10
JOURNALISM
First Quarter
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
1
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
COPYRIGHT PAGE
Learning Activity Sheets in JOURNALISM
(Grade 10)
Copyright © 2020
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Regional Office No. 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500
“No copy of this material shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However,
prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary
for exploitation of such work for profit.”
This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum through the
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purposes and the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an
edited version, an enhancement of supplementary work are permitted provided all original works
are acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for
commercial purposes and profit.
1
Consultants:
Regional Director
: ESTELA L. CARIÑO, EdD., CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director
: RHODA T. RAZON, EdD., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
: ORLANDO E. MANUEL, PhD, CESO V
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: CHELO TANGAN, PhD, CESE
WILMA C. BUMAGAT, PhD, CESE
Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD : OCTAVIO V. CABASAG, PhD
Chief Education Supervisor, CID
: ROGELIO C. PASINOS, PhD
Development Team
Writer
Layout Artist
Content Editors
Focal Persons
: FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO, DON MARIANO MARCOS NHS, Cagayan
: FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO, DON MARIANO MARCOS NHS, Cagayan
:
: INOCENCIO T. CARAG, PhD- EPS English, SDO Cagayan
NICKOYE BUMANGLAG, PhD- LRMDS Supervisor, SDO Cagayan
RONNIE F. TEJANO, EPS– ENGLISH, CLMD, DepEd R02
RIZALINO G. CARONAN, EPS–LRMDS, CLMD, DepEd R02
Printed by: DepEd Regional Office No. 02
Regional Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
_____________________________________________
Address: Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500
Telephone Nos.: (078) 304-3855; (078) 396-9728
Email Address: region2@deped.gov.ph Website: region2.deped.gov.ph
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
MOST
ESSENTIAL
COMPETENCIES
LEARNING CODE
PAGE
NUMBE
R
1
Discuss the principles, features, and process of TV
broadcasting
No code available
Explain the legal and ethical standards of TV
broadcasting
SPJ10ETH-Ia-3
15
Explain the terms used in TV Broadcasting
SPJ10TVB-Ic-5
25
Write different forms of stories for TV broadcast
SPJ10TVSW-Ief-8
35
Observe guidelines and rules in
writing headlines and news for TV
SPJ10NEW-Ig-9
42
Write a TV broadcast script
SPJ10TVSW-Ih-13
55
3
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner : _________________________ Grade Level : ______________
Section : ________________________________ Date : ____________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Discuss the principles, features, and process of TV broadcasting
Background Information for Learners
Principles of Television Broadcasting
The following are TV broadcasting principles written in bullet form for easy understanding:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The style of writing should be direct and conversational.
Write the way people talk.
The text should complement the visual.
Sentences should be short.
Keep the text lean and loose and give the audience time to see and listen.
Do not state the obvious.
Do not overwrite the text.
Television news is more than just pictorial coverage. It also tells the news with words
spoken by anchors and reporters.
The link between the words (script) and the video/photo on the screen is very crucial.
In a television newscast, the viewer cannot interrupt the flow of the story.
The story must therefore be written and structured in such a manner that the important
points are made clear.
Broadcast news is linear. Audience get the news in a flow of information that is
constantly moving forward like a line.
Within a story, the structure is linear with the lead then the development of facts and
details.
FEATURES OF TELEVISION AS A MEDIUM
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIUM
While radio has sound, television content includes both sound and visuals. This audio
visual character of television makes it a magic medium which allows us to watch the world
from our drawing rooms. This powerful visual nature helps television to create vivid
impressions in our minds which in turn leads to emotional involvement. The audio visual
quality also makes television images more memorable.
1
DOMESTIC MEDIUM
To watch television, we need not leave your drawing room. No need of going to the
movie theater or buying tickets. We can watch television in the comfort of our home with our
family. This is why television is generally regarded as a domestic medium. It provides
entertainment and information right inside our homes and has become an integral part of our
everyday lives. It can actually pattern our daily activities. Even our family makes it a point to
watch their favorite serial at a particular time and adjust dinner timings accordingly. This
domestic nature of television influences the content also. We have noticed that a newspaper
report has an impersonal tone, whereas the television anchor addresses us directly. The
domestic nature of television makes it an intimate medium. This makes the viewers experience
a sense of closeness to the Television.
LIVE MEDIUM
The important characteristic of television is that it is capable of being a live medium.
This is because the live nature of television allows it to transmit visuals and information almost
instantly. The visuals of an earthquake in Indonesia can reach our television set in almost no
time. This capacity of the medium makes it ideal for transmitting live visuals of news and sports
events. If we are watching a cricket match in a television channel, we can almost instantly see
the wicket hit by our favourite player. On the Television allows you to witness events which
happen thousands of miles away.
MASS MEDIUM
All of us know that there are a large number of people who cannot read or write. Such
people may not be able to read a newspaper, but they can watch television. Anyone with a
television receiver can access the information shown on television. This makes it an ideal
medium to transmit messages to a large audience. In a country like ours, with a huge illiterate
population, this characteristic of television makes it an ideal instrument for transmitting social
messages. Television also has a very wide output, range and reach. It is truly a mass medium.
TRANSITORY MEDIUM
Television programmes are not easy to be recorded by viewers. It may be practically
impossible to record every programme which appears on your television. Therefore, television
is generally identified as a transitory medium.
EXPENSIVE MEDIUM
There is need to large amount of machinery and expertise needed to run a television
station. We can write articles and stories and draw our own pictures. All we need will be paper,
pen, drawing instruments and time. However, a television programme can never be made this.
However, a television programme can never be made this easily. It requires lots of money,
machinery and experienced people. Broadcast media in general and television in particular
involves complex technology and organization. We will need crores of rupees to start a
television station.
2
THE PROCESS OF TV BROADCASTING
How Television Broadcasting Works
While millions of people watch television each day, many of them are not quite sure
how the technology works. Television has been around for many decades and although some
of its components have changed over the years, the way in which television broadcasts work is
pretty much the same.
Elements of Broadcast Television
There are a several major parts that are required in order to receive television
broadcasts. They include an image source, a sound source, a transmitter, a receiver, a display
device, and a sound device.
Image Source
The image source can be defined as the program. It can be a movie, TV show, news
program, etc. The image source is just the source’s video and does not include the sound. The
image source is usually recorded on camera or flying spot scanner.
Sound Source
Once the image source is obtained, for e.g. a video of a movie, sound is needed to
complete the medium. The sound source is the TV program’s audio signal, whether coming
from a movie, TV show, news program, etc. It can come in the form of mono, stereo, or even
digitally processed surround sound.
Transmitter
A transmitter is what sends both audio and video signals over the air waves.
Transmitters usually transmit more than one signal (TV channel) at a time. A transmitter
modulates both picture and sound into one signal then sends this transmission over a wide range
for a receiver (TV set) to receive.
Receiver
A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns radio
waves, which include audio and video signals, into useful signals that can be processed into an
image and sound.
Display Device
This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to turn the
electrical signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set, this includes the CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube) technology.
3
Sound Device
The sound devices are usually speakers that are either built into the TV set or that
accompany the TV set and turn electrical signals into sound waves to play audio along with the
video images.
Broadcast Television Signals
Broadcast Television Signals are video and sound signals that are transmitted over the
air. Anyone using a television set that has a receiver and an antenna can pick them up for free.
Antennas are used to grab as much signal as possible and to sometimes amplify the signal.
All TV sets have the ability to switch the receiver’s tuner to pick up specific channels.
Each channel is transmitted on its own frequency, which the TV set can tune into and receive.
Broadcast TV vs. Satellite TV and Cable TV
There are three main ways to receive TV programming, one is through broadcast
television and the other two are through satellite and cable TV.
Broadcast TV
Broadcast TV is when audio and video signals are transmitted over the air waves from
a ground based transmitter. These signals are usually picked up for free and are on specific
frequency spectra.
Satellite TV
Satellite TV is usually a digital TV signal that is broadcast from a satellite orbiting the
earth. They are usually pay services that require special equipment to receive programming and
operate on special frequencies.
Cable TV
Cable TV is a pay TV service that sends out signals not over the air, but through cable
that runs from the cable company to the viewer’s home. Many cable types, from copper to fiber
optic cables, are used. The signal can be analog or digital.
Can you now cite significant events in the history of TV broadcast? Develop this competency
as you work on the exercises below.
Learning Competency with Code
Discuss the principles, features, and process of TV broadcasting
No code available /given
4
Exercise 1: Jumbled to Assembled
Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters to come up with the key terms used in the Principles
of TV broadcasting. The key terms may or may not be explicitly stated in the text. Write your
answers on the space provided after each item.
1. AINERL
:
__________________________________
2. NSACVERTNALOIO
:
__________________________________
3. RDICTE
:
__________________________________
4. ORTSH
:
__________________________________
5. ECLAR
:
__________________________________
6. OLSEO
:
__________________________________
7. ACOMPTYLEMENR
:
__________________________________
8. AVISDUIAOLU
:
__________________________________
9. EWSCNSTA
:
__________________________________
10. PSICRT
:
__________________________________
Exercise 2: Making Sense!
Directions: Using your dictionary or other online references, make sense of the words formed
in Exercise Number 1 by providing their definitions/synonyms.
WORDS FORMED
DEFINITIONS/SYNONYMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5
Exercise 3: Picture Analysis
Directions: Identify the characteristic or feature of TV broadcasting as a medium being
portrayed by the following pictures. Write your answer on the space below each picture.
1.
_____________________________________
2.
_______________________________________
3.
________________________________________
4.
____________________________________________
6
5.
_____________________________________________
Exercise 4: Concept Mapping
Directions: Supply at least two key terms inside the circles to build your understanding on the
features or characteristics of TV broadcasting as a medium.
