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ENERGY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
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ENERGY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Mohini Sawarkar1, Atharwa Borkar2, Benson Anthony3,
Deepti Pankaj4, Onas Choudhary5
1Prof.
Mohini Sawarkar, Instrumentation Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering,
Maharashtra, India.
2Mr.
Atharwa Borkar, Instrumentation Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering,
Maharashtra, India.
3Mr.
Benson Anthony, Instrumentation Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering,
Maharashtra, India.
4Mrs.
5Mr.
Deepti pankaj, Instrumentation Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering,
Maharashtra, India.
Onas Choudhary, Instrumentation Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering,
Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
If the guidelines are followed, energy management and audits save money and energy for businesses. The aim
of audit reports is to promote implementation and proper and effective energy usage. Resource management
and utilization that is efficient may be a good source of energy for customers. The aim of writing an energy
report is to improve the customer's energy usage and reduce their energy costs. This paper provides a brief
overview of energy auditing and management, as well as related terminology.
Energy Audit, Energy Management, Energy Conservation Act, ISO certification, and Energy Assessment are
some of the terms used in this article.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the most important inputs for any country's economic development. In the case of developing
countries, the energy sector is critical because of the ever-increasing energy needs that necessitate massive
investments to meet them. The primary concept of energy management is to generate goods and provide
product at the cheapest possible cost while getting the least possible impact on the environment. Energy
management can be described by Cape Hart, Turner, and Kennedy as "the selective and effective use of energy
to maximize profits (minimize costs) and achieve greater positions. "It is also defined as "the strategy of
adjusting and optimizing energy, willing to employ methods and processes to reduce energy needs per unit of
output while maintaining or decreasing total cost to produce the output from these systems."
The key to a systematic approach to decision making in the field of energy management is an energy audit. It
managed to create total energy inputs with it and serves to identify all energy streams in a facility. It quantifies
power consumption by the use of discrete tasks.
Energy management in the form of implementing new energy efficiency technologies, new materials, and new
manufacturing processes, as well as the use of new technologies in business and industry equipment and
supplies, is also assisting companies in improving growth and enhancing product or service quality. When
businesses decide to buy new equipment, implement new processes, or use new high-tech resources, energy
savings are not always the primary motivator. However, the combination of increased productivity, improved
quality, lower environmental emissions, and lower energy costs provides a compelling incentive for companies
and organizations to adopt these new technologies.
ENERGY AUDIT CONCEPT AND PURPOSE
Energy audit is a process of surveying, evaluating, and interpreting the financial and physical events processes
of corporations and other increased units in accordance with relevant government regulations and power
saving standards. Energy audits are carried out by energy utilization units, their regulatory bodies, or entrusted
specialist organizations. An energy audit is a scientific method of energy management. Its main content consists
of objectively inspecting the energy efficiency, energy usage level, and financial advantage of the energy unit, as
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well as suggesting energy-saving measures for energy-using units through statistical analysis, inspection
testing, and diagnostic evaluation.
The goals of an energy audit are to investigate problems and weaknesses in energy use, to tap energy-saving
potential, to provide corrective measures, and to develop energy-saving goals and plans by inspecting,
examining, diagnosing, and evaluating the enterprise energy management level, energy consumption situation,
energy consumption index, financial process, and comprehensive utilization of energy. The main goal of an
energy audit is to encourage businesses to save energy, chop production costs, and boost economic benefit.
[3]
ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT 2001The Energy Conservation Act 2001 was passed by Parliament in October 2001.
1) This Act establishes a legal framework for the effective use as well as conservation of energy.
2) Except for the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Act applies to the entire country of India.
3) According to the Act, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was established in March 2002.
4) The Act designates a subset of electricity consumers as designated consumers for the purposes of the
legislation.
It gives Central Government the authority to:
1) Any designated consumer must have an energy audit executed by an accredited / certified energy auditor.
2) A direct designated consumer must appoint an energy Manager, who will be in responsible of energy
conservation tasks.
3) Establish minimum requirements for the appointment of energy managers.
AUDITING PROCEDURE:
An energy audit consists of several tasks which can be accomplished depending on the type of inspection, as
well as the size and function of the verified facility.
