PCCEM CONSTRUCT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT & CONTROL PCCEM CONSTRUCT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH OBJECTIVES: HEAVY EQUIPMENTS & IT'S PURPOSE DEFINE ALL THE HAZARDS FROM HEAVY EQUIPMENT PEOPLE INVOLVE IN OPERATING HEAVY EQUIPMENT HAND SIGNALS DURING EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS BLIND SPOTS FOR EACH HEAVY EQUIPMENT CONTROL MEASURE IN EVERY EQUIPMENT HEAVY EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SAFETY TIPS DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAVY EQUIPMENTS: Articulated trucks are a type of heavy-duty dump truck that many praise for their versatility and adaptability. Articulated trucks consist of both a cab and a narrow trailer, or dump box. The two connect via a pivoting hinge. They are ideal for applications on challenging worksites with little to no paved roads, steep slopes, slippery or sandy surfaces, or low ceiling height. ARTICULATED TRUCK You’ll find these at many types of job sites, including: Mining Recycling and scrapping Material and aggregate hauling Utility construction Asphalt pavers are usually accompanied by dump trucks carrying asphalt, which moves the material into the paver. Once it’s full, the asphalt paver uses dispersion augers to disperse the asphalt across a leveled surface. Then, it rolls it flat with a hydraulic cylinder, creating a solid, stable place to drive or walk. You can use these pavers to lay asphalt on places such as: ASPHALT PAVER Public and private roads Driveways Parking lots Bridge decks Recreation courts Industrial sites Building construction A backhoe loader is a single piece of equipment that can function as either a backhoe, a tractor, or a loader. The durable backhoe is located on the back of the machine, while the loading mechanism is in the front. The central operating machine is the tractor. Because it’s capable of handling so many different jobs, you can use a backhoe loader for things like: BACKHOE LOADERS Farming Excavation Construction Hauling Digging Boom lifts are a type of aerial lift mechanism. You might have also heard of it referred to as a basket crane or cherry picker. These attachments allow workers to reach elevated work areas but are not limited to only industrial or construction projects. They are versatile and used across a variety of industries, including: Forestry Construction Painting Farming or harvesting Window cleaning Fire fighting BOOM LIFTS Cold planers are a type of heavy equipment for construction that utilize rotating drums and carbide cutters to mill pavement or asphalt. You can use a cold planer for either minimal or in-depth removal. Because pavement and asphalt milling creates a lot of dust, most cold planers utilize a water system to maintain a clean and safe work environment. There are many reasons why one might use a cold planer to mill a roadway, such as: COLD PLANERS Recycling asphalt for new roads or other projects. Creating rumble strips for use along highways. Repairing existing damage. Smoothing land before paving to minimize any future potholes or cracks. Plate compactors use a heavy, vertically vibrating plate to crush and compact a surface into a level, flat area. In addition to industrial applications, you can also use a plate compactor to flatten an expanse of soil, sand, or gravel. Depending on your application, choose between a single, reversible, or heavy-duty plate compactor: COMPACTORS Single plate: Single plate compactors are suitable for small-scale asphalt or building projects, like home renovations or laying sidewalks and driveways. Reversible plate: For projects that require more versatility, reversible plates operate in multiple directions. Heavy-duty plate: Heavy-duty plate compactors are the best option for large-scale industrial, construction, or roadway projects. You can use both a compact track loader and a multi- terrain loader to transport heavy worksite materials. The two machines look and function similarly, but they are not the same. Compact track loaders are intended for more rugged, heavy-duty use than a multi-terrain loader. However, that’s not to say a multi-terrain loader isn’t powerful or effective — it’s just better suited for terrains that require more care, like sod or turf, while the compact track loader can handle more challenging surfaces like rocks, mud, and sand. COMPACT TRACK AND MULTI TERRAIN LOADERS While each offers an unparalleled level of versatility and traction, you must consider job site conditions when choosing a piece of loader equipment. Bulldozers, also known as track-type tractors and crawlers, are critical pieces of machinery for several types of projects, including: Farming Land clearing Road construction Demolition Home renovation DOZERS Dozers use a heavy-duty track to move with blades that can push rocks, building materials, debris, sand, snow, or dirt. There are a