AUDIO-VISUAL
MASS
CHARACTERISTICS
OF TV
AS A MEDIUM
DOMESTIC
TRANSITORY
LIVE
EXPENSIVE
7
Exercise 5: Graphical understanding
Directions: Explain in one paragraph the graphical presentation below. Technical terms used
in the graphics are defined. Use the space provided below for your answer.
MUX is short for Multiplex, which is technology that allows a broadcaster to compress
or ‘zip’ TV content so that several channels can be distributed using the same bandwidth that
used to be required for a single analogue channel.
An ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) tuner, often called an ATSC
receiver or HDTV tuner, is a type of television tuner that allows reception of digital television
(DTV) television channels that use ATSC standards.
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
After successfully completing the tasks above, you are now ready for your final task on this
lesson.
Final Task
Exercise 6: Learning Synthesis
Directions: Write a five-paragraph essay, summarizing your learning on the principles,
features, and process of TV broadcasting. Your essay will be rated using the rubrics below.
Write your essay on the space provided.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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RUBRICS: STANDARDS FOR RATING STUDENTS’ ESSAY
CATEGORY
4-ABOVE
3- MEETS
2-NEARING
1-BELOW
STANDARDS STANDARDS
STANDARDS
STANDARDS
All topics are
discussed
thoroughly.
Only two topics
are discussed
thoroughly.
One topic is
discussed
thoroughly.
No topic is
discussed
thoroughly.
ORGANIZATION
Information is
very organized
with wellconstructed
paragraphs.
Information is
organized with
well-constructed
paragraphs.
Information is
organized but
paragraphs are not
well-constructed.
The information
appears to be
disorganized.
MECHANICS
No grammatical,
spelling, or
punctuation
errors.
Almost no
grammatical,
spelling, or
punctuation
errors.
A few grammatical,
spelling, or
punctuation erros.
Many
grammatical,
spelling, or
punctuation
errors.
CLOSURE
Creates
satisfying
ending,
summarizing
main points for
each topic
Summarization
strategy employed,
but not effective
Attempt a
summarization
strategy
CONTENT
Effective
summarization
of topics
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.
10
References
(D. Ventura, personal communication, August 10, 2020)
How Television Broadcasting Works. (n.d.). Https://Www.Tech-Faq.Com/How-TelevisionBroadcasting-Works.Html. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://www.techfaq.com/how-television-broadcasting-works.html
Munoz, A. (2017, September 29). Broadcasting Device - MPEG Transport Stream MPEG
Program Stream Communication Protocol Television Program And System
Information Protocol [Photograph]. FavPNG. https://tinyurl.com/y5yaleq3
What is a MUX and why does it matter? (n.d.). Encoded Media. Retrieved August 18, 2020,
from https://www.encodedmedia.com/blog/what-is-a-mux-and-why-does-it-matter/
ATSC tuner. (2019, November 5). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_tuner
Home | Advantage Audio Visual Rentals Ltd. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Advantage AV.
https://tinyurl.com/y6myuzbo
Samsung. (2015, July 20). What Does TV Mean to You? [Photograph]. Samsung Newsroom.
https://news.samsung.com/global/what-does-tv-mean-to-you
ABS-CBN News. (2013, November 8). Storm surge hits Tacloban City [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxmHNuky0hU
Reuters. (2018, June 8). Turkey’s jailed pro-Kurdish candidate makes first TV appearance in
20 months [Photograph]. Middle East Eye. https://tinyurl.com/y5pbkkkb
Panasonic Newsroom. (2018, January 4). TV Cultura Installed Panasonic Broadcasting
Equipment to Modernize the News Studio [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s488u-X-mXM
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
11
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. LINEAR
2. CONVERSATIONAL
3. DIRECT
4. SHORT
5. CLEAR
6. LOOSE
7. COMPLEMENTARY
8. AUDIOVISUAL
9. NEWSCAST
10. SCRIPT
Exercise 2
Answers may vary.
WORDS FORMED
1. LINEAR
2. CONVERSATIONAL
3. DIRECT
DEFINITIONS/SYNONYMS
of, relating to, or based or depending on
sequential development
appropriate to an informal conversation
4. SHORT
(of a person or their behavior) going straight
to the point
relatively small in extent.
5. CLEAR
easily understood
6. LOOSE
being flexible or relaxed
7. COMPLEMENTARY
mutually supplying each other's lack
8. AUDIOVISUAL
relating to both hearing and sight
9. NEWSCAST
television broadcast of news
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10. SCRIPT
the written text of a stage play, screenplay, or
broadcast
Exercise 3:
1. Live Medium
2. Domestic Medium
3. Audio-Visual Medium
4. Expensive Medium
5. Mass Medium
Exercise 4: Answers may vary.
Exercise 5: Answers may vary.
Exercise 6: Answers may vary.
13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do not Write on this Portion
FEEDBACK CARD
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
What’s your Badge?
AWESOME!- Completed and earned perfect
scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
IT’S OKAY.- Completed the tasks with 7579% accuracy
STRIVE FOR MORE. When need further
assistance and support
ACTIVITY 8
BADGE EARNED:
Comments of Teacher:
14
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner: ________________________________ Grade Level_______________
Section:________________________________________ Score: ____________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Explaining the legal and ethical standards of TV broadcasting
Background Information for Learners
Legal basis:
Article III, Bill of Rights of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress
of grievances.
Broadcast Code of the Philippines 2007 (as amended 2011)
PART I. PROGRAM STANDARDS
Article 1. NEWS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Sec. 1. OBJECTIVE
News and public affairs programs shall aim primarily to inform the public on important current
events and issues rather than merely to entertain.
Sec. 2. NEWS SCHEDULE
News shall be part of a station’s daily programming. No less than 30 minutes of daily
programming should be devoted to news.
Sec. 3. FAIRNESS AND OBJECTIVITY
3.a. News reports shall be fair, factual, and objective.
3.b. Receiving bribes, gifts, privileges or any consideration to favor one side of a story, stop a
story from airing , or put any person in either bad or favorable light is prohibited. 3.c. Side
15
comments expressing personal opinions while a news item is being reported or delivered are
prohibited to prevent the listener from mistaking opinion for news.
3.d. When presented as part of a news program, editorials or commentaries must be identified
as such and presented as distinct from news reports.
Sec. 4. NEWS SOURCES
4.a. Care must be taken in selecting news sources since the credibility of the news rests upon
its sources.
4.b. Only news that can be attributed to a source shall be aired. When a source cannot be
identified by name, the reason for this should be made clear in the news report.
4.c. News sources must be clearly identified, except when confidentiality of the source was a
condition for giving the information.
4.d. Information provided by confidential sources may be aired only if it is in the public interest
to do so.
4.e. Before airing information provided by a confidential source, an effort should first be made
to look for a source who can be identified or who can corroborate the information provided by
the confidential source.
4.f. Press releases may be used as news sources only after the station has verified that they
come from an authentic source.
4.g. Suspects or fugitives from the law may be interviewed as news sources. However, they
should not be aided, abetted, or encouraged when in the act of planning or committing a crime,
or be accompanied on their way to committing a crime.
4.h. Rumors or gossips shall not be aired in the guise of news. Using terms like “anonymous
source”, “confidential source” or “unknown source” shall not justify the airing of rumors and
gossips especially in news programs.
Sec. 5. UNCONFIRMED REPORTS
5.a. Unconfirmed reports shall not be aired unless there is an immediate and urgent need for
the public to know about them, such as when the public needs to be warned of the possibility
of an imminent danger. When such reports are aired, it must be emphasized that they are
unconfirmed.
5.b. An unconfirmed report must be verified as soon as possible. If an unconfirmed report is
found to be false, an announcement saying so must be made.
Sec. 6. NEWS INTERVIEWS
6.a. Interviews must be presented in the proper context. Replies of interviewees to questions
must not be edited or editorialized in a way that would distort their intended meaning.
6.b. Selecting and phrasing of questions during an interview shall be the primary responsibility
of the interviewer. Such questions must be determined primarily by the public interest to be
served.
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6.c. When the interviewer is not free to choose his questions or the interviewee or source has
imposed conditions on the conduct of the interview, this fact must be made clear to the public
during the broadcast.
Sec. 7. UNCONVENTIONAL NEWS GATHERING AND REPORTING
7a. In the most extreme circumstances, when information being sought is vitally important to
public interest or necessary to prevent profound harm, the use of hidden cameras or
microphones and other similar techniques of news gathering and reporting may be resorted to.
Before resorting to such techniques, conventional methods must first be exhausted. In all cases,
the use of such techniques must conform to the law.
7b. When material obtained through such techniques are broadcast, this must be presented
fairly, factually and in the proper context. The right to privacy must be observed and harm to
the innocent avoided.
7c. Unconventional techniques and equipment for information gathering and reporting shall be
allowed only for trained journalists and those who are skilled in their use.
7d. When materials that have been obtained through unconventional techniques are received
from third parties, their broadcast must conform with the relevant provisions under this section
Sec. 8. NEWS PRODUCTION AIDS AND TECHNIQUES
8. a. News production aids should not mislead the public.
8. b. Archived or file video, photo, and audio materials should be properly labeled as such when
aired and must not be presented in a manner that may cause the public to mistake them as the
broadcast of a live or more recent event.
8. c. Subjects of video and voice clips should be clearly identified.
8. d. The simulation or re-enactment of actual events must be clearly labeled as such to avoid
misleading the public.
8. e. Text crawls shall not be used for advertising messages during a newscast except during
the closing credits.
Sec. 9. SENSATIONALISM
9. a. The presentation of news and commentaries must always be in good taste.
9. b. Morbid, violent, sensational or alarming details not essential to a factual report are
prohibited.
