Wallaga University
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architecture
Course Name: - Integrated Design Project studio II
Course code: - ARCH 4091
Title:- Edible Oil production
Industry Design
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 History of industrial revolution ............................................................................................. 4
1.2 Different Types of Industrial Buildings ................................................................................ 7
1.3 List of Agro-Based Industries ............................................................................................. 10
1.4 Significance or importance of agro-based industries .......................................................... 10
1.5 Disadvantages of industrialized building ............................................................................ 13
1.6. Characteristics of Industrial Buildings ............................................................................... 15
1.7 Common standards for industrial buildings ........................................................................ 15
1.8. Basic components for industrial building: ......................................................................... 16
1.9 Site selection ....................................................................................................................... 16
1.10 Site layout .......................................................................................................................... 18
2. EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY .................................................................................................... 20
2.1 The Processing of Edible Oils ............................................................................................. 21
2.2. The Fortification of Edible Oils ......................................................................................... 28
3. Organizational structure ........................................................................................................ 29
3.1. Number of Edible oil industries found in Ethiopia ............................................................ 31
3.2. Processing Technology ...................................................................................................... 32
4. PACKAGING, EDIBLE OIL ............................................................................................... 41
4.1. Key characteristics of edible oil bottle packaging ............................................................. 41
4.2 Factors that could affect the quality of the oil ..................................................................... 41
4.3. Criteria for choosing packaging materials for edible oil .................................................... 41
4.4. Micro-categories of edible oil bottle packaging ................................................................. 42
4.5. PET: the most effective packaging material ...................................................................... 42
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figur1: An early textile factory....................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Agricultural land.............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 3: Industrial Revolution ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4:Industrial space relation.................................................................................................. 18
Figure 5:space layout .................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6:space layout .................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 7: Process Flow Diagram for Edible Oil Processing ......................................................... 23
Figure 8: Neutralizing process ...................................................................................................... 26
Figure 9: Bleaching process .......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 10: Deodorizing process .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 11: Batch and Continuous Mixing Processes for Fortification ......................................... 29
Figure 12: Organizational structure .............................................................................................. 30
Figure 13: Types of Edible Oil Produced in Ethiopia................................................................... 32
Figure 14: Distribution of Processing Methods Used by Edible Oil Processing Factories .......... 33
Figure 15: Size Distribution of Edible Oil Factories by Region ................................................... 34
Figure 16: Percent Capacity Utilization by Edible Oil Processing Factories ............................... 34
Figure 17: Percent Capacity Utilization of Each Size of Edible Oil Processing Factories........... 35
Figure 18: Challenges Faced by Edible Oil Factories .................................................................. 38
Figure 19: Shows geographical location of edible oil production in Ethiopia ............................. 40
Figure 20: Pet oil packaging materials ........................................................................................ 44
INTRODUCTION
England is the first country where industrial related productions have commenced. In the late of
the 18th and in the beginning of the 19th century (1760–1840) there were enormous socioeconomic changes in England which collectively known as the Industrial Revolution (IR). It is
called First Industrial Revolution or simply Industrial Revolution. The IR was a more relentless
and universal success, than the Florentine Renaissance, or the French Revolution (say) (Mathias
and Davis, 1989). The IR was the transition from human and animal labor technology into
machinery, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of
water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. The iron
and textile industries played central roles in the IR (Ashton, 1948).
The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial
Revolution. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history. Comparable only
to humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement. The Industrial
Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. Agriculture is growing and
expanding day by day. Along with technological advancements, the change in climatic and
weather conditions paved the way for the growth of crops and the development of industries.
Agro-based industries as the name say „agro‟ is related to agriculture. Agro-based industries are
industries that use plants and animal-based agricultural output as their source of raw material.
Additionally, they increase the value of agricultural output by processing it and creating goods
that can be sold and used.
Agro-based industries are highly dependent upon agriculture for their raw material and other
necessary outputs. The link or interdependence of agriculture and industries is directed towards
increasing the growth, development, and revenue of the country. Setting up agro-based industries
not only helps in the rapid production of agricultural goods but also creates employment in the
country with the establishment of industry.
The agro-based industries can be collectively classified into two broad terms – food processing
and nonfood processing.
The food processing industry deals with the preservation of perishable food items and the
utilization of – products for other purposes. They mainly include – rice, wheat, maize, pulses,
meat, fruits, vegetables, etc.