1) Establish the organization's energy consumption.
2) Calculate the amount of money that can be saved.
3) Determine immediate (especially no- or low-cost) improvements/savings.
4) Create a 'reference point'.
5) Determine which areas require more in-depth investigation/measurement.
6) The preliminary energy audit makes use of data that is already available or can be easily obtained.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT:
During the audit visit, the auditor must take some measurements in order to obtain the best information for a
successful energy cost control program. The quantity of equipment required is determined by the type of
energy-consuming equipment used at the facility.
1) Light meter-The light meter, which is used to measure illumination levels in facilities, is a simple and useful
instrument. A light meter that reads in foot candles allows for direct analysis of lighting systems and
comparison with the Illuminating Engineering Society's recommended light levels.
2) Voltmeter-A low-cost voltmeter is useful for determining operating voltages on electrical equipment,
especially when the nameplate has worn off or is otherwise unreadable or missing.
3) For determining the power consumption and power factor of individual motors and other inductive devices,
a portable hand-held wattmeter and power factor meter is very useful.
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METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
The following methods were adopted and carried out this experiment in order to achieve certain values:
1. Collection of Data from College, Instrumentation department
During the preliminary data collection process, large amount of data collection was carried out using various
instrumentation and then investigating the architecture, its orientation, and the form of lighting and air
conditioning used in this Instrumentation Engineering department.
The following steps were considered for data collection process:



In some cases, the power usage of appliances was measured using a power analyzer, while in others,
rated power was used.
Visual inspection was done to verify insulation in the case of air conditioning and refrigerator.
In places where there was a lack of detail, approximations data were considered.
2. Analyzed the Data
The collected data was carefully examined. The graphical representations were created by the database for
better understanding. The data from the power consumption measurements was analyzed to determine the
power consumption flow as well as the locations where electric power is wasted.
The following steps were considered for data collection process:

The database was examined further, and the findings were depicted graphically. This resulted in
identifying the areas with the greatest potential for energy savings.
3. The used equipment rating compared it with low rating equipment
In order to understand the energy consumption of all the types of equipment used in the department a
comparison was made. And finding ways to reduce the energy bills.
For comparison of equipment’s, the following steps were followed:

When the low rating equipment’s was searched we make sure that it has a better life cycle and cost of
maintenance is low.
4. Recommendation
Some measures for reducing power consumption without affecting the comfort and satisfaction were
recommended, based on the results of data analysis and observations. By following the BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency) Guidelines.
Steps involved in this process are:


It was calculated the capital cost of replacing an appliance and operation.
The transfer can be justified if the capital cost recovery period is shorter than the product life.
III.
CASE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE
Energy Performance Assessments of various electrical utility equipment are now being completed. This
assessment will reveal how we can save energy in different equipment.
So to understand more the survey was conducted to a department of an Engineering College, and try to find
ways to conserve it. Table 1 represent the data of Energy Consumption of Equipment’s for per hour and per
day.
The reading was taken on the basis of observation and assumption. From the observation we decided to take
the lists of equipment’s whose consumption’s was more and usage was in demand. In table 1 all the
equipment’s detail was taken by the specified rating’s given by the manufacturer and while some where
measured using instruments. The department's load measurements are considered by taking into account all of
the machinery that runs on electricity. Then total number of different equipment’s were counted and multiplied
it with the rating to get the total connected load (Watts) for each specific equipment’s. Then the total load of
each equipment is divided by 1000 to convert it from Watts to kilowatts for per hour (kWh) to understand how
much units is consumed for an hour by the total of each equipment. From the observation we assumed that the
college department operates for 8 hours (from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM) for weekdays so, from that we assumed
that for how much hours the appliances operates for each day. To find out how much units is consumed for a
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day by considering total of each equipment so, multiply the units per hour with the number of operating hours
after that we get the total units of each day. From this observation we can understand the energy consumption
for each day by the equipment’s listed. To understand the Table 1 in a simpler way graphical bar graph is added
in Figure 1.
