UNIT 1
EC3251CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS
Dr.E.A.MohamedAli
6/23/2023
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UNIT 1
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
To learn the basic concepts and behaviour of
DC and AC circuits
To understand various methods of circuit/
network analysis using network theorems
To understand the transient and steady state
response of the circuits subjected to DC
excitations and AC with sinusoidal excitations
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To learn the concept of coupling in circuits and
topologies
UNIT 1
SYLLABUS
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UNIT 1
UNIT I DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
–Basic Components of electric Circuits, Charge,
current, Voltage and Power, Voltage and Current
Sources, Ohms Law, Kirchoff‘s Current Law,
Kirchoff‘s voltage law, The single Node – Pair
Circuit, series and Parallel Connected Independent
Sources, Resistors in Series and Parallel, voltage
and current division, Nodal analysis, Mesh
analysis
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5
UNIT 1
UNIT II NETWORK THEOREM
AND DUALITY
Useful Circuit Analysis techniques - Linearity and superposition, Thevenin and Norton
Equivalent Circuits, Maximum Power Transfer, Delta-Wye Conversion
Duals, Dual circuits
Analysis using dependent current sources and voltage sources
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UNIT III SINUSOIDAL STEADY
STATE ANALYSIS
–Sinusoidal Steady – State analysis , Characteristics of
Sinusoids, The Complex Forcing Function, The Phasor,
Phasor relationship for R, L, and C, impedance and
Admittance, Nodal and Mesh Analysis, Phasor
Diagrams, AC Circuit Power Analysis, Instantaneous
Power, Average Power, apparent Power and Power
Factor, Complex Power
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UNIT 1
UNIT IV TRANSIENTS AND
RESONANCE IN RLC CIRCUITS
–Basic RL and RC Circuits, The Source- Free
RL Circuit, The Source-Free RC Circuit, The
Unit- Step Function, Driven RL Circuits,
Driven RC Circuits, RLC Circuits, Frequency
Response, Parallel Resonance, Series
Resonance, Quality Factor
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UNIT 1
UNIT V COUPLED CIRCUITS AND
TOPOLOGY
–Magnetically Coupled Circuits, mutual
Inductance, the Linear Transformer, the
Ideal Transformer, An introduction to
Network Topology, Trees and General Nodal
analysis, Links and Loop analysis
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UNIT 1
COURSE
OUTCOMES
– On successful completion of
this course, the student will
be able to
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UNIT 1
CO1: Apply the basic concepts of circuit analysis such as
Kirchoff’s laws, mesh current and node voltage method for
analysis of DC and AC circuits.
CO2: Apply suitable network theorems and analyze AC and DC
circuits
CO3: Analyze steady state response of any R, L and C circuits
CO4: Analyze the transient response for any RC, RL and RLC
circuits and frequency response of parallel and series resonance
circuits.
CO5: Analyze the coupled circuits and network topologies
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UNIT 1
TEXT
BOOKS
Hayt Jack Kemmerly, Steven Durbin,
"Engineering Circuit Analysis",Mc Graw Hill
education, 9th Edition
Charles K. Alexander & Mathew N.O.Sadiku,
"Fundamentals of Electric Circuits", Mc
Graw- Hill, 2nd Edition
6/23/2023
Joseph Edminister and Mahmood Nahvi,
―Electric Circuits, Schaum‘s Outline Series,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company,
New Delhi, Fifth Edition Reprint
UNIT 1
REFERENCES
–Robert.L. Boylestead, "Introductory Circuit
Analysis", Pearson Education India, 12th Edition
–John O Mallay, Schaum’s Outlines "Basic Circuit
Analysis", The Mc Graw Hill companies, 2nd
Edition, 2011
–Allan H.Robbins, Wilhelm C.Miller, ―Circuit
Analysis Theory and Practice‖, Cengage Learning,
Fifth Edition, 1st Indian Reprint 2013
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UNIT 1
ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
AND CIRCUITS
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– Electrical circuits refer to closed loops of interconnected
electrical components designed to perform specific
functions
– Circuits can range from simple, like a single battery and
light bulb, to complex systems of interconnected
components
– Electrical networks refer to larger systems of
interconnected circuits or components, such as power
grids
– Networks are designed to transmit electrical energy
from one place to another
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– Networks can be composed of multiple circuits, each
with specific functions, working together to achieve a
larger goal
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Electric Network
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ANALYSIS AND
SYNTHESIS
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– Analysis involves breaking down a complex electrical
circuit into simpler components to understand its behavior
– It involves using mathematical techniques such as
Kirchhoff's laws, Ohm's law, and network theorems to
determine voltage, current, and power
– The goal of analysis is to gain a deep understanding of
how the circuit works and identify potential problems or
inefficiencies
– Synthesis involves designing a circuit to meet a specific
set of requirements
– This involves using known components and mathematical
tools to create a circuit that meets desired specifications
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– The goal of synthesis is to create a circuit that performs a
specific function while minimizing cost and maximizing
performance
Analysis
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Known Circuit
Input
Output
Synthesis
Unknown Circuit
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Input
Output
BASIC SYMBOLS
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Cell
Battery
Wire Joining
Switch
Wire Crossing
Without Joining
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Ammeter
Voltmeter
Resistor
Bulb
Variable Resistor
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APPLICATION OF
NETWORK SYNTHESIS
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– Filter design: designing filters to remove or attenuate
unwanted signals with specific frequency response
characteristics
– Amplifier design: designing amplifiers to increase signal
power with specific gain, bandwidth, and stability
requirements
– Power
distribution
networks:
designing
power
distribution networks to transmit electrical power with
specific voltage, current, and impedance characteristics
– Control systems: designing control systems to regulate
the behavior of a system with specific transfer functions,
stability criteria, and robustness requirements
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– Signal processing: designing signal processing circuits to
modify or analyze signals with specific frequency
response, gain, and noise characteristics
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APPLICATION OF
NETWORK SYNTHESIS
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– Communication networks: designing communication
networks to transmit data between multiple points
with specific bandwidth, delay, and reliability
requirements
– Power electronics: designing power electronics circuits
to convert and control electrical power with specific
voltage, current, and efficiency requirements
– Sensor networks: designing sensor networks to collect
data from multiple sensors and transmit it to a central
location for processing with specific coverage,
connectivity, and energy efficiency requirements
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IDEAL AND
PRACTICAL
SOURSES
Ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources simplify the
analysis of electrical circuits
Practical voltage sources and practical current sources have
limitations and imperfections that must be taken into account in
circuit analysis
An ideal voltage source provides a fixed voltage regardless of the
current drawn from it and is represented by a symbol with a
straight line and a circle
A practical voltage source has a finite internal resistance and
output impedance and is affected by factors such as
temperature, age, and load
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An ideal current source provides a fixed current regardless of the
voltage across it and is represented by a symbol with a straight
line and an arrow
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IDEAL AND PRACTICAL
SOURSES
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– A practical current source has a finite output
impedance and internal resistance and is
affected by factors such as temperature, age,
and load
– Practical voltage and current sources cannot
maintain a constant voltage or current under
certain conditions, such as heavy loads or high
voltage across its terminals
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Voltage Sources
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Ideal
Voltage
Source
Practical Voltage
Source
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Current Sources
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Ideal
Current
Source
Practical Current
Source
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CLASSIFICATION
OF NETWORKS
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Electrical networks can be classified based on various
parameters such as the type of elements used, the
topology, the type of analysis, and the application
Common classifications of electrical networks include
linear and non-linear networks, passive and active
networks, time-invariant and time-variant networks,
lumped and distributed networks, series-parallel
networks, AC and DC networks, and one-port and
two-port networks
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Additional classifications of electrical networks include
