ICS 143 - Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 - Introduction and Overview MWF 4:00 - 4:50 p.m. Prof. Nalini Venkatasubramanian ( nalini@ics.uci.edu ) Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 1 ICS 143 Spring 2008 Staff Instructor: Prof. Nalini Venkatasubramanian (Venkat) ( nalini@ics.uci.edu ) Teaching Assistants: Matthew Badin ( mbadin@uci.edu ) Reader Leila Jalali (jalalil@uci.edu) Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 2 Course logistics and details Course Web page http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ics143 Lectures - MWF 4:00-4:50p.m, ICS 174 Discussions – WF 1:00-1:50 p.m, DBH 1500 ICS 143 Textbook: Operating System Concepts -- Seventh Edition Silberschatz and Galvin, Addison-Wesley Inc. (Sixth and Fifth editions are fine as well). Alternate Book Principles of Operating Systems, L.F. Bic and A.C. Shaw, Prentice-Hall/Pearson Education, 2003. ISBN 0130266116. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 3 Course logistics and details Homeworks and Assignments 3 homeworks in the quarter of which 1 will be a programming assignment (knowledge of C++ or Java required). Late homeworks will not be accepted. All submissions will be made at the Distribution Center Tests Midterm - date to be announced, tentatively Wednesday, Week 6 in class Final Exam - as per UCI course catalog Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 4 ICS 143 Grading Policy Homeworks - 30% • (3 homeworks each worth 10% of the final grade). Midterm 30% of the final grade Final exam - 40% of the final grade Final assignment of grades will be based on a curve. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 5 Lecture Schedule Week 1: • Introduction to Operating Systems, Computer System Structures, Operating System Structures Week 2 : Process Management • Processes and Threads, CPU Scheduling Week 3: Process Management • Process Synchronization Week 4: Process Management • Process Synchronization Week 5: Storage Management • Deadlocks Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 6 Course Schedule Week 6 - Storage Management • Midterm exam, Memory Management Week 7 - Storage Management • Memory Mangement, Virtual Memory Week 8 - I/O Systems • Virtual Memory, Filesystem Interface, Week 9 - Other topics • FileSystems Implementation, I/O subsystems Week 10 - Other topics • Case study – UNIX, WindowsNT, course revision and summary. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 7 Introduction What is an operating system? Early Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time-sharing Systems Personal Computer Systems Parallel and Distributed Systems Real-time Systems Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 8 What is an Operating System? An OS is a program that acts an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware. Major cost of general purpose computing is software. OS simplifies and manages the complexity of running application programs efficiently. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 9 Goals of an Operating System Simplify the execution of user programs and make solving user problems easier. Use computer hardware efficiently. Allow sharing of hardware and software resources. Make application software portable and versatile. Provide isolation, security and protection among user programs. Improve overall system reliability error confinement, fault tolerance, reconfiguration. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 10 Why should I study Operating Systems? Need to understand interaction between the hardware and applications New applications, new hardware.. Need to understand basic principles in the design of computer systems efficient resource management, security, flexibility Increasing need for specialized operating systems e.g. embedded operating systems for devices - cell phones, sensors and controllers real-time operating systems - aircraft control, multimedia services Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 11 Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 12 Computer System Components Hardware Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). Operating System Controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs. Application Programs Solve computing problems of users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs such as banking software). Users People, machines, other computers Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 13 Abstract View of System User 1 compiler User 2 assembler User 3 ... Text editor User n Database system System and Application Programs Operating System Computer Hardware Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 14 Operating System Views Resource allocator to allocate resources (software and hardware) of the computer system and manage them efficiently. Control program Controls execution of user programs and operation of I/O devices. Kernel The program that executes forever (everything else is an application with respect to the kernel). Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 15 Operating System Spectrum Monitors and Small Kernels special purpose and embedded systems, real-time systems Batch and multiprogramming Timesharing workstations, servers, minicomputers, timeframes Transaction systems Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 16 Early Systems - Bare Machine (1950s) Structure Large machines run from console Single user system, Programmer/User as operator Paper tape or punched cards Early software Assemblers, compilers, linkers, loaders, device drivers, libraries of common subroutines. Secure execution Inefficient use of expensive resources Low CPU utilization, high setup time. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 17 Simple Batch Systems (1960’s) Reduce setup time by batching jobs with similar requirements. Add a card reader, Hire an operator User is NOT the operator Automatic job sequencing Forms a rudimentary OS. Resident Monitor Holds initial control, control transfers to job and then back to monitor. Problem Need to distinguish job from job and data from program. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 18 Supervisor/Operator Control Secure monitor that controls job processing Special cards indicate what to do. User program prevented from performing I/O Separate user from computer User submits card deck cards put on tape tape processed by operator output written to tape tape printed on printer Problems: Long turnaround time - up to 2 DAYS!!! Low CPU utilization • I/O and CPU could not overlap. • slow mechanical devices. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 19 Batch Systems - Issues Solutions to speed up I/O: Offline Processing load jobs into memory from tapes, card reading and line printing are done offline. Spooling Use disk (random access device) as large storage for reading as many input files as possible and storing output files until output devices are ready to accept them. Allows overlap - I/O of one job with computation of another. Introduces notion of a job pool that allows OS choose next job to run so as to increase CPU utilization. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 20 Speeding up I/O Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 21 Batch Systems - I/O completion How do we know that I/O is complete? Polling: Device sets a flag when it is busy. Program tests the flag in a loop waiting for completion of I/O. Interrupts: On completion of I/O, device forces CPU to jump to a specific instruction address that contains the interrupt service routine. After the interrupt has been processed, CPU returns to code it was executing prior to servicing the interrupt. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 22 Multiprogramming Use interrupts to run multiple programs simultaneously When a program performs I/O, instead of polling, execute another program till interrupt is received. Requires secure memory, I/O for each program. Requires intervention if program loops indefinitely. Requires CPU scheduling to choose the next job to run. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 23 Timesharing Programs queued for execution in FIFO order. Like multiprogramming, but timer device interrupts after a quantum (timeslice). Interrupted program is returned to end of FIFO Next program is taken from head of FIFO Control card interpreter replaced by command language interpreter. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 24 Timesharing (cont.) Interactive (action/response) when OS finishes execution of one command, it seeks the next control statement from user. File systems online filesystem is required for users to access data and code. Virtual memory Job is swapped in and out of memory to disk. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 25 Personal Computing Systems Single user systems, portable. I/O devices - keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. Laptops and palmtops, Smart cards, Wireless devices. Single user systems may not need advanced CPU utilization or protection features. Advantages: user convenience, responsiveness, ubiquitous Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 26 Parallel Systems Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication. Improved Throughput, economical, increased reliability. Kinds: • Vector and pipelined • Symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing • Distributed memory vs. shared memory Programming models: • Tightly coupled vs. loosely coupled ,message-based vs. shared variable Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 27 Distributed Systems Distribute computation among many processors. Loosely coupled • no shared memory, various communication lines client/server architectures Advantages: • • • • resource sharing computation speed-up reliability communication - e.g. email Applications - digital libraries, digital multimedia Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 28 Real-time systems Correct system function depends on timeliness Feedback/control loops Sensors and actuators Hard real-time systems Failure if response time too long. Secondary storage is limited Soft real-time systems Less accurate if response time is too long. Useful in applications such as multimedia, virtual reality. Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 29 Summary of lecture What is an operating system? Early Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time-sharing Systems Personal Computer Systems Parallel and Distributed Systems Real-time Systems Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 30
