr i te a
7 Y ou r b u t ch er h as j u st m ov e d i n t o a l a rg er sh op
sal es l et t er f or h im
8 A f r u i t f ar m er w ou l d lik e an a dv an ce or der f or h i s b er r i es
Wr i t e a sal es l et t er f or h im
9 W r i t e a ser i es of t h r ee l ett er s t o sell l ot s in a su m m er r esor t
1 0 Wr i t e a ser i es of th r ee l et t ers t o sell a cou r se of s tu dy in a
cor r esp on den ce sch ool
1 1 W r i t e a se r i e s of th r ee l et te r s t o sell a set of b ook s f or ch il
dr en con t a in i n g w ell k n own st or i es b i og r ap h i es an d p oem s
1 2 Y ou r g r ocer h as j u st r ece iv e d a n ew su p p l y of can n e d v eg et a
b l es Wr i te h is sal es l ett er
1 3 U n der dat e of J u n e 1 wr i t e a l et t e r t o sell S ilv er w a r e
1 4 Wr i te a f orm l ett er t o b e sen t t o ev e ry on e askin g f or a j ew
e l er s cat al og u e
1 5 W r i te a f orm l et t er t o b e Sen t b y a fir e i n su r an ce com p an y t o
f a rm er s livi n g i n a n eigh b orh ood wh ere a b arn h a s j u st b een st ru ck
b y ligh t n i n g
NOTE —Th e i n st ru ct or sh ou l d v ary t h i s exerci se accor din g t o t h e
n ee ds an d i n te r e st s of h i s cla ss
.
.
.
-
.
.
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.
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-
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B
.
M I SCE LL AN E OU S
Tel egrams —
P RAC TI CAL DOCU M E N TS
c ab l e an d
For
all wi r el ess m essa g es n ee d t o b e v ery c ar e f u l ly w or d ed
t h e s ak e of ec on om y t h ey m u st b e m ad e as b r i e f as p os si b l e ;
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Th ey m u st n ot d ep en d u pon p u n ctu at i on f or c l ear n ess f or
F igu r es
a p u n ct u at i on m ark m u st b e p aid f or a s a w or d
i n it i al s sur n am es n am es of t own s stat es an d coun t r i es
l l abb revi ati on s of W eigh t s an d m easur es ar e each
and a
c ou n t e d as on e w or d d eci m al p oi n t s an d pu n c t u at i on m ar k s
ar e c oun t ed as w or d s
1
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A ll m es s a ges
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b y w ir e
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2 50
N TI AL S
E S SE
OF
B USIN E S S E N GLI S H
I n day t el egr ams t en w or ds ar e sen t at a fix e d r at e, ac
cor di n g t o di st an c e ; addi t i on al w or ds ar e ch ar g e d f or at a
fix ed
ight l etters fifty wor ds are
s en t at th e sam e r ate an d w or ds ov er fif ty ar e ch ar g e d f or
A n igh t l et t er is a m essag e sen t
at a fix ed r at e b y t h e w or d
at n igh t wh en t h e wi r es an d Op er at ors ar e n ot so b u sy
It
m ay b e h an de d in at t h e offic e at an y t i m e b u t it is se n t at
n igh t an d d eliv er e d at its d est i n at i on th e n ext m or n i n g
I n t el egr am s on l y t h e w or ds of t h e m ess age ar e c ou n te d
an d ch ar ge d f or
I n c ab l egr ams th e n am e add ress d at e
an d sign atu r e ar e c ou n t e d an d ch ar g ed f or
Th e exp ens e of sen di n g c ab l egr am s h as giv en r i se t o t h e
cod e sy s t em s n ow in g e n er al u se— e sp e ci ally i n b u si n ess m es
Th er e ar e m an y syst em s ; an y b u sin ess m ay d ev ise its
sag es
own ; t h e A B O West er n U n i on c od e is t h e on e m ost u se d
A c od e is a ser i es of w or d s g enerally i n ven ted w or ds t o
which a m ean in g is ar b itrar ily att ach ed—a m ean i n g th at
m igh t p oss i b ly t ak e a wh ol e sen t en c e if wri tt en ou t in p l ai n
l an gu ag e Copi es of thi s code mu st b e in th e h an ds of th e
sen d er an d th e r ec eiv er of m essag es
For ex am pl e thi s
m essage m igh t b e sen t :
r at e
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w or d
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J u ds on , A meri ca n Consu l, P ekin
Mom u s
ROB ERTS O N
I m p os
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I n ter p r et ed t hi s
I t is
mean
f or you t o r et u rn at
Co , S h an h a
of S ch o e
n ot n ecessary
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I t is,
w ould
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n ot n e essary
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Ch i n a
u se a
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f orwar ded
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c od e
.