symmetrical and unsymmetrical networks, lossy and
lossless networks, planar and non-planar networks,
balanced and unbalanced networks, and active and
passive components networks
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CLASSIFICATION OF
NETWORKS
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❖Understanding the different classifications of
electrical networks is essential for designing,
analyzing, and troubleshooting electrical systems
❖Bilateral and unilateral networks are important types
of networks in electrical engineering
❖A bilateral network is a network in which the currentvoltage relationship is the same regardless of the
direction of current flow
❖A unilateral network is a network in which the
current-voltage relationship is not the same for both
directions of current flow
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❖Most networks are neither purely bilateral nor purely
unilateral, but many networks can be approximated
as either bilateral or unilateral under certain
conditions
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CLASSIFICATION OF
NETWORKS
– Understanding the characteristics of
bilateral and unilateral networks is
important for analyzing and designing
circuits, especially in applications where
non-linear elements such as diodes and
transistors are used
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LINEAR, PASSIVE & BILATERAL
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NONLINEAR, PASSIVE & UNILATERAL
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NONLINEAR, PASSIVE & BILATERAL
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NONLINEAR, ACTIVE & UNILATERAL
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NONLINEAR, ACTIVE & UNILATERAL
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LINEAR, ACTIVE & BILATERAL
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ELECTRIC CHARGE
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❖Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that
describes the amount of electrical energy associated with a
particle.
❖It is a property that arises due to the presence of electrons
in an atom, which can move between different materials,
creating a flow of electrical current.
❖The charge of an object is determined by the number of
electrons it possesses and the relative number of protons,
which have the opposite charge, that are present in the
nucleus of the atom.
❖The SI unit of electric charge is the Coulomb (C).
❖An object can carry either a positive or negative electric
charge, or it can be neutral (having no net charge).
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❖Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges
attract each other.
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
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❖ Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a material.
❖ It is measured in amperes (A).
❖ Electric charge flow is driven by a voltage difference between two points in a
circuit.
❖ Electric current can be direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC).
❖ DC flows in only one direction, while AC alternates direction periodically.
❖ DC is commonly used in batteries, electronic devices, and some motors.
❖ AC is used in the power grid and most household appliances.
❖ In a conductor, the current is proportional to the voltage difference and
inversely proportional to the resistance of the material.
❖ Ohm's law states that I (current) is equal to V (voltage) divided by R
(resistance): I = V/R.
❖ Electric current powers devices, generates heat, and produces magnetic
fields.
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❖ It is a fundamental concept in electronics, which involves the manipulation
and control of electric current to create and transmit information.
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ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
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❖Electric potential measures the potential energy of a unit
of electric charge in a given location in an electric field
❖It is the work required to move a unit of electric charge
from a reference point to a specified point in the field
❖Electric potential is a scalar quantity, measured in volts ,
and proportional to the amount of charge and distance
from the source of the electric field
❖Mathematically, electric potential is defined as electric
potential energy per unit charge : V = U/q
❖Electric potential is important in physics and engineering,
including electronics, electrical power systems, and
electrochemistry
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❖Understanding
understanding
applications
electric potential is essential in
electric fields and their practical
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ELECTRIC VOLTAGE
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– Voltage is a measure of the difference in electric
potential energy between two points in an electric
circuit
– It is the driving force that causes electric charge to
flow through a circuit and is measured in volts
– Voltage is directly proportional to the electric field
strength between the two points
– Ohm's law can be used to calculate voltage
– As current through a circuit increases, voltage across
the circuit component also increases proportionally,
and as resistance increases, voltage decreases
proportionally
– Voltage is essential in electrical engineering to design
and analyze electrical circuits
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– It is also important in determining the safety of
electrical devices and equipment
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ELECTRO MOTIVE
FORCE
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– Electromotive force is the electrical potential difference
between two points in a circuit or between two separate
conductors
– EMF is a measure of the energy per unit charge converted
from non-electrical energy sources to electrical energy in a
circuit
– EMF can be produced by various sources, including
batteries, generators, and solar cells
– EMF is measured in volts , which is the same as the unit of
voltage
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– EMF represents the total energy conversion from a nonelectrical source to an electrical source, while voltage
represents the potential difference between two points in a
circuit
– EMF is an important concept in electrical engineering and
is used to design and analyze electrical circuits
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ELECTRO MOTIVE
FORCE
– EMF is essential in determining the
performance and efficiency of electrical
devices and systems
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Term
UNIT 1
Electric potential
Definition
A measure of the potential
energy that a unit of electric
charge possesses in an electric
field.