9.c. The presentation of news and commentaries must not be done in a way that would create
unnecessary panic or alarm.
Sec. 10. STATION EDITORIALS
10. a. Station editorials shall be clearly identified as such and the station assumes responsibility
for the views expressed in them.
10. b. Station editorials may be prepared only by persons who are qualified and expressly
authorized by the station to do so.
17
Sec. 11. ADVERTISEMENTS IN THE NEWS
11. a. Advertisements must be clearly distinguished from the news.
11. b. Advertisements in the guise of news are prohibited
PHILIPPINE JOURNALIST’S CODE OF ETHICS (1988)
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts
nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other
side and to correct substantive errors promptly.
II. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my
calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs
and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when
obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
IV. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless
the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to
information, as provided for in the Constitution.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties;
nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast
doubt on my personal integrity.
VI. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
VII. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of
sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
VIII. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall
exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that
they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
IX. I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist.
X. I shall accept only as tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession,
invoking the “conscience clause” when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my
conscience.
XI. I shall conduct myself in public or while performing my duties as a journalist in such
manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my
watchword.
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This document was drafted by the Philippine Press Institute (PPI), discussed and finalized in a
multilateral workshop conference held during the National Press Week of 1988. The
conference was attended by representatives from the PPI, National Press Club, Philippine
Movement for Press Freedom (PMPF), National Union of Journalists of the Philippines
(provisional committee), Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa sa Media sa Pilipinas, Press
Foundation of Asia, and Photojournalists Guild of the Philippines. It has been adopted by these
and other media organizations, and has been translated into Filipino by the Bukluran ng mga
Mamamahayag sa Sariling Wika (BUKLURAN), a PMPF member-organization.
With the information given above, can you now explain the legal and ethical standards in
television broadcasting? The following exercises will help you achieve this learning
competency.
Learning Competency with Code
Explain the legal and ethical standards of TV broadcasting
SPJ10ETH-Ia-3
Exercise 1: Reality Check
Directions: Taking into consideration your own ideas, answer the following briefly but
substantially. Write your answer of the space provided after each question.
1. Why do you watch television?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What shows do you prefer to watch on television?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of television.
Advantages:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Compare television news programs then and now.
Then:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Now:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Personalizing Personalities
19
Directions: Study and comment on the practices of television journalists vis-à-vis their
practices and the legal and ethical standards of television broadcasting. Write your answers on
the table provided below.
TV Personality
Comments
Korina Sanchez
Jessica Soho
Mike Enriquez
Raffy Tulfo
Noli De Castro
Exercise 3: Getting Socially Aware
Directions: Give your reactions, comments or insights regarding the two national issues
concerning freedom of the press today. Anchor your answers on the legal and ethical standards
of journalism in general. Answer briefly but substantially on the space provided.
Issue Number 1: Non-renewal of ABS-CBN franchise
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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20
___________________________________________________________________________
Issue Number 2: Rappler and its Executives accused of cyberlibel and other criminal charges
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4: Going Local
Directions: As a student journalist in your school, cite two instances or situations by which you
can apply the ethical standards of television broadcasting. Write your answers on the space
provided below.
Situation Number 1
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Situation Number 2
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Now that you have successfully done the exercises above, you are now ready to accomplish
your final activity. Use your knowledge on the legal and ethical standards of television
broadcasting to do this.
Final Task
Exercise 5: Video Analysis on Media Ethics
Directions: Watch and react on the following videos concerning media ethics. Use the Youtube
links provided below for this activity. For those who do not have internet access, your teacher
will provide you USB or CD containing the videos.
Situation 1link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyiHelHW6tQ
Title: TV Patrol: Mga biktima ng pedophilia sa Iligan, pinapayagan ng mga
magulang? (In this video, the reporter “hides” or “covers” the identity of the victims.)
21
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Situation 2 link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EcEQUeNtYI
Title: HINDI MAPINTA ANG GALIT NI IDOL RAFFY SA ISANG SCHOOL
PRINCIPAL AT DEPED OFFICIAL! (In this video, broadcaster Raffy Tulfo reprimands the
school authorities concerning the issue at hand. Discuss how Raffy Tulfo handled the interview
with school officials.)
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References
Bituin, G. J. (2008, May 14). Philippine Journalist’s Code of Ethics. Philippine Media Ethics.
http://philmediaethics.blogspot.com/2008/05/philippine-journalists-code-ofethics.html
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. (n.d.). Broadcast Code of the Philippines 2007.
KBP. Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.kbp.org.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2008/04/KBP_Broadcast_Code_2011.pdf
22
Philippine Official Gazette. (n.d.). THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF
THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE III. Official Gazette. Retrieved August 17, 2020,
from https://tinyurl.com/y2gc3qmv
ABS-CBN News. (2016, January 20). TV Patrol: Mga biktima ng pedophilia sa Iligan,
pinapayagan ng mga magulang? [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyiHelHW6tQ
Raffy Tulfo In Action. (2019, September 4). HINDI MAPINTA ANG GALIT NI IDOL RAFFY
SA ISANG SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AT DEPED OFFICIAL! [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EcEQUeNtYI
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 2:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 3:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 4:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 5:
Answers may vary.
23
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do not Write on this Portion
FEEDBACK CARD
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
What’s your Badge?
AWESOME!- Completed and earned perfect
scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
IT’S OKAY.- Completed the tasks with 7579% accuracy
STRIVE FOR MORE. When need further
assistance and support
ACTIVITY 8
BADGE EARNED:
Comments of Teacher:
24
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner: _____________________________
Grade Level: ______________
Section: _____________________________________
Date: ____________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Explain the terms used in TV Broadcasting
Background Information for Learners
TV Broadcasting Jargons
1. Graphics - artwork, maps, statistical graphs, tables or any combination thereof
2. Title Card - composed of text and graphics to introduce the title of a show or segment
3. Remote - outside the studio
4. Cue - an alerting mechanism for smooth collaboration in production
5. Dead Air - silence
6. Copy - a piece of paper on which a news story is typed
7. Audio - sound
8. Bumper - a piece of visual material inserted at the end of one newscast segment to allow
for a smooth transition to another segment
9. Editing - the process of selecting portions of picture and sound recordings including their
timing and sequence and the piecing together of these elements into a finished news story
10. Voiceover - narration delivered in conjunction with visuals in which the person delivering
the narration is not seen in the picture
25
10. Panning - horizontal movement of the camera, left to right
11. Tilt - camera movement in the vertical plane
12. Zoom - describes the action of moving in from a long shot view to closeup view
13. Closeup - a picture showing the object of interest in detail
14. Glitch - refers to on air error
15. Gap - commercials
16. Lower-thirds - refer to the graphics indicating the name and designation of soundbites
17. Override - on air audio monitors used by reporters/anchors specifically during live
telecast
18. Violator - refers to the graphics (usually of locations) in the upper left or right corner
19. OBB or Opening Billboard- standard first video of every show, usually a short video intro
of the show
20.Ad Lib- spontaneous or unscripted talking
21. CBB or Closing Billboard - end video in every show
22. Crawler - text or words moving across the screen
23. Bed- production element usually instrumental music or sound effect played in the
background
24. Dub - re-recording of another tape
25. Lead in - first few lines of a host/broadcaster
26. Headlines - teaser of the top stories in a news show which usually appears right after the
OBB
27. Icon - used to describe the graphic that appears above the host's shoulder during an intro
in a newscast
28. Bite- short sound clip
29. Chargen or Character Generator - is the machine that generates the text used in shows
30. Lineup- the list of all the elements - copy, voice overs, reports, commercials in the news
program, from start to finish in order of appearance
31. NATSOT or Natural Sound - the ambient sound from video which gives the viewer a
stronger sense of the location or event
26
32. Television studio - installation in which video productions take place, either for the
recording of live television to video tape.
33. Studio set - composed of tables, furniture, backdrop and artwork
34. Video camera - is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images
35. Teleprompters - display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual
text of a speech or script
36. Hand held microphone - any microphone held in the hand and used to pick up human
speech
37. Lapel microphone - is a small electret or dynamic microphone used for television, theatre,
and public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free operation.
38. Vision mixer - control panel used to select the multiple-camera setup and other various
sources to be recorded or seen on air.
39. Air - to broadcast
40. Airtime - time on TV
41. Story Conference - a daily meeting of vital staff about the content, production and remote
assignments
42. From the top - refers to doing something over from the beginning
43. Wrap - to end
44. Post-mortem - review of a production or project. It is also a critique usually focusing on
what worked, what didn't and lessons learned
45. TV Production - process of developing a television show from its early writing stage
through acquiring talent and a crew, securing a set or location, shooting, editing, and
preparing it for broadcast
46. Still store - device for storage of graphics or other images.
47. Upload - method of sending digital files to a server or through the internet.
48. Director - is the person who sits in the control room and has the main responsibility for
getting the newscast to air.
49. Download - method of receiving digital files from a server or through the internet.
50. Toss - where one on-air person hands the commentary or hosting to someone else
51. Time Code - is electronically generated code marking every frame in video
27
52. Cutaway - a shot that looks away from the central action being shown and into the
periphery or immediate vicinity of the action
53. DNG - digital news gathering, audio video transmission through internet
54. Boom microphone - a directional mic is mounted on a boom arm and positioned just out
of camera frame. The cable is wrapped once or twice around the boom arm
55. Dry run - is a rehearsal or practice run for a particularly complicated production
56. Microwave - a fixed setup also capable of live transmission of video terrestrially; signal
transmission is limited to line of sight propagation
57. SNG - satellite news gathering; similar to ENG but passes through satellite; requires
coordination with ICT-uplink
The terms used in TV broadcasting have been clearly presented above. Can you now explain
the terms used in TV Broadcasting? Develop this competency as you work on the exercises
below.