Cab l e m es
ges ma y b e sen t in pl ain l an g uage Bu t th e exp en se is so
gr eat th at it i n vi tes ob scuri ty
I nb u si n ess t el egr am s sh ould b e con firm ed—a l ett er g iv
in g t h e c on t en t s of t h e t el egr am an d fur th er n ec essary p ar
t i cu l ar s sh ould b e sen t at on c e
I n w ri t in g a t el e gr am n ei th er salut ati on n or comp lim en
t ary cl ose is u sed
To illu str ate th e c on den sat i on n e c essary
sa
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E S S E N TI
252
4
b
To t h e
.
Whi t e
AL S
OF
BU S I N ES S E NGLI S H
Y k
d y B
S t ar S t eam sh ip Com p an y, N ew
“
A bi
”
or
,
to
r eserv e a
i ch sail s n ext W e dn es a
ost on t o L i v
S ay you sen d ch eck t o p ay t h e n ecessary dep osi t
erp ool
Wr i t e t h e l et t er t h at sh ou l d f oll ow
5 To t h e Pu ll m an S l eep i n g Car offi ce t o r e se rve a l ow er b erth
f or you on W e dn es day n igh t on t h e U n i on P a cifi c t r ai n f or D en v er
P M
t h at l eave s Ch i cag o at
6 T o you r f am ily sayi n g t h a t you h av e b e en in a ser i ou s a u t o
mob il e acci den t an d t h at wh il e you a r e n ot i n j u r ed you w ill n ot b e
h ome u n t il t w elv e o cl ock t om orr ow
7 T o a m a n w i t h wh om you h a d an ap p oin t m en t t h at h avi n g
m i sse d a t r ai n you can n ot r e a ch t h e ci ty u n t il t w o o cl ock b u t t h a t
i
h
m
r ofii ce at t h r ee o cl ock
w
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m
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lik
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8 T o th e firm f or wh i ch you ar e a t r av elin g sal esm an t h at you
h ave su cces s f u ll y fi n i sh e d th e b u si n e ss on wh i ch you w er e sen t t o S t
L ou i s an d t h at you ar e a w a i t i n g f u r th er i n st ru ct i on s
9 T o S p au l di n g
Co s ayi n g t h at t h e cam p i n g ou t fi t t h ey sen t
i
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e
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y
W r ite th e l ett er
e rt h
on
th e
ra
c,
wh
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2 Adv er t i sement s —Thi s
d ep ar t m en t of b usin ess h as
b een in ou r day er e ct e d i n t o a v ast b u sm ess i n its elf a l ar ge
lib r ary of b ooks c ould b e c olle c te d ab ou t it ; lar ge an d im
p os i n g j our n al s d evot e t hem selv es t o it
”
Th e c op y
or w r i t i n g th at goes i n t o an a dvert i sem en t
m ust sh ar e th e in ter est wi th pic t u res di agr am s m ap s
—
c
r
tr ad e m ar k s sl og an s m ott oes m ar gi n s sp a es c ol o s an d
“
al l th e oth e r d evic es i n t en d e d t o p r oduc e cl ear n ess an d
For thi s is wh at all adv ert i si n g is d oi n g an d al l
eff e c t
“
”
“
clearn ess a n d eff ect
th at it can do wh en th e t er m s
ar e i n t er p r et e d
Th er e i s li tt l e t o a dd h er e to w h at h as b een s aid un d er
th ese topic s as t h ey h av e c om e up f or di scu ss i on in t h ei r
n atu r al p l ac es
S o f ar as th e E n gli sh of adver t i si n g goes
—
it is su m m ed u p I n t h e th r ee m ast er w or ds c or r ec tn ess
cl earn es s eff ec t iven ess
~
d
a
o
n
o
e
iz d
Th e p r i n cipl e of effe ct iv en ess that h as r ev lu t i
v er t is in g is r el ev an cy
An d wh en w e h av e g raspe d t hi s
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BU S I N E S S
CO MP O S I TI O N
25 3
p r in ciple in its th ree fold as p ect we h ave gr asp ed th e
fu n d am en t al p r in cipl es of adver tisi n g so f ar as l an gu age
—
n
goes An y m er ch a t wit h good s t o sell b e it plum b er s
su ppli es or e d u c at i on
fert ilizers or offic e fil es— can l earn
h ow t o an n oun c e h is g oods t o h is own ci r cle of c u st om er s or
t o th e cl ass of p ers on s h e k n ows b y t h e st u dy of th e f ew
f ii n dam en tal p r i n cipl es of eff ec t
Wh en h e d esi r es t o g o
i n to th e m ar k ets of th e b ig w orld h e m ust h av e th e ser vic es
of an adv er t is i n g exp er t
just as h e h as t h e advic e of a
t r ain e d l awy er an d a p r of essi on al accou n t an t
On e form of a dvert ise me n t an y youn g p er son i n bu si n ess
—
n
t
r
sh ould k ow h ow
o w i te
th at which off ers h is own
ser vi ces in t h e b u si n ess m ar k et
Th e v er y b e gi n n er as a r ul e n eed n ot adv er tis e H e can
g et h is fi rst b u si n ess exp er i en c e b y t ry i n g som e of t h e p osi