Table 1: Energy Consumption of Equipment’s per day
Total
Connected
No. of units(kWh *
No. of
Rating of
Load
Units(per hours(per
No. of
Equipment’s equipment Equipment(Watts) (Watts) hour)kWh
day)
Hours)
Tube Lights
65
36W
2,340
2.34
8
18.72
Fans
90
74W
6,660
6.66
8
53.28
Monitor
69
360W
24,840
24.48
6
146.88
CPU
69
600W
41,400
41.4
6
248.4
Printer
9
315W
2,835
2.835
3
8.505
Scanner
1
4.2W
4.2
0.0042
1
0.0042
Projector
2
16W
32
0.032
4
0.128
Air
Conditioner
4
1970W
7,880
7.88
6
47.28
Fridge
1
253W
253
0.253
12
3.036
Total
526.2332
kWh
86244.2 W
Energy Consumption of Equipment's per
hour
Units(per day)kWhr
Fridge
Air Conditioner
Projector
Scanner
Printer
CPU
Monitor
Fans
Tube Lights
0.253
47.28
0.128
0.0042
8.505
248.4
146.88
53.28
18.72
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Figure 1: Graphical representation of table 1
In Table 1 only a day of energy consumptions or units was calculated so, to calculate how much charges have to
be paid for the total units in a month (31 days) have been shown in Table 2. In table 2 no holidays were
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considered excluding Sunday was considered has holiday. And on Saturday the college was running only for 4
hours (From 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM) so, there
were 4 Saturday in a month. So, only for Saturday consumption hours have reduced. By considering all those
basis total units for each equipment’s as well as for the department have been shown in table 2.
Table 2: Energy Consumption of Equipment’s in a month (31 days)
Equipment’s
No. of hours(per No. of hours used in
day)
a month(31 days)
Units(per
hour)kWh
Total units(kWh *
No. of Hours)
Tube Lights
8
200
2.34
468
Fans
8
200
6.66
1332
Monitor
6
154
24.48
3769.92
CPU
6
154
41.4
6375.6
Printer
3
85
2.835
240.975
Scanner
1
39
0.0042
0.1638
Projector
4
108
0.032
3.456
Air Conditioner
6
154
7.88
1213.52
Fridge
12
292
0.253
73.876
Total
13477.5108 kWh
In figure 2 total energy consumption of the department for 1 month have been shown in graphical
representation. To understand in simpler way. And in figure 3, unit consumption for each equipment has been
shown.
Total Energy Consumption for 1 month
600
Unit's (kWhr)
500
400
300
Unit's
Consume
d
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
31 Day's (1 month)
Figure 2: Total Energy Consumption for 1 Month (31 days)
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Energy Consumption of Equipment's per
month
Units consumed(kWhr)
Fridge
73.876
Air Conditioner
1213.52
Projector
3.456
Scanner
0.1638
Printer
240.975
CPU
6375.6
Monitor
3769.92
Fans
1332
Tube Lights
468
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Figure 3: Energy Consumption of Equipment’s per Month
The table 3 has considered as a reference value. The data is available in the Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution.
Table 3: Tariff charges from 1 April, 202 to 31 March, 2021 [1]
Consumption Slab
Energy Charges
(kWh)
(Rs/kWh)
<20 kW
4.86
>20 - < 50kW
7.44
>50 kW
7.84
From the table 3 on the basis of consumption slab and charges the table 2 total unit was taken to find out how
much rupees will be charged. So in table 4 the charges for each equipment’s has been shown. This table 4 and
figure 4 is very important to know how much chargers has to be paid if electrical energy is not conserved and
managed it properly. So in next topic the electricity energy conservation or savings is explained.
