ANALOGY
Analogy basically means ‘‘resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects.’’
The aim of analogy is to test the candidate's ability to discover the relationship
between the question pair and then to find the required pair of words which is most
similar to that relationship.
1. Doctor : Hospital
‘doctor’ works in a ‘hospital’. It means ‘hospital’ is a working place for a ‘doctor’.
Hence, Doctor : Hospital has worker and working place relationship.
2. Teacher : School
‘teacher’ works in a ‘school’. It means ‘school’ is the working place for a ‘teacher’.
Hence, Teacher : School has worker and working place relationship.
Clearly, it is observed that in both the cases (i) and (ii), the relationship is similar, i.e.,
worker and working place relationship. Therefore, we can say that these two are
analogical pairs. Sometimes, these analogical relationships can be established as given
below
Doctor : Teacher : : Hospital : School
Here, ‘Doctor’ is related to ‘Hospital’ in the same way as ‘Teacher’ is related to ‘School’
(i) [Doctor : Hospital] and (ii) [Teacher : School] are actually different from each other but
they are logically similar.
These analogous relationships can be of several types depending upon the kind of
relationship between the two objects of a pair.
Some most common types of analogous relationships are as follows
1. Synonymous Relationship
This type of relationship is established between the two words, when they convey the
same meaning. e.g., Abandon : Leave
‘Abandon’ means almost the same as ‘Leave’. Hence,‘Abandon’ is a synonym of
‘Leave’.
2. Antonymous Relationship
This type of relationship is established between the two words, when they are
opposite in meaning. e.g., Kind : Cruel
‘Kind’ means the opposite of ‘Cruel’. Hence, ‘Kind’ and ‘Cruel’ have antonymous
relationship.
3. Individual and Group Relationship
When one word of the pair is the collective group of another word of the pair, then it is
called individual and group relationship.
e.g.,Cattle : Herd
A group of ‘Cattle’ is called ‘Herd’.
4. Intensity Relationship
When one word of the pair is of higher intensity than the other word of the pair, then it is
called intensity relationship.
e.g.,Quarrel : War
‘War’ is of higher intensity than ‘Quarrel’.
5. Worker and Product Relationship
When one word of the pair represents the working professionals and the other word of
the pair represents their final product, then it is called worker and product relationship.
e.g.,Author : Book
An author writes a book. It means ‘Book’ is the product of‘Author’.
6. Worker and Tool Relationship
When one word of the pair represents the working professionals and the other word of
the pair is the tool used for their working, then it is called worker and tool relationship.
e.g.,Chef : Knife
‘Knife’ is a tool used by ‘Chef’.
7. Part and Whole Relationship
When one word of the pair represents a single part of the whole object given in other
word of the pair, then it is called part and whole relationship. e.g., Computer : Hard Disk
‘Hard Disk’ is a part of ‘Computer’. Some more examples are given
below
8. Worker and Working Place Relationship
When one word of the pair represents the working professional and the other word of the
pair their working place, then it is called worker and working place relationship.
e.g.,Clerk : Office
A ‘Clerk’ works in a ‘Office’.
9. Tool and Action Relationship
When one word of the pair represents the tool and the other word of the pair gives its
function/action, then it is called tool and action relationship. e.g., Knife : Cut
A ‘Knife’ is used for ‘Cutting’.
10.
Pair Relationship
When the two words form a genuine pair, then it is called a pair relationship.
e.g.,Lock : Key
‘Lock’ and ‘Key’ make pair.
GENRES OF VIEWING
GENRE - means group or category
- It usually refers to a group or category of things that are similar in terms of
style, form, subject, topic, etc.
Example: Reggae belongs to the genre of music, as prose and poetry belong to
literature.
VIEWING MATERIAL - is something that is designed to be seen, viewed or watched
GENRES OF VIEWING MATERIALS
1. Movie Clips/Video Clips – are short clips of video or movie, usually part of a
longer recording. It also refers to any short video less than the length of a
traditional television program.
2. Trailers – are excerpts or series of excerpts from a movie or program used to
advertise it in advance. These are sometimes called preview.
- Movie trailer is a short clip from the film.