t i ons t h at ask f or h elp ; or h e can b e pl ac e d b y som e fr ien d ;
wh en h e h as h ad exp er i en c e h e can b eg in to feel th at h e
h as som et hi n g t o off er
H er e a gain ou r fu n d am en t al p r i n cipl es w or k
Wh en y ou advert ise f or a p osit i on b e ex act an d cl ear ;
G ive som e
b e r el ev an t ; say p r eci sely wh at y ou can do
sp e cific an d t ell i n g d et ail s th at en ab l e a r e ad er t o se e t h at
G iv e s p e cific d et ail s of
ou k n ow y ou r job an d y ou r fi eld
f
r
a
d
h
u
o
xp
i
c
h
gh
di
o
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u
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r
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m
r
o
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e
C
o
o
s
t
e
i
e
y
y
ve rt isem en t
Wh en y ou b e c om e a sp eci ali st adv er t i se in
Clip fr om t h e j ou r n al s
th e j ou rn al s t h at sp e ci ali st s r ead
t h os e p er son al adver t i sem en ts t h at i n t er est y ou m ost D on t
Cop y t h em b u t l ear n f r om t h em
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y
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E xE RCI SE 1 5
Rev i ew t h e
i
s ect on
on
sect i on on s al es l et t ers
adv er t i s em en t s c all e d f or
th e
1
-
.
Y ou
are
v an cy (
Ch ap t er V I I I 5 ) an d
h
r
e
14
a
o
n
t
e
t
s
e
c
i
n
b
v
e
d
w
i
t
a
o
(
)
in th e fol l ow in g sp ecifi c at i on s
r el e
m a n u f a ct u r i n g
,
,
a
t r act i on pl ou gh
.
Writ e
an
a dv e r
E SS E
25 4
NTI AL S
OF
B US I N E S S E N GL I S H
W r i t e an a dver t i sem en t f or t h e m or n i n g paper s an n ou n ci n g
t h e a rr iv a l of t h e fi r st s t r aw b er r i e s of t h e s ea son i n you r g r ocer y
Ma k e i t a ppea l t o t h e p er s on s you t h i n k w ill b e m ost i n t e r est ed
3 W r i t e a n a dv er t i sem en t of a co oper a t iv e gr ocery st or e i n you r
Ma k e a n i ce stu dy i n r el evan cy h e r e )
n e igh b or h oo d
(
4 W r i te a n a dv er t i sem en t of a m ovi n g p i ct u r e sh ow wh i ch i s ru n
“
”
n i n g a fil m of
Th e Me r ch an t of V en i ce
5 W r i t e a per son a l a dv er t i sem en t f or a n y p osi t i on you w ou l d lik e
L et t h i s t a k e t w o f or m s— o n e f or
t o h a v e a n d t h i n k you cou l d fill
t h e cl a ss ifi ed col u m n of t h e da il y p a p er—o n e f or s om e spe c i a l p ap er
ch osen b y you r s elf
W r i t e a per son a l a dv er
6 You a r e a n ex p er i en ced st en ogr a ph e r
t i sem en t f or t h e da il y pa per
W r i t e an
7 Y ou a r e a t r a i n e d n u r s e a n d w ou l d lik e t o t r av el
a dv er t i se m en t f or a p os i t i on
8 Y ou a r e a w om a n w h o h a s t r a v el e d a g r eat de a l i n E u r ope
en
A dv er t i se
You w ou l d lik e t o t a k e a p a r ty of you n g w om
9 You w ou l d lik e t o te ach p h ys i ca l t r a i n i n g in a b oys pr epar a
”
“
Adver t i se in Th e Ou t l ook
t ory s ch ool
A dver t i se f or a pos i t i on
1 0 Y ou a r e a n ex p er t m illi n er
1 1 You a r e a n el ect r i c e n gi n eer a n d w a n t a p os i t i on i n Col or a do
W r i t e th e a dver t i sem en t an d ch oose t h e p aper
1 2 You w an t a pos i t i on a s a dv e r t i s i n g soli c i t or f or a n a u t om ob il e
j ou rn al A dv er t i se
2
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fi rst th e in for m al r ep ort such as
is m ad e b y a ch ai r m an of a c omm i t t ee in a soci al club
Thi s
m ay b e so i n for m al as t o b e p r esen t ed at an an n u al din n er or
A t r av el in g
on som e s uch occ asi on in t h e f or m of a sp eech
s al esm an m ay m ak e h i s r ep or ts in t h e f or m of fr i en dly l et
t ers t o h is m an ag er B u t ev en th ese in for m al r ep or ts Sh ould
b e c ar efu lly th ought ou t Th ey sh ou ld c ov er th e asp ec t of
t h e m at t er t h ey d eal wi t h N o offi ci al or ch ai r m an can affor d
t o g o qui t e un p r ep ar ed in t o an y m eet i n g t o wh i ch h e is t o
r ep or t
J ust as f or an y ot h er sp ee ch h e m u st an aly z e h is
m at er i al i n t o i t em s an d ar r an ge th ese i t em s in som e or d er
l ogic al or effect iv e Th e sam e th i n g is tr ue of th e i n for m al
r ep or t th at is n ot sp ok en b u t w r i t t en ou t
—
—
t
h
o
m
a
c
d
ki
d
o
f
r
p
o
r
t
e
f
r
l
v ar i es in l en gt h
Th e se on
n
e
3
.