Learning Competency with Code
Explain the terms used in TV Broadcasting
SPJ10TVB-Ic-5
Exercise 1: Word Hunt
Directions: Search for TV broadcasting jargons, which you can see below. Words can be
formed vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. Draw a box or circle to highlight the words.
Clue: There are 13 TV broadcasting jargons to be looked for.
T
A
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Exercise 2: Identify Me!
28
G
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Directions: Using your knowledge on TV broadcasting terminologies, identify the following
pictures. A red box is used to highlight what needs to be identified. Write your answers on the
space provided.
1. ____________________________
2. _______________________________
3. __________________________________
4. _______________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. _______________________________
29
7.____________________________________
8. ________________________________
9.____________________________________
10. ________________________________
Exercise 3: Challenge your memory!
Directions: Match the TV broadcasting terminologies in Column A with their meanings on
Column B. This is a test of memory, so refrain from looking for answers in the text provided
at the start of this lesson. Draw a line that connects the terminology with its meaning.
A
B
1. Title Card
A. an alerting mechanism for smooth collaboration in
production
2. Voice over
B. outside the studio
3. Glitch
C. commercial
4. Graphics
D. artwork, maps, statistical graphs, tables or any combination
5. Gap
E. on air audio monitors used by reporters/anchors specifically
during live telecast
6. Bed
F. narration delivered in conjunction with visuals in which the
person delivering the narration is not seen in the picture
7. Time Code
G. production element usually instrumental music or sound
effect played in the background
8. Story Conference
H. first few lines of a host/broadcaster
30
9. Airtime
I. short sound clip
10. Bite
J. a daily meeting of vital staff about the content, production
and remote assignments
11. Lead in
K. electronically generated code marking every frame in video
12. Override
L. composed of text and graphics to introduce the title of a
show or segment
13. Dead Air
M. Sound
14. Cue
N. refers to on air error
15. Remote
O. Silence
P. Time on TV
Now that you have successfully hurdled the exercises above, you are now ready to accomplish
your final activity. Use your knowledge on TV Broadcasting terminologies to do this.
Final Task
Exercise 4: Eye Witness
Directions: Watch a news program on TV or on Youtube; enumerate the TV broadcasting
terminologies, which you see or observe in the video, then explain briefly how they are used.
Use the space below for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
31
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References
Ventura, D. [Dave V. (2019, May 29). Broadcasting Jargons [Facebook status update].
Facebook.https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10216516463718752&id=10
72665752&_rdr
Home | Advantage Audio Visual Rentals Ltd. (n.d.-b). [Photograph]. Advantage AV.
https://tinyurl.com/y6myuzbo
Samsung. (2015, July 20). What Does TV Mean to You? [Photograph]. Samsung Newsroom.
https://news.samsung.com/global/what-does-tv-mean-to-you
Reuters.(2018, June 18). Turkey's jailed pro-Kurdish candidate makes first TV appearance in
20 months. [Photograph]. https://tinyurl.com/y5pbkkkb
Panasonic Newsroom. (2018, January 4). TV Cultura Installed Panasonic Broadcasting
Equipment to Modernize the News Studio. [Photograph]. https://tinyurl.com/y3ucswzl
ABS-CBN News. (2013). Storm surge hits Tacloban City. [Screenshot- 0.55].
https://tinyurl.com/y2pu5rov
ABS-CBN News. (2020, August 17). Replay: TV Patrol livestream | August 17, 2020 Full
Episode.[Screenshot]. https://tinyurl.com/y2vxk9b7
GMA News. ( 2020, August 18). 24 Oras Express: August 18, 2020 [HD]. [Screenshot].
https://tinyurl.com/y2orjdrw
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
32
T
A
Z
F
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B
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A
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B
B
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O
W
S
S
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B
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I
E
D
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Z
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B
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T
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X
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Exercise 2:
1. Opening BillBoard
2. Title Card
3. Violator
4. Crawler
5. Lower-third
6. Violator
7. Boom Microphone
8. Television Studio
9. Headline
10. Copy
Exercise 3:
1. L
2. F
3. N
4. D
Exercise 4: Answers may vary.
33
5. C
6. G
7. K
8. J
9. P
10. I
11. H
12.E
13. O
14. A
15. B
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do not Write on this Portion
FEEDBACK CARD
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
What’s your Badge?
AWESOME!- Completed and earned perfect
scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
IT’S OKAY.- Completed the tasks with 7579% accuracy
STRIVE FOR MORE. When need further
assistance and support
ACTIVITY 8
BADGE EARNED:
Comments of Teacher
34
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner: _________________________
Section: _________________________________
Grade Level: ___________
Score: ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Writing different forms of stories for TV broadcast
Background Information for Learners
Commentary News
Commentary news is the most often found on 24-hour news stations. Commentary news
is a type of new program where the anchor offers their opinion and their analysis of a current
event. You may see the word comment in the word commentary, to comment into something
is to give your opinion. That's why it's the name of this type of story. The analysis oftentimes
focuses on the why or on what are the next parts of the story. And often, they invite
correspondents to provide perspective for the analysis. Generally, commentary shows are quite
popular right before an election. Commentary shows provide detailed news about the
politicians who are running for office. Oftentimes, the program or the anchor is transparent or
clear with his/her political views.
Consumer report
Another type of news story that viewers see more often on television news is a
Consumer report. A Consumer report reviews or compares the things we buy. A consumer
report takes a critical look at a product or service.
For example, Uber, a phone app that connects passengers who need a ride with people
who offer rides, is a very popular service in the United States and in many other parts of the
world. Many journalists have filmed segments for TV news of them using Uber to tell the
public about this new service. They may also include interviews with road safety experts. Or
they might compare Uber with traditional taxis. Ultimately, the journalist will present the
advantages and disadvantages of this service. And helps the shopper make informed decisions.
Feel-good story
Lastly, the third type of news story found most commonly in broadcast journalism is
what's called the Feel-good story. Oftentimes, the news may seem too negative reporting on
events that make people feel sad or nervous. Therefore, some news programs try to feature
stories that leave the audience feeling good about the world. These are called Feel-good stories.
Feel-good stories generally focus on a person or people similar to a Human-Interest story. A
Human-Interest story however doesn't always have a positive feeling, a Feel-good story does.
35
Here is an example, a group of window washers at a large local children's hospital wear
superhero costumes while they clean the windows from the outside. These window washers
are hanging from ropes to clean the outside of the window. So to the children, they look like
Superman or Spiderman. The window washers are bringing happiness to children who are
obviously in the hospital for some very serious reasons. A news program will generally show
this type of story at the end of the broadcast to help people feel better after several
segments of serious and often depressing news.
Can you now write different forms of TV news story? Develop this competency as you work
on the exercises below.
Learning Competency with Code
Write different forms of stories for TV broadcast
SPJ10TVSW-Ief-8
Exercise 1: Watch and Learn (Part 1)!
Directions: Watch the video on Youtube through the link provided below. As you watch,
observe how the story is written and delivered. Then give your insights/observations on the
space provided. For those who don’t have internet access, the video file will be given to you
by your teacher.
On Writing Commentary News
Youtube Title: Punto por Punto: Internet makupad!
Youtube link: https://tinyurl.com/yxn98el5
36
Insights/Observations
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Watch and Learn (Part 2)!
Directions: Watch the video on Youtube through the link provided below. As you watch,
observe how the story is written and delivered. Then give your insights/observations on the
space provided. For those who don’t have internet access, the video file will be given to you
by your teacher.
On Writing Consumer News Report
Youtube Title: TV Patrol: Makabagong teknolohiya at safety gadgets, tampok sa expo
Youtube link: https://tinyurl.com/y3sf6zfr
Insights/Observations
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3: Watch and Learn (Part 3)!
Directions: Watch the video on Youtube through the link provided below. As you watch,
observe how the story is written and delivered. Then give your insights/observations on the
space provided. For those who don’t have internet access, the video file will be given to you
by your teacher.
37
Youtube Title: 24 Oras:
Music video ng DOT
tungkol sa COVID-19 frontliners at katatagan ng mga Pinoy, viral online
Youtube link: https://tinyurl.com/y6yp5sc3
Insights/Observations
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Final Task
After successfully completing the exercises above, you are now ready to do your final task.
Exercise 4: Right to Write
Directions: Write a seven-paragraph news story for television--- be it commentary news,
consumer report, or feel-good story focusing on interesting and relevant happenings in your
locality. Your news story will be rated using the rubrics below. Write on the space provided.
38
Adopted from: iRubric: News Broadcast rubric
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
39
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.
References
Cotton, J. (n.d.). Types of Stories for Broadcast Journalism. Coursera. Retrieved August 18,
2020, from https://tinyurl.com/y4k642cw
ABS-CBN News. (2015, August 18). Punto por Punto: Internet makupad! [Video] Retrieved
from https://tinyurl.com/yxn98el5
ABS-CBN News.(2018, December 5). TV Patrol: Makabagong teknolohiya at safety gadgets,
tampok sa expo. [Video]. Retrieved from: https://tinyurl.com/y3sf6zfr
GMA News. (2020, April 5). 24 Oras: Music video ng DOT tungkol sa COVID-19 frontliners at
katatagan ng mga Pinoy, viral online. [Video]. Retrieved from: https://tinyurl.com/y6yp5sc3
40
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
Answer Key:
Exercise 1: Answers may vary.
Exercise 2: Answers may vary.
Exercise 3: Answers may vary.
Exercise 4: Answers may vary. Rubrics is given.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do not Write on this Portion
FEEDBACK CARD
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
What’s your Badge?
