Jaitapur Nuclear
Power Project
Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is a
proposed nuclear power plant in India. If
built, it would be the largest nuclear
power generating station in the world by
net generation capacity, at
9,900 MW.[3][4] The power project is
proposed by Nuclear Power Corporation
of India (NPCIL) and would be built at
Madban village of Ratnagiri district in
Maharashtra.[5]
Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project
Wikimedia
| © OpenStreetMap
Country
India
Coordinates
16°35′43″N
73°20′28″E (https://g
eohack.toolforge.or
g/geohack.php?pag
ename=Jaitapur_Nu
clear_Power_Project
&params=16_35_43
_N_73_20_28_E_typ
e:landmark_region:I
N)
Status
Planned.
Construction to start
in late 2018 to
Construction cost
2023.[1]
₹1.12 trillion
(US$14 billion)[2]
Owner(s)
NPCIL
Operator(s)
NPCIL
Nuclear power station
Reactor type
EPR
Reactor supplier
Framatome
Cooling source
Rajapur Bay, Arabian
Sea
Power generation
Units planned
6 x 1650 MW
Nameplate capacity
9900 MW
[edit on Wikidata]
On 6 December 2010 agreement was
signed for the construction of a first set
of two third-generation European
Pressurized Reactors and the supply of
nuclear fuel for 25 years in the presence
of French president Nicolas Sarkozy and
Indian prime minister Manmohan
Singh.[6] French state-controlled nuclear
engineering firm Areva S.A. and Indian
state-owned nuclear operator Nuclear
Power Corporation of India signed the
agreement, valued about $9.3 billion.
This is a general framework agreement
that was signed along with the
agreement on 'Protection of
Confidentiality of Technical Data and
Information Relating to Nuclear Power
Corporation in the Peaceful Uses of
Nuclear Energy'.[7][8][9][10][11] The plant
construction was expected to start in late
2018.[1] As of June 2019, NPCIL officials
could not give a time-frame as to when
the Jaitapur plant would be
operational.[12]
In April 2021, EDF submitted a binding
technico-commercial offer to NPCIL and
hoped to reach a binding framework
agreement "in the coming months".[13]
Geography
The proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power
Project is located at the west coast of
India. It has an average elevation of 90
feet (27 m). This project will spread over
968 hectares (3.74 sq mi; 9.68 km2) of
land. Jaitapur is on the Arabian Sea
coast in Ratnagiri district in the
southwestern part of Maharashtra, India.
The district is a part of Konkan in
Western Ghats.[14] The Sahyadri
Mountain range forms the eastern
boundary of the Konkan, and the
Arabian Sea marks the western
boundary. Jaitapur was one of the
important ports in ancient and early
medieval times.[15]
Project description
Computer generated image of one EPR nuclear power unit.
It is proposed to construct 6 European
Pressurized Reactors designed and
developed by Framatome (former
Areva) of France, each of 1650 MW,
thus totalling 9900 MW. These are the
third generation pressurised water
reactors (PWR).
Estimated cost of this project was
around ₹1,000 billion
(US$13 billion).[16][17] A memorandum of
understanding was signed between the
Indian and French governments and an
agreement between Areva and the
Nuclear Power Corporation of India
during French president Nicolas
Sarkozy's visit to India during December
2010.[18] A new agreement between
Électricité de France and the Nuclear
Power Corporation of India was signed in
March 2018.[19]
The cost of building the plant is about
₹20 crore (US$2.5 million) per MW
electric power compared with ₹5 crore
(US$630,000) per MW electric power for
a coal power station.[20] Nuclear power
plants generally feature significantly
higher investment cost while day-to-day
operating cost is lower compared to
combustion plants. Refraining from
going into detail, Areva CEO Anne
Lauvergeon asserted in November 2010
that the cost of electricity from this
power plant will be below ₹4 (5.0¢ US)
per Kilowatt hour.[10]
A consortium of French financial
institutions will finance this project as a
loan. Both French and Indian
government will give sovereign
guarantee for this loan. The extent of
guarantee will depend on what portion of
the cost the French credit will cover. The
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) will govern
the interest rates and other terms of
agreement. Interest rates and other
terms are under discussion.[21]
It is one of several nuclear power
projects being undertaken in a thin strip
of coast of Raigad, Ratnagiri and
Sindhudurg districts. The total power
generating capacity proposed on a
narrow strip of coastal land 50
kilometres (31 mi) to 90 kilometres
(56 mi) km wide and 200 kilometres
(120 mi) long is around
33,000 MW.[22][23] The prospect of
nuclear power generation in India
received a boost after the Indo US
Civilian Nuclear Agreement became
operational in October 2008. India has
also signed similar agreements with
France and Russia.[24][25][26]
In April 2021, EDF submitted a binding
technico-commercial offer to NPCIL,
setting out the conditions under which
the project could be taken forward as
part of "a long-term partnership between
the French and Indian nuclear
industries", and enabling discussions
aimed at reaching a binding framework
agreement "in the coming months". EDF
would provide the technology but would
not be an investor; NPCIL would be in
charge of construction.[13]
Controversy
Nuclear liability
According to the Areva lack of clarity on
The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill
2010 passed in Indian Parliament in
August 2010 is a hurdle in finalising
deal.[27] This Civil Liability for Nuclear
Damage Bill 2010 has a clause that deals
with the legal binding of the culpable
groups in case of a nuclear accident. It
allows only the operator (NPCIL) to sue
the manufacturers and suppliers. Victims
will not be able to sue anyone. In reality,
no one will be considered legally liable
because the recourse taken by the
operator will yield only ₹15 billion
(US$190 million). United States of
America has a law on liability-related
issues for all non-military nuclear
facilities constructed in the United States
before 2026 named Price–Anderson
Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act. This
American Act establishes a no fault
insurance-type system in which the first
$10 billion is industry-funded as
described in the Act (any claims above
the $10 billion would be covered by the
federal government).[28][29]
Debate
Debate on nuclear power project at
Jaitapur is ongoing on various levels.
