Security Level:
Introduction to LTE
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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Security Level:
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Specifications Difference
Specifications
Access scheme
Network Evolution Cost Saving
Flexible Bandwidth
Soft Handover Support
UL Modulation Scheme
DL Modulation Scheme
Hybrid ARQ Support
Neighbour Planning Needed
Control Plane Latency
Higher Peak Throughput (@20MHz)
TTI
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UMTS
LTE
WCDMA
OFDMA (DL) & SC-FDMA (UL)
No, RNC is needed
Yes
3.84 – 5M
1.4 – 20M
Yes for DCH and HSUPA
No
No for HSDPA
QPSK And 16QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
No for DCH,
Yes for HSDPA and HSUPA
Yes
Yes
No if ANR is enabled
< 200ms
< 100ms
84Mbps
DL:150Mbps
20ms/10ms/2ms
1ms
HARQ supports
the FEC and
ARQ, with higher
efficiency
Page 3
Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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MSC
MSC
Server
server
LTE Network Architecture & Elements
BTS

GMSC
GMSC
Server
server
BSC
e-Node hosts the following functions:






PSTN
ISDN
UE
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission
Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both
uplink and downlink (scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast messages (originated from the
MME);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling;
GSM BSS
MGW
MGW
IMS
RNC
NodeB
AS
HSS
CSCF
UE
UTRAN
SGSN
GGSN
eNodeB
MME
UE
Internet
Intranet
PGW
E-UTRAN
SGW
EPC

MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the following functions:






NAS signaling and security;
UE mobility management (attach, detach, tracking area update, handover)
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
Support paging, roaming and authentication.
P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions:

eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation;
EPS Bearer Control
RRC

Interfacing the network to external networks
PDCP
S-GW

S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following functions:
Mobility
Anchoring
MAC

Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for handover; Lawful
P-GW
RLC
UE IP address
allocation
S1
PHY
Packet Filtering
internet
interception; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI; IP assigning for user
E-UTRAN
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EPC
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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OFDM Introduction
Duplex Mode
•
TDD: The uplink and
FDD: The uplink and downlink
downlink use different slots.
use different frequencies.
Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where
•
Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.
traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different amount
•
Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low
of time slots to the uplink and downlink,
•
when the uplink and downlink traffic
improving the flexibility and spectral efficiency.
•
Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires
(primarily data services) is unbalanced.
•
Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA, CDMA2000
GPS synchronization and phase synchronization.
The interference between the DL and UL is difficult
to control.
•
Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX
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OFDM Introduction
OFDM - OFDMA

Introduction



OFDM （Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing） is a modulation multiplexing
scheme. The system bandwidth is divided into a
plurality of orthogonal.
Orthogonality of different subcarriers is achieved
by the baseband IFFT(inverse fast Fourier
transformation).
OFDM



OFDM has many advantages that can meet the needs of EUTRAN, which is one of B3G and 4G key technology.
OFDM is a modulation multiplexing scheme, and the
corresponding multi-access techniques is OFDMA. OFDMA
are used in LTE downlink.
For LTE uplink the multiple access scheme is SC-FDMA .
System Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Guard
…
Intervals
Symbols
Frequency
…
Time
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Radio Frame Structure

Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:

Type 1, applicable to FDD

Type 2, applicable to TDD

FDD Radio Frame Structure:
LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz.
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. One
slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration


One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
One subframe

#2
#3
#18
#19
FDD Radio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block:



LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency
domain
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration
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Channel bandwidth
BWChannel [MHz]
Transmission
bandwidth
configuration NRB
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
6
15
25
50
75
100
LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Physical Channels

Downlink Channels：







Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for cell search,
such as cell ID.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource allocation of
PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink user data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers information of
the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid ARQ
ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast information.
Uplink Channels：



Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random access
preamble.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ ACK/NACK,
Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI).
LTE Resource: http://dhagle.in/LTE

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LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Downlink RS (Reference Signal)
Downlink RS (Reference Signal):

Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel demodulation and
channel quality measurement (CQI)
R0
One antenna port
One Antenna Port

R0
R0
R0
R0

R0
l6 l0
l6
RE
Resource element (k,l)
Two antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l6
R0
l0
R0
RS symbols on this
antenna port
R1
l6
R1
R1
R0
Characteristics:
 Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-specific RS sequence
and frequency shift mapping. RS is the pseudo-random sequence transmits in
the time-frequency domain.
 The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.

RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation, also high overhead that
impacting the system capacity.
Reference symbols on this antenna port
l6 l0
R1
R0
Not used for RS
transmission on this
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
antenna port
R1
R1
R0
l6 l0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l0
Four antenna ports
Two Antenna Ports
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in TimeFrequency Domain
R0
l0
Four Antenna Ports
R0
R2
R1
R1
R3
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port
R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R3
R2
R1
R2
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R3
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port
R0
l0
R0
R1
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
Antenna Port 0
l0
R1
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
R2
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
Antenna Port 1
l0
R3
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
Antenna Port 2
l0
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
Antenna Port 3
LTE Resource: http://dhagle.in/LTE

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LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Definition of RSRP And RSRQ
RSRP is the linear average of reference signal power (in Watts) across the specified bandwidth (in number of REs). This is the most
important item UE has to measure for cell selection, reselection and handover.
Since RSRP measures only the reference power, we can say this is the strength of the wanted signal. But it does not gives any information
about signal quality. So for quality of the signal information another parameter called 'RSRQ' is used.
RSRQ =(N x RSRP)/RSSI , where

N is the number of RBs over the measurement bandwidth.

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), it contains all sorts of power including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells,
adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.

Therefore, (N x RSRP)/RSSI indicates "What is the portion of pure RS power over the whole E-UTRA power received by the UE".
Reported value
RSRP_00
RSRP_01
RSRP_02
…
RSRP_95
RSRP_96
RSRP_97
Measured quantity value
RSRP  -140
-140  RSRP < -139
-139  RSRP < -138
…
-46  RSRP < -45
-45  RSRP < -44
-44  RSRP
RSRP measurement report
mapping
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Unit
dBm
dBm
dBm
…
dBm
dBm
dBm
Reported value
RSRQ_00
RSRQ_01
RSRQ_02
…
RSRQ_32
RSRQ_33
RSRQ_34
Measured quantity value
RSRQ  -19.5
-19.5  RSRQ < -19
-19  RSRQ < -18.5
…
-4  RSRQ < -3.5
-3.5  RSRQ < -3
-3  RSRQ
RSRQ measurement report mapping
Page 14
Unit
dB
dB
dB
…
dB
dB
dB
LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
CQI And SINR
For the downlink data transmissions in LTE, the eNodeB typically selects the modulation scheme and code rate depending on a prediction
of the downlink channel conditions.
An important input to this selection process is the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) feedback transmitted by the User Equipment (UE) in the
uplink. CQI feedback is an indication of the data rate which can be supported by the channel, taking into account the
Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and the characteristics of the UE’s receiver.
SINR = S/(I + N) , where

S : indicates the power of measured usable signals.

I : indicates the average interference power.

N : indicates background noise, which is related to measurement bandwidth and receiver noise coefficient.
For the uplink, link adaptation takes SINR into account. The SINR is based on measurements on the uplink demodulation reference signal.
The transport format selection influences the scheduling decision, so the scheduling decision is implicitly influenced by channel quality
estimations (CQI for downlink and SINR for uplink).
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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PCI Planning
Principles
Synchronization Signal


Synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
Synchronization signal comprise two parts:

Primary Synchronization Signal (P-SCH), used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.

Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-SCH), used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:



The bandwidth of the synchronization signal is 62
subcarrier, locating in the central part of system
bandwidth, regardless of system bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted only in the
1st and 11th slots of every 10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is located in the
last symbol of the transmit slot. The secondary
synchronization signal is located in the 2nd last
symbol of the transmit slot.
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PCI Planning
Principles
PCI And Planning Rules
In LTE system, the physical cell identifier (PCI) is used to differentiate radio signals of different cells. The function of PCIs in the LTE system is
similar to that of scrambling codes in WCDMA system.
PCI= 3 * PCI Group ID (SSS) + ID within PCI Group (PSS)
UE captures ID within PCI Group through demodulating P-SCH, and captures PCI
Group ID through demodulating S-SCH. PSS are in the range of 0 to 2 and decided by
mod(PCI,3/6), SSS are in the range of 0 to 167, so PCI are in the range of 0 to 503.
The scrambling code ranges from 0 to 511 whereas the PCI ranges from 0 to 503. In
addition, the protocols do not have specific requirements for scrambling code planning.
Therefore, only the reuse distance and PCI MOD3 (or MOD6) need to be ensured in
planning.
Number of C-RS related to the number of antenna ports. C-RS distribution are decided
by mod6 for signal antenna port scenario and by mod3 for multiple antenna ports(≥2)
scenario.
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PCI Planning
Principles
PCI And Planning Rules (Cont.)
LTE is usually implemented in 2*2 scenario, and this makes PCI planning is difficult.
Below is an example of cross antenna interference, where C-RS of first antenna of eNodeB1 interfere with C-RS of the second antenna of
eNodeB2.
MOD3 planning principle reduces all PCIs into 3 groups.
Groups for which PCI MOD 3 equals to 0,1 or 2 respectively.
Such limitation comply with the typical planning configuration
into 3 sector sites.
L.CSFB.PrepSucc
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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Scheduling Introduction
Scheduling Introduction
LTE system adopts shared-channel transmissions in which time-frequency resources are
dynamically shared by user equipment (UEs). eNodeBs perform scheduling to allocate timefrequency resources for uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmissions.
Resources are allocated to UEs in units of resource blocks (RBs). The minimum scheduling unit
consists of 12 subcarriers (spanning 180 kHz in the frequency domain) and 1 subframe (lasting 1
ms in the time domain)
DL Scheduler (Pictured)

UE Capability : there is maximum numbers of bits and layers that can be transmitted in each
TTI for each UE category.