AWESOME!- Completed and earned perfect
scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
IT’S OKAY.- Completed the tasks with 7579% accuracy
STRIVE FOR MORE. When need further
assistance and support
ACTIVITY 8
BADGE EARNED:
Comments of Teacher:
41
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner: _________________________
Section: _________________________________
Grade Level: ___________
Score: ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Observing the guidelines and rules in writing headlines and news for TV
Background Knowledge for Learners
8 grammar rules for writing headlines
1. Use present simple tense for past events
The present tense is quick and current, and helps emphasise the action happening, rather
than its completion.
42
● Parliament confirms new stray dog policy
● Lion escapes zoo
If we want to demonstrate the result of an action, or that something was completed, we can
use perfect tenses, and for changing events, the present continuous may be used. However,
these tenses are often shown by using participles alone.
2. Leave out auxiliary verbs
With perfect, progressive and passive structures, auxiliary verbs are not necessary.
This makes some headlines appear to be in the past tense, when actually the headlines use
past participles, or particles, not the past simple. Similarly, changing events are represented
by the present participle on its own.
● New policy decided by Parliament (New policy has been decided by Parliament)
● Lion escapes zoo – ten killed (ten people have been killed / were killed)
● Four stranded in sudden flood (four people have been stranded / were stranded)
● Temperatures rising as climate changes (temperatures are rising)
3. Use infinitives for future events
● Parliament to decide new policy tomorrow
● President to visit France for further talks
Using the infinitive, a future time is not always necessary to demonstrate the future tense in
headlines.
4. Leave out articles (a, an, the)
● Prime Minister hikes Alps for charity (The Prime Minister hiked the Alps)
● Man releases rabid dog in park (A man released a rabid dog in a park)
5. Leave out “to be”
● Residents unhappy about new road (residents are unhappy)
● Family of murder victim satisfied with court decision (family of murder victim is
satisfied.)
6. Leave out “to say”
Mr Jones: “They’re not taking my house!”
Bush on Iraqi invasion: “This aggression will not stand.”
Reported speech is usually represented by a colon, or a hyphen, with the subject
introduced with ‘on…’. This includes leaving out other verbs such as comment, tell, argue,
announce, shout – unless the act of speaking needs emphasising, for instance to demonstrate a
promise or official policy. Warlord decrees “Peace by Spring.”
7. Replace conjunctions with punctuation
● Police arrest serial killer – close case on abductions
● Fire in bakery: hundreds dead
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As with reporting speech, commas, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and so on can replace all
conjunctions, or some joining verbs, to join clauses. Commas may also be used to join nouns
(more common in American English).
● Man kills 5, self
8. Use figures for numbers
● 9 dead in glue catastrophe
● 7 days to Christmas – shoppers go mad
News Writing for Television
This publication on news writing television and radio is the fourth of a five-part series on
news media writing. This series also covers an introduction to news media writing, news
writing for print, grammar and punctuation, and interviews for news stories.
Introduction
Creating a television or radio story is more than hitting “record” on a video camera or audio
recorder. You have to learn the process of writing an effective television and radio news story
first. The term broadcast writing will be used interchangeably for television and radio news
writing throughout this publication.
Writing for the Eye and Ear
Writing for radio and television is different from writing for print for several reasons. First,
you have less space and time to present news information. Therefore, you must prioritize and
summarize the information carefully. Second, your listeners cannot reread sentences they did
not understand the first time; they have to understand the information in a broadcast story as
they hear it or see it. As a result, you have to keep your writing simple and clear. And third,
you are writing for “the ear.” In print news stories, you are writing for “the eye”; the story
must read well to your eye. The television or radio news story has the added complexity that
it has to sound good; when a listener hears the story it has to read well to “the ear.” Also for a
radio news story, listeners cannot see video of what you are saying, so you must paint word
pictures with the words you use in your radio news story so people can “see” images just
through your verbal descriptions.
As with any type of news writing, you should try to identify characteristics of your audience
so you know what type of information your audience wants. Use the criteria of
newsworthiness presented in News Media Writing in this publication series to help you
determine if your television or radio news story idea has news value. Television and radio
news stories must have these attributes:
●
The writing style should be conversational. Write the way you talk.
44
●
Each sentence should be brief and contain only one idea. We do not always talk in long
sentences. Shorter sentences are better in broadcast news writing. Each sentence should
focus on one particular idea.
● Be simple and direct. If you give your audience too much information, your audience
cannot take it in. Choose words that are familiar to everyone.
● Read the story out loud. The most important attribute for writing for “the ear” is to read
the story aloud. This will give you a feeling for timing, transitions, information flow, and
conversation style. Your audience will hear your television or radio news story, not read
it, so the story has to be appealing to the ear.
Television News Writing Structure
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Be brief. A good newspaper story ranges from hundreds to thousands of words. The same
story on television or radio may have to fit into 30 seconds—perhaps no more than 100
words. If it is an important story, it may be 90 seconds or two minutes. You have to
condense a lot of information into the most important points for broadcast writing.
Use correct grammar. A broadcast news script with grammatical errors will embarrass
the person reading it aloud if the person stumbles over mistakes.
Put the important information first. Writing a broadcast news story is similar to writing a
news story for print in that you have to include the important information first. The only
difference is that you have to condense the information presented.
Write good leads. Begin the story with clear, precise information. Because broadcast
stories have to fit into 30, 60, or 90 seconds, broadcast stories are sometimes little more
than the equivalent of newspaper headlines and the lead paragraph.
Stick to short sentences of 20 words or less. The announcer has to breathe. Long
sentences make it difficult for the person voicing the script to take a breath.
Write the way people talk. Sentence fragments—as long as they make sense—are
acceptable.
Use contractions. Use don’t instead of do not. But be careful of contractions ending in ve (e.g., would’ve, could’ve), because they sound like “would of” and “could of.”
Use simple subject−verb−object sentence structures.
Use the active voice and active verbs. It is better to say “He hit the ball” than “The ball
was hit by him.”
Use present-tense verbs, except when past-tense verbs are necessary. Present tense
expresses the sense of immediacy. Use past tense when something happened long ago.
For example, do not say, “There were forty people taken to the hospital following a train
derailment that occurred early this morning.” Instead, say, “Forty people are in the
hospital as a result of an early morning train accident.”
For radio news stories, write with visual imagery. Make your listeners “see” what you are
saying. Help them visualize the situation you are describing.
Television News Writing Techniques
●
Use a person’s complete name (first and last name) in the first reference, then the
person’s last name thereafter.
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●
●
●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
Use phonetic spellings for unfamiliar words and words that are difficult to pronounce.
Omit obscure names and places if they are not meaningful to the story.
Titles precede names; therefore, avoid appositives. Do not write, “Tom Smith, mayor of
Smallville, said today….” Instead, write, “Smallville mayor Tom Smith said today….”
(Other examples: “City councilman Richard Smith,” not “Richard Smith, city
councilman.” “Anyville High School student Beth Baker,” not “Beth Baker, Anyville
High School student.”)
In age reference, precede the name with the age. (Example: “The victim, 21-year-old Rob
Roy…”)
Avoid writing direct quotations into a news script, if at possible. Instead, let people say
things in their own words during soundbites. A soundbite is the exact words spoken by
someone in his or her own recorded voice. If you must use a direct quote, set it off with
such phrases as "In the words of..." or "As he put it...," or try to paraphrase as much as
possible. Avoid saying "quote" and "unquote” to lead into or end a direct quote.
The attribution should come before a quotation, not after it. In contrast to writing for
print media, the attribution of paraphrased quotations in broadcast stories should be at the
beginning of the sentence, before the paraphrase. The listener should know where the
quotation is coming from before hearing the quote. Example: “Bill Brown said he would
run for re-election.”
Avoid most all abbreviations, even on second reference, unless it is a well-known
abbreviation. This is different from the Associated Press Style rules for print stories.
Write out days, months, states, and military titles each time. About the only acceptable
abbreviations are Mr., Mrs., and Dr. Punctuate, by using a hyphen in between, commonly
used abbreviations. For example, write “U-S,” instead of “US” (United States), and “UN” for “UN” (United Nations).
Avoid symbols when you write. For example, the dollar sign ($) should never be used in
broadcast writing. Always spell out the word “dollar.” This is different from the
Associated Press Style for “dollar” when used in a print news story.
Use correct punctuation. Do not use semicolons. Use double dash marks for longer
pauses than commas. Use underlines for emphasis.
Use numbers correctly. Spell out numerals through 11. (This is different from Associated
Press Style for print stories, which spells out one through nine, and starts using numerals
for 10 and above.) Use numerals for 12 through 999. Use hyphenated combinations for
numerals and words above 999. (Examples: 33-thousand; 214-million.) Round off
numbers unless the exact number is significant. (Example: Use “a little more than 34
million dollars,” not “34-million, 200-thousand, 22 dollars.”) Use st, nd, th, and rd after
dates, addresses, and numbers above “eleventh” to be read as ordinary numbers.
(Examples: "Second Street," "May 14th,” “Eleventh Avenue,” “12th Division”—this is
different from AP Style for print.)
Television News Story Format
●
Broadcast news stories are typed, double-spaced, and in uppercase/lowercase. Many
years ago, television news scripts were written in all uppercase, but that practice has
changed in recent years.
● Make the sentence at the bottom of a page a complete sentence. Do not split a sentence
between pages.
46
●
Never split words or hyphenated phrases from one line to the next.
● Do not use copyediting symbols. Cross out the entire word and write the corrected word
above it. This is one reason why broadcast news scripts are double-spaced: so you will
have room to make corrections between the lines.
Can you now write headlines and news stories for TV broadcast? Develop this competency as
you accomplish the exercises below.