Table 4: Energy Charges in rupees for each equipment
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Energy Charges
Equipment’s
Total units(kWh * No.
of Hours)
Tube Lights
468
3669.12
Fans
1332
10442.88
Monitor
3769.92
29556.172
CPU
6375.6
49984.704
Printer
240.975
1889.244
(Rs/kWh)
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Scanner
0.1638
0.796
Projector
3.456
16.796
Air Conditioner
1213.52
9513.996
Fridge
73.876
579.187
Total
13477.5108
105652.895 RS
Energy Charge of each Equipment's per
month(Rs)
Energy Charges (Rs/kWh)
Fridge
579.187
Equipments
Air Conditioner
9513.996
Projector
16.796
Scanner
0.796
Printer
1889.244
CPU
49984.704
Monitor
29556.172
Fans
10442.88
Tube Lights
3669.12
0
10000
20000
30000
Rupees
40000
50000
60000
Figure 4: Energy Charge of rupees for each equipment’s per month
Energy Conservation/ Savings
To use energy efficiently more and find ways to reach the goal. By implementing the low power rating modern
equipment with the same comfort level without reducing the satisfaction of the user.
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has implement new rules for standards and labeling of different
equipment. From this the consumer can understand the energy performance of the appliances and cost saving
potential of the equipment. [2]
1. Replacing Tube lights with LED
Energy consumption of single LED:
LED consumption = 20 W
Lumens = 2000
Number of LED = 65
Energy Consumption of total LED (for 1 hour):
Connected Load Total = 20 * 65 = 1300 Watt ÷ 1000 = 1.3 kWh
Energy Consumption of total LED (for 1 day):
1.3 * 8 = 10.4 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of total LED (31 days):
1.3 * 200 (No. of hours) = 260 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of all LED lightings
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260 * 7.84 = 2038.4 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
3669.12 – 2038.4 = 1630.72 Rs
Cost of per LED as well as installation = 500 Rs
Total cost of all LED as well as installation:
500 * 65 = 32,500 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
32,500/1630.72 = 20 months
2. Replacing old fans with advanced energy efficiency BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motor
fans
Energy consumption of single BLDC motor fans:
Consumption = 32 Watts
Number of fans = 90
Energy Consumption of total fans (for 1 hour):
Connected Load Total = 32 * 90 = 2880 Watt ÷ 1000 = 2.88 kWh
Energy Consumption of total fans (for 1 day):
2.88 * 8 = 23.04 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of total fans (for31 days):
2.88 * 200 (No. of hours) = 576 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of all fans
576 * 7.84 = 4515.84 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
10442.88 – 4515.84 = 5927.04 Rs
Cost of per BLDC fans as well as installation = 3,800 Rs
Total cost of all fans as well as installation:
3,800 * 90 = 3,42,000 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
3,42,000/5927.04 = 58 months
3. Replacing Monitor, CPU with All in One Desktop
Energy consumption of single All in One Desktop:
Desktop consumption = 45 Watts
Number of Desktop = 69
Energy Consumption of total Desktop (for 1 hour):
Connected Load Total = 45 * 69 = 3105 Watt ÷ 1000 = 3.105 kWh
Energy Consumption of total Desktop (for 1 day):
3.105 * 6 = 18.63 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of total Desktop (31 days):
3.105 * 154 (No. of hours) = 478.17 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of all Desktop:
478.17 * 7.84 = 3748.85 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
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29556.172+49984.704 (Monitor and CPU) = 79540.876 – 3748.85 = 75792.026 Rs
Cost of per Desktop as well as installation = 24,000 Rs
Total cost of all Desktop as well as installation:
24,000 * 69 = 16,56,000 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
16,56,000/75792.026 = 22 months
4. Replacing 3 star with 5star Air Conditioner (1 Ton)
Power consumption = 975 W
Number of Air Conditioner = 4
Energy Consumption of total Air Conditioner (for 1 hour):
Connected Load Total = 975 * 4 = 3900 Watt ÷ 1000 = 3.9 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of 4 air conditioner (for31 days):
3.9 * 154 (No. of hours) = 600.6 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of all Air Conditioner
600.6 * 7.84 = 4708.704 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
9513.996 – 4708.704 = 4805.292 Rs
Cost of per air conditioner as well as installation = 31,000 Rs
Total cost of all air conditioner as well as installation:
31,000 * 4 = 1,24,000 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
1,24,000/4805.292 = 25 months
5. Replacing the 185 Liter old fridge with 190 Liter
3-star fridge
Power consumption = 168 W
Number of Fridge = 1
Energy Consumption of total Air Conditioner (for 1 hour):
Connected Load Total = 168 * 1 = 168 Watt ÷ 1000 = 0.168 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of fridge (for31 days):
0.168 * 292 (No. of hours) = 49.05 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of fridge
49.05 * 7.44 = 364.97 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
579.187 – 364.97 = 214.21 Rs
Cost of a fridge as well as installation = 15,000 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
15,000/214.21 = 70 months.