—
Rep ort s
Th er e is
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E S SE
25 6
N TI AL S
OF
B U S I N E S S E N GLI S H
li st of it em s w h i ch a
b u y er sen d s t o a j obb er or ot h er m er c h an t n ami n g t h e
i tems h e desi r es t o pur ch ase Th es e i tem s in an ide al
wi th t h e p r i ces affix ed Th ese
or d er ar e n e atly li st e d
it ems sh ould n ot b e n um b er ed as t h e fi g u r es of t h e seri es
m ay b e c on fu sed w i th t h e figu r es of t h e i t em s Man y j obb er s
an d wh ol es al e d e al ers fu r n i sh c u st om er s wi t h or d er b l an k s
which facilit at e th e or d eri n g
2
.
Th e
or d er
f
o
g oods
-
.
Th i s i s
a
,
.
,
.
,
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.
S o l d ‘0
S e nd t o
WILL C ALL
W
M
M
TAKEN
x
C HARG E
C O. D
.
.
PAID O R DE R
BUS IN E S S
uls
Th e i n v oi ce — Th is
COMPOS I TI ON
25 7
list of th e pur ch ases sen t b y t h e
s ell er t o t h e b uy er
I t is t h e or der t u rn e d ar oun d I n f ac t
m an y d eal er s m ak e an or d er ou t in d u plic at e, t h e duplic ate
b ein g on c ol or e d pap er an d ser vin g as an i n voic e Th e
i n voic e is r et u rn ed with th e g ood s t o t h e b u yer or sen t im
m e di at ely a ft er
To a c ash custom er it se r v es as a b ill ; h e
p ays th e i n voic e A c ar e fully p r ep ar ed in voic e f orm gives
th e n u m b er given th e or d er b y th e d eal er an d p r ovid es
f or th e or d er n um b er of t h e cust om er
4 Th e b i ll — Thi s is an i tem iz e d li st of pu r ch ase s givi n g
all d e t ails— d at e of pu r ch ase am ou n t p r ic e et c
I t is s en t
ou t p er i odic ally s ay m on thly t o al l c us t om ers wh o b u
n
o
y
a ccoun t
I t m ay c ov er t h e i t em s of m an y m v mces
3
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a
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MAR S HA L L
,
S ow
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a
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CH I C A
To
G O
0 8 uaxwe 1 1 .
.
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4 5 23
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MAN UFA CTUR ER S
WA S HIN G T O N RAND OLP H 8 m
IMP O R T E R S RE TAILE R S
S TA TE
CO M PA NY
FI E LD
Ma i n
St
.
,
Evan s t on ,
d oz . Sp ool
111 .
Wh i t e
s
Th r e ad
yd s . Dr e s s Good s
G i ng h am
d oz . Pe ar l
Bu t t ons
Tu r k i sh Towe l
.
a
Ba t h i ng Su i t
d oz . I ni t i al
n
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n
e
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L
d
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Hdkrs .
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Aug . 1 . 1 9
.
E SS E
25 8
N TI AL S
OF
BU S I N E S S E NGLI S H
—
n
t
m
e
T
t
s ta e
his is an ab str act
i t em iz ed b u t giv es lu m p sums sh owin g
an d b al an c e on ac c ou n t
5
Th e
.
of a
b ill ; it
u
am o n ts
,
is
n ot
c redi ted
.