Learning Competency with Code
Observe guidelines and rules in writing headlines and news for TV
SPJ10NEW-Ig-9
Exercise 1: Headline Writing
Directions: Read carefully the lead paragraph of news stories taken from different media
outlets. Then write one appropriate headline on the space provided.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
At least one person had been killed and 43 injured when a magnitude 6.6 earthquake
shook the central Philippines, damaging buildings and roads and sending residents fleeing their
homes.
-Al Jazeera News
2.____________________________________________________________________________________
The Philippine economy plunged by much more than expected in the second quarter,
falling into recession for the first time in 29 years, as economic activity was hammered by one
of the world's longest and strictest coronavirus lockdowns.
-Al Jazeera News
3.________________________________________________________________________
MANILA — The Philippines' health department on Tuesday reported 4,836 additional
COVID-19 cases, raising the country's total coronavirus infections to 169,213.
- Kristine Sabillo, ABS-CBN News
4._________________________________________________________________________
MANILA - A resolution obligating all government and privately-owned TV stations to allot 3
hours of airtime to educational programming was approved Tuesday by the Committee on
Sustainable Development Goals in the House of Representatives.
- Zandro Ochona, ABS-CBN News
5._________________________________________________________________________
Health Secretary Francsico Duque III is the "godfather" of the mafia in PhilHealth, a
whistleblower claimed during a Senate hearing on Tuesday.
-DONA MAGSINO, GMA News
6._________________________________________________________________________
47
The Department of Foreign Affairs on Monday reported 12 new cases of the
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Filipinos overseas, bringing the total tally to
9,908.
- MA. ANGELICA GARCIA, GMA News
7._________________________________________________________________________
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 18) — The operations of gyms and internet cafes are
now suspended in areas under general community quarantine (GCQ), said Presidential
Spokesperson Harry Roque.
- CNN Philippines Staff
8._________________________________________________________________________
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 18) — President Rodrigo Duterte did not question the
recommendation to place Metro Manila and four nearby provinces under general community
quarantine, according to his spokesperson.
- CNN Philippines Staff
9._________________________________________________________________________
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 14) — The quickest way to end the cycle of corruption
in PhilHealth is to remove all ranking officials from top management to regional directors,
Senator Migz Zubiri said Friday.
- Melissa Luz Lopez, CNN Philippines
10.________________________________________________________________________
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 17) — Philippine National Police chief Archie
Gamboa denied reports that he hosted a party in his home in Baguio City, saying he followed
health protocols for an official visit.
- CNN Philippines Staff
Exercise 2: TV News Writing 1
Directions: Below is a news story intended for print media. Observing the principles of writing
news for broadcast, write a 5-paragraph TV news story using the data below. Come up with
an appropriate headline for your story. Use a separate sheet of paper/bondpaper for your output.
Criteria for evaluation is on page 50.
CEBU CITY, Philippines — The number of active Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
cases in Cebu City has dropped to 1,389 and the number of new cases has seen its lowest yet
in the last month with only seven new cases recorded on August 17, 2020.
Councilor Joel Garganera, the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) czar, attributes
this drop to the mastery of the city government and the barangays in controlling community
transmission in the sitios. He said there are now 34 out of 80 barangays with no community
transmission reported.
The granular lockdowns have been reduced to household lockdowns and the
intensified contact tracing yield lower positive results each day.
The EOC is monitoring 19 positive cases of the COVID-19 as of August 18, 2020 that
are within the 14-day period while the rest of more than 1,300 cases were recorded beyond
two weeks ago.
“This is a very welcome development, but this is not a time to be complacent, we
should remain vigilant,” said Garganera.
48
Out of the active cases with the 14-day period, the EOC noted that nine were from
households, six from workplaces, and three from violators. The councilor noted there is a
rising trend in community transmission within workplaces that establishments must be
vigilant of.
This was based on the data presented by Rauell John Santos, the technical coordinator
for COVID-19 response for the World Health Organization (WHO). He noted that there was
a slight rise on COVID-19 cases from workplace transmissions being brought home from
August 10, 2020 to August 17, 2020.
With this, Garganera urged businesses to uphold the quarantine protocols strictly
among the employees and clients. Even with social distancing, the employees must wear
masks and face shields to avoid workplace transmission.
He said he will suggest to Retired Major General Melquiades Feliciano and Mayor
Edgardo Labella to require employees to wear face shields in all establishments, an echo of
the mandate of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).
Furthermore, he wants people riding private shuttles to wear face shields because the
virus does not discriminate between public and private vehicles. “I think we will refer this to
the mayor and it should be an executive order,” he said. /bmjo
By: Delta Dyrecka Letigio - CDN Digital|August 18,2020 - 09:19 PM
Exercise 3: TV News Writing 2
Directions: Below is a news story intended for print media. Observing the principles of writing
news for broadcast, write a 6-paragraph TV news story using the data below. Come up with
an appropriate headline for your story. Use a separate sheet of paper/bondpaper for your output.
Criteria for evaluation is on page 50.
MANILA, Philippines — The interim reimbursement mechanism (IRM) of Philippine Health
Insurance Corp. (PhilHealth) could be bloated by billions of pesos as cash advances released
to hospitals not spent for treating the new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, could be diverted
to other uses, an economist lawmaker found on Monday.
“It’s like a blank check and a free loan to hospitals,” said Marikina Rep. Stella
Quimbo. “We will not only lose money to fraud. There’s also forgone income every year
because funds are parked in hospitals.”
The IRM is an emergency program of PhilHealth that releases cash advances to
hospitals and medical facilities during natural disasters and other unexpected events,
including the COVID-19 pandemic.
Quimbo’s questioning of PhilHealth officials at the resumption of a joint House
inquiry on Monday rang alarm bells about the scale of corruption in the issuance of the IRM,
which the state-run health insurer halted last week.
“The implication is the IRM system is rotten,” said the lawmaker, a University of the
Philippines health economist.
49
The minority lawmaker found that the P26.8-billion funding for the IRM might be
excessive since her calculation showed that PhilHealth would need to shoulder only P3.3
billion in estimated hospital costs, based on the corporation’s own projection of COVID-19
admissions for 2020 and its current case rates.
“But PhilHealth set aside P26.8 billion [for IRM]. Why?” Quimbo asked at the third
joint hearing of the House public accounts and good government committees.
She said that based on PhilHealth’s own estimate of 209,000 COVID-19 cases for
2020, only 20 percent were expected to develop difficulty in breathing and require hospital
care.
“IRM allocations far exceed the estimated cost of COVID-19 hospital admissions,”
she noted. Based on Quimbo’s calculation, there should only be about 41,800 hospital
admissions in 2020 for critical, severe and mild cases.
In total, that should amount to hospital costs of P3.3 billion based on PhilHealth’s
case rates.
As much as P2 billion could be lost to fraud in such a system and another P541
million is also “forgone” in terms of investment opportunities, the lawmaker said.
Quizzed by Quimbo on the source of funding for the IRM, PhilHealth Senior Vice
President Renato Limsiaco Jr. replied that it was taken from the corporate operating budget
for 2020.
“So that fund can be used for other expenses? It can be used to purchase supplies and
to pay the salaries of employees?” Quimbo asked. Limsiaco replied in the affirmative.
“For example, P100 million was released [under IRM], but the claim so far is only
P10 million. The balance of P90 million can be used by the hospital for other purposes,
including salaries?” an incredulous Quimbo wondered. “That is correct,” Limsiaco answered.
- By: DJ Yap - Reporter / @deejayap
Exercise 4: TV News Writing 3
Directions: Below is a news story intended for print media. Observing the principles of writing
news for broadcast, write a 7-paragraph TV news story using the data below. Come up with
an appropriate headline for your story. Use a separate sheet of paper/bondpaper for your output.
Criteria for evaluation is on page 50.
MANILA, Philippines — President Rodrigo Duterte has challenged his former aide and
senator Christopher “Bong” Go to use Senate’s forum to expose “wrongdoings” and
“criminality” — a test which the latter accepted.
“Alam niya may trabaho siya sa Senate. He can always use the forum sa Senate to
expose wrongdoings and expose criminality,” Duterte told Go in his taped address aired
Monday night. (You know what, he has work in the Senate. He can always use the Senate’s
forum to expose wrongdoings and expose criminality.)
50
In response, Go said he accepts the President’s challenge and that he would not
hesitate to “talk like an opposition” when it comes to addressing corruption.
“Hindi po natin bibiguin ang nais ni Pangulong Duterte na gamitin natin ang aking
mandato bilang isang senador para i-expose ang anumang uri ng katiwalian sa gobyerno o
kriminalidad sa ating bansa,” Go said in a statement. (We will not let the President down to
use our mandate as a senator to expose any irregularities or criminality in our country.)
“Sa mga kasamahan ko sa gobyerno, kahit magka-alyado tayo, basta may mali,
magsasalita po ako. Umabot na sa punto na sinabihan ako ng Pangulo na ‘to talk like an
opposition’ kapag corruption na ang pinag-uusapan,” he also said. (To my colleagues in
government, even though we are allies, if there are wrongdoings, I will speak out. It came to
a point when the President told me to ‘talk like an opposition’ when it comes to corruption.)
Go underscored that there should be accountability on the alleged irregularities within
Philippine Health Insurance Corp. (PhilHealth).
“Managot ang dapat managot. Ikulong ang dapat ikulong. We should get to the
bottom of this deeply rooted and systemic corruption in PhilHealth,” Go said. (Hold them
accountable. Jail those who are needed to be jailed. We should get to the bottom of this
deeply rooted and systemic corruption in PhilHealth.)
To get rid of corruption within PhilHealth, Go recommended that “preventive
suspensions must be meted out to those who are allegedly involved in anomalies in order to
preserve the integrity of the probe.”
“Para maitigil ang kalokohan, dapat talaga pilayin ang magnanakaw para hindi na
makagalaw. Hindi lahat kasi nakikita ng head ng ahensya. Marami diyan umo-operate sa
ibaba,” Go said. (To stop anomalies, thieves should become crippled so they could no longer
steal. The agency’s head cannot see everything. Many of them operate from below.)