Textile, sugar, paper, and vegetable oil industries are included in the agro-based sector.
Agriculture-related products serve as the raw material for these industries. The largest organized
sector industry is the textile industry.
1.1 History of industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from small cottage industries in which goods were
primarily made by hand to new mass-produced goods in factories using steam and water power.
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1760 and many of the technological
innovations were of British origin. Textiles were the dominant industry of the early Industrial
Revolution. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The
Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history and almost every aspect of daily
life was influenced in some way.
There are several important reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.
Inventions and Innovations
One of the most important reasons the Industrial Revolution began in England was that many of
the most important inventions and innovations that powered the revolution were created there.
Initial developments occurred in the cotton industry with the development of the spinning jenny,
water frame, and spinning mule.
Figur1: An early textile factory
The spinning jenny was invented in England in 1764 by James Hargreaves. The device reduced
the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work 8 or more spools at
once.
Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered water frame, which produced stronger yarn than
that of the spinning jenny.
Samuel Crompton combined them to create the spinning mule, a machine that revolutionized the
industry worldwide. The mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about
1900 and was used for fine yarns as late as the 1980s.
James Watt developed perhaps the most important invention of the era with his steam engine. He
improved on Thomas Newcomen‟s 1712 steam engine with his design in 1776. This engine was
more powerful and efficient and was soon powering machines in factories as well as steamships
at sea and locomotives on rails.
Other industries also benefited from industrialization. Innovations included a new steel making
processes by Henry Bessemer, mass-production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, and
other advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.
An Agricultural Revolution
What Is Industrial Agriculture?
Industrial agriculture is a process of farming that prioritizes the production of large quantities of
food. Industrial farms tend to share a number of traits that work to maximize production while
minimizing the monetary cost of production.
England had been an agricultural nation for centuries. Crop rotation techniques had improved
over that period allowing soil to remain more fertile and growing outputs increased. Farmers also
experimented with livestock breeding by allowing only their largest animals to breed. This
resulted in larger, healthier cattle and lamb.
In the 1700‟s, wealthy landowners bought up smaller farms and enclosed their larger lands with
fences. This enclosure movement led to more productive farming and greater crop yields, but
also displaced many small farmers. Often, these men and women moved to cities to work in the
new factories.
Figure 2: Agricultural land
Natural Resources
Another major reason why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain was that it had an
abundant supply of what economists call the three "factors of production". These factors of
production are land, labor, and capital. These describe the inputs used in the production of goods
or services in order to make an economic profit.
Land in this sense is not just open land for industry to build on. It also means the natural
resources needed for industrialization. Coal was needed in vast quantities for the Industrial
Revolution to fuel steam engines and furnaces. Iron ore was necessary for machines, buildings,
and bridges. England had an abundance of both as well has rivers for inland transportation.
Labor represents a large workforce for the industries. With a booming population from higher
food production and the enclosure movement pushing people to cities, England‟s industries had
more than enough workers. Finally, capitol is the money needed to fund industry. Great Britain's
well-developed banking system allowed for loans to invest in industries to help them succeed.
A Stable Government and Economy
Finally, the Industrial Revolution flourished in Great Britain for political reasons. While England
was often at war, all of these conflicts took place outside of the country. As a result, life in the
country was relatively peaceful.
The last major political upheaval was the Glorious Revolution in 1688. A period of peace and
stability followed when other nations were undergoing revolutions or political changes.
Additionally, the political system of England encouraged trade and entrepreneurship. A
straightforward legal system allowed the formation of joint-stock companies, enforced property
rights, and respected patents for inventions.
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on England
The Industrial Revolution led to an unprecedented population growth. England's population grew
280% between 1550 and 1820. The rest of Western Europe only grew 50-80%.
Additionally, Great Britain became the world‟s leading commercial nation, controlling a global
trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and with political influence
on the Indian subcontinent.
1.2 Different Types of Industrial Buildings
Mentioned in this article are the various types of industrial buildings with industrial building
examples
There are many types of industrial buildings and if you are considering investment in an
industrial building, you should know the various types with industrial building examples. Here is
a brief description of the seven different types of industrial buildings:
1: Heavy industrial buildings
These types of industrial buildings are large in size and used by companies that manufacture
steel, cement or things like automobiles. These types of industrial building facilities usually have
large store houses for keeping raw material and finished goods. There can be huge blast furnaces
inside these types of industrial buildings set up. There can also be pressurized air and water lines,
high capacity exhaust systems, cranes and storage tanks. These type of industrial buildings are
built to suit and rarely find alternative usage. Industrial building examples include a
manufacturing facility for steel. However, as it is made to suit, this industrial building cannot be
used for making cement or anything else.
2: Warehouses
Types of industrial buildings that are used for storing goods on behalf of other companies are
called warehouses. These types of industrial buildings are also known as go downs. So, these
type of industrial building are of great use to manufacturers, people involved in whole sale
business, exporters, importers, people involved in business of transports etc. Although
warehouses can be of different sizes, they are usually large and are located outside city limits.
They can have more than one story and can have loading docks, huge parking lots of big trucks.
It is important to know that since warehouses deal with lot of goods, their location is also
planned in such a way that goods can be loaded and unloaded directly
3: Telecom centers or data hosting centers
These facilities have large servers and computers and are very specialized types of industrial
buildings wherein there are large power lines capable of powering the computers. These are
