MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1ST YEAR | 1ST SEM (MIDTERM)
Statistics
➔ branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, and interpretation of
data.
collection of data
➔ process of obtaining numerical measurements.
you're interested in. In the plant growth example, the
height of the plants is the dependent variable
because you're measuring how it changes based on
the amount of water you gave them.
Controlled
➔
Tabulation of or presentation of data
➔ organization of data into tables, graphs, or charts, so
that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived
from the collected measurements.
Analysis of data
➔ pertains to the process of extracting from the given
data relevant information from which numerical
description can be formulated.
Interpretation of data
➔ task of drawing conclusions from the analyzed data.
It normally involves the formulation of forecasts or
predictions about a larger group based on the data
collected from small groups.
Statistics
➔ used to describe test results.
➔ In from experiments must be collected and analyzed.
In better product at reasonable costs through the use
of statistical quality control techniques.
➔ In government, many kinds of statistical data are
collected all the time.
➔ Statistics can help us become more critical in our
analysis of information.
population
➔ complete collection of all elements ( scores, people, .
. . ) to be studied.
census
➔
sample
➔
collection of data from every element in a
population(members of the given population).
subcollection of elements drawn from a population.
variables
➔ The things that are changing in an experiment
any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in
➔
differing amounts or types.
➔ Attribute of an object of study
3 KINDS OF VARIABLES IN EXPERIMENT:
Independent (IV)
➔ "thing you change" in an experiment. It's what you're
testing to see if it has an effect on something else.
For example, if you're testing how different amounts
of water affect plant growth, the amount of water you
give to the plants is the independent variable.
things you keep the same to make sure you're really
testing the independent variable. They're like the
constant conditions. In the plant experiment, you'd
want to keep things like the type of soil, the pots, and
the sunlight the same for all plants. This way, if you
see differences in plant height, you can be pretty
sure it's because of the different amounts of water
(the independent variable).
QUALITATIVE
➔ can be separated into different categories that are
distinguished by some non- numeric characteristics.
(Hair color, ethnic group etc.
2 types of Qualitative:
❖ Dichotomic -if it takes the form of a word with two
options (gender-male or female)
❖
Polynomic - if it takes the form of a word with more
than two options (brand of PC, hair color
QUANTITATIVE
➔ numbers representing counts or measurements.
(Number of COVID 19 cases in the Phil., Net
Income, etc.)
2 types of Quantitative
❖ Discrete data that can be counted (no. of children in
the family).Characterized by gaps or interruptions in
the values that it can assume
➔ “Measured”
➔ Ex: no. of coins in piggy bank, no. of
students in classroom, number of cars in
parking lot
❖
Continuous - data that can't be counted (amount of
income tax paid, weight of a student). Any value
within a specified relevant interval of values
assumed by the variabl;e
➔ “ Counted”
➔ Ex: height of individual, Temperature,
Weight
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL (Categorical)
➔ data that consist of names, labels, or categories
only.
➔ Observations belonging to it can be assigned a code
in the form of a number where the numbers are
simply labels
➔ You can count but not order or measure nominal
data
➔ Example : The political party to which each
candidate belongs. Area codes
Dependent (DV)
➔ "thing you measure" to see if the independent
variable had any impact. It's the outcome or result
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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (PSY100)
FIRST YEAR - 1ST SEMESTER (2023-2024)
ORDINAL (ordered)
➔ data that may be arranged in some order but
differences between data values either cannot be
determined or are meaningless.
➔ Example : ratings of good, better, and best
INTERVAL
➔ Measurement where the difference between 2
values is meaningful and consistent.
➔ Ex: Temperature measured in degrees Celsius or
Fahrenheit. IQ scores on a standardized test.
Calendar dates (measured in years, months, days),
as there is no true "zero" date.
RATIO
➔
➔
➔
Has all the properties of an interval variable, and it
also has a clear definition of 0.0. When the variable
equals 0.0, there is none of that variable
does not include those characteristics of interval
level of measurement but also starts at the zero ( 0 )
value. It is the highest level of measurement.
Ex: Height in Cm/ inch, Weight in Kg/pound, Income
in dollars, Distance Traveled, Age, Time in Seconds,
Amount of Substance, Volume of Liquid in
Liters/Gallons, Savings in Bank Account
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