“Kailangan na rin nating gumawa ng mga hakbang para magkaroon ng ‘vaccine.’ In
other words, kailangan ng preventive measures para hindi na ito mangyari pang muli. Isa na
nga po dito ang transition to e-governance to minimize red tape and eliminate corruption,” he
went on. (We also need to create a ‘vaccine.’ In other words, there should be preventive
measures so that it will not happen again. This includes the transition to e-governance to
minimize red tape and eliminate corruption.) [ac]
- By: Krissy Aguilar - Reporter / @KAguilarINQ
Final Task
Now that you have successfully accomplished the exercises above, be ready to do your final task.
Exercise 5: Community TV News
Directions: Write an 8-paragraph TV news story about any significant events in your
locality/community. Observe the guidelines and principles in writing news for TV. Your output will be
rated using the rubrics below:
51
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.
References
Williams, P. (2013, November 19). 8 grammar rules for writing newspaper headlines.
Https://Englishlessonsbrighton.Co.Uk/8-Grammar-Rules-Writing-NewspaperHeadlines/. https://englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/8-grammar-rules-writing-newspaperheadlines/
Telg, R. (2015, January). News Writing for Television and Radio. Retrieved from:
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc193
Aljazeera and New Agencies. (2020, August 19). One dead, dozens injured as earthquake hits
central Philippines. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/deaddozens-injured-earthquake-hits-central-philippines-200818092944212.html
52
Aljazeera and News Agencies. (2020, August 5). Philippine economy posts its biggest-ever
quarterly plunge. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/philippineeconomy-posts-biggest-quarterly-plunge-200806051633703.html
Sabillo, K. (2020, August 18). COVID-19 cases in Philippines near 170,000-mark. ABSCBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/18/20/philippines-covid19-casescoronavirus-infections-update-august182020
Ochona, Z. (2020, August 18). House panel OKs resolution requiring 3-hour TV educational
programming. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/18/20/housepanel-oks-resolution-requiring-3-hour-tv-educational-programming
Magsino, D. (2020, August 18). Duque tagged as “godfather” of PhilHealth mafia. GMA
News. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/751879/duque-tagged-asgodfather-of-philhealth-mafia/story/?just_in
Garcia, M. A. (2020, August 17). 12 more Filipinos abroad get COVID-19 —DFA. GMA
News. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/751706/12-morefilipinos-abroad-get-covid-19-dfa/story/
CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, August 18). Roque: President did not question
recommendation to shift to GCQ. CNN Philippines.
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/8/18/duterte-no-opposition-gcq.html
CNN Philippines Staff. (2020a, August 17). Just dinner: PNP chief denies party, concert
during Baguio trip. CNN Philippines.
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/8/17/Gamboa-no-party-just-dinner-Baguiovisit.html
Luz, M. (2020, August 14). Zubiri wants PhilHealth execs, regional directors removed to stop
illegal schemes. CNN Philippines. https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/8/14/Zubiriwants-PhilHealth-execs-directors-removed.html
Letigio, D. D. (2020, August 18). COVID-19 community transmission shifts from sitios to
workplaces, says Cebu City dad. Cebu Daily News.
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/334666/covid-19-community-transmission-shiftsfrom-sitios-to-workplaces-says-cebu-city-dad
Yap, D. J. (2020, August 18). PhilHealth funds used ‘like a blank check’ – Quimbo.
Inquirer.Net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1323174/quimbo-philhealth-funds-usedlike-a-blank-check
Aguilar, K. (2020, August 18). Bong Go takes on Duterte’s challenge to expose
‘wrongdoings, criminality’ in gov’t. Inquirer.Net.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1323681/go-takes-on-dutertes-challenge-to-exposewrongdoings-criminality-in-govt
53
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
Answer Key
Exercise 1: Answers may slightly vary
1. One dead, dozens injured as earthquake hits central Philippines
2. Philippine economy posts its biggest-ever quarterly plunge
3. COVID-19 cases in Philippines near 170,000-mark
4. House panel OKs resolution requiring 3-hour TV educational programming
5. Duque tagged as 'godfather' of PhilHealth mafia
6. 12 more Filipinos abroad get COVID-19 —DFA
7. Gyms, internet cafes no longer allowed to operate under GCQ — Palace
8. Roque: President did not question recommendation to shift to GCQ
9. Zubiri wants PhilHealth execs, regional directors removed to stop illegal schemes
10. Just dinner: PNP chief denies party, concert during Baguio trip
Exercise 2: Answers may vary
Exercise 3: Answers may vary
Exercise 4: Answers may vary.
Exercise 5: Answers may vary. Rubric is provided.
54
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ACTIVITY 3
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AWESOME!- Completed and earned perfect
scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
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55
JOURNALISM 10
Name of Learner: _________________________
Section: _________________________________
Grade Level: ___________
Score: ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Writing a TV broadcast script
Background Information for Learners
Write a TV News Script
Writing a TV news script is not as easy as it might seem at first. You might think that
all you need to do is cover the simple five W's and one H (who, what, where, when, why and
how), but it's actually more complex than that.
Writing a news script is structural and strict in a sense that you need to cover all the
facts. However, it is also predictable because there's a certain pattern that needs to be followed.
Parts of a News Script
Writing for a TV newscast is a challenge and it could be difficult at first. Knowing the
main parts of the script will help.
Introduction, or "The Readers"
This is the first 30 seconds, an introduction read by the news anchor in the studio. It is
commonly called RDR or "The Readers". There are no videos included in the script yet, only
a photo of the headline and the anchorperson is seen on the TV screen.
Lead. A lead (spelled lede by journalists) is a one-line thesis statement of the report. It
consists of one sentence. It introduces the main topic of the script.
Five W's and one H. These are the; who, what, where, when, why and how questions.
Answers to these basic questions are briefly written for the RDR and are assessed one by one
in the body of the report.
Writing the RDR. Since the readers or RDR only lasts for 30 seconds, it has to be
substantial. But you do not need to squeeze too much of the message into one paragraph. Here
is a guide on how to write the RDR:
56
Use simple but compelling words. The lead is the first sentence that the anchor says,
so it has to be inviting. The viewers, upon hearing the lead, should be hooked to watch the
whole report or segment. Use words that appeal to the senses and interests of the viewers.
One thought at a time. The viewers will only hear the RDR once. It's vital to keep
sentences short but clear. Limit sentences to 15 words or less because it is easier to digest and
reveal the idea of the story using simple and clear information.
Do not say 'quote.' If the headline is about what the President said, never use phrases
such as "...and I quote". Remember that you need to give a succinct message, or it could create
confusion for the viewers.
Cover only the main thought of the report. Analyze the story carefully and identify
what particular W questions you should provide answers to in The Readers. It may only need
three W's and one H to project the story summary in the introduction.
Introduce the name of the reporter. Include in the script whoever is the reporter of
the story. If he is reporting live in an area, recognize that so and so is reporting live, from such
and such a place in the script, and if it's an exclusive report, specify this in the script too,
because the reporter deserves a credit.
Body
This is the meat of the report. Writing a script for the body is a bit complicated,
especially if it is your first time. The technique for writing this part of the script is to digest the
information mentioned in the RDR.
Components of the Body:
Videos. These are the footage caught by the videographer and reporter during the day. It may
also include file videos from past news reports or from online video sharing sites.
Voice Over. This is the reporter's voice reading the script as the video plays.
Natural Sound. This the background noise of the location of the event or report. It may be the
quietness of a night, tidal surges of the flood, or the sounds of a New Year's fireworks. These
are also called "natsots".
Interviews. Every report has interviews. The reporter might have gotten plenty of interviews
but the interviews should be limited. Include at least two interviews in the body of the report.
Piece to Camera. This is the reporter directly talking to the camera. It may be live or recorded,
and can also called a "stand-up".
Pictures. Pictures are used when there are important events, statistics or any factors that should
be included in the report. These include sketches, screen captures from public information sites
or old photos.
The news report usually has a maximum of three minutes of story-telling time.
Sometimes it is less, sometimes more. The script must explain the necessary details in that time
frame.
Conclusion
This last part of the report includes a temporary resolution to the story. Never leave the
audience hanging. Always include a statement that gives a follow-up information or assurance
to the viewers.
Organization of a News Story
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A story should have a smooth flow and development. There are several styles to writing
a news script, but the basic organization is as follows:
Introduction
This is a brief summary of the story and the mention of the thesis statement or lead.
Establish the Scene.
Write the basic details that answer the questions to the five W's and one H. What is the
story all about? Who are the people involved? When did it happen? What date or what time?
Where is the setting? Is it a local or international issue?
Recognize the Issue.
This is the part where you elaborate on the issue or the event. Why did it happen? What
is the issue or the event about? What are the factors that made the issue arise? And how did it
happen?
Addressing the Issue.
This includes the action items that can be done. A story should present possible
solutions to the problem. The script must reveal that the story is well-researched and, provide
substantial information.
Follow-up.
The story should be moving forward. There will certainly be another follow-up for the
following day's event. Include in the script that the news team will continue to cover the issue.
Proper Format in Writing a News Script
The news script is divided into two parts - the audio and the video part.
1. Audio
This is usually on the right side of the page. It includes everything that is heard on the
report, such as the voice over, natural sound and sound bites. Here are some guidelines on how
to make and choose the right audio:
1.1The natural sound or natsots should be clear and a bit louder.
It catches the attention of the viewer because natural sounds bridge familiarity.
1.2 Voice Over
The voice of the reporter must match the tone or mood of the story. If it is a tragic news
report, the tone should be serious and authoritative. Good news will require a cheerful voice
with lively intonations. A good voice over is clear, precise, authoritative, alive and sensitive.