located in proximity to large communication trunk lines. A data center hosts computer systems
and its related components like telecommunications and data storage. These types of commercial
buildings which accommodate telecommunication and data centers are increasingly growing in
the country because of the increasing dependence on technology.
4: Cold storage buildings
These commercial building types are especially built to store large amounts of food products and
keep them under refrigerated conditions for long periods. These commercial building types are
located mostly along state and national highways and in places where there is good supply of
electricity. Industrial building example of a cold storage is shown below.
5: Light manufacturing buildings
These types of industrial buildings can be used in processing food items or assembly of light
machinery like fans, water pumps, gadgets, etc. These are generally small in size as compared to
types of industrial buildings that are heavy and do not have blast furnace, high capacity exhaust
systems etc. These commercial building types can sometimes find alternative uses like a unit
making water pumps can be converted in to assembly unit for gadget by making changes in the
some of the installed machinery.
6: Research and development set up
Research and development (R&D) forms an integral part of many businesses and they like to set
up their own R&D centers which cater to their specific requirements. A lot of life sciences
companies have their R&D centers which are usually owned by them. These centers are
generally not in the center of the city. Companies can house their scientists and other staff in
these types of commercial buildings and hence there are residential elements in this kind of a set
up. There can also be elements of office buildings in a R&D center. Sometimes these centers run
on rented commercial building types also but the lease period is usually long.
7: Flex buildings
This is the newest addition to the category of types of commercial building/ industrial buildings
example and is a result of the evolving needs of modern times. These flex commercial building
types have more than one usage and can accommodate a R&D facility, an office set up, light
manufacturing and even showroom spaces. They are flexible in nature and some of the uses can
be changed by making simple modifications.
Industrial architecture is the design and construction of buildings facilitating industry. The
architecture revolving around the industrial world uses a variety of building designs and styles to
be able to occupy labor and distribution of goods, such buildings rose in importance with the
Industrial Revolution, starting in Britain, and were some of the pioneering structures of modern
architecture. Many of the architectural buildings revolving around the industry allowed for
processing, manufacturing, distribution, and the storage of goods and resources. Architects also
have to consider the safety measurements and workflow to ensure the smooth flow within the
work environment located in the buildings.
Industrial construction refers to the development, renovation, or ground-up construction of
buildings meant for manufacturing goods. These buildings can include factories, power plants,
distribution centers, warehouses, and other specialized facilities. Besides, the design, installation,
or maintenance of mechanical and structural components in a building is also part of an
industrial construction project.
1.3 List of Agro-Based Industries
Here is a list of agro-based industries
o Dairy Industry
o
Poultry
o
Sugar Industry
o
Textile Industry
o
Leather Industry
o
Rubber Industry
o
Biofuel Industry
o
Edible oils Industry
o
oil Industry
o
Rice mills
o
Jute Industry
o
Paper Industry
o
Pulses & Cereals Processing Industry
o
Vegetable & Fruit processing units (pickles, jam, chips, etc.)
o
Tea & Coffee, etc.
1.4 Significance or importance of agro-based industries
1. Agro-based industries are mainly responsible to remove unemployment and create further
employment opportunities for rural areas such that most of the rural population does not migrate
to urban lands.
2. Setting up of agro-based industry supports the growth of industry and agriculture.
3. When considerable investment is required for an activity, people can collaborate, which
promotes the cooperative growth of all parties.
4. These actions assure total usage of raw resources, many of which would otherwise be wasted
due to their short shelf lives.
5. Several businesses, such as food processing, have significant export potential abroad.
6. Even though agriculture suffers greatly economically in many ways, there is always room for
innovation in agro-based sectors, which benefits human development.
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
As Industrial Revolution progressed, it had a massive impact on almost every aspect of society.
In many ways, it improved society and made people‟s lives easier. However, it also had negative
impacts in many areas as well.
Here are some of the more lasting and influential effects that industrialization had on society.
During the early Industrial Revolution, working conditions were usually terrible and sometimes
tragic. Most factory employees worked 10 to 14 hours a day, six days a week, with no time off.
Each industry had safety hazards that led to regular accidents on the job. As the era progressed,
conditions became somewhat safer. However, it would take time for workers to unionize and
demand safer conditions before things improved.
Working in new industrial cities had an effect on people‟s lives outside of the factories as well.
Urbanization was the greatest change to industrialized society. Cities expanded enormously as
workers left their farms and migrated from rural areas to the city in search of jobs. In preindustrial society, over 80% of people lived in rural areas. By the early 1900's, a majority of
people in England and America lived in cities.
Figure 3: Industrial Revolution
The densely packed and poorly constructed working-class tenements in cities contributed to the
fast spread of disease. Neighborhoods were filthy, unplanned, and with crisscrossed muddy
roads. Tenement apartments were built touching each other, leaving no room for ventilation.
These often lacked toilets and sewage systems, and as a result, drinking sources were frequently
contaminated with disease. Cholera, tuberculosis, typhus, typhoid, and influenza ravaged new
industrial towns, especially in poor working-class neighborhoods.
For skilled workers, their quality of life decreased in early Industrial Revolution. Machines
replaced the skills that weavers were previously paid well for. However, eventually the middle
class would grow as factories expanded and allowed for managers and higher wages for workers.
Gradually, a middle class did emerge in industrial cities toward the end of the 19th century. Until
then, there had been only two major classes in society: aristocrats born into their lives of wealth
and privilege, and low-income working class commoners. New urban industries eventually
required more “white collar” jobs, such as business people, shopkeepers, bank clerks, insurance
agents, merchants, accountants, managers, doctors, lawyers, and teachers.
Despite strong pushback from management and business owners, labor unions developed among
workers. These unions used strikes, boycotts, and collective bargaining to win higher wages,
shorter workdays, and other concessions that made their jobs more tolerable.
Laws were passed to end the abuses of child labor. With children in more densely packed cities,
the first public school systems developed, greatly increasing the education level in society.