Unit
Joules per Coulomb (J/C) or
Volts (V)
Voltage
A measure of the electric
potential difference between
two points in an electric circuit.
Volts (V)
Potential difference
The difference in electric
Volts (V)
potential between two points in
an electric field or circuit.
Electromotive force
The energy per unit charge that Volts (V)
is converted from non-electrical
energy sources to electrical
energy in a circuit.
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OHM’S LAW
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– Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical
engineering
– It describes the relationship between the current,
voltage, and resistance of a conductor
– It states that the current through a conductor is
directly proportional to the voltage across it and
inversely proportional to the resistance of the
conductor
– It can be mathematically expressed as I = V / R, where
I is the current in amperes, V is the voltage in volts,
and R is the resistance in ohms
– Ohm's Law is named after Georg Simon Ohm, a
German physicist who first formulated the relationship
between current, voltage, and resistance
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– It is a fundamental concept in electrical engineering
and is used to design and analyze electrical circuits
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UNIT 1
OHM’S LAW
– It is also important in determining the
safety of electrical devices and
equipment, as high currents and voltages
can be dangerous and potentially lethal
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ELECTRIC
POWER
Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is
transferred or consumed in an electric circuit
It is measured in watts
Power is the product of voltage and current in a circuit: P
= VI
Power can also be calculated using Ohm's Law: P = V² / R
= I²R
It is used to design and analyze electrical circuits and
devices
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High power consumption can lead to energy waste and
decreased efficiency
UNIT 1
ELECTRIC ENERGY
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– Electric energy is the energy transferred or consumed by an
electrical circuit or device due to the movement of electric
charges
– It is measured in joules or watt-hours and is related to
electric power and time
– The amount of electric energy can be calculated by
multiplying power by time, where power is measured in
watts and time is measured in seconds or hours
– Electric energy is used to determine the energy
consumption and efficiency of electrical devices and
systems
– It is also used in calculating the cost of electricity
consumed by households and businesses
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Term
Current
UNIT 1
Voltage
Power
Energy
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Definition
The flow of electric
charge through a
conductor.
Equation
I = Q/t
The electrical
potential difference
between two points
in an electric field or
circuit.
V = W/Q
Unit
Amperes (A)
Relation
I ∝ V,
I ∝ 1/R
Volts (V)
V = IR,
V∝P
The rate at which
P = IV
energy is transferred
or consumed in an
electric circuit or
device.
Watts (W)
The amount of work E = Pt
done by an electric
circuit or device over
a period of time.
