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CLASSROOM RULES
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
LESSON 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
LEARNING COMPETENCY
State the different hypotheses/theories about
the origin of the universe
(S11/12ES-Ia-e-1)
ORIGIN OF T UNIVER
THE UNIVERSE,
AND
SOLAR
HE GALAXIES
SE
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF
THE UNIVERSE
THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF
THE UNIVERSE
UNIVERSE, GALAXY AND SOLAR
SYSTEM
COSMOLOGY
• Cosmology is a branch of astronomy
that
involves
the
origin
and
evolution of the universe, from the
Big Bang to today and on into the
future.
• According to NASA, the definition
of cosmology is "the scientific study
of the large scale properties of the
universe
as a whole."
NASANational Aeronautics
and Space Administration
WHAT IS
GALAXY?
• A GALAXY is a huge collection of gas, dust, and
billions of stars and their solar systems.
A galaxy is held together by gravity.
• Our galaxy, the MILKY WAY, also has a
supermassive black hole in the middle.
• When you look up at stars in the night sky, you're
seeing other stars in the Milky Way.
DID YOU KNOW?
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars
and their solar systems. A galaxy is held together
by gravity.
According
to Scientists, In
the future ANDROMEDA and
MILKY WAY galaxy are
expected to collide in
about 4.5 billion years
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, also has a supermassive black hole in the middle.
When you look up at stars in the night sky, you're seeing
other stars in the Milky Way.
WHAT IS
UNIVERSE?
• The UNIVERSE is everything we can touch,
feel, sense, measure or detect. It includes living
things, planets, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, light,
and even time.
• The UNIVERSE contains billions of galaxies,
each containing millions or billions of stars. The
space between the stars and galaxies is largely
empty.
UNIVER
SE
Our entire universe is made up of billions of galaxies.
A huge group of stars is called a galaxy.
MILKY WAY GALAXY
GALAXY
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
NEPTUNE
MARS
URANUS
VENUS
SATURN
Our sun is one of trillions of stars in
the universe. Stars are found in groups
held together by gravity.
JUPITER
SUN
MERCURY
EARTH
GALAXY
UNIVER
SE
Learning Check!
•
Define Cosmology
•
What is NASA?
•
How would you differentiate Galaxy from Universe?
•
What is the name of our Galaxy?
•
What can be found in the center of a galaxy?
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OFUNIVERSE
THE
WHAT THE
UNIVER
OF?
SE
IS MADE
NORMAL MATTER
DARK MATTER
24%
71.4%
DARK ENERGY
NORMAL MATTER
NORMAL MATTER
DARK MATTER
24%
• NORMAL MATTER- are ordinary
matter consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons.
• Also known as "Baryonic or Visible
Matter"
• Universe is consists of 4.6 ⁒ of
Baryonic Matter
71.4%
DARK ENERGY
NORMAL MATTER
Examples are:
STARS
PLANETS
GALAXIES
NEBULAS
DARK MATTER
NORMAL MATTER
DARK MATTER
24%
• DARK MATTER- is composed of
particles that do not absorb, reflect,
or emit light but has a gravity.
• It is a hypothetical form of invisible
matter that exerts gravitational effects
on light and ordinary matter
• Universe is made up of 24 ⁒ Dark
Matter
71.4%
DARK ENERGY
DARK MATTER
Dark matter exerts gravitational effects on light
and visible matter.
Examples are:
WIMP
AXION
GRAVITINO
NEUTRALINO
DARK ENERGY
NORMAL MATTER
DARK MATTER
24%
• DARK ENERGY -is a hypothetical form of
energy that counteracts the gravity (antigravity).
71.4%
• Dark energy is a force that is believed to
be cause of the expansion of the
universe at accelerating rate
• It do not interact with normal matter
• Universe is made up of 71.4 ⁒ Dark
Energy
DARK ENERGY
DARK ENERGY
UNIVERSE IS MADE
OF:
NORMAL MATTER
DARK MATTER
24%
71.4%
DARK ENERGY
ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE
The most abundant elements in the universe are:
1. HYDROGEN
2. HELIUM
3. LITHIUM
WHAT IS BUILDING
BLOCKS OF THE
UNIVERSE?