The voice practically describes the video. It should match what is being shown at a particular
time frame.
1.3 Place sound bites on transitions.
This serves to communicate that a new angle of the story is about to be told.
2.Video
This is located on the middle part of the page and it complements the audio. What is
being described in the audio must be included in the script.
Here are the steps on how to write the video part of the script:
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2.1 Gather the materials you need.
Get the tapes used in shooting, prepare a pen and paper and a video camera to view the
shots.
2.2 Preview the file footage and determine the important videos and dialogue of
the person being interviewed.
2.3 Select the video clips you will use and jot down the time at which that specific
clip appears. This will help the editor in cutting the video clips you need.
2.4 Describe what can be seen in the videos.
Include it in the script to serve as a guide when finishing the story
2.5 List the basic shots in the videos.
Sample TV News Script- Package taken from Career Path in Journalism 10
REPORTER: Mara Santos
TRT:
VIDEOGRAPHER: Juan Cruz
SLUG: Tagaytay Gambling
VIDEO
Class Code
Program Title
Broadcast Date
AUDIO
_________________________________________________________________________________
ANCHOR ON CAMERA
ANC: RESIDENTS OF HAVE BEEN RIDING THE WHEEL
OF FORTUNE FOR OVER A YEAR NOW- EVER SINCE
LEGALIZED GAMBLING CAME TO TOWN.
*TAKE ENG
AS MARA SANTOS REPORTS, ITS HAD A POSITIVE
EFFECT ON WHAT WAS ONCE THE POOREST TOWN IN
THE CAVITE PROVINCE. *
_________________________________________________________________________________
CLOSE UP OF ROULETTE
NATSOT (gambling noises)
WHEEL AND SLOTS
_________________________________________________________________________________
WILMA SERVING DRINKS
VO: THINGS ARE JUMPING IN TAGAYTAY THESE DAYS
AND WILMA GARIN COULDN’T BE HAPPIER. THE
MOTHER OF THREE HAD BEEN OUT OF WORK FOR
THREE YEARS. SHE WAS BEGINNING TO DOUBT SHE’D
EVER WORK AGAIN. THAT WAS BEFORE SPLASH CAME
TO TOWN.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Wilma Garin
SOT: IN: Madre na nga nagpapakain sa amin nun.
Casino Hostess
OUT: Hirap mabuhay.
_________________________________________________________________________________
WILMA SHOPPING
VO: WILMA GARIN IS ONE OF THE 15-THOUSAND
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WITH CHILDREN
RESIDENTS WHO LEFT THE UNEMPLOYMENT LINE TO
BECOME PART OF THE SPLASH CASINO’S PAYROLL.
ALONG WITH THE NEW JOBS HAS COME A NEW
CONSUMERISM.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Brix Santos
SOT: IN: We would never have built here if not
Mall Manager
OUT: for the casinos.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Mara Santos, Stand-up
SOT: IN: But Tagaytay’s new prosperity does have its
downside.
A major issue is the increase in traffic as people flock from all
over Tagaytay’s gambling tables. Taxes have been
increased to upgrade and maintain the OUT: city’s road
system.
_________________________________________________________________________________
WILMA GEETING INTO CAR
VO: WILMA GARIN SAYS THAT DOESN’T BOTHER HER.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Wilma Garin
SOT: IN: At least ngayon meron na akong sweldo,
OUT: kahit pa tina-tax.
_________________________________________________________________________________
WILMA DRIVING A NEW CAR
VO: SHE ALSO HAS A NEW CAR TO DRIVE OVER- AND
PAST ROAD CONSTRUCTION
AROUND- NEW CONSTRUCTION. IT’S BEEN JUST A
YEAR SINCE GAMBLING CAME TO TOWN, AND
RESIDENTS LIKE WILMA GARIN ARE BETTING ON
TAGAYTAY’S CONTINUED PROSPERITY. MARA
SANTOS, GREEN TV NEWS.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Explanatory notes:
SOT: Sound on Tape (Interviews)
IN: Cue for the first few words
OUT: Cue for the last three words
VO: Voice Over
NATSOT: Natural Sound of the video
ANC: Anchor
ENG: Electronic news gathering happens when reporters and editors make use of electronic
video and audio technologies in order to gather and present news.
___________________________________________________________________________
Can you now write a script for TV broadcast? Navigate through the pages and work on the
exercises to help you write a script for TV broadcast.
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Learning Competency with Code
Write a TV broadcast script
SPJ10TVSW-Ih-13
Exercise 1: Scriptwriting 101
Directions: Write a 5-paragraph TV news script with the following specifications:
Format: Audio-Video (Sample given above)
Script Elements: Anchor on Camera, Sound on Tapes and Voice overs only
News Beat/Topic: PhilHealth controversy ( get the newest/most recent angle)
Sources: Youtube, Media Websites, Television News Programs
Output : Written on a separate sheet of paper or bondpaper (handwritten/encoded)
Criteria for Evaluation: See page 60
Exercise 2: Scriptwriting 102
Directions: Write a 6-paragraph TV news script with the following specifications:
Format: Audio-Video (Sample given above)
Script Elements: Anchor on Camera, Sound on Tapes, Voice overs, and NATSOT
News Beat/Topic: COVID-19 situation in the country ( get the newest/most recent angle)
Sources: Youtube, Media Websites, Television News Programs
Output : Written on a separate sheet of paper or bondpaper (handwritten/encoded)
Criteria for Evaluation: See page 60
Exercise 3: Scriptwriting 103
Directions: Write an 8-paragraph TV news script with the following specifications:
Format: Audio-Video (Sample given above)
Script Elements: Anchor on Camera, Sound on Tapes, Voice overs, NATSOT,
and Stand-upper
News Beat/Topic: Education in the new normal (Distance Learning)
Sources: Youtube, Media Websites, Television News Programs
Output : Written on a separate sheet of paper or bondpaper (handwritten/encoded)
Criteria for Evaluation: See page 60
Final Task
Congratulations! Now that you have successfully accomplished the exercises, you are now ready to do
your Final Task for this quarter!
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Exercise 4: Community TV News Script
Directions: Write a TV news script with at least eight paragraphs about any significant event in your
locality/community. Observe the guidelines and principles in writing TV news script and the audiovideo format.
GOAL: You are expected to write a TV news script.
ROLE: You are a broadcast journalist for a local TV station.
AUDIENCE: The target audience is the viewers in your locality.
SITUATION: You need to present compelling local TV news story by writing a TV news script.
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND PURPOSE: You need to write a TV news script based on
community events.
STANDARDS: Your TV news script should be organized, accurate, clear, coherent, grammatical,
concise, and objective. It should also use appropriate visuals and sound bites. The criteria for evaluation
is given below.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION
Content,
Organization,
Continuity,
Coherence
Relevance
Accuracy
Excellent(4)
Story
is
well
organized, content
is strong, story
flows;
has
beginning,middle
and end. It’s a
cohesive piece.
Content
is
appropriate
and
relevant.
All facts checked
and
information
properly attributed
Balance
fairness
and Story is balanced;
all
sides
are
presented.
Thoroughness Story contains the
right balance of
facts, information,
visuals,
and
follows scripting
conventions/format
Conventions
Grammar
and
usage are correct.
Punctuation
is
correct and guides
Good(3)
Story is organized,
needs tightening,
slightly difficult to
follow; content is
good.
Ocassionally,
content is
relevant.
Fair(2)
Story
has
organizational flaws,
difficult to follow,
beginning, middle,
end slightly unclear
Poor(1)
Story is choppy,
Not
organized,
content is not news
worthy.
the Some contents not Content is not
not relevant.
relevant,
not
appropriate for the
story.
Facts have been Many
mistakes, Story is filled with
checked,
but some sources need mistakes, sources
accuracy is not identification.
not
properly
evident
identified.
Story includes all Story
is
more Story
is
not
sides, but slightly balanced, but bias is balanced, does not
not balanced.
evident.
represent all sides.
Story
contains Story contains good Information
in
multiple facts and information
but story is shallow,
perspectives, but could explore other facts and multiple
key information is avenues
and perspectives
are
still vague, follows perspectives, doen left out, does not
scripting
not follow scripting follow
scripting
conventions/format conventions/format
conventions/format
Grammar
and Story has many Story is filled with
usage are generally grammatical erros. grammatical erros.
correct. Errors do Errors may distort Errors
change
not
affect meaning.Punctuation meaning.
62
the
reporter
through the story.
Capitalization is
correct. Spelling is
error-free.
Length
meanings.
Few
punctuation
or
capitalization
errors. Spelling is
usually correct or
spelled
phonetically.
Story follows the Story has 5-7
prescribed length.
paragraphs only.
and
capitalization
errors are numerous.
Story has many
spelling errors.
Punctuation
and
capitalization are
rarely
correct.
Story is filled with
spelling errors.
Story
has
3-4 Story has 1-2
paragraphs only.
paragraphs only.
Reflection
Complete this statement :
I have learned in this activity that _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References
Write a TV News Script. (n.d.). Https://Visihow.Com/Write_a_TV_News_Script. Retrieved
August 19, 2020, from https://visihow.com/Write_a_TV_News_Script
Department of Education. (2012). Career Path in Journalism (1st ed., Vol. 1). Bureau of
Secondary Education Curriculum Development Division.
Prepared by:
FRANKLIN T. CASTILLEJO
Writer, Don Mariano Marcos NHS
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
Answers may vary.
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Exercise 2:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 3:
Answers may vary.
Exercise 4:
Answers may vary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do not Write on this Portion
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ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
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scores in all activities
GOOD JOB!- Completed the activities with
80-90% accuracy
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
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ACTIVITY 8
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