Joules (J) or watthours (Wh)
P=VI
P = V²/R,
P = I²R,
Application
Designing circuits,
measuring electrical
60
equipment
Designing circuits,
measuring electrical
equipment
Designing circuits,
calculating efficiency,
billing electricity
P ∝ 1/R²
E = VIt,
E = I²Rt,
E = V²t/R,
E ∝ P,
E∝t
Calculating
efficiency, billing
electricity, energy
storage system
UNIT 1
VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT SOURCES
61
– Independent sources provide a constant output, regardless
of circuit parameters or external conditions
– Independent sources are divided into two types: voltage
sources and current sources
– Voltage sources provide a fixed voltage output, regardless
of the current flowing through it
– Current sources provide a fixed current output, regardless of
the voltage across it
– Dependent sources provide an output that is dependent on
circuit parameters or external conditions
– Dependent sources are divided into two types: voltage
dependent sources and current dependent sources
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– Voltage dependent sources provide a voltage output that is
dependent on the voltage or current in another part of the
circuit
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VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT SOURCES
62
– Current dependent sources provide a current
output that is dependent on the voltage or
current in another part of the circuit
– Dependent sources are commonly used in
amplifier circuits, oscillators, and control
systems
– The selection of a particular source depends on
the requirements of the circuit and the desired
output
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KCL
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– Kirchhoff's Current Law deals with the conservation of
electric charge
– It states that the sum of currents entering any node or
junction in a circuit must equal the sum of currents
leaving that node or junction
– KCL can be expressed mathematically as Σ I = Σ I
– KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge
and ensures that the flow of charge is conserved at any
point in the circuit
– KCL can be used to solve various types of problems in
electrical circuits, such as finding unknown currents or
voltages and determining the values of resistors or other
components
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– KCL is an essential tool for engineers and technicians
working in the field of electrical and electronics
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KIRCHOFF’S
VOLTAGE
LAW
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law is a fundamental law of
electrical circuits that deals with the conservation
of energy
It states that the sum of all voltage drops around
any closed loop in a circuit must equal the sum of
all voltage sources in that loop
KVL is based on the principle of conservation of
energy, which states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, but can only be transferred
from one form to another
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This law can be mathematically expressed as Σ V
= 0, where Σ represents the sum of all the voltage
drops around the closed loop, and V is the
voltage drop across each component in the loop
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UNIT 1
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE
LAW
– KVL can be used to solve various types of
problems in electrical circuits, such as
finding the unknown voltages or currents
in a circuit, or determining the values of
resistors or other components
– It is also used in circuit analysis and
design, and is an essential tool for
engineers and technicians working in the
field of electrical and electronics
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SINGLE NODE
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– A node is a point in an electric circuit where two or more
conductors meet and are joined together
– All wires and elements connected to a node are
considered to be at the same voltage or potential
– In a single node circuit, all current flowing through the
circuit must pass through that point, making it simpler
to analyze using Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws
– Single node circuits are commonly used in various
electronic applications, such as power supplies, audio
amplifiers, and control circuits
– Single node circuits are also used in complex circuits as
a way to simplify the analysis of the circuit
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PAIR CIRCUIT
72
– A pair circuit consists of two conductors or wires twisted
together or placed in close proximity to each other
– Twisted pair cables are commonly used in communication
systems to transmit electrical signals over long distances
with minimal interference
– Twisting of the wires reduces interference from external
electromagnetic fields and crosstalk from other adjacent
pairs
– The two wires in a pair circuit are considered to be in
parallel and the impedance can be calculated using the
formula Z = √
– Pair circuits are used in various applications such as
telephone lines, Ethernet cables, and audio cables
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– They are also used in low-voltage power transmission
systems in automotive applications where noise and
interference reduction is important.
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UNIT 1
Resistors in a series circuit are connected end-to-end
SERIES
RESISTANCE
The same current flows through each resistor, and the total
resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances
The total resistance of a series circuit is calculated by adding
individual resistances together: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 + .
Voltage drop across each resistor is proportional to its resistance,
and can be calculated using Ohm's Law: V = IR
The total voltage applied across the series circuit is equal to the
sum of the voltage drops across each resistor: V_total = V1 + V2
+ V3 + .