few different types of dozer blades, including the flat, edgeless straight blade, curved universal blade, and semi-universal combination blade. Draglines are a type of large-scale excavator used for reaching extensive depths at surface mining sites, above ground excavation sites, and more. Draglines function using a tall boom arm equipped with wirebased drag and hoist ropes. These ropes work together to move an attached bucket to and from its point of application. Once in place, the dragline operator controls the bucket so it can collect and move debris by dragging it across the surface. DRAGLINES Because they are so tall and heavy, many draglines are assembled on the worksite rather than transported, though there are smaller models available. Rotary blasthole drills are a type of heavy equipment used for drilling holes at mine sites. Autonomous drills are a growing trend among equipment handlers because they have built-in features that can help you complete projects quickly and safely. For example, automated drills today might feature: DRILLS Depth tracking Built-in cameras Automatic leveling, retracting, and drilling HVAC systems to cool while limiting dust exposure Drum rollers — also known as compact rollers and road rollers — are machines used at worksites to smooth and level building terrain or roadways. They are immensely strong and can flatten surfaces quickly and effectively. There are two types of rolling drums available: Smooth rollers: If the drum is smooth, it’s known as a smooth roller. As the name suggests, smooth rollers create smooth surfaces out of gravel, sand, or dirt using a combination of powerful vibrations and pressure. You can find these machines in either single or double-drum variations. DRUM ROLLERS Padfoot rollers: Padfoot rollers use the same technology as smooth rollers, in addition to a strong manipulative force that you can use to make soil more compact and solid. Electric rope shovels are another piece of heavy equipment used almost explicitly at mining sites due to their ability to withstand rugged work conditions and easily relocate large quantities of overburden and ore. Because they are powered by electricity, there are far fewer moving parts to wear down over time. This means you won’t have to spend as much money or time maintaining or replacing critical areas of your equipment. ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS Modern-day electric rope shovels are energy-efficient and easy to operate. These machines are robust and adaptable, making them a common fixture at large and small-scale projects. The excavator cabin — which you can rotate completely while in operation — is connected to a long arm and bucket, which you can use for excavating, demolishing, hauling, brush removal, and even forestry applications with certain attachments. EXCAVATORS Excavators range in size, each suited for different applications: Mini excavators: Mini excavators can navigate small, hard-to-reach areas on construction sites, and are ideal for home-based or small-scale projects. Medium excavators: Medium excavators can handle larger jobs than mini excavators, but without taking up as much space as a large excavator. Large scale renovations, home improvement projects, and medium to large-scale construction sites can benefit from this configuration. Large excavators: Large excavators are large and very powerful. They are best suited for high-volume, large-scale operations. You can use forklifts to move items short distances around a worksite or warehouse safely. There are several different types of forklifts to it any workplace scenario, including: FORKLIFTS Counterweight: Counterweight forklifts use a builtin counterweight system to remain stable while directly transporting products without using arms. Side loaders: Side loaders are ideal for warehouses with limited workspace and bulky materials, as the design of the machine allows the operator to load materials directly from their storage rack easily. Pallet jack: Pallet jacks are designed to specifically move pallets around a warehouse, and their small size makes them easy to operate. Warehouse: You can use a warehouse forklift to quickly move supplies, products, and shipments around a warehouse. Motor graders, or road graders, have long, narrow blades, also known as moldboards. This moldboard is rotatable, with a cutting edge on the bottom to help cut and move terrain for things like: Roadway installation or maintenance Fine grading Building projects Drainage ditches Snow removal Spreading materials MOTOR GRADERS Off-highway trucks are a type of dump truck that offers heavy-duty hauling power for any type of harsh work environment. For this reason, they are a popular choice in mines, quarries, and large-scale construction sites that require efficient transport of bulk materials. Compared to traditional dump trucks, off-highway haulers can