Stars - the building block
of galaxies-are born out
of clouds of gas and dust
in galaxies.
Instabilities within the
interstellar aclouds
eventually results into
gravitational collapse,
rotation, heating up, and
Protostar- a cloud of
interstellar gas and
gradually collapses,
hot dense core, and
into a star once nuclear
fusion can occur in the
THE BIRTH, EVOLUTION, DEATH AND REBIRTH OF STARS
• Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are
synthesized or combined/fused together.
• Most stars such as the Sun belong to the so-called “main
sequence stars.”
• In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused
through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms.
• Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster
than smaller stars. Stars like our Sun burn up hydrogen in
about 10 billion years.
THE BIRTH, EVOLUTION, DEATH AND REBIRTH OF STARS
• The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets,
asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary system.
• A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form
superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space.
at a large scale, it appears homogeneous and isotropic.
• Based on recent data, the Universe is 13.8 billion years old. The
diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91
billion light-years (8.61 X 10²² km)
LIGHT YEAR IS THEDISTANCE THAT LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR
LIGHT travels 300,000
km/sec
1 LIGHT YEAR IS EQUAL TO 9.5 TRILLION KILOMETERS
Learning Check!
•
What is the building blocks of the Universe?
•
Define the 3 compositions of the Universe?
•
How old is our Universe?
•
What is thermonuclear reaction?
•
Explain the life cycle of the star.
HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF
THE
UNIVERSE
1
NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
2
STEADY STATE THEORY
3
BIG BANG THEORY
1. NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• The Kuba people of
Central Africa tell the
story of a creator god
Mbombo (or Bumba)
who, alone in a dark and
water- covered Earth,
felt an intense stomach
pain and then vomited
the stars, sun, and moon.
1. NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• In India, there is the
narrative that gods
sacrificed Purusha, the
primal man whose head,
feet, eyes, and mind
became the sky, earth,
sun, and moon
respectively.
1. NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• Ancient Egyptians
believed in many gods
and myths which narrate
that the world arose from
an infinite sea at the first
rising of the sun.
1. NON SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• The monotheistic
religions of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam
claim that a supreme
being created the
universe, including man
and other living
organisms.
2. THE STEADY STATE THEORY
• The now discredited steady state model of the universe
was proposed in 1948 by Bondi, Gould and by Hoyle.
• It maintains that new matter is created as the universe
expands thereby maintaining its density.
• Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with
the discovery of the cosmic microwave background
2. THE STEADY STATE THEORY
PROPONENTS OF THE STEADY STATE THEORY
2. THE STEADY STATE THEORY
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
• The cosmic microwave background
(CMB) is leftover radiation from the Big
Bang or the time when the universe
began.
• As the theory goes, when the universe
was born it underwent rapid inflation,
expansion and cooling. (The universe
is still expanding today, and the
expansion rate appears different
depending on where you look).
• The CMB represents the heat leftover
from the Big Bang thus, it is called the
"oldest light that we can see in the
universe"
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
• There is a pervasive Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB)
radiation in the universe. Its accidental
discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and
Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them
the physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
• It can be observed as a strikingly
uniform faint glow in the microwave
band coming from all directionsblackbody radiation with an average
temperature of about 2.7 degrees
above absolute zero
ARNO PENZIAS & ROBERT WOODROW
THE "RED
SHIFT"
• In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the
“redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each
other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by
Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
• He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a prism
are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e.,
toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or
galaxy must be moving away from us.
• Red shift as evidence for an expanding universe. The positions of the
absorptions lines for helium for light coming from the Sun are shifted
towards the red end as compared with those for a distant star. This
evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static
and unchanging universe
3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
• This theory was proposed by
GEORGES LEMAÎTRE
• As the currently accepted theory of the
origin and evolution of the universe, the
Big Bang Theory postulates that 13.8
billion years ago, the universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and hot
mass to its present size and much
cooler state.
GEORGES LEMAÎTRE
3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
The theory rests on two ideas:
1
GENERAL RELATIVITY
In Albert Einstein's General
Theory of Relativity- gravity is
thought of as a distortion of
space-time and no longer
described by a gravitational
field in contrast to the Law of
Gravity of Isaac Newton.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
The theory rests on two ideas:
2
COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE
• Assumes that the universe is
homogeneous and isotropic when
averaged over large scales. This is
consistent with our current largescale image of the universe. But
keep in mind that it is clumpy at
smaller scales.