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When resistors are connected in series, their total resistance is
increased, which reduces the current flowing through the circuit
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UNIT 1
SERIES RESISTANCE
– Connecting resistors in series can be
beneficial in some cases, such as limiting
the current flowing through a particular
component or balancing the current
flowing through multiple components
– However, it can also lead to reduced
power output and decreased efficiency in
the circuit
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT
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– Resistors connected in parallel are connected across the same
two points
– Voltage across each resistor is the same
– Total resistance of a parallel circuit is calculated using
reciprocal of sum of reciprocals of individual resistances
– Current is divided among resistors based on resistance value
– Current flowing through each resistor can be calculated using
Ohm's Law
– Total current flowing through the parallel circuit is equal to the
sum of the individual currents flowing through each resistor
– Total resistance of parallel circuit is reduced
– Current flowing through the circuit is increased
– Can increase power output and efficiency of the circuit
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– Can also lead to increased power consumption and decreased
voltage output in the circuit
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SERIES-PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
77
– In a series-parallel circuit, resistors are arranged both in
series and parallel
– This arrangement is used in many electrical devices and
systems
– The total resistance of the circuit is determined by
calculating the total resistance of the series part of the
circuit and the parallel part of the circuit, and then adding
these two values together
– To calculate the total resistance of the series part of the
circuit, simply add up the resistance values of each resistor
in the series chain
– To calculate the total resistance of the parallel part of the
circuit, use the reciprocal formula
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– Once you have the total resistance of each part of the
circuit, you can add them together to find the total
resistance of the series-parallel circuit
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SERIES-PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
78
– Voltage divider circuit divides a voltage into smaller
parts using a series of resistors
– Basic circuit consists of two resistors in series,
connected across a voltage source with output voltage
taken from junction of resistors
– The ratio of resistor values determines output voltage
level
– Circuit works based on voltage division principle where
voltage across each resistor in series circuit is
proportional to its resistance value
– Output voltage can be calculated using Vout = Vin x )
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– Used in applications like adjusting transistor bias
voltage, creating reference voltage for analog-todigital converter, and regulating output voltage of
power supply
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UNIT 1
SERIES-PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
– Simple and effective way to obtain
specific voltage level from higher voltage
source and fundamental component in
many electronic circuits
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UNIT 1
SERIES-PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
– The total current flowing through the circuit can
then be calculated using Ohm's Law
– The series-parallel circuit offers greater flexibility in
circuit design
– It allows for a balance between voltage and current
flow, and can be used to create more complex
electrical devices and systems
– However, it can also be more difficult to analyze
and troubleshoot, as the circuit is more complex
and involves both series and parallel connection
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Circuit Type
Definition
Current
Voltage
Power
Applications
Series
Resistors are
connected end-toend, so that the
current flows
through each
resistor in turn.
The current
through each
resistor is the
same.
The total voltage is
the sum of the
individual voltages
across each
resistor.
The power
dissipated by each
resistor is given by
P = I^2 * R.
Christmas tree
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lights, automotive
lighting, and some
electronic circuits.
Parallel
Resistors are
connected across
the same two
points, so that the
voltage across
each resistor is the
same.
Resistors are
arranged in a
combination of
both series and
parallel
connections.
The total current is The voltage across
the sum of the
each resistor is the
individual currents same.
through each
resistor.
The power
dissipated by each
resistor is given by
P = V^2 / R.
Home electrical
wiring, electronic
circuits, and power
distribution
systems.
The current
through each
resistor depends
on its location in
the circuit.
The power
dissipated by each
resistor is given by
P = I * V, and
varies depending
on the location of
the resistor in the
circuit.
Complex electronic
circuits, lighting
systems, and audio
equipment.
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Series-Parallel
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The voltage across
each resistor
depends on its
location in the
circuit.
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VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUITS
83
– Voltage divider circuit divides a voltage into smaller parts
using a series of resistors.
– Basic circuit consists of two resistors in series, connected
across a voltage source with output voltage taken from
junction of resistors.
– The ratio of resistor values determines output voltage level.
– Circuit works based on voltage division principle where
voltage across each resistor in series circuit is proportional
to its resistance value.
– Output voltage can be calculated using Vout = Vin x (R2 /
(R1 + R2)).
– Used in applications like adjusting transistor bias voltage,
creating reference voltage for analog-to-digital converter,
and regulating output voltage of power supply.