Women entered the workforce in textile mills and coal mines in large numbers, despite being
paid less than men. Women began to organize and protest for more equality in society, most
importantly for the right to vote. In the early 1900s, women finally won greater rights, including
suffrage. Today, the feminist movement continues as women fight for equal pay and equal rights.
The environmental implications of industrial agriculture are numerous and far-reaching.
1.5 Disadvantages of industrialized building
Deforestation
Industrial agriculture requires vast tracts of land for the cultivation of crops whether to feed
livestock or to feed people. This need has caused the deforestation of key ecological areas,
including the Amazon rainforest. Between August 2019 and July 2020, 4,281 sq miles of the
rainforest was destroyed.
Water Pollution
In addition to fertilizer and pesticides polluting the water supply, CAFOs produce vast amounts
of manure. This manure enters the water and can cause algal blooms which are detrimental to
marine life. Experts hypothesize that the release of 215 million tons of wastewater from a
fertilizer production plant into Tampa Bay in early 2021 created the ideal conditions for the red
algal blooms that are currently impacting the coasts of Florida. The blooms have killed dozens of
fish.
Depletion
Industrial agriculture demands a large portion of the earth‟s natural resources. Food production
accounts for 70 percent of freshwater use. This translates into water being used from
underground aquifers at a rate much faster than the aquifers are replenished.
Irrigation
According to the United Nations, irrigation runs the potential of causing increased erosion,
expedited water pollution, and deteriorated water quality. These outcomes can prove detrimental
to wild populations of animals and plants in surrounding areas.
Erosion
Industrial agriculture exposes nutrient-rich topsoil increasing the speed of erosion. The eroded
land loses nutrients and runs the risk of becoming a desert. The eroded soil moves into
waterways causing clogs and driving pollution.
Lost Biodiversity
In addition to driving deforestation and the destruction of habitats, industrial farming also
destroys the rich communities of invertebrates and insects that work to recycle plants and
maintain soil fertility. Destroying these communities drives the need for fertilizers to replace the
natural enrichment process of the soil.
Climate Change
In addition to the tons of greenhouse gases emitted by CAFOs every year, industrial agriculture
utilizes vast amounts of fossil-fuel-powered energy to drive production. Another driver of
climate change is the heavy application of fertilizers and pesticides that is standard practice on
industrial farms.
Noise pollution is common
Industrial sites, particularly those in urban areas, can produce a lot of noise from machinery,
ventilation systems and employee activities. This not only has a major impact on workers but
also neighbors who might have to deal with the noise on an ongoing basis.
Air pollution
Many industrial processes can generate air pollutants including dust, smoke, fumes, VOCs
(volatile organic compounds), odors or excess carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. Even if
they don‟t actively contribute to air pollution there may still be heavy vehicular traffic associated
with them which adds to overall levels of pollution in the area.
High energy use
The machinery used in many industrial processes is often very energy-intensive and this can
push up local electricity demand substantially as well as contributing to global warming through
increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). As such it‟s important that these buildings are
made more energy efficient wherever possible.
Toxic waste disposal
Depending on its operations, an industrial building may need to safely store and dispose of
chemicals used during production or hazardous water wastes generated during cleaning
processes. Failure to do so properly could result in environmental damage or human health risks
especially if handled incorrectly.
1.6. Characteristics of Industrial Buildings
Usually have open floor plans, high ceilings, and natural light.
Functionality is prioritized over aesthetics. Structures are built to support heavy
equipment.
Compliance with strict guidelines and legal regulations.
Fulfillment of permitting and occupancy requirements to comply with standards from
local, state, and federal agencies.
Mostly located on the outskirts of a city or town.
Consist of special conveyance that allows 24/7 shipping and receiving air or railroad
transportation, or access to highways.
Industrial buildings are typically made of concrete, steel or other metal, or masonry materials.
Many industrial buildings require fire-resistant and other durable building materials and
structures to protect workers posing a variety of chemical, physical and environmental risks.
1.7 Common standards for industrial buildings
1) Presence of fire protection systems such as sprinklers, smoke detection alarms and manual fire
alarm systems that meet local building codes.
2) Structural integrity, including the ability to withstand seismic activity and other natural
disasters.
3) Use of energy efficient HVAC systems, insulation in floors/walls/ceilings to maximize energy
use and reduce environmental impact.
4) High-efficiency lighting with sensors able to adjust automatically to daylight levels in order to
reduce electricity consumption.
5) Soundproofing products to minimize noise pollution from machineries and equipment.
6) Durable finishes for the floors, walls and ceilings, resisting wear-out from daily activities if
necessary.
7) Adequate ventilation with an integrated HVAC system in order to control indoor air quality
(IAQ).
8) Industrial doors and windows able to withstand heavy traffic, extreme temperatures and
possible impacts from hazardous materials outside the facility.
1.8. Basic components for industrial building:
o Floors
o Roof System
o Lighting
o Ventilation
Floor– Different purposes of the industrial building required different types of floors. In
general, the industrial floors need to be resistant to abrasion, acid action, temperature and
impact depending on the activities which will be carried out. The floor load is also one of the
main concerns when choosing or designing an industrial building.
Roof System– There are various factors for the roof covering to be considered when
designing a roof system. Strength, waterproofing, insulation, fire resistance, durability,
maintenance cost should be taken into consider during the planning stage. Generally,
sheeting such as corrugated, galvanize, cement sheet, and ductile roof covering are used.
Lighting– The intensity and uniformity are the requirements of good lighting. It is
economical and wise to use natural light as daylight for satisfactory illumination in industry
wherever applicable.
Ventilation– Ventilation is important in an industrial building. It can be done by natural
forces or by mechanical equipment (exhaust fan and etc.). It used to elimination dust,
removal of heat and used air will be replaced by fresh air.
1.9 Site selection
Location and site selection are the most significate among the various factors that generally
action the economic and operability aspects of the plant. The primary factors determining
location are supply of raw material, demand and supply and availability of infrastructure. Other
factors include existence of transportation, labor and regulatory laws.
Assess area requirements from client are brief, including:

