BS PHARMACY | PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Chapter 1: Introduction to Plants Instructor: TAMBULI, ANTONIO ERAZO Adapted from: PPT & Discussion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ o WHAT IS BOTANY? scientific study of plants ARE PLANTS IMPORTANT TO US? o people depend upon plants to satisfy their basic human needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and medicine ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS o o o o o o o o o o o o use carbon dioxide reducing global warming provide firewood reduce evaporation rates provide habitat for birds and insects release oxygen provide timber stop erosion provide food for bees, birds, and animals sometimes fix nitrogen prevent leachates entering waterways have aesthetic value (are beautiful) act as windbreaks BRANCHES OF BOTANY Plant Molecular Biology o structures and functions of important biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids o focuses on the application of molecular biology, biochemistry, cellular structures and components o knowledge is used in plant breeding – to alter and improve plant traits Plant Biochemistry o chemical interactions with plants, including chemicals that are produced by plants Plant Cell Biology o structures functions, and life processes of plant cells Plant Anatomy o microscopic study of plant structures (cells and tissues) including their evolution and development Plant Morphology o plant organs o structures of plants like leaves, roots flowers, and stems o plant habit o roots- types o leaves- shape, venation, phyllotaxy, parts o stem o buds o flowers • • • • • SHOOT SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM Photosynthesis Reproduction Storage Transport Hormones • • • • • Anchorage Absorption Storage Transport Hormones Plant Physiology o plant processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, and food intake Plant Genetics o plant heredity and variation Plant Ecology o interrelationships among plants and their environment Plant Systematics o encompasses the evolutionary relationships among different plant groups Plant Taxonomy o subdiscipline of systematics that deals with the description, naming and classification of plants Paleobotany o biology and the evolution of plants in the geological past Bryology o mosses and liverworts P a g e 1 | @kayiiing BS PHARMACY | PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Chapter 1: Introduction to Plants Instructor: TAMBULI, ANTONIO ERAZO Adapted from: PPT & Discussion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pteridology o ferns two most important energy related activities: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Agrostology/Graminology o grasses • • APPLIED PLANT BIOLOGY AGRONOMY • crops HORTICULTURE • ornamental plants, fruit trees and vegetables FORESTRY • forest conservation and forest products FLORICULTURE • cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and floristry ECONOMIC BOTANY • plants with commercial value biological process, captures light energy into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water CELLULAR RESPIRATION • • occurs in the mitochondria of the plant cells to breakdown sugar I the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP releases CO2 and H2O as waste products Plants respond to stimuli o sunlight o water o temperature o gravity o chemicals CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS Plants are highly organized o highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks Plants take in and use energy o energy is used for growth, repair of destroyed tissues, reproduction and maintenance of all organisms Plants grow and develop o Growth- increase in the size and mass of and organism o Increase in the number of cells and size of cells Plants reproduce o Living organisms come from previously existing organisms ASEXUAL • involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. SEXUAL • involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique. P a g e 2 | @kayiiing BS PHARMACY | PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Chapter 1: Introduction to Plants Instructor: TAMBULI, ANTONIO ERAZO Adapted from: PPT & Discussion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Plant DNA transmit information from one generation to the next o characteristics of an organism are encoded in its genes, which are the units of hereditary information Plant population undergo genetic changes over time o plants and other organism evolve o populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments ➢ Charles Darwing & Alfred Wallace o presented the idea of evolution by Natural Selectiom Evolution - a unifying theory of biology because it encompasses all the change that have transforme life from the first primitive cells into the millions of different organisms that exist today. ANIMALIA • • • • • Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophic Move by muscular contraction Nervous coordinates responses to stimuli PLANTAE • • • Eukaryotes Photosynthetic Life cycle with alternation generation Cell walls made up of cellulose • THREE-DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION ARCHEA • Kingdom Archaea BACTERIA • Kingdom Bacteria EUKARYA • All other kingdoms (protists, plants, animals) BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Kingdom o o o broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla six kingdoms of living organisms o includes one or more kingdoms Domain Species o SIX KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION ARCHEA • • • • prokaryotes unicellular microscopic most live in extreme environments BACTERIA • • • • prokaryotes unicellular most are heterotrophic photosynthetic/ chemosynthetic PROTISTA • • • • • Protozoa, Algae, Water Mold, Slime, Molds Eukaryotes Unicellular Simple Multicellular Heterotrophic/ Photosynthetic • • • • • • • Eukaryotes Mostly multicellular Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients Do not photosynthesize Cell wall make up of chitin Mold and Yeasts FUNGI of o Group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics Breed only with one another and have a close common ancestry THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Recognize a problem o Or an unanswered question 2. Develop a hypothesis o To explain the problem 3. Design and perform an experiment o To test the hypothesis 4. Analyze the interpret the data o To reach a conclusion P a g e 3 | @kayiiing BS PHARMACY | PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Chapter 1: Introduction to Plants Instructor: TAMBULI, ANTONIO ERAZO Adapted from: PPT & Discussion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Share new knowledge o With the scientific community ELEMENTS OF AN EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE • All conditions should be constant except the one being tested DEPENDENT VARIABLE • The effects of the experiment CONTROL GROUP • Undergoes all the steps of the experiment except the one being tested TWO TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING: INDUCTIVE REASONG • • From specifis to general ideas Basis of modern experimental science DEDUCTIVE REASONING • • From generalities to specifics Determine the types of experiment to test a hypothesis Hypothesis o An educated guess (based on previous observations Theory o A widely accepted explanation supported by a large body of observation and experiments P a g e 4 | @kayiiing