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AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Non-textual sources such as {{c1::caricatures}} in the book "Philippine Cartoons: The Political Caricatures of the American Era" help in telling us the story of the past.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Three of McCoy's edited volumes on Philippine historiography have won the country's {{c1::National Book Award}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Filipino artists recorded attitudes toward the {{c1::coming of the Americans}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;In 2001, McCoy was awarded the Goodman Prize for a "deep and enduring impact on {{c1::Philippine historical studies}}".;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Alfredo Roces, who designed the book, contributes an essay on {{c1::Philippine graphic satire}} of the period.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;McCoy is an American historian who specializes in {{c1::Southeast Asian History}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Historian Alfred McCoy’s extensive research provides a comprehensive background to the {{c1::cartoons}} and the period as well.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the {{c1::American era}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Roces started off as a {{c1::ghostwriter}} and later acquired a column in 1958 with the {{c2::Daily Mirror}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Roces is a known {{c1::Filipino painter}}, essayist, and versatile artist.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts, majoring in painting: University of Notre Dame, {{c1::Indiana USA}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;He also attended post graduate studies under George Grosz, a known {{c1::German artist}}, in the Arts Students League of New York, USA.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;In later years, he expanded his topics to cover {{c1::politics}} and {{c2::current events}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The newspaper criticized the {{c1::Federalista party}} and individual Nacionalistas for political opportunism;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Lipag-Kalabaw was published in {{c1::1906}} and featured satirical cartoons and short articles about the week’s events;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The Lipag-Kalabaw served as a voice of radicals affiliated with the {{c1::Nacionalista Party}} advocating for immediate Philippine independence;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;To maintain anonymity, the contributors of Lipag-Kalabaw remained {{c1::anonymous}} due to the threat of libel suits;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;{{c1::Theo Rogers}} was the managing editor of the {{c2::Philippines Free Press}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The {{c1::Philippines Free Press}} was founded in {{c2::1906}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The {{c1::Philippines Free Press}} initially went bankrupt and was later bought by {{c2::McCullough Dick}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The {{c1::Philippines Free Press}} was published in the {{c2::Spanish and English}} languages.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The Independent was founded in {{c1::1915}} by Vicente Sotto.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Vicente Sotto went to Hong Kong in {{c1::1907}} when he was convicted of {{c2::abduction}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Before The Independent, Vicente Sotto was a publisher of nationalist newspapers that were suppressed by the US Army sensor due to their {{c1::seditious content}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Fernando Amorsolo, the Philippines’ first National Artist, became a cartoonist for The Independent and was even called "Manila’s {{c1::Angriest}} of Political Cartoonists".;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;"Bag-ong Kusog" is a newspaper that compares the life of Visayans during the {{c1::Spanish period}} and the {{c2::American Period}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;American colonial rule in the Philippines was a formative period in {{c1::Philippine history}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;One must not forget though, that there was a short-lived Philippine {{c1::republic}} before the colonization of the Philippines by the USA.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Benefits brought by American colonization included mass secular {{c1::public education}}, the state university system, and the use of {{c2::English}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;All these changes were mirrored in the {{c1::cartoons}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;However, rural {{c1::poverty}} grew, Manila's urban problems worsened, and the {{c2::dependence upon America}} in almost all aspects of life.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The Filipinos moved from an authoritarian {{c1::Spanish regime}} into autonomy and eventually, independence.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Unlike during the Spanish colonization, the US was more {{c1::tolerating}} when it came to censorship in the Philippines.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The relatively liberal US censorship laws after military rule in 1901 provided an outlet for Filipinos to voice their {{c1::protests}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The threat of {{c1::libel or sedition charges}} resulted in the imprisonment of editors, actors, or authors.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The {{c1::brutal American conquest}} of the Philippines provoked the outrage of Filipinos, especially the nationalists.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The editors, artists, and writers of the earlier mentioned dailies all lived and worked in {{c1::Manila}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Manila underwent changes into becoming a {{c1::modern colonial metropolis}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Upon the arrival of the US army in Manila (1898), they noticed its {{c1::poor health and sanitation}} conditions.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;By 1910, Manila had a {{c1::sewage system}} and a {{c2::modern public hospital}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Vicente Sotto's The Independent consistently concerned about {{c1::rural social conditions}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Land usurpers used false declarations in the {{c1::titling process}} to claim holdings worked by poor peasants.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The plight of the peasants was the only provincial topic exempt from general {{c1::neglect}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Wholesale land grabbing in Nueva Ecija and the abuse of money lenders were condemned by {{c1::The Independent}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;After the brutal conquest of America to colonize the short-lived 1st Philippine Republic, the USA promised to give Filipinos independence as soon as they were capable of self-governance (in the USA's judgement of course). This compelled some Filipino nationalists to collaborate with the Americans in order to steer the Philippines into capable self-governance. What these Filipino nationalists who collaborated cannot change from within the American system, the radical nationalists attacked using the press and popular protests. American opportunists crowded Manila in order to seek well paid government jobs at the expense of Filipino taxpayers. The Filipino leaders then bartered their collaboration for Filipino appointments, a move to "take control" of the government. By 1916, a Philippine legislature framed colonial laws which were executed by a largely Filipino bureaucracy – the {{c1::Filipinization}}, or the gradual transfer of American governmental responsibilities to Filipinos, finally occurred.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;During the first decade of US colonial rule, the nationalists fought the revival of Spanish friar influence. Early cartoonists directed some satire against the {{c1::Spanish priests}} and their influence over pious Filipinas. The anti-friar campaign was a continuation of the Filipino nationalist's struggle against {{c2::Spanish friar influence}}. The start of US colonial rule brought an end to the friar's formal influence. However, due to their vast wealth and religious influence, they were able to {{c3::rebuild}} their control over Philippine society on a less formal basis.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The {{c1::illustrado nationalists}} were Spanish educated and still had an affection for their adopted culture. As the USA began its cultural colonization, some illustrados opposed the Americanization of their society. They felt that {{c2::America was propagating a degraded culture}}. Systematic political corruption also attracted concern. The entire bureaucracy, in 1921, during this time was Filipinized. Filipino public servants gradually declined into a {{c3::privileged class}} more concerned with {{c4::personal gains}} rather than national advancement.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The historical context of the book discussed the transition from {{c1::Spanish}} to {{c2::American}} colonial rule in the Philippines.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The book highlighted the emerging {{c1::corruption}} among politicians and the {{c2::police}} during that time.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The cartoons portrayed how the Filipinos have always been historically divided due to their {{c1::economic and social status}} and even {{c2::religion}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;The growing influence of {{c1::US colonization}}, especially the {{c2::educational system}} it imposed, was also discussed in the book.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Philippine political caricatures were used to understand the social, political, economic, and cultural context of the Philippines during the American period. It depicts the realities happening during the American period which also expressed the sentiments of the Filipinos as the featured caricatures were powerful tools in the {{c1::political, economic, social, and cultural advocacies}}.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;Using historical caricatures is a dynamic avenue of deciphering Philippine history providing relevant visual representations of the past and a contextual approach of understanding history as these historical caricatures are relevant visual and contextual realities that can {{c1::fill-in the gap}} in understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
AnKingOverhaul (AnKing / AnKingMed);Political Caricatures;In contemporary times, the use of editorial caricatures are still powerful tools that depict the temper of the present time and express the problems and sentiments of the present context. It is likewise a means of the present time to {{c1::trigger the awareness}} of the people concerning different issues.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;