“WES
m
"
TERN GROCERY HOUSE
OF GROCERIES
4 3 EAS T RANDOLPH S TREET
6
.
Th e
r eceip t
Thi s is
an
ckn owl edg m en t of m on ey
of a sp e ci al p ap er or it m ay
a
c ived I t m ay t ak e th e for m
b e a r ec eip t ed i n v oic e b ill or st at em en t
re e
.
,
,
.
2 60
ES SE
N TI AL S
OF
B US I N E S S E N GLI S H
a
m
o
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BU S I N E S S
CO MP O S I TI O N
2 61
E SS E
2 62
B US I NE S S E NGLI S H
OF
Th e p os tal mon ey
I t is t h e
t h e p ost office
11
on
N TI AL S
or der
.
-
.
.
— Thi s m ay
sam e
p r ess m on ey or d er exc ep t t h at
offi c e t o an oth er
,
th
i t is
in g
an or
be
in
c all ed
a c
h eck
eff e ct as an e x
d er fr om
on e
p ost
.
—
A
of la di n g
c ip t given b y th e
t ran sp or t at i on c om p an y t o t h e shi p p er of g oods b y f r ei g h t
With ou t it t h e con
w h o m u st sen d it t o th e c on s ign ee
sig n ee c an n ot cl aim t h e g oods
—
o
l
i
t
c
e
t
e
Th e t i m e w as wh en thi s kin d of l et
5 S
rs
al
t e rs w as a b r an ch of li t er at u r e
Th ey ser ve d som e of t h e
p u r p oses n ow s er ve d b y m ag azin es an d n ew sp ap er s an d
ev en b y le c tu r es an d b ooks
Ti m e w as p l en t iful f or b ot h
wr it in g an d r eadin g We m ust b eli eve th at th e gr eat l et
t er w r i ters of oth er d ays of t en h ad on e ey e on a p oss i b l e
p u b lic ; so th ey wr ot e l oft ily ab ou t sub j e c t s an d sel dom
b ec am e ch atty or u n c on v en t i on al
P r iv at e or soci al lett ers in ou r day ar e qui t e diff er en t
Th ey ar e in f orm al an d p er son al givi n g if p ossi b l e t h e
e ff e c t of c on v ersat i on
Col l oqui al l an g u ag e an d even a li ttl e sl an g ar e p er m is
s i b l e in let t ers
B u t ju st be c au se it i s wr i tt en d own an d
th er efor e som ewh at p er m an en t th e l an g u ag e an d t on e of
a l ett er m ust b e m or e c ar eful
if n ot mor e f or m al th an
t h ose of c on v er sat i on
A p r ovi n ci al ism or a sl an g w or d sp ok en in a fl ow i n g
c on v er sat i on m ay h av e s u ch a c on t ex t
or may b e sp ok en
with such a s mil e or gest ur e as t o seem hu m or ou s or wi t ty
L acki n g th ese t hi n gs w r i t ten d own in th e bl ack an d whi t e
for m ality of even a fr i en dly l ett er it m ay seem u n r efin ed
E ven th e fri en dly l ett er S h ould n ot b e wr i tt en wi th ou t
for eth ough t B e for e you b egin it jot d own th e i t em s y ou
i n ten d t o t r eat th e n ews you w an t t o t ell ; oth er w i se you
will h ave a d an glin g p os tcr ip t — p er h ap s t w o—whi ch sh ould
b e av oid ed ; or you will rememb er as you r l ett er di sapp ear s
12
.
Th e b il l
of
sort
re e
,
.
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-
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E SSE
2 64
N TI AL S
BUS I NE S S E N GL I SH
OF
dd r ess sh ould n ot b e pl ac ed at th e b ott om
Use no ab b r ev i at i on in t h e add r ess an d p u n ctu at i on h e r e
m ay b e di sp en se d wi th
4 Th e salu t ati on m ay t ak e an y f orm r an gi n g in form ality
fr om D ear Mr B ru ce t o th e ten d er You old Th ief with
which a distin g uished g r ay h ai r ed Un iv ersi ty p r ofessor
salut es h i s ol d c oll eg e chu m
A cc or di n g t o A m er ic an u sage
D ear Mr B ru ce is l ess f or m al t h an My de ar Mr B r u ce
Th e fir st w or d of thi s ph ras e an d an y w or d u sed in th e pl ac e
of a n am e s h ould h av e a c api tal ; as My dear S is ter D ear
in g
th e
an d
a
.
,
.
.
'
.
-
.
,
.
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.
,
,
Moth er
No
.
bb revi at i on
a
Mr Mr s
.
,
.