expansion potential

parking (visitors, employees, trucks)

external storage area

landscaping

Road or rail access.
Check EU, national and local legislation for:

permitted site densities

use of public utilities such as water, power, gas,

effluent disposal for both process and personnel use

access on public and private roads for employees, goods vehicles and trucks
Assess the environmental impact of heavy industry, light manufacturing and warehousing on the
surrounding community. Consider:

noise (machinery and vehicles), particularly at night

vibration

light (external circulation, marshaling, shipping and storage areas at night)

fume and dust pollution (Clean Air Act, 1993)

effluent into waterways or ground water (Water industry)

hazards of possible explosion or radiation
Figure 4:Industrial space relation
1.10 Site layout
Site layout for factories and warehouses is determined by:

shape and size of building

expansion potential

services running through site (e.g. gas mains, power cables)

topography, which will affect access for heavy vehicles and building economics (cut and
fill)

energy conservation, including exposure to prevailing and storm winds

ground conditions and drainage (e.g. to avoid piling or potential flood areas)

surrounding neighborhood, keeping noisy external plant and loading bays away from
residential area

vehicle (road and rail) maneuvering and marshaling area in relation to loading bays
Figure 5:space layout
Option 1 : low-rise conventional layout; minimal site works
The first option in the above minimizes excavation by exploiting the fall of the land to provide a
raised loading dock at input; distribution vehicles would need to be side loaded from ground
level. But the goods inwards loading bay would face the prevailing wind, affecting the energy
cost, and circulation around the site is required, necessitating relocation in the event of
expansion.
Figure 6:space layout
Option 2: narrow aisle high-bay storage; trade-off is cost of site works against increased
operational flexibility and lower energy loss
The second option (see 3) accepts some excavation for the raised dock, which is sheltered from
the prevailing wind, and exploits the fall of the site to sink part of the high-bay stacking area,
providing less environmental intrusion and increased handling efficiency. The revised axis of the
bulk storage area allows much increased expansion potential without affecting the operation of
the existing installation. This, combined with improved storage and handling economics, more
than offsets any increase in the capital cost of construction.
2. EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY
The word oil is derived from the Latin word oleum, originally used for olive oil, but nowadays it
means any of numerous combustible and unctuous substances that are liquid at room temperature
(this distinguishes them from fats) and soluble in many organic solvents but not in water .Edible
oils are derived from plants and chemically composed of triglycerides and several other minor
components. They are major components of the human diet, along with carbohydrates and
proteins. Lipids in general, and edible vegetable oils in particular, are very important in the
cooking and palatability foods. Sources of edible oils are many and varied, and their quality
attributes such as nutritional properties, health benefits, lipid Composition, odor, and color are
important for consumers
Ethiopia has favorable agro-climatic conditions for the cultivation of oil seeds and is one of the
centers of origins in the world for several oil crop plants like rape seed, Niger/noug seed, And
castor beans. Other oilseeds like linseed, soybeans, groundnuts, sunflower, and safflower seeds
are produced in different parts of the country [2]. Production and export of sesame seed has
increased dramatically in the last ten years and thus Ethiopia. Ethiopia is fourth largest producer
of sesame seed in the world behind India, China and Sudan. Niger seed, which is also known as
noug, is the second most widely-produced oilseed crop in Ethiopia, accounting for a little more
than a quarter of total oilseed production and accounting for 28 percent of area planted to
oilseeds. All other oilseed crops (soybeans, linseed, groundnuts, cottonseed etc.) grown in
Ethiopia are almost entirely used domestically.
Edible oil for consumption in Ethiopia is mainly imported from different countries. In calendar
year (CY) 15, Ethiopia imported 479,000 metric tons of cooking oil, valued at nearly
$474million dollars. Of this imported oil, more than 90 percent by volume was palm oil, most of
which comes from Indonesia and Malaysia. The remainder of imported oil is made up of
sunflower, soybean and olive oils. See table‟s 1 and 1A for breakdown of oil imports volume and
value
Table1 Edible Oil Import Volume (MT)
Table 1A: Edible Oil Import Value („000 USD)
Moving back to local types of edible oils and oilseeds and reducing the import burden for edible
oils will require engagement with edible oil processing facilities and importers to better
understand the context, local capacity, challenges, and opportunities for growth.
2.1 The Processing of Edible Oils
Edible oils are processed from oil seeds of various types, as shown in the Process Flow
Diagram (Figure1). First, oil seeds must be procured and approved based on their quality
characteristics. Oil seeds should be cleaned and sifted to remove extraneous matter and
conditioned or pre-treated. Depending on the type of oil seed, this may include soaking, cooking,