UE measurement gaps : refers to the time during which the UE can perform inter-frequency
or inter-RAT measurements at another frequency

Sync status : indicates whether the UE is in the synchronous or out-of-synchronous state

Data buffer status : indicates the data volume in the Radio Link Control (RLC) buffer to
schedule.

HARQ feedback : HARQ feedback includes ACK and NACK, indicating whether data is
correctly transmitted or retransmitted.
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Scheduling Introduction
DL Scheduler (Cont.)

QoS Parameters : The QoS requirements (QCI, AMBR) for RBs are transmitted from the
EPC to the eNodeB through the S1 Application Part.

Channel State Inputs : A DL scheduler schedules UEs and allocates resources to UEs
based on the channel state information (CSI), which includes the rank indication (RI),
precoding matrix indication (PMI), and CQI. The RI, PMI, and CQI are estimated by the UE
based on the instantaneous DL channel quality.

DL Power : The DL transmit (TX) power is shared by all UEs in a cell. According to 3GPP,
DL TX power is determined by the cell-specific reference signal (RS) energy per resource
element (EPRE), PA, and PB.

MIMO Transmission Mode : The MIMO transmission mode is an input to the DL scheduler.

ICIC-related Inputs : ICIC divides the transmission bandwidth into center bands and edge
bands. This division determines the DL or UL band for data scheduling and allocation
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Scheduling Introduction
UL Scheduler (Pictured)

SR : The scheduling request (SR) is a message sent by a UE to the eNodeB to
request UL resources for data transmission.

BSR : A buffer status report (BSR) is sent by a UE to the eNodeB to show the data
amount in the UL buffer of the UE.

SINR : UL scheduler schedules UEs and allocates resources to UEs based on SINR.
SINR is used to estimate UL channel conditions and the eNodeB obtains SINR by
measuring sounding reference signals (SRSs) and demodulation reference signals
(DMRSs).

Power Headroom Report : Power Headroom Report (PHR) shows the power
headroom of a UE, which indicates the UE power status and equals the difference
between the maximum TX power and the used TX power in the UL.
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Page 23
SchedulingLTE
Introduction
Main
KPIs
QCI Definition
There are 9 QCIs defined in the 3GPP , each has its QoS requirements :
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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LTE KPIs Introduction
RRC Setup Success Ratio
RRC Setup Success Ratio 
Number of RRC Setup Successes
 100%
Number of RRC Connection Attempts
UE
RRC Connection Request
eNB
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Setup Complete
S1 SIG Setup Success Ratio
S1SigSetupSuccessRate 
S1SigConnectionEstablishSuccess
 100%
S1SigConnectionEstablishAttempt
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Page 26
LTE KPIs Introduction
E-RAB Setup Success Ratio
ERABSetupS uccessRate 
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ERABSetupS uccess
 100%
ERABSetupA ttempt
Page 27
Page 27
LTE KPIs Introduction
ATTACH PROCESS
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LTE KPIs Introduction
Service Drop Rate
Service Drop Rate 
L.E - RAB.Abnorm Rel  L.E - RAB.Abnorm Rel.MME
 100%
L.E - RAB.Abnorm Rel  L.E - RAB.NormRe l
MME
eNodeB
UE Context Release Request
If the eNodeB sends an E-RAB Release Indication message to the MME or a UE Context
UE Context Release
Command
Release Request message to the MME , the release reason is not one of the following, it is
defined as call drop.