,
an d
pun ct uati on
Dr
.
uld b e u sed in th e salut at i on ex c ep t
A c omm a after th e ph rase is th e u su al
sh o
.
pli m en t ary cl os e d ep en ds on th e r el at i on t h at
—
h
n
exists b et w een t h e p erson s an d on t e t o e of th e l et t er
on e
can i magi n e a l ett er in which You rs till de ath w ould n ot
seem ou t of pl ac e ; b u t t h e ph r ase v ar i es f r om You rs sin
car eby t o on e exp r essi n g th e w arm est afiect ion ; it S h ould
n ev er b e gu shi n g or f ooli shly sen t i m en t al
Thi s ph r ase is
foll owed b y a c om ma
6 Th e sign at u r e m ay c on t ai n t h e Ch r i st i an n am e or thi s
may b e sh ort en ed t o i n i ti al s ; t h e su rn am e sh ould app ear
Th ou san ds of l ett er s p er ish an n u ally in
in ev ery l etter
t h e d ead l etter offic e b e c au se J oe or L ottie or N ich or
B u n n y t h ough t th ese w or ds al on e su ffici en t as a sign atu r e
7 I n th e di rec t i on on th e en v el op e t h e same u sag e p re
v ails as in th e di r ec ti on of a b usin ess en evelop e I n soci al
l ett ers on e is l ess lik ely t o u se abb r evi at i ons I n deed
p r esen t u sage con dem n s abb r evi ation s in soci al c orr esp on d
en c e an d d oes n ot u se p u n c tu at i on i n t h e addr ess
8 I n vi t at i on s ar e of tw o ki n ds—
in form al an d form al
I n f orm al i n vi t ations are w ri tt
p recisely lik e sh ort let
5
Th e
.
com
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
en
.
BU S I N E S S
.
h ould
2 65
c upul ously ex act in g ivin g d at es
hou rs pl ac es of m eet i n g etc
Th e r eply to an in form al i n vi t at i on which sh ou ld b e
sen t i mm edi ately up on th e r ec eip t of th e i n vi t at i on sh ou ld
c arefully m en ti on d ates h ours plac es of meet i n g etc if it
I f t h e i n vi t at i on is d ecli n ed on l y t h e
is an acc ep t an c e
day n ee d b e m en t i on ed
I n form al i n vi tati on s ar e w r i tt en
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cce n t , sh
c n ow e d m en t , o f o r der , 2 3 1
3 2 ; of com p a n t , 2 3 6 ; of r e
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2 5 3 ; a d er t s n
s t ou ,
12 1 ,
r a m m a t ca
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n ou n , 2 6 ; o f p r on ou n a n d a n
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cor r e ct ,
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i n s en t en ce s,
5 7 ; n or m a , i n s en t en ces 5 7
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t i on , 19 6 2 6 7 ; c or r es on de n t
p
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19 6 ; E n gli s h , xi —xii ; l e t t e r s
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19 6 ;
l
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bl g
Ca e ra m , 2 5 0
C a p t a s , u se o f , 1 6 5 —6 8
C h e c , 2 5 9 ; ce r t e d, 2 5 9
C ea r n e s s, a n e ce s s ty i n a ll w r t
—
1 n g,
8
6
1 03 ;
i n s e n t e n ce
,
s t r u ct u r e,
1 01 ; i n p a r a r a h
p
s t r u ct u r e ,
1 02 ;
co r r ec t n e ss
a n d, 8 6 ;
re
t y a n d, 8 7 ; s i m
p l i ci t y a n d, 8 8 ; c ea r u s e of
r e e r en ce w or d s
8 9 ; r e p e t t on
,
a n d, 9 3 ; c o n n e c t
es a n d, 9 7
C os e , of sp ee ch , 1 3 8 ; of et t e r
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E ff e ct iv en e s s ,
105 —1 9 ;
m ech an
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1 06—
c
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l
a
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a
p
i n s en te n ce f or , 1 07 ; i n p a r a
gr aph , 108 ; specifi c a n d con
c r et e t e rm s a s mea n s t o, 1 1 0;
13
r e l e v a n cy a n d, 1 1 1—
ci a n d i e, 15 2
ei t h er
or , 2 3
E lli ps i s , 9 4
E m ph a s i s, 1 06
E n g l i s n, g ood, ix
E n u n ci a t i on , 12 8
E x a ct n e ss , 1 1 4
E x agg e r at i on , 4 2 , 1 1 5