6. Replacing Scanner and Ink cartridge printer with All in One ink jet printer
Power consumption = 72 W
Number of All in One ink jet printer = 9
Energy Consumption of total printer (for 1 hour):
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Connected Load Total = 72 * 9 = 648 Watt ÷ 1000 = 0.648 kWh
Monthly Energy Consumption of printer (for31 days):
0.648 * 85 (No. of hours) = 55.08 kWh
Monthly Energy cost of printer
55.08 * 4.86 = 267.688 Rs
After implementing monthly savings is:
1889.244 – 267.688 = 1621.55 Rs
Cost of all printer as well as installation = 11,400 Rs
So if the payback period as to be calculated:
11,400/1621.55 = 7 months.
By investing and implementing this new modern technologies, and following the BEE standard rules and
regulations no penalty charges has to be paid and reduce the billing charges. Even at the same comfort level
consumer can satisfy their daily activities and department can save money.
Above all the new low power rating equipment’s with more advancement have been calculated and shown the
payback period. So to get idea and implement those specified equipment’s according to the department budget
and most important use the energy efficiently.
Comparison of old units and new units of each equipment’s.
Table 5: Comparison of old equipment unit versus new equipment units
Equipment’s
No. of hours used in
Old equipment’s
New equipment’s
a month(31 days) units(kWh * No. of Hours) units(kWh * No. of Hours)
Tube Lights
200
468
260
Fans
200
1332
576
Monitor
154
CPU
154
3769.92+6375.6 = 10145.52
478.17
Printer
85
Scanner
39
240.975+0.1638 = 241.13
55.08
Projector
108
3.456
3.456
Air Conditioner
154
1213.52
600.6
Fridge
292
73.876
49.05
13477.5108 kWh
2022.356 kWh
Total
In the table 5 the new each equipment’s data have been considered from the manufactured rating and
calculated the consumption units for each months has explained in energy conservation topic. The goal was to
reach the consumption units as low as possible for each equipment without effecting the consumer demand. By
this conservation for electrical energy process can be made in progress by implementing this technique’s and
finding new ways.
In figure 5 the comparison table 5 have been presented in graphical chart. It will be easy to understand and find
more solution and manage it properly. Managing data and energy for every day for further development of the
department.
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Comparison of two different equipment's units for 1 month
12000
10000
Units kWh
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Tube Lights
Fans
Monitor & CPU
Printer &
Scanner
Projector
Air Conditioner
Fridge
Equipment's
Old equipment
New equipment
Figure 5: Comparison of old and new equipment’s units
IV.
CONCLUSION
By this survey the department energy usage was calculated on the basis of assumption. And then it was able to
find the approximate how much energy can be conserved by the department. By appropriate design of
department, the lighting and ventilation can reduce the electrical consumption to 20%. The payback period and
life cycle of the equipment can be covered up in the future. So to create awareness not just in the department
but also in the society. By following the guidelines of Bureau of Energy Efficiency and implementing new ideas
and managing it properly and sharing those ideas to the society. Can prevent the electrical energy crisis in the
future.
V.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
REFERENCE
https://www.mahadiscom.in/consumer/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/Commercial_Circular_for_MYT_Order-3.pdf
https://beeindia.gov.in/content/standards-labeling
https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Energy%20Conservation%20Act%2Cchp1.pdf
Biswajit Biswas, Sujoy Mukherjee, Aritra Ghosh, “ Conservation of Energy: a case study on Energy
Conservation in Campus Lighting in an Institution” International Journal of Modern Engineering
Research ISSN: 2249-6645, Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul – Aug. 2013
Energy Management Handbook by Wayne C. Turner.
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