removing hulls, and/or flaking or crushing.
Oil must then be extracted from oil seeds. This can be done via mechanical or chemical means.
Mechanically, oil seeds can be pressed or centrifuged to physically extract oil. This method has
relatively low yield or oil recovery, but avoids some potential damage to the quality and stability
of the oil. Chemically, oil can be extracted using a solvent (e.g. n-hexane), which is a faster
process, achieves higher yields, and avoids degradation due to heat which can occur during
mechanical processes. Using a combination of both methods, oil processors can recover about
99% of the oil contained within the seeds.
Next, the crude oil that has been extracted must be refined and filtered. This process removes
undesirable compounds, such as foreign matter, gums, free fatty acids, wax, color pigments, and
odorous compounds to obtain oil of edible quality. Operations such as distillation, winterizing,
bleaching, and deodorizing eliminate residual solvents, peroxides, triglycerides, and other
compounds that contribute to rancidity. Hydrogenation can also occur to produce cooking oils.
Packaging is an important component to oil processing and must be chosen to reduce exposure to
light, oxygen, temperature, enzymes, and other environmental factors which can limit shelf life.
The addition of antioxidant tocopherols (vitamin E) is often used to stabilize some oils and
improve shelf life. Many different types of packaging are used for edible oils, including tin cans,
glass bottles, PET or HDPE plastic bottles, and paper-based cartons, the latter of which is most
common. The selection of packaging is generally done on the basis of marketing and economic
criteria. However, the type of packaging materials, packaging geometry, and techniques of filling
and closing the containers may significantly affect oil quality during their shelf life.
Figure 7: Process Flow Diagram for Edible Oil Processing
Soybean oil production process
Storage
Long term storage of oilseeds allows seeds to be harvested, stored and pressed for oil as the oil is
needed. Stored grains that are at proper moisture content for storage need to be monitored as
temperatures and outside moisture affect the storage conditions and quality of the grain. Not
paying attention to storage can result in seeds that are not fit for pressing into good quality oil.
After seeds have been dried to the proper moisture content for storage, they continue to respire
and respond to temperature and moisture conditions in the storage container. As temperatures
cool, condensation may form on bin or container surfaces or within the grain itself. These moist
areas are prime locations for molds to start growth. For this reason, as outside temperatures cool
in the fall the grain and container should be checked each week for condensation, and when
moisture is found the grain should be aerated to reduce the temperature of the grain and remove
the moisture so no more condensation occurs. When the grain has cooled to winter temperatures
the periods between checks may be lengthened. Problems with moisture occur when outside
temperatures are dropping in the fall and winter, not as temperatures increase in the spring.
Cleaning
Normally, the oilseeds are mixed with a variety of foreign materials viz, sand, stones, stalks,
weed seeds, foliage, etc., during harvesting, handling and transportation. It is ideal to clean seed
before putting it into store. Stone, iron and wood pieces mixed with seeds can disrupt mechanical
equipment during processing. Foreign matters may lower protein content and increase fiber
content of meal residue after extraction of the oil. Moreover, foreign matters mixed with oilseeds
may be having high moisture content which may initiate overheating in storage. The local hot
spots in the oilseed damage the quality and constitute a fire hazard if not properly detected and
corrected by aeration or rotation. Also, cleaning before storage of oils not required further
cleaning for processing and saves double handling of seeds. In short, proper cleaning of oilseeds
can increase in crushing capacity of oil expelling units, reduce in-plant maintenance and improve
the quality of oil and cake.
De hulling (decortication)
The hulls of oilseeds are fibrous and have low oil content. Its proportion varies from oilseed to
oilseed. De hulling of oilseeds extraction is advantageous as the hulls, reduce the total oil yields
and the capacity of extraction equipment.
Solvent extraction plants
Solvent extraction is the most efficient method of oil recovery from oil bearing materials. It is
particularly advantageous for processing of those oilseeds/oil bearing materials which have low
oil content; soybean, rice bran, mango kernels etc. The flakes of other oilseeds, e.g. groundnut,
rapeseed/mustard, sunflower, linseed, etc. disintegrate in contact of solvent and create problems
due to production of fine products. This problem is overcome by using pro-pressed cakes of
these oilseeds for solvent extraction. Pro-pressing in expellers also recovers a major portion of
oil from these seeds. However, pre-pressed cakes containing 12-20% oil require flaking prior to
their solvent extraction for efficient recovery of oil. Solvent extraction plants are either batch or
continuous types. However, the continuous counter current percolation systems are more popular
in use because of its better efficiency.
The edible oil refining process