Environmental effects of nuclear power
and geological issues have been raised
by anti nuclear activists of India against
this power project. Even though The
Government of Maharashtra state
completed land acquisition in January
2010, only 33 out of the 2,335 villagers
had accepted compensation cheques as
of November 2010.[30] As of 12 February
2014, land compensation has been
accepted by all 2336 title holders.[31] A
public hearing on the environmental
impact assessment (EIA) Report,
prepared by NEERI was conducted by
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, on
behalf of Ministry of Environment and
Forests on 16 April 2010, at the plant site.
The public hearing became controversial
as the EIA report was not delivered for
study to 3 of the 4 Gram panchayat
(local village bodies) a month in
advance.[32]
A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also
been filed against the government's civil
nuclear program at the apex Supreme
Court. The PIL specifically asks for the
"staying of all proposed nuclear power
plants till satisfactory safety measures
and cost-benefit analyses are
completed by independent
agencies".[33][34]
Opponents
Since Jaitapur is a seismically sensitive
area, the danger of an earthquake has
been foremost on the minds of people.
According to the Earthquake hazard
zoning of India, Jaitapur comes under
Zone III. This zone is called the moderate
Risk Zone and covers areas liable to
MSK VIII.[35][36] The presence of two
major creeks on the proposed site has
been ignored while clearing the site.[37]
It is not clear where the nuclear waste
from the site will be shipped for recycling
or removed for disposal. The plant is
estimated to generate 300 tonnes of
used nuclear fuel each year, the volume
of a 2.5 m sided cube. Owing to the
Generation III reactors having a higher
fuel efficiency than previous Gen II
designs,[38] the smaller amount of used
nuclear fuel from an EPR will contain
"four times" as much fission products by
volume, Iodine, Caesium, etc.,
compared to presently operating Gen II
pressurised water reactors.[16]
Since the plant will use the sea water for
cooling and then release warmed water
in the Arabian Sea, fishermen in villages
around fear the destruction of fisheries in
the nearby sea. Media articles also
highlight the possible human and
fisheries cost of this project.[39]
An independent social impact
assessment review of the project are
being conducted by the Jamsetji Tata
Centre for Disaster Management of the
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS).
According to this report, the Government
of India is has not been fully transparent
with its citizens, and is hiding the huge
negative impacts on the social and
environmental development of the
Konkan region in general. The
government is allegedly manipulating
the area seismic risk level, lowering it
from high severity earthquake zone to
moderate seismic severity zone.[40][41]
The report has been contested by NPCIL
stating that they have done sufficient
sensitization of the public and the
exclusion of reprocessing plant from the
'environmental impact assessment
report' was because there were no plan
to establish one in Jaitapur.[42]
Proponents
Proponents are advocating the Jaitapur
Project as safe, environmentally benign
and an economically viable source of
electrical energy to meet the increasing
electricity needs of India.[43] They argue
that nuclear power is a sustainable
energy source that reduces carbon
emissions and increases energy security
by decreasing India's dependence on
foreign oil. The promoter of Jaitapur
project is Nuclear Power Corporation of
India. It is a public Sector Enterprise
under the administrative control of the
Department of Atomic Energy (India).