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– Simple and effective way to obtain specific voltage level
from higher voltage source and fundamental component in
many electronic circuits.
UNIT 1
CURRENT DIVIDER
CIRCUITS
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– A current divider circuit splits an input current into smaller
parts using parallel resistors
– It is used in electronics to control the current flow through
different branches of a circuit
– The basic circuit consists of two resistors in parallel,
connected across a current source
– The output current is taken from the junction of the two
resistors, and its level is determined by the ratio of the two
resistor values
– The current divider circuit works based on the principle of
current division, which states that the current through each
resistor in a parallel circuit is inversely proportional to its
resistance value
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– The output current can be calculated using the current
division formula: Iout = Iin x (R1 / (R1 + R2))
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UNIT 1
CURRENT DIVIDER
CIRCUITS
– The current divider circuit is commonly
used in various applications, such as
controlling current, impedance matching,
and adjusting transistor bias current
– It is a simple and effective way to split an
input current into smaller parts and is a
fundamental component in many
electronic circuits
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Voltage Divider Circuit
A circuit that divides a voltage
into two or more parts
Current Divider Circuit
A circuit that divides a current into
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two or more parts
Function
Used to obtain a voltage that is a
fraction of the input voltage
Used to obtain currents that are
fractions of the input current
Components
Formula
Resistors
Vout = (R2 / (R1 + R2)) x Vin
Resistors
Iout = (R1 / (R1 + R2)) x Iin
Current Distribution
Same through all resistors
Voltage Distribution
Different through each resistor,
proportional to the resistance
value
Same across all resistors
Different across each resistor,
proportional to the resistance
value
Used in voltage regulation circuits, Used in current regulation circuits,
audio amplifiers, and sensor
transistor biasing circuits, and
circuits
sensor circuits
Definition
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Applications
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MESH ANALYSIS
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– Mesh analysis is a method to solve electrical circuits with
multiple current sources and loops
– The first step is to label the mesh currents, which are
loops without other loops inside
– Kirchhoff's voltage law is applied to each mesh to
calculate the voltage drops around each loop
– The resulting equations are solved simultaneously to
determine the values of the mesh currents using matrix
algebra or substitution
– Once the mesh currents are known, the currents flowing
through each element and voltage drops across each
element can be calculated using Ohm's law
– Mesh analysis is useful for complex circuits and is
commonly used in electronic circuit design and analysis
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– It requires some understanding of algebra and matrix
manipulation
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NODAL ANALYSIS
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– Nodal analysis is used to analyze and solve electrical
circuits with multiple voltage sources and nodes
– The first step is to identify the nodes in the circuit and
designate one as the reference node
– A node voltage symbol is assigned to each node, and the
voltage at each node is calculated with respect to the
reference node
– Kirchhoff's current law is applied at each node, stating that
the sum of currents flowing into a node is equal to the sum
of currents flowing out of the node
– The resulting equations are solved simultaneously to
determine the node voltages, using matrix algebra or
substitution
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– Once the node voltages are known, the currents flowing
through each element of the circuit can be calculated using
Ohm's law
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NODAL ANALYSIS
– Nodal analysis is useful for solving
complex circuits, but it requires some
understanding of algebra and matrix
manipulation
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Mesh Analysis
A method of circuit analysis that
uses loops to determine current
flow
Nodal Analysis
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A method of circuit analysis that
uses nodes to determine voltage
and current flow
Advantages
Best suited for circuits with a
few loops and many nodes
Best suited for circuits with a
few nodes and many loops
Disadvantages
Not well suited for circuits with
many loops
Can be more complex for
circuits with many nodes
Features
Involves assigning currents to
each loop in the circuit
Involves assigning voltages to
each node in the circuit
Applications
Used in the design and analysis
of electronic circuits, especially
for small to medium sized
circuits
Used in the design and analysis
of electronic circuits, especially
for larger and more complex
circuits
Definition
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