Edible oil refinery plant is to remove harmful impurities, such as protein, phospholipid, pigment,
moisture, wax and other impurities. And then the refined edible oil can reach the standard of
food and storage.
Degumming
A pretreatment process applied to seed oils to reduce the phosphorus content. It is a two-step
process with addition of water and/or acid to hydrate phospholipids. The phospholipids are
subsequently removed by centrifugation.
Importance of Degumming Process
Elimination of Phosphatides from the crude oils to improve the quality.
To avoid high refining losses.
To avoid their decomposition so that oil does not darken due to their thermal instability.
Neutralizing
The purpose of neutralizing is to remove free fatty acid, phospholipids, gums or solids in edible
oil by using caustic soda. We offer solutions featuring higher oil yield and lower energy
consumption.
Figure 8: Neutralizing process
Bleaching
Bleaching process removes colored matters, residual pesticides, and metal ions by mixing
bleaching earth with edible oil. Bleaching removes the oil components that increase the rate of
oxidation. It allows the oil to be used for a longer period of time before these undesirable
characteristics occur.
Main Equipment: Bleacher
Figure 9: Bleaching process
Deodorizing
Deodorizing, the most critical step in the refining process, effectively removes odorous
substances, raises smoke point of oils, improves the stability, color and quality of oils, and
removes fatty acids, peroxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, residual pesticides, etc.
Myande deodorization process retains more active nutrients while producing less harmful
substances such as Trans fatty acids and trichloropropanol.
Main Equipment: Combined Type Deodorizer
Figure 10: Deodorizing process
2.2. The Fortification of Edible Oils
Fortification is the process of adding vitamins to edible oil in a controlled manner to deliberately
increase the content of these vitamins in the diet and improve the nutritional quality of food.
Fortification can provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health.
Globally, edible oils are often fortified with vitamin A and vitamin D. Ethiopian Edible
Vegetable fats and Oils standard (ES 6133:2018 specifies also fortification with Vitamin A and
Vitamin D.
Vitamin A deficiency can negatively affect vision, immunity, bone growth, and cellular
processes and has both health and economic impacts on populations. Improvement of vitamin A
status in children can lead to a reduction of 23% of all-cause child mortality (deaths); prevent
around 1.3-2.5 million deaths among children under 5 years old, and reduce mortality during
pregnancy[4,5]. Vitamin D is critical for bone strength and mineralization and decreases the risk
of many chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, diabetes,
and cardiovascular disease.
Figure 11: Batch and Continuous Mixing Processes for Fortification
Both vitamins A and Dare fat-soluble and thus require consumption alongside a source of fat,
such as edible oil, to be absorbed and processed by the body. Fortification of edible oils is thus a
well-established and cost-effective method for reducing and preventing deficiencies of these
vitamins in populations who consume edible oils and especially among those who do not
consume much meat or dairy products.
Fortification can occur in a continuous or batch mixing process (Figure2). A pre-blend of
nutrients is prepared, then mixed with refined oil prior to packaging. Routine internal and
external monitoring of the food safety and fortification of edible oils is critical to ensure
consumers benefit from the vitamins as intended while reducing risk of excessive intakes.
3. Organizational structure
Nature, scale and size of business are the normal factors which determine forms of internal
organization. The oil production firm of similar size as the envisaged project currently operating
in Ethiopia have line type of organizational structure, where each department is a complete selfcontained unit. Based on this experience, the organization structure is devised to incorporate
owners at the top followed by general manager and other line departments. The owner will have
the power to control the overall activities of the proposed factory and decide on the highest level
attention requiring issues that impede the normal operation or that affect the future performance
of the project.
The General Manager, there will be separate departments which are responsible for their
respective units.
The organizational structure of the factory is proposed to look like the following.
Proposed Organizational chart
Figure 12: Organizational structure
3.1. Number of Edible oil industries found in Ethiopia
There are 244 edible oil processing factories in Ethiopia. Of these, 17 were not included in the
study because they were either in a project/pilot phase of operations, reported having no
employees, or reported having no production volume. Thus, the denominator for all following
results is 227 edible oil processing factories, except where otherwise noted.
Geographic Location and Establishment
The distribution of the 227edible oil processing factories assessed is shown inTable1. The
mapping was conducted Amhara, Oromia, Benishangul-Gumz, Harari and SNNP regions and
Addis Ababa administrative city. Most of the oil processing factories (64%) are found in Oromia
Region, 18% in Amhara Region, and 16% in Addis Ababa City
Table: Distribution of Edible Oil Processing Factories
