U.S. HISTORY A: CHAPTER 9/10 STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST CHAPTER 9 1. Who was Andrew Carnegie? Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the British Empire. 2. Who was JD Rockefeller? John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He has been widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Rockefeller was born into a large family in Upstate New York who moved several times before eventually settling in Cleveland. 3. Who was Cornelius Vanderbuilt? Cornelius Vanderbilt, nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. 4. Who was JP Morgan? John Pierpont Morgan was an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age. 5. Why were unions formed? Labor unions were created in order to help the workers with work-related difficulties such as low pay, unsafe or unsanitary working conditions, long hours, and other situations. Workers often had problems with their bosses as a result of membership in the unions. 6. What were the problems workers faced during Industrialization? The working conditions in factories were often harsh. Hours were long, typically ten to twelve hours a day. Working conditions were frequently unsafe and led to deadly accidents. Tasks tended to be divided for efficiency's sake which led to repetitive and monotonous work for employees. 7. Why was child labor common? Children were often preferred employees over adults. Instead of paying higher wages for adults to perform the same duties, children could be employed at a much cheaper rate. They were working long hours, for little pay, in unsafe working conditions, not permitting them to be children and getting an education. 8. What techniques did owners use against workers? In addition to using strikebreakers, management also used a variety of tactics to defeat unions and suppress labor movements. These tactics include: Lockout: closing a factory or workplace to prevent workers from going to work and breaking a labor movement before it could get organized. 9. Who was Thomas Edison and what were his major accomplishments? One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life, contributing inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as improving the telegraph and telephone. 10. Why did monopolies and trusts start to fade away in the late 1800s? In 1890, reformers got Congress to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act. This law focused on "combinations" like monopolies (also called trusts). It banned them if they interfered with interstate commerce by eliminating competition and keeping the prices of goods high. 11. What contributed to the industrial boom of the early 1900s? A surge of technological innovations and inventions, like Thomas Edison's incandescent lightbulb and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, fueled this economic growth. The economic boom made the rich richer and the poor poorer, widening the already large economic gap between the two groups. 12. What were “yellow dog” contracts and why were workers forced to sign them? Yellow dog contracts are agreements between an employer and employee in which, often as a precondition to being hired, the employee agrees not to become a labor union member or act in collaboration with other employees. There are both federal and state statutes outlawing yellow dog contracts. 13. Describe vertical integration In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. 14. Describe horizontal integration Horizontal integration occurs when a company acquires or merges with another company in the same industry that is operating at the same level in the value chain. Companies may pursue horizontal integration to grow their existing business or prevent a competitor from gaining market share. 15. What was the Sherman Antitrust Act? The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 is a United States antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce. It was passed by Congress and is named for Senator John Sherman, its principal author. Ch 10 Review: Urban America 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Section 1 Before 1890, where did most of the immigrants come from? After 1890? Where did most of the new immigrants settle? What happened when an immigrant arrived at Ellis Island? Where did Chinese immigrants settle? Define the Chinese Exclusion Act. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Section 2 Why did farmers move to the cities? What groups were among the nations rising middle class during this period/ What were tenements? What problems did cities face? What is a political machine? Who was “Boss” Tweed” Section 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define Gilded Age. What is Social Darwinism? Who was Horatio Alger? Define philanthropy. What were some of the things people did for fun during this time period? Who was Scott Joplin? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Section 4 What book did Henry George publish in 1879? Who was Lester Frank Ward and what did he argue? What was the purpose of the Salvation Army? Define settlement houses. Who was Booker T. Washington and what school did he find in1881? Define Americanization.