transport larger volumes of stone, soil, and other materials. OFF-HIGHWAY TRUCKS Depending on what your project calls for, you could invest in an off-highway truck with multiple dump buckets to be even more efficient. An aerial scissor lift is a type of mobile, elevated work platform that acts as a stronger and safer alternative to a standard ladder. Because scissor lifts are comprised of steel and a series of crossed beams and struts, they provide a stable work area for one or more workers. They are excellent for the following applications: Material handling Warehouse or stockroom storage Construction projects Commercial building maintenance SCISSOR LIFTS A skid steer is a type of machine that you can use for anything from small-scale home projects to largescale land management jobs. They are an asset to any worksite, thanks to the ability to connect different attachments to complete nearly any type of project. For example, with the right attachments, you can use a skid steer loader for: SKID STEER LOADERS Forestry Land clearing Landscaping and farming Road work Excavation Demolition Site cleaning Telehandlers are similar to forklifts but are better suited for outdoor applications or bulk material moving inside a warehouse. You can connect different boom attachments, such as buckets or lift platforms, making them a versatile piece of machinery to have on the worksite. There are several types of telehandlers to choose from, including different variations of lift height, load capacity, and frame size. TELEHANDLERS Light towers consist of a set of powerful lights attached to the top of a vertical beam, which is connected to some type of power generator or solar panel. The tower is easily portable, so you can take it with you from site to site and never worry about working in the dark. This keeps employees safer and increases the amount of available working time you have for a project. TOWABLE LIGHT TOWERS Track loaders are heavy-duty machines intended for large-scale use. They are designed with large, moving tracks rather than wheels. This enables the machine to move effortlessly across rugged terrain, including hard-to-reach areas. You can use a track loader to move or push debris or materials, as well as in excavation and land clearing. TRACK LOADERS A dumper truck is primarily used to transport materials to and from a construction site. It is the safest way to quickly transport loose materials from a site, and is especially important in the early phases of a project where the ground is being prepared for work to commence. CONSTRUCTION DUMP TRUCKS Wheel tractor-scrapers are a type of heavy equipment used in construction projects to scrape, move, and collect dirt, allowing you to grade and level the land. Here’s how it works: 1.A sharp, angled scraper cuts into the dirt, loosening it. 2.A hopper uses a conveyor belt system to collect and store this loose dirt. 3.Once the hopper is full, you can then dump or transport the dirt wherever needed. WHEEL TRACTORSCRAPERS There are several types of wheel tractor-scrapers, including elevating, open bowl, push-pull, and tandem scrapers. BLIND SPOTS FOR DIFFERENT HEAVY EQUIPMENTS: CONTROL MEASURES FOR BLIND SPOTS IN EVERY HEAVY EQUIPMENT BEFORE DRIVING: 1. Ensure mirrors positioned properly for driver before operating vehicle. are the the 2. While pickup trucks generally are not equipped with backup alarms, all vehicles equipped with backup alarms must be checked prior to operation to ensure they are in proper working condition. PARKING: 1. Avoid backing whenever possible. Evaluate the area to find a route to arrive at your destination while moving forward. 2. Keep the driver’s window down, and if possible, the passenger window down when backing or driving in the vicinity of pedestrian workers. 3. Turn off radio or other distracting devices. 4. Park in a manner where you can leave in a forward motion. Pull straight through when possible. Remember, the closest space is not always the best place. Choose a place that is free of congestion. You can see more when you first arrive at any location, so if you must back, this is the time to do it. 5. Any time you have been stationary for more than 2 seconds, conditions change. Get out of your vehicle and walk around it before moving. Never trust the scene you checked to stay the same. BACKING: 1. Always beep your horn 2 times before reversing. This will alert others that you are doing something different. Everyone should be trained/informed that 2 beeps means you are backing. 2. If your vehicle is equipped with a backup alarm it must be working. If it is not working you are required to fix it. In an emergency, if you must finish the task at hand when the alarm stops working you must use a spotter while in reverse. 3. Always use all mirrors when backing and preferably always use a spotter. You should always agree on signals before backing. Always back at an extremely low rate of speed (walking speed) and do not back more than 50 – 100 feet before stopping and rechecking the area for a clear zone. Evaluate the area for more stringent guidelines in confined areas. HEAVY EQUIPMENT HAZARDS POOR REPAIR OR SERVICE OBSTRUCTED VIEW WHILE BACKING STRIKING PEOPLE AND COLLISION WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT CAUGHT BETWEEN EQUIPMENT AND OBJECTS RIDERS FALLING OFF EQUIPMENT OR BUCKETS OVERTURNING OF EQUIPMENT HEAVY EQUIPMENT HAZARDS DRIVING AT EXCESSIVE SPEEDS UNEXPECTED ELECTRICAL SHOCK FAILURE OF LIFTING MECHANISMS/OPERATIONAL FAILURES INJURIES TO OPERATORS DUE TO INGRESS/EGRESS DIFFICULTIES RUNAWAY MACHINES OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTIONS PEOPLE INVOLVED IN OPERATING HEAVY EQUIPMENTS HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR Performs routine inspection and maintenance on vehicles such as checking oil, water, and tires. Operates graders for leveling and operates tractors to load materials such as dirt and rocks. Operates backhoe and front end loaders as required. Operates forklifts and dump trucks to transport trash and materials. SPOTTERS/ SIGNALLERS GROUND WORKERS A spotter is a second pair of eyes and ears for drivers and equipment operators on the jobsite. They stand near the equipment or vehicle and feed information to the driver, including directions and things the driver is unable to see or hear by themself. A Groundworker is a construction professional who mainly prepares the ground before, during and after other construction workers can do their duties. Groundworkers are often the first and the last workers to set foot on site as they prepare the site with drainage, foundations and sub-surfaces. DUTIES AS A HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, YOUR DUTIES MAY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Operating heavy equipment such as back-hoes and bulldozers to lift, move or place equipment or materials Inspecting, cleaning, lubricating and refilling equipment HAND SIGNALS DURING EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS HAND SIGNALS DURING EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS HEAVY EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SAFETY TIPS EQUIPMENT OPERATOR TRAINING Workers should be trained on how to safely mount and dismount and the proper start up procedure for each piece of equipment. They should have a clear understanding of lifting loads and load capacity for the equipment they will be working on. Retraining and refresher courses should be conducted as needed, especially if a worker is observed operating equipment unsafely or in a manner other than its intended purpose. Only trained workers should be allowed to operate equipment for any reason. INSPECT EQUIPMENT BEFORE USE Visually inspect heavy equipment before each use to ensure it’s in good operating condition. Check tires and tracks for any wear and damage. At the very least, you should check fluid levels such as engine oil and hydraulic fluid and oil levels before you start up the equipment for the first time each day. Check hydraulic hoses, buckets, booms and other components for cracks and damage. Make sure all attachments are securely locked into place. BE AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS When operating heavy equipment, you need to mindful of the area you are working in and any obstacles you may encounter. Whenever possible, workers should be kept out of areas where heavy equipment is in operating. Operators should be aware of their swing radius, especially when working in tighter spaces, to avoid hitting other workers, bystanders, or other vehicles or equipment in the vicinity. ONLY USE EQUIPMENT AS INTENDED Don’t overload or overwork equipment. Be mindful of the payload or lift capacity of the equipment. This may require getting a bigger piece of equipment if what you have isn’t enough to get the job done. If lifting material, make sure all riggings are properly secured. Don’t try to go too fast when operating equipment, especially on slopes. ENTERING AND EXITING EQUIPMENT Never enter or exit equipment that is moving or in operation. Make sure you completely shut off the equipment, engage the parking brake and release any pressure from hydraulic controls. Make sure to take the keys with you to avoid any unauthorized use. KEEP THE AREA CLEAR Ideally, you can cordon off the area with barriers to keep workers from accidentally getting in close proximity to operating equipment. If you are moving or operating equipment near workers use a spotter, using radio or hand signals to communicate, to keep your blind spots clear. This is especially important when backing up. Yes, the equipment will have backup alarms, but they often go unheeded on construction sites due to their prevalence PCCEM CONSTRUCT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!