• The “bang” should not be taken as
an explosion; it is better thought of
a simultaneous appearance of
space everywhere. The theory does
not identify the cause of the “bang.”
3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion:
1. The redshift;
2. Abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium,
and;
3. The uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave
background radiation-the remnant heat from
the bang.
BIG BANG THEORY VS STEADY STATE THEORY
BIG BANG THEORY VS STEADY STATE THEORY
SEATWORK!
•
Name at least one non scientific thought about the
origin of the universe and briefly explain it.
•
Describe the now discredited "Steady State Theory"
•
How would you explain the origin of the Universe
according to the Big Bang Theory?
•
Is the Universe Expanding? Explain your answer.
ACTIVITY TIME!
"Theories about
the Origin of
the Universe"
ACTIVITY 1: THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
DIRECTION: IN 1/2 SHEET OF PAPER, COPY THE TABLE BELOW. IN EACH COLUMN
WRITE YOUR OWN THOUGHTS AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THESE 3 HYPOTHESES
ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE.
NON- SCIENTIFIC
THOUGHT
STEADY STATE
THEORY
BIG BANG
THEORY
QUIZ
I. CHOOSE THE LETTER OF
THE BEST ANSWER AND
THEN WRITE IT ON YOUR
ANSWER SHEET
1. Which of the following statements best describes
the Bigbang Theory?
A. A theory that states that the universe started in a large mass
and then imploded to form everything.
B. A theory that states that the universe was there, will be
and is there. Is homogeneous and isotropic.
C. A theory that states that the universe is slowly coming back to
a center.
D. A theory that states that the universe started in a small mass
and then expanded, the expansion cooled down
the
temperature and that resulted in the formation of matter,
energy, space and time.
2. What were the first- two (2) elements
formed in our universe?
A. Hydrogen and Lithium
B. Helium and Oxygen
C. Helium and Hydrogen
D. None of the above
3. What can be found at the center of
each galaxy in the universe?
A. Space and Time
B. Supermassive star
C. Supermassive blackhole
D. None of the above
4. The red-shift in the spectral
lines of light, reaching us from
other galaxies implies that these
galaxies ____________.
A. Are moving closer to one another
B. Are moving farther apart from one
another
C. Are in rapid rotation
D. Redshift doesn´t exist
5. The age of the universe is
approximately _____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.5 billion years
13.8 billion years
30 billion years
15.8 billion years
6. These are ordinary matter
consisting of protons, electrons,
and neutrons.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Dark Matter
Normal Matter
Dark Energy
Redshift
7. It is a hypothetical form of
invisible
matter
that
exerts
gravitational effects on light
and ordinary matter
A.
B.
C.
D.
Dark Matter
Normal Matter
Dark Energy
Redshift
8. It is a force that is believed
to be cause of the expansion of
the universe at accelerating rate
and it do not interact with
normal matter.
A. Dark Matter
B. Normal Matter
C. Dark Energy
9. Which of the following statements best
describes a GALAXY?
A. It is a huge collection of gas, dust,
and billions of stars and their solar
systems.
B. It is a hypothetical form of energy
that counteracts the gravity.
C. It is a leftover radiation from the
Big Bang or the time when the universe
began.
9. Which of the following statements best
describes a GALAXY?
A. It is a huge collection of gas, dust,
and billions of stars and their solar
systems.
B. It is a hypothetical form of energy
that counteracts the gravity.
C. It is a leftover radiation from the
Big Bang or the time when the universe
began.
10. The CMB is believed to be the
"oldest light that we can see in the
universe". What does CMB means?
A. Communication Microwave Background.
B. Communication Microscopic
Background
C. Cosmic Microwave Background
D. Cosmic Microscopic Background
II.
Explain
briefly
the
following
ideas
(3
points
each)
11-13. How would you differentiate
the Steady State Theory and BigBang
Theory?
14-15. Cite at least two evidences
that
supports
why
universe
is
III. BONUS QUESTIONS
Write my full name