3. News Flash – is a single item of important news that is broadcasted separately
and often interrupts other programs. These are sometimes called news reports,
newscast or headlines.
- A news flash is a single item of important news that is aired separately and
often interrupts other programs.
EXAMPLE: NEWSFLASH
4. Internet-Based Programs – are learning activities in which people participate,
with real time interaction of an instructor or subject matter expert, using internet
as medium of delivery.
A program that is informative and can be assessed through website
- internet-based program is a program that is informative that can be
accessed through the website.
EXAMPLE: SLIDESHARE PRESENTATION, YOUTUBE
5. Documentaries - a research-based reporting that deals with a specific topic or
format
- are movie or a television or radio programs that provide a factual record or
report.
- Documentary is a researched based reporting that deals with a specific
topic and format.
EXAMPLE: I WITNESS, FRONTROW
6. Videos - are records, reproductions or broadcasting of moving visual images.
7. Weather Report - a part of an entire news program that tells and foretells
weather conditions on a specific area
- A weather report is usually a part of an entire news program that tells and
foretells weather conditions on a specific area. •
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
The word voice in grammar means a form of a verb demonstrating the relationship
between the participants in a narrated event (subject, object) and the event itself.
There are two kinds of voices that you will learn in this lesson. These are the active
voice and the passive voice. These two voices are expressed in different way. Learning
this will help your readers understand whether you are giving emphasis to the doer or
to the action itself.
Voice – is a form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs ort
receives the action.
Active Voice – in the sentence, the subject is the doer of the action
Example: She teaches Science.
Subject
verb
Sample Sentences with Active Voice
1. Julio cooked fried rice.
2. The company gives Mr. Dela Cruz the award.
3. We will buy four eggs.
Passive Voice – in the sentence, the subject is the receiver of the action.
Example: Science class is taught by her.
Subject
Verb
Sample Sentences with Passive Voice
1. The fried rice was cooked by Julio.
2. The award is given.
3. Four eggs will be bought by us.
How to Recognize Active Voice from Passive Voice:
1. Find the subject (the main character of the sentence).
2. Find the main verb (the action that the sentence identifies).
3. Examine the relationship between the subject and main verb.
> Does the subject perform the action of the main verb? (If so, the sentence is active.)
> Does the subject sit there while something else — named or unnamed —performs an
action on it? (If so, the sentence is passive.)
> Can’t tell? If the main verb is a linking verb (“is,” “was,” “are,” “seems (to be),”
“becomes” etc.), then the verb functions like an equals sign; there is no action involved
— it merely describes a state of being.
PAST TENSE - PAST PERFECT TENSE
A verb is a word used to describe an action, state, or an occurrence. It is an action word
in a sentence that describes what the subject is doing.
Example. 1. Our ancestors wrote many proverbs.
subject
verb
2. They used proverbs to give instruction on how to live right. Verbs can be regular or
irregular. When you say regular verbs, these are action verbs that you add the base form
of the verb with /d/ or /ed/ to form its past tense. Irregular verbs on the other hand, are
also action verbs but do not need /d/ or /ed/ for its past tense.
We use the Simple Past Tense to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in
the past.
The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that has been completed before
another past action. It is also used to describe an action that happened in the distant
past (when it is understood that other actions have happened since that action)
• Use the helping verb “has” before a verb in past perfect simple tense to
describe all subjects (I, we, you, they, he, she, it).
[subject] [had] [past participle]
Example: It had rained a lot before she came to town.
Example: I had studied very hard for the exams.
 Use the helping verb “been” after “had” when using the verb “to be” in the
past perfect tense.
 Past Perfect Tense We use Past Perfect Tense when we talk about a completed
action in the past.
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech conveys the exact words of the speaker.
Indirect or reported speech conveys the words of the speaker as reported by another
person.
When changing direct to reported speech, remember the following rules:
A.
For Statements
1.
Use the introductory word that.
2.
When the introductory verb is in the present tense, the verb is in the quoted part
should also be in the present tense.
“Modern living has brought a lot of changes in urban families”, says Mr. David. (direct
speech)
Mr. David says that modern living has brought a lot of changes in urban families.
3.
When the introductory verb is in the past tense, the verb in the quoted part
should also be in the present tense.