E x a m p l e s , t h e u s e of , 9 9
E x c l a m a t i on m a r k , 1 7 5
E x p r e s s m on ey o r d e r , 2 6 1
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F i m dd i g 2 02 1
F i t i m p i g d 19 7
m ph i
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118
F l di g l tt 1 9 8
F ll w p l t t 2 4 6—4 7
F
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l a t t er , 9 2
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t er m s , 7 2 , 1 1 1
by
3 1—3 4 ;
o e r n m en t ,
3 1 ; b y p r epo s t on s , 3 2 ;
en t, 3 3
en er a
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For m er
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,
c
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Com pa r i son s , lik en es s a n d con
t r a st , 1 00
37
C om pl a i n t , l ett er of , 2 3 5 —
C om p li m e n t a ry cl os e , 1 9 9 , 2 6 4
C om p ou n d n ou n s, p oss ess iv e of , 3
Com pou n d w or d s, s pe lli n g o f , 1 63
C on c r et e i n st an ce , t h e , 1 1 0
C on cl u s i on , r ea ch i n g a , 1 1 8
con v e r s a t i on a l ,
Con den sa t i on s,
1 2 3 ; o f t el e g r a m s , 2 5 0
C on j u ga t i on , 1 0
49 ;
cor r el a t iv e ,
Con j u n ct i on s,
li st of , 9 7
Con n ect i n g w or ds , 9 7
C on n e ct iv es , 9 7 , 9 8—9 9
Con s pi cu ou s p l ace i n s en t en ce,
1 08
Con t r a ct i on s, 16 0
u s i n ess
l e t te r s,
Con v en t i on s i n
19 7
Con v e n t i on a l ph r a ses t o b e a v o i d
e d, 2 09
Co n v e r sa t i on al m an n er s, 1 24
C on vi ct i on , 13 7
”
i n a dv er t i se m en t , 1 2 1 ,
Copy
1 8 8, 2 52
C or p or a t i on , a ddr e ss i n g a , 2 03
C or r éct a r ra n g em en t , 5 7—6 7
Cor r e ct n es s, a ca dem i c or l e a r n e d,
xii—xiii ; gr a m m a t i ca l , 1—3 5 ; i n
in
a r r an ge
3 6—5 4 ;
d i ct i on ,
m e n t , 5 7—6 7
C or r e l a t iv e s , 4 9 ; pl a ci n g of , 5 9
60
C or r e s pon den t , u s i n es s, t r a i n i n g
of ,
19 6
.
a ec
s on
.
19 9
,
D i l t 12 3
Di t i
t
i
3 6—
54
Di ti
t p in t h
y v; l v
t dy f
w d i
7 3—7 5
Di ti
v l p 2 06
D ivi i
f w d
169—
70
d d
D
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D b l g t iv 5 0
D ft b k 2 6 0
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of
s u
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Di a gr a m
v er b s
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,
D
I N EX
272
fl
P er s on a l pr on ou n s, i n ect i on o f ,
1 ; a r r a n ge m e n t o f , 2 4
P e r su a s i on , 1 3 8 2 4 0, 2 4 2 - 4 3
P l u r a l , of n ou n s , 4 ; of com
ou
n
d n ou n s , 5 ; o f p r o n ou n s ,
p
1 ; of v er s , 2 1 2 3 ; s p elli n g of ,
4 —5 , 1 5 4 ; o f n u m e r a l s , 1 9 1 ; of
l et t e r s o f t h e a l p h a e t , 1 9 1
P oss e ss iv e c a s e, of n ou n s, 1—4 ;
o f p r on ou n s, 1—
3 ; of com pou n d
n ou n s, 3 ;
s p e lli n g o f
pos ses
s iv es, 2 3 , 1 9 1
P os t scr i pt s, 1 9 8
P r es i de n t o f t h e
n i t e d S t a t e s,
h ow a ddr e sse d, 2 03
P rep a r at i on of a s peech , 13 9
P r epos i t i on , gov e r n m en t b y, 3 2 ;
li st of , 3 2 ; i n fixe d com i n a
t i on s, 4 8
P ron ou n s, i n e ct i on o f , 1 6 ; p os
of ,
s e s s iv e
3 ; a gr e em en t o f ,
w i t h a n t e ceden t , 2 6 —2 8 ; a s r e f
e r en ce w or ds, 8 9
P r on u n ci a t i on , 1 2 9 34
Propor t i on , em ph as i s b y, 1 09
P r ovi n ci a li s m , 2 6 2
P u li c s pea ki n g, 1 35
P u n ct u a t i on , 1 7 1 9 5 ; i n h ea di n g
o f l e t t er , 2 00
2 6 3 ; i n a ddr e s s ,
,
of d i r ect i on , 2 06
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Q u a li t i e s
Q u ot a t i on
of
l
sty e ,
f ou r
th e
m a r k s,
dou
19 1 ;
an d s n
e , 19 1 9 2 ; i n t t e s
oo s, e ssays, e t c , 1 9 2 —9 3
b k
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i l
-
.
bl
,
e
of
f or m al i n
form a l
Rep or t s,
,
254
,
55
R e qu
i s i t i on , 2 5 5
R i se an d r a i se, 15
.