Normal Release

Detach

User Inactivity

CS Fallback triggered

UE Not Available for PS Service

Inter-RAT Redirection
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eNodeB
MME
E-RAB Release Indication
E-RAB Release Command
Page 29
Page 29
LTE KPIs Introduction
Handover Out Success Rate
IntraFreqHOOut _ SR 
IntraFreqHOOutSucces s
 100%
IntraFreqHOOutAttempt
InterFreqHOOut _ SR 
InterFreqHOOutSucces s
 100%
InterFreqHOOutAttempt
Intra eNodeB
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LTE KPIs Introduction
Handover Out Success Rate (Cont.)
Inter eNodeB (X2-Based HO)
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Inter eNodeB (S1-Based HO)
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LTE KPIs Introduction
Handover In Success Rate
HOInSucces s
HOIn _ SR 
 100%
HOInAttempt
Intra eNodeB
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LTE KPIs Introduction
Handover In Success Rate (Cont.)
Inter eNodeB (X2-Based HO)
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Inter eNodeB (S1-Based HO)
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Page 33
LTE KPIs Introduction
Inter-RAT Handover Out Success Rate (LTE to WCDMA)
IRATHO _ E 2W _ SR 
IRATHO _ E 2W _ Success
100%
IRATHO _ E 2W _ Attempt
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LTE KPIs Introduction
CS Fallback Success Rate (4G Side Only)
CS Fallback Success Rate 
CSFB _ Success
 100%
CSFB _ Attempt
L.CSFB.PrepAtt counter is incremented by 1 each time the eNodeB
receives an INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message, or UE
CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message containing the IE "CS
Fallback Indicator” from the MME.
L.CSFB.PrepAtt
L.RRCRedirection.E2W.CSFB
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Content

Specifications Differences

LTE Network Architecture & Elements

OFDM Introduction

LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

PCI Planning Principles

Scheduling Introduction

LTE KPIs Introduction

LTE Capacity Introduction
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LTE Capacity
Introduction
Downlink PRB Usage
The following item is used in monitoring :

Downlink PRB usage: L.ChMeas.PRB.DL.Used.Avg / L.ChMeas.PRB.DL.Avail x 100%
Where:


L.ChMeas.PRB.DL.Used.Avg indicates the average number of used downlink PRBs.
L.ChMeas.PRB.DL.Avail indicates the number of available downlink PRBs.
PDCCH Resource Usage
The following item is used in monitoring :

PDCCH Resource Usage = (L.ChMeas.CCE.CommUsed + L.ChMeas.CCE.ULUsed + L.ChMeas.CCE.DLUsed)/L.ChMeas.CCE.Avail x
100%
Where:
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
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L.ChMeas.CCE.CommUsed indicates the number of PDCCH CCEs used for common signaling.
L.ChMeas.CCE.ULUsed indicates the number of PDCCH CCEs used for uplink scheduling.
L.ChMeas.CCE.DLUsed indicates the number of PDCCH CCEs used for downlink scheduling.
L.ChMeas.CCE.Avail indicates the number of available CCEs.
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LTE Capacity
Introduction
Connected User License Usage
The following item is used in monitoring :

RRC connected user license usage = ∑L.Traffic.User.Avg/Licensed number of RRC connected users x 100%
Where:


L.Traffic.User.Avg indicates the average number of RRC connected users in a cell.
∑L.Traffic.User.Avg indicates the sum of the average number of RRC connected users in all cells under an eNodeB.
Main Control Board CPU Usage
The following items are used in monitoring :

VS.Board.CPUload.Mean

VS.Board.CPULoad.CumulativeHighloadCount
Where:


VS.Board.CPUload.Mean indicates the average main-control-board CPU usage.
VS.Board.CPULoad.CumulativeHighloadCount indicates the number of times that the main-control-board CPU usage exceeds a
preconfigured threshold (85% for example).
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LTE Capacity
Introduction
BaseBand Processing Unit CPU Usage
The following items are used in monitoring :

VS.Board.CPUload.Mean

VS.Board.CPULoad.CumulativeHighloadCount
Where:


VS.Board.CPUload.Mean indicates the average CPU usage.
VS.Board.CPULoad.CumulativeHighloadCount indicates the number of times that the CPU usage exceeds a preconfigured threshold
(85% for example).
Cell Power Utilization
The following item is used in monitoring :

Proportion of the average downlink transmit power to the available power per cell = L.DLPwr.Avg/Available power *100%
Where:


L.DLPwr.Avg indicates average downlink transmit power in a cell.
Available power per cell
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LTE Capacity
Introduction
Ethernet Port Utilization
The following items are used in monitoring :

Proportion of the average uplink transmission rate to the allocated bandwidth = VS.FEGE.TxMeanSpeed/Allocated bandwidth x 100%

Proportion of the maximum uplink transmission rate to the allocated bandwidth = VS.FEGE.TxMaxSpeed/Allocated bandwidth x 100%

Proportion of the average downlink reception rate to the allocated bandwidth = VS.FEGE.RxMeanSpeed/Allocated bandwidth x 100%

Proportion of the maximum downlink reception rate to the allocated bandwidth = VS.FEGE.RxMaxSpeed/Allocated bandwidth x 100%
Where:
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VS.FEGE.TxMeanSpeed indicates the average transmission rate of an Ethernet port.
VS.FEGE.TxMaxSpeed indicates the maximum transmission rate of an Ethernet port.
VS.FEGE.RxMeanSpeed indicates the average reception rate of an Ethernet port.
VS.FEGE.RxMaxSpeed indicates the maximum reception rate of an Ethernet port.
Allocated Bandwidth is configurable.
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Thank you
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Copyright©2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
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