I know the environmentalists will not be
very happy with my decision, but it is
foolish romance to think that India can
attain high growth rate and sustain the
energy needs of a 1.2 billion population
with the help of solar, wind, biogas and
such other forms of energy. It is
paradoxical that environmentalists are
against nuclear energy,
Jairam Ramesh, Environment Minister.[44]
As of 2010, India is sixth in rank, after
USA, France, Japan, the Russian
Federation and the Republic of Korea, to
have twenty or more nuclear power
reactors in operation.[45] According to
former chairman of Atomic Energy
Commission Anil Kakodkar, the Jaitapur
site is the best as it fulfilled the technical
and scientific requirements for a nuclear
power plant.[46][47] It is proposed that the
spent fuel generated at this nuclear
power plant be recycled. Only five
percent of it would be encapsulated and
stored for 30 to 40 years, till scientists
develop some technology to treat it.[48]
The environmental impact assessment
and other associated studies of the
Jaitapur project have been carried out in
detail over the last few years by National
Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI), Nagpur in collaboration
with several other reputed organisations
specialising in specific environment
studies.[49]
These studies include Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre Pre-operational
Baseline Radiological Survey of the Area
around JNPP Site, Central Water and
Power Research Station Pune, Thermal
Dispersion Studies for Condenser
Cooling Water (CCW) Discharges,
Konkan Krishi Vidyapith, College of
Forestry, Dapoli, Baseline Biodiversity
Study of the area around JNPP Site.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India has
declared that 1.5 to 2 percent of the net
profit from Jaitapur plant would be spent
in that area only. Development projects
will be decided by local people and NPC
will provide the funds to ensure
development of these areas.[50]
Protests
Many protests have been carried out by
the local population against the
proposed nuclear power plant. On 29
December 2009, 12 January 2010, and
22 January 2010, when the government
authorities visited Madban for
distribution of cheques in lieu of
compulsory land acquisition, the
villagers refused to accept the cheques.
Government officials were shown black
flags, and were denied any co-operation
in carrying out their activities. 72 people
were arrested on 22 January 2010 when
people protested against the compulsory
land acquisition.[51][52][53]
Debate about the nuclear power project
at Jaitapur is ongoing on various levels.
Environmental effects of nuclear power
and geological issues have been raised
by anti nuclear activists. On 4 December
2010, protests became violent when
over 1500 people were detained from
among thousands of protesters, who
included environmentalists and local
villagers.
Members and leaders of the Konkan
Bachao Samiti (KBS) and the Janahit
Seva Samiti (organisations that are
spearheading opposition to the project)
were also detained.[54] In Mumbai,
members of various trade unions and
social organisations came together to
protest against the project. The
protesters raised doubts about the
neutrality of the Environment Impact
Assessment Report prepared by the
National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (NEERI), which forms
the basis of environmental clearance for
the project. Parallel studies carried out
by the Bombay Natural History Society
show that the Jaitapur nuclear plant
project will cause substantial
environmental damage.[55]
On 18 April 2011, one man was shot and
killed by police and eight were injured
after protests turned violent.[56][57]
See also
India portal
Nuclear
technology
portal
Energy
portal
Economics of new nuclear power
plants
Energy policy of India
Generation IV reactor
Nuclear power in India
Nuclear renaissance
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Further reading
Struwe, D. Jacobs, H. Imke, U.
Consequence evaluation of in-vessel fuel
coolant interactions in the European
Pressurized Water Reactor (http://hdl.handl
e.net/10068/165707) ISSN 0947-8620
Fischer, Manfred (2004). "The severe
accident mitigation concept and the design
measures for core melt retention of the
European Pressurized Reactor (EPR)".
Nuclear Engineering and Design. 230 (1–
3): 169–180.
doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2003.11.034 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2003.1
1.034) .
Lovins, Amory B. and Price, John H. (1975).
Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an
Ethical Energy Strategy (Cambridge, Mass.:
Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975. xxxii +
223pp. ISBN 0-88410-602-0, ISBN 088410-603-9).
with Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt,
and Doug Koplow. The World Nuclear
Industry Status Report 2009 (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20110424000745/http://ww
w.bmu.de/english/nuclear_safety/downloa
ds/doc/44832.php) Commissioned by
German Federal Ministry of Environment,
Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety,
August 2009.
Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of
a Nuclear Disaster (Dalkey Archive Press
2005; ISBN 1-56478-401-0)
Cravens, Gwyneth (2007). Power to Save
the World: the Truth about Nuclear Energy.
New York: Knopf. pp. 464. ISBN 0-30726656-7.
Herbst, Alan M. and George W. Hopley
(2007). Nuclear Energy Now: Why the Time
has come for the World's Most
Misunderstood Energy Source, Wiley.
Elliott, David (2007). Nuclear or Not? Does
Nuclear Power Have a Place in a
Sustainable Energy Future?, Palgrave.
External links
Nuclear Power Corporation of India (ht
tp://www.npcil.nic.in/index.aspx)
(official site)
Data sheet and people protests
Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (http://
keralore.com/blogs/1113/is-jaitapur-n
uclear-power-project-safejnpp/)
Resisting Jaitapur Nuclear Power
Project (http://jaitapur.wordpress.co
m) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160314173942/https://jaitapur.
wordpress.com/) 14 March 2016 at
the Wayback Machine
Resources on Jaitapur nuclear power
project (http://www.indiaenvironmentp
ortal.org.in/category/thesaurus/jaitap
ur)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project&oldid=114
5089261"
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