.
S a l a ry, s t at i n g a , 2 1 3—14
S a l es -l e t t e r s ,
2 39 4 9 ;
g ood
a
2 4 0; a g ood a dv er
s p e e ch , 2 3 9—
t i sem en t , 2 4 0; op en i n g
graph of , 2 4 0—4 2 ; u r gen cy i n ,
2 4 2 —4 3 ;
o dy o f , 2 4 3 4 6 ; r e l e
v an cy i n , 2 4 3—
4 4 g ood e x a m pl e
of , 2 4 4 —
4 5 ; poo r e x a m pl e o f ,
245
S a m e a s p r on ou n , 5 1
S a l u t a t i on , 1 9 9 , 2 03—4 ; i n a so
c i a l l e t t er , 2 6 4
S econ d s h ee t s , 2 1 7
S e m i c o l on , 1 7 6 7 7
S e t a n d s i t , 14 1 5
S en t e n ce, con s p i cu ou s p l a ce i n ,
1 08 ; l ea d i n g a n d s u or di n a t e
t h ou gh t s i n , 1 01 ; l on g, l oo se,
6 4 ; s h or t , 6 4 , 8 7 ; s i m p l e , co m
p l ex , c om pou n d, 8 7
S h a ll a n d w i l l, 16 1 7
S h if t i n g of a cce n t , 1 3 3
S h i pp i n g di r e ct i on s, givi n g, 2 3 0
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S ig n at u r e,
19 8, 1 9 9 , 2 05 6 ; i n
s oc a
e tt er s , 2 64
S en t et t er s, 1 3 1, 1 5 6
S m p c t y, 8 8
S n ce r ty, 1 1 8
-s i on
a n d -t i on , 1 5 4
S i t an d s e t, 1 4 —15
S an , 3 6—3 8, 7 1 , 12 3 , 19 3 , 2 6 2
n s t a n ce s,
S p ec c
99 ;
sp e c
c
t er m s, 7 2 , 1 1 0
S pe a n E n
sh , 1 2 2—
34
S p eech , m a n a, 1 3 4 —
4 2 ; pa r t s
o f a , 1 36—
3 7 ; p r epa r a t on f or ,
1 35 6
S p e n , 1 4 7—
7 0; a w or n v o
c ab u l ar y , 1 5 6 ;
s t of p r a ct c a
to
w or ds,
1 5 7—5 9 ;
e e r c se s
m pr o e, 1 4 7- 4 8 ; o f com pou n d
16 3 65 ;
h om on ym s
w or d s ,
e r e n t y, 1 5 5 - 5 6
s pe ed d
46
sh ,
S po en E n
12 2—
S t a m p, p a c n of , 2 07
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R a i s e an d r i s e, 15
Re ce i pt , 2 5 8
R ecomm en da t i on , l et t er s of , 2 18
Re f er en ce w or ds, 89 9 3 ; i n defi
—9 1
n i t e r e f e r e n ce , 9 0
R e f er en ce s, givi n g, 2 13
R el e v a n cy, 1 1 1—1 3 ; i n a spee ch ,
1 4 0—1 ; i n a s a l es l ett er , 2 4 3 ;
i n a dv er t i sem en t , 1 13 , 2 5 2 5 3
Rem i tt an ce s, i n cl os i n g, 2 1 2 —2 1 4 ;
a ck n ow l e dgi n g , 2 12 2 14
R epet i t i on , 9 4 , 1 09 , 1 2 4
Repl yi n g, t o a l e t t e r , 2 07 ; t o i n
f or m a l i n vi t a t i on s, 2 6 5 ; t o
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Too ma n y w o r d s , 4 5 4 6
Tr a de n a m e s , 1 04
Typ ew r t t en e t t e r , t h e , 2 16—
18
S t a t em en t , t h e, 2 5 8
S t a t i on e ry, u s i n e s s , 19 7
S t il t e d st yl e i n l et t e r s , 2 08
S t r e n gt h , 1 05
S u gge s t iv en e ss , 1 14
S u m m a r i e s, 1 1 6
S u mm i n g-u p ph r a s es , 7 1
S y ll a l e s , 1 6 9
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Te e r a m s , 2 4 9 5 2
Te e ph on e E n
sh , 13 4
Te n s e , p r e s e n t , p a s t ,
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oo s, e s s a y s , et c , 1 9 2
Ton e o f et t e r , 2 1 1
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