What are Renewable Resources?
• A renewable resource is a natural resource that can be
used and replaced over a relatively short time
• Although they can be replaced, we have often used
them more quickly than they can be replaced
• Examples:
– Water
– Trees
What are Non-Renewable Resources?
 Not all of Earth’s resources are renewable
 A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be
replaced or that can be replaced only over thousands or millions of
years
 The Earth only has a certain amount of nonrenewable resources at
any given time
 Examples:
 Fossil fuels – горючие ископаемые
 Oil - нефть
 Natural Gas –природный газ
 Coal - уголь
How is coal formed?
How is oil and natural gas formed?
Formation of Oils & Gas
Oil
Physical properties of oil
•Dense oily liquid
•Color from light-brown to deep-red
•Specific smell
•Lighter then water (density from 0.65 to 1.05 g/l)
Composition of oil
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic compounds containing S, N, O
Water
Mineral salts
Mechanical impurities
Name
• The name of this mineral comes
from the ancient Persian word
"naphtha", which means
"seeping". Indeed, one of the
features of oil is its ability to
penetrate the pores and cracks of
rocks, seep through them in any
direction.
History of oil
• Archaeologists and historians have
proven that people used it already 7 8 thousand years ago!
• Even the Bible speaks of "pitch
springs" that beat in the vicinity of the
Dead Sea. The ancient Greek scientist
Hippocrates compiled many recipes
for medicines that include oil.
World oil reserves
9%
3%
Нефть
25%
11%
Саудовская Аравия
Остальные страны
Объединённые
Арабские Эмираты
Венесуэла
Российская
Федерация
Иран
9%
Ирак
5%
8%
Кувейт
10%
20%
Ливия
Onshore oil production
oil production
Oil production in the ocean
Elemental composition of oil
80%
Углерод
Водород
Сера
Кислород
Азот
10%
5%
2% 3%
Oil refinery products
Secondary oil conversion
• Cracking of petroleum products (splitting).
• Thermal cracking (Shorter chain alkanes and
alkenes).
• Catalytic Cracking (Branched Chain of
Hydrocarbons).
• Reforming (Aromatization).
• Hydrotreating (Cleaning from S, N
compounds.)
Oil and ecology
Direct poisoning of living organisms
Oil and ecology
• Contamination of the earth's surface
Oil and ecology
• Water pollution 2.5 million tons of oil is
discharged into the ocean annually.
Oil and ecology
• Air pollution by combustion products
Кислотный дождь
Парниковый эффект
Greenhouse effect
• It generally comes from the build up of carbon
dioxide gas in the atmosphere.
• Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burnt.
• In this type of pollution sun rays go to the
atmosphere and they are trapped by green houses
gases. So the temperature on the earth raise.
«Химику всегда трудно
примириться с тем, что
он видит, когда сжигается
нефть в топках»
Николай Дмитриевич
Зелинский
“Сжигать нефть — всё равно,
что топить печку ассигнациями”
Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев