LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
NokiaEDU
FDD Capacity Planning
FDD and TDD LTE Radio Planning [22R3-SR]
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
RA41200-V-22R3
1
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Copyright and confidentiality
The contents of this document are proprietary
and confidential property of Nokia. This
document is provided subject to confidentiality
obligations of the applicable agreement(s).
This document is intended for use of Nokia’s
customers and collaborators only for the
purpose for which this document is submitted
by Nokia. No part of this document may be
reproduced or made available to the public or
to any third party in any form or means without
the prior written permission of Nokia. This
document is to be used by properly trained
professional personnel. Any use of the contents
in this document is limited strictly to the use(s)
specifically
created
in
the
applicable
agreement(s) under which the document is
submitted. The user of this document may
voluntarily provide suggestions, comments or
other feedback to Nokia in respect of the
contents of this document ("Feedback").
2
Such Feedback may be used in Nokia products
and
related
specifications
or
other
documentation. Accordingly, if the user of this
document gives Nokia Feedback on the
contents of this document, Nokia may freely
use, disclose, reproduce, license, distribute and
otherwise commercialize the feedback in any
Nokia
product,
technology,
service,
specification or other documentation.
Nokia operates a policy of ongoing
development. Nokia reserves the right to make
changes and improvements to any of the
products and/or services described in this
document or withdraw this document at any
time without prior notice.
The contents of this document are provided
"as is". Except as required by applicable law, no
warranties of any kind, either express or
implied, including, but not limited to, the
RA41200-V-22R3
implied warranties of merchantability and
fitness for a particular purpose, are made in
relation to the accuracy, reliability or contents
of this document. NOKIA SHALL NOT BE
RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN
THIS DOCUMENT or for any loss of data or
income
or
any
special,
incidental,
consequential, indirect or direct damages
howsoever caused, that might arise from the
use of this document or any contents of this
document.
This document and the product(s) it describes
are protected by copyright according to the
applicable laws.
Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia
Corporation. Other product and company
names mentioned herein may be trademarks or
trade names of their respective owners.
© Nokia 2022
2
RA41200-V-22R3
2
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
RA4120 – Learning Elements list
➢
Introduction and radio planning process overview
➢
Coverage Dimensioning - Link Budget
➢
Coverage Dimensioning - Cell Range
➢
Capacity Dimensioning
➢
Nokia LTE Solution
➢
Initial Parameter Planning
➢
Paging and Tracking Area Planning
Appendix:
4
➢
Performance Simulations
➢
Radio Propagation Fundamentals
➢
EPS/LTE Overview
➢
Air Interface
➢
Air Interface Overhead
➢
RRM Overview
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
4
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant will be able to:
• Describe basic traffic modelling
• Evaluate the cell capacity
• Describe the main factors impacting the cell capacity
• Review the baseband dimensioning
5
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
5
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Module Contents
• Throughput Capacity Dimensioning
- Traffic Model
- Cell Throughput capacity
• Baseband Dimensioning
6
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
6
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Dimensioning – To calculate the number of required sites for target area
Target Area
Link Budget
（MAPL)
Propagation
Model
Total User
Traffic Model
Capacity
per site
Traffic demand per user
during busy hour
Cell radius
（area per cell / site）
Total Expected Traffic
No. of Sites for Capacity
No. of Sites for Coverage
Max
Coverage Dimensioning
Capacity Dimensioning
Dimensioning output:
No. of required Sites
7
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
There are two concerns on capacity
dimensioning --- Throughput and Baseband.
Usually the latter does not become the
decisive factor.
© Nokia 2022
7
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
The Number of Sites due to Capacity
Operator subscriber density depends on:
• Population density
• Mobile phone (Technology) penetration
• Operator market share
The subscriber density & subscriber traffic profile are the main requirements for capacity dimensioning
Traffic forecast should be done by analyzing the offered Busy Hour traffic per subscriber for different services in
each rollout phase
Traffic data:
• Voice:
• Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
• Codec bit rate, Voice activity
•Video call :
•Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
•Service bit rates
• NRT data :
• Average throughput (kbps) per subscriber during busy hour of the network
• Target bit rates
8
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
8
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Traffic Model
- Subscriber traffic profile from traffic model
- The main purpose of traffic model is to describe the average subscriber behaviour during the most loaded day
period (the Busy Hour)
- Example traffic model
• The traffic model defines an application mix consisting of 5 services (VoIP, Video, Streaming, Web browsing &
FTP)
• There are 3 subscriber profiles each one mapped onto an application mix:
- Voice Dominant
- Data Dominant
Table 1
- Voice/Data mixed profile
9
Service
Volume/Event [kB]
Mean holding time [s]
VoIP
180
90
Video
720
90
Streaming (Live TV)
10500
600
Web browsing
500
600
FTP
5000
312
RA41200-V-22R3
• FTP = File Transfer Protocol;
© Nokia 2022
BHCA = Busy Hour Call Attempts;
• For further information please refer to LTE/SRAN Documentation: Plan and
Dimension → LTE Traffic Model → Default LTE Traffic Model
RA41200-V-22R3
9
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Example
Traffic
Model
Unit
1) Voice dominant subscriber profile
Voice Usage per Subscriber
min
Video Usage per Subscriber
BHCA
Table 3
1) Voice dominant subscriber profile
(Busy
Hour
5
Typical
Subscriber’s Profile:
VoIP
3,33
Events)
0
min
Streaming Usage per Subscriber min
Web Usage per Subscriber
FTP
Data Usage per Subscriber
Table 2
(Average duration/
Data volume
per event)
10
Value
Video
0
pages
kB
MB
0,333
390,7
1
2) Data dominant subscriber profile
Voice Usage per Subscriber
min
0,1
Video Usage per Subscriber
min
0,1
Streaming Usage per Subscriber
min
2
Web Usage per Subscriber
pages
3,33
FTP
kB
7747
Data Usage per Subscriber
MB
10
0
Streaming (Live TV)
0
Web browsing
0,07
FTP
0,08
2) Data dominant subscriber profile
VoIP
0,07
Video
0,07
Streaming (Live TV)
0,20
Web browsing
0,67
FTP
1,55
3) Voice and data mixed profile
3) Voice and data mixed profile
Voice Usage per Subscriber
min
2,5
VoIP
1,67
Video Usage per Subscriber
min
0,05
Video
0,03
Streaming Usage per Subscriber
min
1
Streaming (Live TV)
0,10
Web Usage per Subscriber
pages
1,665
Web browsing
0,33
FTP
Data Usage per Subscriber
kB
MB
2913,5
5
FTP
0,58
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
FTP = File Transfer Protocol
BHCA = Busy Hour Call Attempts
RA41200-V-22R3
10
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Traffic Model
Calculation example for Data Dominant Profile
2) Data dominant subscriber profile
BHCA
Volume/Event (kB)
Volume (KB)
Voice Usage per Subscriber
0,07
180
12,6
Video Usage per Subscriber
0,07
720
50,4
Streaming Usage per
Subscriber
0,20
10500
2100
Web Usage per Subscriber
0,67
500
335
FTP
1,55
5000
7750
Data Usage per Subscriber
10248 KB =10MB
Figures from Table 3
11
Figures from Table 1
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
11
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Traffic Model for Data Dominant Profile
Example of evolution over time (15% traffic growth every year)
2014
Data
dominant
DL
2015
UL
DL
2016
UL
DL
2017
UL
DL
2018
UL
DL
UL
VoIP
12,00
2,79
13,80
3,21
15,87
3,69
18,25
4,24
20,99
4,88
Video
48,00
11,16
55,20
12,84
63,48
14,76
73,00
16,98
83,95
19,52
Streaming
(Live TV)
2100,00
488,37
2415,00
561,63
2777,25
645,87
3193,84
742,75
3672,91
854,17
Web
browsing
333,00
77,44
382,95
89,06
440,39
102,42
506,45
117,78
582,42
135,45
FTP
7747,00
1801,6
3
8909,05
2071,8
7
10245,41
2382,65
11782,22
2740,05
13549,55
3151,06
TOTAL
10240,00
2381,4
0
11776,00
2738,6
0
13542,40
3149,40
15573,76
3621,80
17909,82
4165,08
Initial Calculation from Previous slide
12
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
12
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Module Contents
• Throughput Capacity Dimensioning
- Traffic Model
- Cell Throughput capacity
• Baseband Dimensioning
13
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
13
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
14
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
14
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Throughput Calculation Methodology
• DL & UL Capacity are calculated based on system level simulations
• Algorithm calculates the Average Cell Throughput (capacity) for a single cell
• During the system level simulations effects like UE mobility, slow/ fast fading, scheduling, power control,
admission control, handovers have been considered
• The basic principle of these simulations is that for a given cell area a certain (evenly distributed) subscriber
density is assumed and for each subscriber particular SINR conditions apply which depend on the location of
the subscriber in the cell
• Capacity Simulations Results:
• Calculation of an average cell throughput is based on a method which calculates the spectral efficiency
• 4 representative site grids (defined by the Inter-Site Distance (ISD): 500m, 1732m, 3000m, 9000m)
have been simulated in dynamic system level environment
• UL & DL spectral efficiency figures have been gathered for all available channel bandwidth
configurations (1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz & 20 MHz)
15
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
15
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Simulation Assumptions
Parameter/Feature
UL
Operating Band
Transmission power per PRB
Antenna Scheme
Hexagonal layout
Scheduling
Mean number of users per sector
Number of users per TTI
UE speed
Traffic model
Propagation model
DL
2100 MHz
2100 MHz
Open loop power control; max UE power
0.8 W (for every bandwidth configuration)
23dBm
Number of TX antenna = 1
Number of TX antenna = 1
Number of RX antenna = 2
Number of RX antenna = 2
3 sector layout, 7 sites, 21 cells
3 sector layout, 7 sites, 21 cells
Channel unaware with Round Robin
Channel aware with Proportional
strategy
Fairness
10 UEs (ISD = 500m)
30 UEs (ISD = 1732m)
10 UEs per sector
60 UEs (ISD = 3000m)
210 UEs per area
164 UEs (ISD = 9000m)
1 (1.4 MHz)
1 (1.4 MHz)
3 (3 MHz)
3 (3 MHz)
7 (5 MHz)
7 (5 MHz)
10 (10 MHz)
10 (10 MHz)
17(15MHz))
17(15MHz))
20 (20 MHz)
20 (20 MHz)
3Km/h
3Km/h
Full buffer *
Full buffer *
3GPP TR 25.814 (macro cell)
3GPP TR 25.814 (macro cell)
*Full Buffer indicates the cell load is always 100% independent on the number of subscribers in the cell or their position in the cell
16
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
Full Buffer Traffic Model assumes that for all subscribers there are full transmission
buffers (UL & DL) at any point in time. Therefore there is always data waiting for the
transmission. Thus, the situation that the cell resources (the physical resource blocks)
remain unused in a certain TTI does not exist. Therefore the cell load is 100%
independent on the number of subscribers in the cell or their position in the cell
RA41200-V-22R3
16
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
UL/DL Spectral Efficiency
ISD: Inter-Site Distance
DL Spectral Efficiency
Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)
Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)
UL Spectral Efficiency
Bad SINR
distribution
More overhead
Uplink spectral efficiency; 2.3 GHz, 3-sector hexagonal layout, Open
Loop Power Control with adjusted P0/alpha settings, 1TX at UE, 2RX at
eNB (MRC), EPA05, Nokia RRM specific scheduler, 10% BLER target, full
buffer (100% load), RF parameters according to [3GPP TR25.814]
Downlink spectral efficiency: 2.3 GHz, 3-sector hexagonal layout,
0.8W per PRB, 1TX at eNB, 2RX at UE (MRC), EPA05, Nokia RRM
specific scheduler, 10% BLER target, 10 UEs per sector (full
buffer; 100% load), RF parameters according to [3GPP
TR25.814]
Notes:
1.-The simulation setup refers to SIMO mode, and focuses on realistic assumptions rather than on an idealized configuration.
2.-The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidths for which the maximum frequency diversity gain can be observed.
3.- small bandwidth configurations (1.4 and 3 MHz) are characterized by a very high system overhead ratio.
4.- The effect of larger Inter Site Distance is clearly visible in the results; the SINR distribution is worse in large cells, which become more and more noise-limited.
17
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
Uplink spectral efficiency simulation based on conditions of: 2.3 GHz, 3-sector
hexagonal layout, Open Loop Power Control with adjusted P0/alpha settings, 1TX at UE,
2RX at eNB (MRC), EPA05, NSN RRM specific scheduler, 10% BLER target, full buffer
(100% load), RF parameters according to [3GPP TR25.814]
Downlink spectral efficiency simulation based on conditions of: 2.3 GHz, 3-sector
hexagonal layout, 0.8W per PRB, 1TX at eNB, 2RX at UE (MRC), EPA05, NSN RRM
specific scheduler, 10% BLER target, 10 UEs per sector (full buffer; 100% load), RF
parameters according to [3GPP TR25.814]
RA41200-V-22R3
17
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
UL/DL Cell Capacity
UL Average Cell Throughput (C100%)
DL Average Cell Throughput (C100%)
ISD: Inter-Site Distance
18
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
18
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Throughput Interpolation
•
In real planning scenarios the Inter Site Distance (ISD) obtained from the Link Budget Calculation is not equal to the
ISDs that have been simulated.
•
Therefore, additional interpolation is required to adapt to the results from the Link Budget
•
One interpolation example could be seen below:
Purple bars obtained from simulations. Yellow bars have been interpolated based on simulation results.
19
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
19
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
DL
Impact of Cell Range on Cell Capacity
20
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
20
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of Channel Bandwidth on Cell Capacity
LTE maintains high efficiency with bandwidth down to 5 MHz
The differences between bandwidths come from frequency scheduling gain and different overheads
Spectral Efficiency Relative to 10 MHz
120 %
-40%
-13%
Reference
Downlink
Uplink
100 %
80 %
60 %
40 %
20 %
0%
1.4 MHz
21
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
20 MHz
© Nokia 2022
21
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
22
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
22
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of Cell Load on Cell Capacity (1/3)
• Simulated spectral efficiency (SE) figures are calculated for 100% load in all cells:
– Best case from the resource utilization point of view (all resources -PRBs- are utilized)
– Worse case from the interference point of view
• Additional simulations are available to investigate the impact of the cell load
– The simulation scenario is shown in the figure below
– The center cell which is fully loaded all the time is the victim for which the overall cell throughput is measured
– Surrounding cells impact the victim by inter-cell interference which depends on the neighbor cell load
Various Load to reflect different inter-cell interference level
100% load in the victim cell = resource utilization
i. e. in 10MHz bandwidth → always 50 PRBs allocated
23
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
23
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of Cell Load on Cell Capacity (2/3)
-
The figure below shows the relation between the victim cell throughput & the neighbor cell load
The victim cell throughput has been normalised to 1 in the figure, the value of 1 meaning 100% neighbor cell load
It has to be noticed that when the neighbor cell load is decreasing the cell throughput is increasing as expected
The most sensitive to interference is the case ISD = 500m
ISD = 3000m
24
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
24
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of Cell Load on Cell Capacity (3/3)
The impact of the cell load on the cell throughput can be summarized by applying scaling factor for different ISDs and
different cell load:
The Capacity C considering the
Scaling factor is:
C = C100% x load x scaling_factor(load)
Example:
ISD = 500m
Cell Load is 50%
the Capacity C is:
C = C100% * 0,5 * 1.37 = 0.68 C100%
C100%: Capacity, when all neighbour cells are loaded to 100%
ISD: Inter-Site Distance
25
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
25
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
26
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
Scheduling: Proportional Fair or Round Robin
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
26
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
UE Speed Impact
➢ System level simulations show capacity degradation
when UE speed becomes higher.
➢ This is mainly caused by limited reporting accuracy;
CQI reports get outdated when a mobile is moving
faster and faster and also by Inter Carrier
Interference (ICI) due to Doppler effect
➢ When changing from 3km/h to 30km/h scenario,
one can observe ~25% capacity degradation.
➢ Scenarios for speed higher than 30km/h do not
differ too much from 30km/h case (~3…4%
degradation; to be neglected).
27
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
Note: It could be tested with AMoRE, changing the Channel Model from PedA at 3km/h
to PedA at 30Km/h.
RA41200-V-22R3
27
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
28
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
28
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
3 Sector vs. 6 Sector Capacity
LTE 6-sector site solution brings >80% site throughput gain compared to 3-sector
•
•
•
29
From RL30 also 6 sector sites are supported
The single cell capacity decrease by around 6% mainly due to increased inter-cell interference
The site capacity is increasing by more than 80%
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
29
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
30
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
Scheduling: Proportional Fair or Round Robin
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
30
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of MIMO on Cell Capacity (1/2)
Transmit diversity (Tx diversity)
• results in coverage improvement
• therefore, it is more suitable to be used at the cell edge
Open / Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing
• Spatial multiplexing on the other hand doubles the user data rate
The mechanism of Adaptive MIMO Mode Control assures CQI dependent switching between Transmit
Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing (see next slide)
The average cell capacity is then determined by:
• the ratio of the dual-stream transmissions (how much Tx diversity & how much spatial multiplexing)
for one connection in average
• The number of users out of total cell users which are using either Tx diversity or spatial multiplexing
31
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
31
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of MIMO on Cell Capacity (2/2)
• The highest gain could be seen for smaller ISD (higher SINR values over the cell so higher probability to be
dominated by spatial multiplexing)
• The lowest gain is for bigger ISD (lower SINR values more likely so the cell is dominated by transmit diversity)
2x2 OL MIMO Mode 3
2x2 CL MIMO Mode 4
30%
30%
24%
20%
20%
16%
15%
15%
10%
10%
10%
500 m
1732 m
3000 m
9000 m
Inter-site distance ISD (m)
Recommended Adaptive MIMO Mode Control Capacity Gain
The gain values in % are relative to the original spectral efficiency (without MIMO)
4 ISDs (Inter Site Distances) = 500m, 1732m, 3000m, 9000m
32
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
32
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
DL adaptive closed loop MIMO 4x2 versus 2x2
DL cell capacity gain
RA41200-V-22R3
33
© Nokia 2022
LTE568 4x2 MIMO is an extension of LTE703 to support 4 antenna ports, so most of the
descriptions from the previous chapter apply. Introduction of the 4 antenna ports has
two-fold impact - the extra 2 RS (Reference Signals) in DL introduce additional overhead
in the resource grid. On the other hand, the same extra 2 antennas improve the
transmit diversity conditions, making it more probable for the UE to report conditions
favorable to support 2 data streams.
Additionally, extension of the DL antenna ports increases the codebook size to 16
positions (versus 2 in case of dual stream 2x2 MIMO), thus further improving the SINR
in dual stream mode.
For cell edge calculations, 4x2 Transmit Diversity should be used, since this is the
fallback transmission mode with this feature.
RL60
RA41200-V-22R3
33
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
34
LTE1987 Downlink Adaptive Close Loop SU MIMO (4x4) (FL16)
4x4 MIMO (1CC) System Level Simulations
• Huge capacity gain with introduction of
4x4 MIMO capable UEs (cat5/8/11/15/16)
• Depends on 4RX/2RX UE ratio
• Up to 46% average TP gain with 100%
4RX penetration comparing to 0% 4RX
penetration
• Should not be confused with 4x4
MIMO gain. This is result of an
improved UE receiver and will be
present in any transmission mode.
• 7% average TP gain when 4x4 MIMO
activated (100% 4RX UE ratio) versus 4x2
MIMO
• Conclusion – 4x4 MIMO is mainly peak
throughput enhancing feature
34
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
Reference: LTE1987 Downlink Adaptive Close Loop SU MIMO (4x4) NEI
RA41200-V-22R3
34
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
35
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
35
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of Scheduling Type on Cell Capacity
• Three scheduling strategies for UL frequency domain packetscheduling (FDPS) are supported:
LNCEL: ulsFdPrbAssignAlg
Round Robin Scheduler
•Start with the entry of the highest priority
•Walk through the UE list in round robin manner – all the UEs from time domain will get resources
•Disadvantage: many UEs are potentially scheduled - PDCCH shortage may occur
•Weighted Round Robin possible (based on QCI differentiation)
Scheduler type for frequency domain UL
RoundRobinFD(0), ExhaustiveFD (1),
MixedFD (2);
Default: MixedFD (2)
Exhaustive FD Scheduler
• UL resources are assigned in frequency domain according to the priority order defined by the time domain scheduler
• The first UE in the list gets as many resources as it can use – it is unfair since probably not all the UEs from time domain
will get resources
• Less blocking on PDCCH
• Recommended with VoLTE and with UL packet aggregation
MixedFD (Default)
•
36
FD scheduler which assigns
•
PRBs for SRB and GBR bearers by the exhaustive FD scheduler
•
PRBs for the non-GBR bearers by the Round Robin FD scheduler to the UEs
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
36
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
37
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
37
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Impact of UL scheduler methods on Cell Capacity
LNCEL; ulsSchedMethod
channel unaware (0), channel
aware (1) interference aware (2)
• channel unaware scheduling (CUS): benchmark for comparison
Default; channel unaware (0),
• PRB randomly allocated to UEs in terms of frequency location
• channel aware scheduling (CAS): 2dB gain of CAS versus CUS
• sophisticated SRS-based evaluation of UE specific channel
• scheduling criterion: relative received signal strength averaged over PRBs to be allocated per UE
• interference aware scheduling (IAS): 1dB gain of IAS versus CUS
- rudimentary interference reduction via coarse segmentation
- Firstly allocation in “preferred sectors” to power-limited UEs
CUS
IAS
CAS
38
P0 = -60 dBm, alpha = 0.6
("capacity setting")
capacity
coverage
0%
0%
14%
59%
32%
63%
P0 = -80 dBm, alpha = 0.8
("compromise")
capacity
coverage
-13%
26%
-3%
61%
10%
81%
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
P0 = -100 dBm, alpha = 1
("coverage setting")
capacity
coverage
-28%
27%
-18%
40%
-10%
65%
© Nokia 2022
38
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
39
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
39
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Downlink carrier aggregation (RL50 onwards)
• It provides means to aggregate two downlink carriers to send different data streams to one UE.
• This feature will be activated for the UEs that have such CA capability on board that match with bands where CA operates in
the network.
• As far as network dimensioning is concerned three major areas should be considered:
• influence of Carrier Aggregation related load on the cell capacity
• baseband load in case of Carrier Aggregation
• link budget calculations for the UE with two carriers
• Cell capacity improvement was out of primary focus during feature specification and potential gains in this area will come
rather as a "side effect". These gains will come from the improved scheduling flexibility especially for the traffic with highly
bursty nature.
Max 1500 Active UEs
Cells in Carrier
aggregation
Max 400 CA SCell UEs
40
Max 400 CA PCell UEs
Cell 1
Max 400 CA PCell UEs
Cell 2
Max 400 CA SCell UEs
Max 1500 Active UEs
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
40
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
DL Carrier Aggregation – Coverage Gain (Similar to UL CA)
General assumptions
• Primary Comp. Carrier (PCC): 850 MHz
• Secondary Comp. Carrier (SCC): 1.8GHz
• Channel BW (PCC & SCC): 10 MHz
• Transmit power:
• eNB: 20 W (43 dBm)
• UE: 0.25 W (24 dBm)
• Antenna gain:
• eNB: 18 dBi (PCC), 20.7 dBi (SCC)
• UE: 0 dBi
• Antenna configuration:
• DL: 2Tx – 2Rx
• UL: 1Tx – 2Rx
• Cell-edge user throughput:
• DL: 2048 kbps
• UL: 384 kbps
Without Carrier Aggregation
With Carrier Aggregation
UL: 1.75 km
DL: 3.81 km
(with CA)
DL: 3.61 km
(without CA)
UL: 1.75 km DL: 3.61 km
REMARK:
Please note that the coverage is limited by the
UL link and final cell range will be 1.75 km.
REMARK:
Please note that the coverage is limited by the UL
link and final cell range will be 1.75 km.
Conclusions
• Carrier Aggregation feature impacts downlink cell range only (no impact on uplink cell range that is usually the limiting link)
• Activation of the secondary cell for the given UE causes that the DL offered load is divided between Primary and Secondary
Component Carriers
• Lowering offered load for the primary cell leads finally to use of such MCS/#PRBs combination that results in cell range increase
41
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
41
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
DL Carrier Aggregation – Capacity Gain (Similar to UL CA)
General assumptions
Without Carrier Aggregation
• Primary Component Carrier (PCC): 850 MHz
• Secondary Component Carrier (SCC): 1800 MHz
• Channel bandwidth (PCC & SCC): 10 MHz
• Transmit power:
• eNB: 20 W (43 dBm)
• UE: 0.25 W (24 dBm)
• Antenna gain:
• eNB: 18 dBi (PCC), 20.7 dBi (SCC)
• UE: 0 dBi
• Antenna configuration:
• DL: 2Tx – 2Rx
• UL: 1Tx – 2Rx
• Cell-edge user throughput:
• DL: adjusted (DL/UL balancing)
• UL: 384 kbps
With Carrier Aggregation
Cell range: 1.75 km
Cell range: 1.75 km
DL: 11.5 Mbps
(without CA)
384
kbps
11.5
Mbps
UL
DL
REMARK:
Please note that the DL and UL links were
balanced to achieve the same cell range
384
kbps
14.0
Mbps
UL
REMARK:
Please note that the DL and UL links were
balanced to achieve the same cell range
DL
Conclusions
•
•
•
42
Carrier Aggregation feature impacts downlink link only (no impact on uplink that is anyhow the limiting link)
Activation of secondary cell for the given UE causes that the required throughput is divided between Primary and Secondary
Component Carriers
Adding Secondary Component Carrier introduces additional resources that can be allocated to the user increasing maximum
UE achievable throughput
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
42
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
43
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
43
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE829: Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS) (RL30)
MCS Index
I MCS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
44
Modulation
Order
TBS
Index
Qm'
I TBS
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
reserved
Redundancy
Version
rvidx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
•
UL AMC shall select the MCS to be employed from the table on the
left according to the radio conditions
•
Initial UL MCS range is restricted from MCS 0 to MCS 20 (QPSK &
16QAM)
•
LTE829 Increased UL MCS range introduces 16QAM High MCSs
and it allows for extending the range of MCSs used for 16QAM UEs
beyond MCS20 to:
• MCS21
• MCS22
• MCS23
• MCS24
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
44
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE829: Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS) (RL30)
• MCSs 21 to 24 are initially specified as 64QAM, however they could be signaled as 16QAM.
• It can increase peak data rates and depending on the environment and user distribution it also brings
overall capacity gain.
• Gain which can be obtained from this extension could be even 10% for small ISD. For large cells gain is
obviously lower because more users experience lower SINR and therefore usage of high MCS is not
possible.
45
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
45
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
46
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
46
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE44: 64QAM in UL (FL16)
Before and after LTE44
• Feature LTE44 introduces 64 QAM modulation scheme in UL increasing maximum achievable UE uplink throughput in a
very good radio conditions and improving average cell capacity
• Higher peak UL throughputs can be achieved due to the support of higher Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) →
MCS 21 – MCS 28
UL CELL
Capacity
UL CELL
Capacity
With activated LTE44 – 64QAM in UL
Without LTE44 – 64QAM in UL
47
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
47
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE44: 64QAM in UL (FL16)
Technical Details - Signal quality requirements
• Due to its higher vulnerability to interference, 64 QAM requires higher SINR (Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio)
values than in case of lower modulations (QPSK or 16 QAM)
• UEs will use 64 QAM modulation in a very good radio conditions
UL 1Tx-2Rx, 10% BLER target, 12 PRBs
25.00
QPSK
20.00
64 QAM
16 QAM
SINR [dB]
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
-5.00
-10.00
48
*4GMax Link Level simulation results
MCS index
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
48
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE44: 64QAM in UL (FL16)
Dimensioning Aspects - Peak UL throughput
General assumptions
Peak UL user throughput
30000
16QAM (MCS20)
16QAM (MCS24)
64QAM (MCS28)
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
81
82
84
86
87
88
90
94
98
101
103
107
109
111
118
119
121
130
136
141
145
151
159
163
170
176
184
188
200
208
217
233
253
Peak UL user throughput
[kbps]
• Operating band: 2600 MHz
• Clutter type: Dense Urban
• Duplex mode: TDD
• Frame configuration: 1
• Special subframe format: 7
• Transmit power / antenna gain:
• UE: 0.25 W / 0 dBi
• Antenna configuration:
• UL: 1Tx – 2Rx
• User throughput requirements:
• UL: maximized per MCS
• BLER: 10%
Distance from eNB [m]
Coclusion
• Impact on coverage: As this feature introduces high order modulation that requires a very good radio conditions (high SINR values), it will not directly
impact the cell edge users, but may bring a possibility that 64QAM usage by UEs near eNB antenna saves more resources available to be used by UEs in
cell edge with lower MCS in order to have better redundancy, which improves coverage.
• It is similar for LTE2479: 256QAM in DL (FL16A/TL16A)
• Impact on capacity: 64 QAM modulation will be visible only near the eNB where a very good radio conditions can be expected
• UE capability required (e. g. CAT5, CAT8) to enjoy 64 QAM in UL.
• 64 QAM in UL can affect capacity dimensioning.
• It is similar for LTE2479: 256QAM in DL (FL16A/TL16A)
49
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
49
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE44: 64QAM in UL (FL16)
Dimensioning Aspects - Average UL throughput
General assumptions
Average UL user throughput
7600
Average UL cell capacity
[kbps]
• Operating band: 2600 MHz
• Clutter type: Dense Urban
• Inter Site Distance: 500 m
• Duplex mode: TDD
• Frame configuration: 1
• Special subframe format: 7
• 100% penetration of UE Categories 5 & 8
• Antenna configuration:
• UL: 2Rx MRC
• Frequency scheduler:
• UL: Channel aware
7400
7200
7000
14%
10%
6800
6600
6400
6200
6000
16QAM (MCS20)
16QAM (MCS24)
64QAM (MCS28)
Coclusion
• Activation of feature LTE44 – 64QAM in UL brings slight average UL cell throughput improvement – about 14%
comparing to basic 16QAM (MCS20) transmission and about 4% comparing to 16QAM with MCS24 (activated
feature LTE829 – Increased UL MCS range)
• Improvement of average cell capacity is quite low comparing to the MCS24 transmission (LTE829 – Increased UL
MCS range) due to the fact that 64 QAM modulation requires much better radio conditions (higher SINR values)
→ 64 QAM can be used close to the eNB causing that only small fraction of UEs in the cell will use it (assuming all
of them are UL 64 QAM capable)
50
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
50
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Factors Affecting the Cell Capacity
The LTE Throughput Capacity Dimensioning depends on:
- Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Considered as a variation of the Inter Site Distance (ISD)
• The effect of larger ISD has been presented in the previous slides
• The SINR distribution is bad in larger cells which becomes more & more noise limited
- Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz ... 20 MHz)
• The best capacity performance can be achieved with wide channel bandwidth due to the maximum frequency diversity gain
• Small Bandwidth configuration are characterized by high system overhead
- Cell Load
• The values presented so far are for 100% cell load
• The impact of cell load is based on simulation results
- UE Speed Impact
- 6-sectors versus 3-sectors Site Configuration
- LTE Features:
51
•
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
•
UL FD Scheduling Algorithm (PRB number decision)
•
UL FD Scheduling Method (PRB location decision)
•
Carrier Aggregation
•
Increased uplink MCS range (16QAM High MCS)
•
64QAM Modulation in UL (FL16)
•
256QAM Modulation in DL (FL16A)
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
51
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE2479: 256QAM Modulation in DL
Technical Details - Requirements
Downlink transmission with 256QAM modulation can happen provided that:
1) LTE2479 is activated in the cell
2) UE is 256QAM capable
3) UE is in good radio conditions (sufficient DL SINR)
Q
Q
ISD
I
I
QPSK
16 QAM
Q
Q
SINR increases
I
256QAM capable UE
The higher the modulation order,
the higher SINR is required
52
64 QAM
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
I
256 QAM
© Nokia 2022
52
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE2479: 256QAM Modulation in DL
Technical Details – Radio Conditions
Link Level simulation results have proven high SINR requirement
• Assuming 10% of BLER, eNB has a chance to use 256QAM, when DL SINR is higher than 24,7dB
− Achieved results strongly depend on chosen simulation conditions
Modulation order vs DL SINR
MCS > 20 :256QAM
SINR > 24.7dB
Source: 4GMax Link Level simulations
Simulation conditions: 10MHz, 4x2MIMO TM4, 2layers (RANK=2), EPA5, 10% BLER, EVM not considered
53
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
53
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
LTE2479: 256QAM Modulation in DL
Benefits and Gains
LTE2479 is expected to significantly increase downlink peak UE throughput for
256QAM capable UEs that uses MCS20-MCS27
• UDP peak throughput up to ~748Mbps
• Improved spectral efficiency
Before (64QAM)
After (256QAM)
FDD
TDD
FDD
TDD
562Mbps
327Mbps
748Mbps
436Mbps
33% higher
DL peak TP
Assumptions:
• FDD: 4CC CA, 4x2 MIMO, 4x20MHz
• TDD: 3CC CA, 2x2 MIMO, 3x20MHz, TDD frame config 2
• 100% penetration of UE supporting 256QAM modulation in DL
54
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
54
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Capacity Calculation Summary
Channel
Bandwidth
ISD
Step 1: To obtain the Spectral Efficiency (SE) figures for specific ISD (Inter-site
distance) and channel bandwidth interpolation is needed:
SE = interpolate_SE (ISD, channel_bandwidth)
Step 2: Calculate the cell throughput (C) the spectral efficiency (SE) taking into account
the cell bandwidth:
C = SE x channel_bandwidth
MIMO
Configuration
Load
percentage
Step 3: MIMO gain is applied in case of 2 TX antennas at eNB:
C = C x (1 + MIMO_gain(ISD))
Step 4: Spectral efficiency figures have been simulated for 100% load case. It is needed
to scale them according to the resource utilization and inter-cell interference level:
C = C x load x scaling_factor(load)
Estimated Cell Capacity
55
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
55
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Capacity Calculation Example
Estimate the capacity for as cell under given conditions:
• ISD=500m
• Channel Bandwidth=10MHz
• 2x2 Open Loop MIMO (3GPP Transmission mode 3)
• 50% load
56
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
56
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Capacity Calculation Example - Solution
Step 1: interpolate_SE(500m, 10MHz)
1.19bps/Hz
Spectral Efficiency (Kbps/KHz)
DL Spectral Efficiency
Step 2: C = SE x Channel_Bandwidth
1.19bps/Hz x 10MHz = 11.9Mbps
57
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
57
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Capacity Calculation Example - Solution
Step 3: C = C x (1 + MIMO_gain (ISD))
2x2 OL MIMO Mode 3
20%
2x2 CL MIMO Mode 4
30%
24%
20%
16%
15%
15%
3000 m
9000 m
10%
500 m
1732 m
Inter-site distance ISD (m)
Step 3: C = C * (1 + MIMO _gain (ISD)
11.9Mbps x (1+20%) = 14.28Mbps
58
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
58
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Cell Capacity Calculation Example - Solution
Step 4: C = C x load x scaling_factor (load)
Step 4: C = C x load x scaling-Factor (load)
14.28Mbps x 50% x 1.37 = 9.8Mbps
59
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
59
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Module Contents
• Throughput Capacity Dimensioning
- Traffic Model
- Cell Throughput capacity
• Baseband Dimensioning
60
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
60
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning Introduction
• So far, the number of sites needed was calculated for the capacity criterion only take typical PHY/RRM parameters into
account (e. g. channel bandwidth, transmit power, scheduler type, etc.) but not the hardware capabilities of the base station.
• Thus baseband dimensioning is necessary to verify that the calculated number of sites is sufficient to fulfill all HW
limitations.
61
RA41200-V-22R3
•
The offered traffic (in terms of U/C-plane traffic and the number
of active users) can be derived
from the traffic model definition
(depending on how precise the
definition is).
•
The served traffic determines
what can be handled from the
system point of view. It refers to
system specifics determining the
average cell throughput as well as
HW capabilities and the
corresponding limitations such as
the number of active UEs per
eNodeB, peak served throughput,
etc.
© Nokia 2022
Here the BTS capacity stands for the general processing capabilities of
baseband units, whereas the baseband unit is a generic term for HW
components performing baseband operations. These are steps taken before RF
processing, which consists in about passing the baseband signal up to a higher
frequency (carrier frequency).
RA41200-V-22R3
61
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning Concerns
• BB dimensioning flow.
• The best measure of System Module capabilities is the amount of active users (typically the bottle neck).
• Active user = RRC connected with at least one Data Radio Bearer (DRB) established
62
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
62
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning
- Target of Baseband Dimensioning: Allows to estimate HOW many sites are required taking into account the HW
(System Module) Limitations
- The approach presented so far in this chapter to calculate the number of sites from the capacity point of view (site
throughput) only takes into account Physical Layer and/or RRM features into account (e. g. Channel bandwidth, transmit
power, scheduler type, etc...)
System Module options:
- FSMF
- AirScale System Module
Input of the dimensioning:
• Total Number of subscribers
• Share of active subscribers
• Number of active subscribers
FSMF is available from RL40
AirScale SM is available from FL16A
Output of the dimensioning:
• Number of sites from baseband point of view
63
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
63
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning
Input for Dimensioning
Active Subscribers (also known as Connected Users)
• Flexi SM processing power has a strict limitation for the number of active UEs which
can be handled*
• Definition of Active Subscriber: UE in E-UTRAN RRC_Connected and with DRB (Data
Radio Bearer) established but with or without data to be transmitted in the buffer i.
e. smartphones with always on applications like IM and mail
Share of active Subscribers
• Percentage of subscribers which are active simultaneously
• Share of Active Subscriber values have been calculated for each of Nokia Traffic
Models:
– Voice Dominant: 11%
– Data Dominant: 40%
– Voice & Data Mix: 30%
• Typical assumption is 30% Share of Active Subscribers for dimensioning (Mixed
profile)
*Note that in LTE the System Module capabilities depend strictly on the number of the included DSP modules.
The 3G specific notation of system module capacity by means of Channel Elements (CEs) is not anymore valid
64
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
64
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
65
SRAN22R3 FSMr3 Baseband Capacity in FDD
BB capacity in Active Users
•
Max number of supported cells and active users with FSMF/FBBAs
HW Board
DL MIMO
Bandwidth / MHz
# of cells
FSMF
2x2
5 / 10
6
FSMF
2x2
15 / 20
3
FSMF
4x4
5 / 10 / 15 / 20
1
FSMF + FBBA / FBBC
2x2
5 / 10 / 15 / 20
6
FSMF + FBBA / FBBC
4x4
5 / 10 / 15 / 20
3
FSMF + 2 FBBX
2x2
5 / 10 / 15 / 20
9
FSMF + 2 FBBX
4x4
5 / 10 / 15 / 20
3
# of Active UE / cell
420 / 420
720 / 840
840 /1000 / 1250 / 1500
480 / 600 / 720 / 840
840 /1000 / 1250 / 1500
480 / 600 / 720 / 840
840 /1000 / 1250 / 1500
Note:
• * To achieve the same capacity for 2Tx4Rx as for 2Tx2Rx, the
LNBTS_FDD Activate optimized baseband resource usage
(actOptimizedBbUsage) parameter needs to be set to true.
• ** DL MIMO 4 x 2 TM9 requires same capacity as DL MIMO 4x4​.
65
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
FSMF Flexi Multiradio 10 (HW Rel.3)
© Nokia 2022
65
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
66
SRAN22R3 AirScale ABIA baseband Capacity for LTE in FDD
BB capacity in Active Users
•
Without Basband Pooling
BW
20 MHz cell
15 MHz cell
10 MHz cell
5 MHz cell
½ ABIA
ABIA
SBTS with 1x ASIA/B
SBTS with 2x ASIA/B
•
Peak number of Active Users
840
840
630
630
2520
5040
15120
30240
With Baseband Pooling
#cells
Min granted RRC connected Max RRC connected Average RRC connected
users per every cell
users for one cell
users per cell
per BB pool
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
66
520
520
520
420
336
280
240
210
1500
1500
1480
1260
1176
1120
1080
1050
1500
1250
840
630
504
420
360
315
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
20 MHz cell
15 MHz cell
10 MHz cell
5 MHz cell
1xBB pool
ABIA
SBTS with 1x ASIA/B
Max number of Active Users
1500
1250
1000
840
2520
5040
15120
SBTS with 2x ASIA/B
30240
© Nokia 2022
66
7 LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
SRAN22R3 AirScale ABIO/N baseband Capacity for LTE in FDD
BB capacity in Active Users
• Number of Maximum Active Users per cell:
1x ABIx
2x ABIx
SBTS with 1x ASIB
SBTS with 2x ASIB
•
67
ABIO
7560
15 120
22 680
45 360
ABIN
3780
7560
11 340
22 680
With adding new ABIx BB PIUs max number of Active Users per BB Pool/BB PIU will be changing linearly.
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
67
8 LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
SRAN22R3 ASOE Baseband Capacity in FDD
BB capacity in Active Users
• Number of Maximum RRC connected users per cell:
Max RRC connected users per cell
20MHz
15MHz
10MHz
5MHz
1500
1250
1000
840
• Number of Maximum Active Users per PIU:
BB resource
1/2x ASOE
1x ASOE
Max number of Active Users (RRC connected users)
5040
10 080
• Other number of Maximum Users:
Supported value
RRC connected users
5040 per BB pool
VoLTE users
1920 per BB pool
PUSCH UEs/TTI
128 per unit
PUSCH/NPUSCH UEs/TTI
128 per unit
PDSCH UEs/TTI
140 per unit
RA41200-V-22R3
68
© Nokia 2022
ASOE is new for 4G in 22R3-SR.
•
ASOE is fully integrated core unit which is common HW for indoor and
outdoor deployments
•
ASOE Core unit is active cooled indoor/outdoor unit. It can handle all the
system module functions: TRS, M-plane, C-plane and U-plane processing
•
ASOE complements Nokia AirScale SM offering from high capacity segment
to entry/medium capacity segment
•
Lower cost, lower power consumption and smaller footprint in low capacity
sites than indoor plug-in unit based solution
RA41200-V-22R3
68
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning : Impact of Carrier Aggregation
• Maximum number of Connected Users in eNB in Carrier Aggregation enabled deployment is floating and depends on the number of UEs
with configured secondary cell:
Example configuration:
AirScale: CA 10 + 10
Max 1500 Active UEs
Cells in Carrier
aggregation
Max 400 CA
SCell UEs
Cell 1
▪Cell 1 is SCell of Cell 2
▪Cell 2 is SCell of Cell 1
Max 400 CA PCell UEs
Max 400 CA PCell UEs
Max 1500 Active UEs
Maximum number of
carrier aggregation
configured
Max 400 CA
SCell UEs
Cell 2
• Same assumptions as in previous page --- 600 active users per cell
• If there are no UEs with secondary cell configured in the eNB ( No CA), total number of Active Users per eNB is:
6 cells/site x 1500 Active users/cell = 9000 active users/site
• In case of CA, maximum 400 * 6 = 2400 UEs could be configured with the secondary cell (assuming that maxNumCaConfUeDc = 400 in all
cells in this eNB). The eNB capacity is now:
6 cells/site x (1500-400 Active users/cell) = 6600 active users/site
69
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
69
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
Baseband Dimensioning - output
Number of Sites (Baseband)
- Number of Sites required based on the number of active users:
Subscribers x ShareOfActiveSubscribers
#Sites = Round -up
Example assuming:
100000 subscribers in the area
System bandwidth is 10MHz
AirScale with 1 ABIA
4x2 DL MIMO with IRC for 4Rx
6 sectors per site
Share of active subscribers is 30%
#MaxActiveSubscribers x NoOfCellsPerSite
1000 Active users/cell
#Sites (Baseband) = (100000*0,3)/1000*6) =(30000/6000) = 5
Note: The recommended way of baseband dimensioning is to use Share of Active Subscribers parameter from the Traffic Model and
the recommended Number of connected users HW limiting factor.
70
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
70
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
An Example of Baseband Capacity Dimensioning (1/3)
Assumption 1:
Channel bandwidth
10 MHz
Antenna Configuration
2Tx - 2Rx
Cell edge throughput
512 kbps / 128 kbps (DL/UL)
Site layout
3-sector per site
Traffic Model: Flat rate, subscription rate DL
512 kb/s
Traffic Model: Flat rate, subscription rate UL
128 kb/s
Traffic Model: Overbooking Factor
25
Traffic Model: Share of active subscribers
33.33 % (data card)
Number of subscribers
90000 (dense urban) 81000 (rural)
Area size
10 km2
Assumption 2: the following outcome has been obtained after coverage demand and capacity demand.
• Link Budget:
• Dense Urban: 14 sites + Rural: 4 site
• Capacity:
• Dense Urban: 22 sites (DL), 12 sites (UL) -> 22 sites + Rural: 10 sites (DL), 8 sites (UL) -> 10 sites
71
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
The parameter Share of Connected subscribers for data card, which is 30%, is used to
calculate the number of active users.
RA41200-V-22R3
71
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
An Example of Baseband Capacity Dimensioning (2/3)
•
Assumption 3: Baseband capacity = 1000 active users allowed per cell in a tri-sector site in this case for simplicity.
•
In the normal solution, it uses Share of Active Subscribers from the Traffic Model (30% assumed).
•
In the aggressive solution, the number of sites is calculated using Traffic Model: Overbooking Factor (25 assumed) for
Admission control.
Dense Urban
Normal
solutions
Aggressive
solutions
72
Rural clutter
Active
User
90000×33.33% = 30000
Active
User
81000×33.33% = 27000
BB Dim.
result
Number of Sites =
30000/(1000×3)=10
BB Dim.
result
Number of Sites = 27000/(1000×3)=9
Active
User
90000÷25= 3600
Active
User
81000÷25 = 3240
BB Dim.
result
Number of Sites = 3600/(1000×3)=2
BB Dim.
result
Number of Sites = 3240/(1000×3)=2
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
72
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
An Example of Baseband Capacity Dimensioning (3/3)
The final number of sites is calculated as the maximum number of all of the 3 aspects.
Recommended
73
Aggressive
Dense Urban
Rural
Dense Urban
Rural
Link Budget
(coverage)
14
4
14
4
Throughput
(capacity)
22
10
22
10
Baseband
(capacity)
10
9
2
2
Max
22
10
22
10
RA41200-V-22R3
RA41200-V-22R3
© Nokia 2022
73
LTE FDD Radio Planning Capacity
RA41200-V-22R3
74