10 Electronics Quarter III – Module 2, Lesson 1 Signal Control, Components and Applications of Radios Electronics – Grade 10 Self-Learning Module First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Regional Office VIII Regional Director: Ramir B. Uytico EdD, CESO IV Assistant Regional Director: Arnulfo M. Balane, CESO V Development Team of the Module Writer: Menchu A. Canlas Language Editors: Henry A. Singcol Content Editors: Girlie E. Diaz Illustrators: Name Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Rosemarie M. Guino EdD, OIC – Chief, CLMD Ryan R. Tiu EdD, EPS, CLMD – Science Joy B. Bihag, EPS, CLMD – LRMS Lucel C. Roa, Chief, CID Rosario M. Canlas, EPS, CID – Science Francisci Bayon-on. EPS, CID - LRMS Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Regional Office VIII Office Address: Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte Telefax: E-mail Address: 053 - 3233156 region8@deped.gov. Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. At the end of each module, you need to answer the test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. Notes to the Teacher This contain helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. ii For the learner: Welcome to the Research 7 Self – Learning Module 1on (Lesson Title)! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Explore Learn What’s More Apply Assess Answer Key Reflect This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. A brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. The new lesson will also be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity, or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the lesson. This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. This contains answers to all activities in the module. This contains the learner’s reflection. Learners are encouraged to think about the lessons particularly the parts that went well (they have understood) and the parts that were weak (they have difficulty) and write about it briefly. Learners can share their thoughts and feeling about the lessons. iii At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iv Explore Introduction: Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 30 hertz (Hz).[1] At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm (shorter than a grain of rice); at 30 Hz the corresponding wavelength is 10,000 km (longer than the radius of the Earth). Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum (and close to the speed of light in the Earth's atmosphere, which acts as the transmission media for the vast majority of terrestrial use). Radio waves are generated by charged particles undergoing acceleration, such as timevarying electric currents.[2] Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by lightning and astronomical objects. Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received by radio receivers, using antennas. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and radio navigation systems, communications satellites, wireless computer networks and many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the earth (ground waves), shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth beyond the horizon (skywaves), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon. Radio waves are all around us and play an important role in our everyday lives. Radio waves keep us connected with one another. With radio waves, text and talk on the telephone are possible. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. define radio waves; 2. illustrate and discuss the electromagnetic spectrum; 3. analyze the electronics hardware and process of transmitting and receiving radio waves; Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 1 of 16 Learn Radio waves Radio waves are waves of energy that are found on the electronic spectrum. Radio waves were proven by Heinrich Hertz in 1887. Radio waves are measured in hertz after Heinrich Hertz, and most often known and classified as megahertz and gigahertz. Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum at the same speed (and close to the speed of light in the Earth's atmosphere, which acts as the transmission media for the vast majority of naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by lightning and astronomical objects. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes – the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation. Microwave, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays are the other types of electromagnetic radiation. You know more about the electromagnetic spectrum than you may think. The image at the left shows where you might encounter each portion of the EM spectrum in your day-to-day life. The electromagnetic spectrum from lowest energy/longest wavelength (at the top) to highest energy/shortest wavelength (at the bottom).) Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing your favorite tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in space. Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes, but is also used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies. https://imagine.nasa.gov/images/scien ce/EM_spectrum_full.jpg Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 2 of 16 Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin and objects with heat. In space, infrared light helps us map the dust between stars. Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit visible light Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason skin tans and burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well. X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see through your bag. Hot gases in the universe also emit X-rays. Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe. Radio Electronics: Transmitters and Receivers Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received by radio receivers, using antennas. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and radio navigation systems, communications satellites, wireless computer networks and many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the earth (ground waves), shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth beyond the horizon (skywaves), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon. Radio transmitters A radio transmitter consists of several elements that work together to generate radio waves that contain useful information such as audio, video, or digital data. Power supply: Provides the necessary electrical power to operate the transmitter. Oscillator: Creates alternating current at the frequency on which the transmitter will transmit. The oscillator usually generates a sine wave, which is referred to as a carrier wave. Modulator: Adds useful information to the carrier wave. There are two main ways to add this information. The first, called amplitude modulation or AM, makes slight increases or decreases to the intensity of the carrier wave. The second, called frequency modulation or FM, makes slight increases or decreases the frequency of the carrier wave. Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 3 of 16 Amplifier: Amplifies the modulated carrier wave to increase its power. The more powerful the amplifier, the more powerful the broadcast. Antenna: Converts the amplified signal to radio waves. Radio receivers A radio receiver is the opposite of a radio transmitter. It uses an antenna to capture radio waves, processes those waves to extract only those waves that are vibrating at the desired frequency, extracts the audio signals that were added to those waves, amplifies the audio signals, and finally plays them on a speaker. Antenna: Captures the radio waves. Typically, the antenna is simply a length of wire. When this wire is exposed to radio waves, the waves induce a very small alternating current in the antenna. RF amplifier: A sensitive amplifier that amplifies the very weak radio frequency (RF) signal from the antenna so that the signal can be processed by the tuner. Tuner: A circuit that can extract signals of a particular frequency from a mix of signals of different frequencies. On its own, the antenna captures radio waves of all frequencies and sends them to the RF amplifier, which dutifully amplifies them all. Unless you want to listen to every radio channel at the same time, you need a circuit that can pick out just the signals for the channel you want to hear. That’s the role of the tuner. The tuner usually employs the combination of an inductor (for example, a coil) and a capacitor to form a circuit that resonates at a particular frequency. This frequency, called the resonant frequency, is determined by the values chosen for the coil and the capacitor. This type of circuit tends to block any AC signals at a frequency above or below the resonant frequency. You can adjust the resonant frequency by varying the amount of inductance in the coil or the capacitance of the capacitor. In simple radio receiver circuits, the tuning is adjusted by varying the number of turns of wire in the Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 4 of 16 coil. More sophisticated tuners use a variable capacitor (also called a tuning capacitor) to vary the frequency. Detector: Responsible for separating the audio information from the carrier wave. For AM signals, this can be done with a diode that just rectifies the alternating current signal. What’s left after the diode has its way with the alternating current signal is a direct current signal that can be fed to an audio amplifier circuit. For FM signals, the detector circuit is a little more complicated. Audio amplifier: This component’s job is to amplify the weak signal that comes from the detector so that it can be heard. This can be done using a simple transistor amplifier circuit. There are many variations on this basic radio receiver design. Many receivers include additional filtering and tuning circuits to better lock on to the intended frequency — or to produce better-quality audio output — and exclude other signals. Still, these basic elements are found in most receiver circuits Engage Answer what is asked. 1. Where are the radio waves located on the spectrum? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How many waves are there in the electromagnetic spectrum? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Apply Give what is asked. 1. Enumerate the parts of the radio transmitter. 2. What are the two components required for radio communication? 3. Illustrate the parts of radio receiver in a block diagram format. Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 5 of 16 Assess Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What refers to waves of energy that are found on the electronic spectrum? a. Electromagnetic spectrum b. radio receiver c. radio wave d. radio transmitter 2. Who proves the existence of radio waves? a. Henry Heart b. Heinrich Hertz c. James Clerk Maxwell d. Heinrich Herts 3. All electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at a. At the same speed b. Speed that are proportional to their frequency c. Speed that are inversely proportional to their frequency d. None of the above. 4. Which of the following has the longest wavelength? a. Radio b. Infrared c. X-ray d. Gamma rays 5. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is emitted by radio stations, stars, and gases in space? a. Microwave b. Visible light c. Radio wave d. infrared 6. Which of the following converts the amplified signal to radio waves? a. Oscillator b. Amplifier c. Antenna d. Modulator 7. What is the job of the audio amplifier? a. To separates the audio information from the carrier wave. b. To amplifies the modulated carrier wave to increase its power. c. To operates the waves. d. To amplify the weak signal that comes from the detector so that it can be heard. 8. Which of the following is responsible for separating the audio information from the carrier wave? Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 6 of 16 a. Detector b. Tuner c. Audio amplifier d. oscillator 9. What are the two components which are require in radio communication? a. Radio wave and spectrum b. Radio receivers and transmitters c. Infrared and gamma rays d. Radio wave and antenna 10. How are radio waves received? a. A radio wave is generated by a transmitter and then detected by a receiver, an antenna allows a radio transmitter to send energy and a receiver pick up energy from the space. b. The radio wave send energy and the antenna receive the energy from the space. c. The transmitter detects the energy and sent it to the antenna. d. The energy from the space detects by radio transmitter and received by the radio receiver. Reflect Are radio waves harmful or helpful? How are radio waves used in our daily life? Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 7 of 16 Page 8 of 16 Engage 1. 2. It is located at the top 7 Apply 1. 2. Power supply, oscillator, modulator, amplifier and antenna Radio transmitter And radio receiver 3. Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Assess 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C B A D C C D A B A Answer Key References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum1.html https://www.dummies.com/programming/electronics/components/radioelectronics-transmitters-and-receivers Q2_STE_Electronics_ Module 2-3 Page 9 of 16 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Regional Office VIII – Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD) - Learning Resources Management Section (LRMS) Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte, 6501 Telefax: (053) 323-3156; 323-3854; 824-4627 Email Address: *region8@deped.gov.ph *clmd.region8@deped.gov.ph *lrmds.region8@deped.gov.ph