“Parents cannot fill this gap with expensive gifts and delicious foods,” explained Mr.
David. (direct speech)
Mr. David explained that parents could not fill the gap with expensive gifts and
delicious foods.
4.
When the quoted part expresses general truth or permanent condition, the
quoted verb is in the present tense.
“The generation gap is actually all the gaps rolled into one,” he mentioned.
He mentioned that the generation gap is actually all the gaps rolled into one.
B.
For Questions
1.
Use the connector if or whether in yes-no questions to link the introductory
clause and the reported questions.
“ Is the physical presence of parents enough?” asked the interviewer.
The interviewer asked if the physical presence of parents was enough.
2.
In wh-questions, use the question words what, who, when, where, why, and how
as an introductory word.
“What is this interview for?” Mr. David asked.
Mr. David asked what the interview was for.
PHRASES, CLAUSES, SENTENCES
Phrase A phrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject doing the
phrase built around a single noun: o A vase of roses stood on the table. o She was
reading a b
verbal part of a clause: o She had been living in London. o I will be going to college
interesting li
built round an adverb by adding words before and/or after it: o The economy recovered
phrase: A phrase where a preposition comes at the beginning: o She got a prize for
the best story. o The dog was hiding under the kitchen table.
Clause A clause is a collection of words with a subject that is doing the action of a
verb.
se can stand by itself and be a complete sentence: o I like
young people. o The lunch was too big for me.
complete sentence by itself. It begins with a conjunction and need another clause to
complete its meaning. Dependent clauses often begin with words such as before, after,
while, during, when, because, or if: o because she smiled at him o when everybody left
the room o after he went to school
Sentence Every sentence must have at least one independent clause. A sentence
begins with a capital letter and ends with a period (“.”):
afternoon and evening.
ependent clauses joined by a conjunction
such as “and” or “but”, or joined by a semicolon (“;”): o He likes playing games all
afternoon and evening, but his mother wants him to study. o He likes eating at
McDonald’s; his favorites foods are French fries and chicken.
Sentence – is a group of word that expresses a complete thought/idea
2 parts of a sentence
1. subject - names the person, place, thing or idea the sentence is about
2. predicate – tells what the subject is or does
Simple Subject – is the main word in the complete subject
Simple Predicate – is the verb or the verb phrase in the complete predicate
Complete Subject – includes all the words used to identify the person, place, thing or
idea that the sentence is about
Complete Predicate - includes all the words that tell what the subject is doing, or that
tell something about the subject
EXAMPLE:
1. Your heart is full of faith.
simple predicate
simple subject
2. Your faith, will be rewarded
Complete predicate
Complete subject
READING STRATEGIES
Skimming means to read a page or handout- skip read- by reading the headings
and first sentences of each paragraph or section. It usually takes three forms: Preview,
Overview and Review.
SKIMMING is sometimes referred to as gist reading since you read rapidly for the
main points. You use skimming when you want to get the idea what the text is all
about. This will save you time as you may just look quickly at first paragraph to get the
main idea or you may opt to go through the summary of the text. Although, this will not
ensure deeper understanding of the text.
Scanning differs from skimming in that you do not deal with all of the content, but
search through the material for a specific purpose or a specific word:
 finding the answer to a question
 seeking an appropriate quotation reference or statement locating names in a
directory, words in a dictionary, prices in a catalogue, etc.
SCANNING is used for a specific focus. You read rapidly through a text to find
specific information required. This is mainly looking through specific information you
want to know. Your eyes move quickly from left to right as you search for keywords
or phrases that are relevant to what you need to know from the text. It is useful to
scan parts of the selection or book to check whether it is useful or not.
In-depth reading is the most involved and essential. The purpose of this style is to
understand the concepts and arguments that the text contains. It should be done after
skimming the text
INTENSIVE READING is used for reading shorter texts for detailed information
with emphasis on precise understanding. This is useful when you need to remember
chronological events and specific details that need to be remembered
accurately.
Ayaw ni iuli imoha na ni
QUARTER 1 ENGLISH 7
SUPPLEMENTARY
MATERIALS
Compiled by:
MRS. ROSE MARIE R. GIANGAN