Most of the edible oil processing factories (78%) are considered Public Limited Companies
(PLCs). Cooperatives make up 3% of the factories; 6 out of the 7 cooperatives are in Oromia.
The rest of the factories did not specify a type of company. The edible oil factories assessed were
established between 1978 and 20171. These are categorized by age inTable2below and by region
inFigure3.Note that the “Other” Region encompasses Benishangul, Harari, and SNNP
Table2: Age of Edible Oil Factories
Production and Processing Capacity
Oil Type
Nine types of edible oils were reported to be processed by the assessed factories .These are
shown in Figure 4 below along with the number and percentage of factories producing that oil
type. On average, each factory produced two different types of edible oils with a range of 1-5
different oil types.
Figure 13: Types of Edible Oil Produced in Ethiopia
3.2. Processing Technology
Depending on the type of edible oil being processed, different types of processing technologies
and methods should be used. For example, rapeseed, maize, cottonseed, sesame seed, and
linseed oils must pass through a full refining process (including degumming, neutralizing,
washing, drying, bleaching, and deodorization). On the other hand, Niger seed, groundnut, and
sunflower seed oils need only to pass through a semi-refinery system (neutralizing, washing,
and drying only).Of the 122 factories reporting that they produce oils that should pass through a
full refining process, only 3 of them report having such refining processes.
Edible oil can be refined through mechanical pressing or solvent extraction, or a combination of
both. In the 227 assessed Ethiopian oil producers, 220 of them (97%) use a mechanical pressing
method, one producer uses solvent extraction, and 5 of them use both methods. Edible oil can
also be produced either as a batch or continuously. Batch processing involves processing a
specific quantity of edible oil through each step of the process, then cleaning the container and
starting again with a new batch. Continuous processing involves oilseeds continuously being fed
into a machine for processing. The distribution between batch and continuous processing types
found in assessed edible oil factories is shown in Figure.
Figure 14: Distribution of Processing Methods Used by Edible Oil Processing Factories
Processing Capacity
The size and capacity of the factory is reflective of the total volumes (and potential volumes) of
edible oil which can be produced. Edible oil producers can be categorized into small (up to 500
Liters/day), medium (500-5,000 Liters/day), and large (5,000 Liters/day or more) 4, based on
their reported design capacity. Two-thirds of producers (149 of 225 responding factories) fall
under the medium category, with 27 %( 60 factories) categorized as small and 8% (18 factories)
categorized as large5.The median factory size was designed for 800 Liters/day with most
factories reporting a design of 1,000 Liters/day. The size distribution by region is shown in
Figure.
Figure 15: Size Distribution of Edible Oil Factories by Region
Edible oil factory capacity utilization is constrained with 87% of assessed factories reporting
operating at 50% capacity or less and over 30% of factories reporting operating at 25% capacity
or less. The average and median capacity of all assessed factories is 38%.The number of
factories across the range of capacity utilization is shown in Figure7 with these results
disaggregated by factory size in Figure8. These gaps in capacity utilization were attributed to
short supplies of raw materials (oilseeds) and electrical power fluctuations.
Figure 16: Percent Capacity Utilization by Edible Oil Processing Factories
Figure 17: Percent Capacity Utilization of Each Size of Edible Oil Processing Factories
Quality and Safety
Fortified food must meet the quality and safety requirements set forth in established standards; it
is therefore critical that edible oil producers have the technical knowledge and equipment to
ensure the quality and safety of their products. Production of fortified products require additional
Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) measures over what processors are accustomed to
with non-fortified products.
Assessed edible oil factories were asked whether they have Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP) in place. Seven out of the 18assessed large scale factories (39%) and 4out of 149 medium
scale factories (1%) reported following the principles and protocols of GMP.
To test for the quality and safety of foods, edible oil producers must have access to a laboratory.
Only 15 edible oil factories reported having an internal laboratory (8 large scale factories and
7medium scale factories). Of the 5factories6that specify the types of laboratory equipment they
have, 3 have the capacity to test for acidity and 4 can test various quality factors (slip melting
point and / or spectrophotometry).
Employment
The edible oil industry employs over 3,000 individuals nationally, 77% of them male and 23%
female. The sector is fairly split between hiring permanent (56%) versus temporary (44%)
employees. This is likely due to the seasonal nature of oilseeds production and thus edible oil
refining and processing.
Edible oil factories in Addis Ababa, Benishangul-Gumuz, Harari, and SNNP Regions have the
greatest proportion of large scale to total factories and thus employ more people on average per
factory, as shown Table.
Table: Employment in the Edible Oil Industry
Building and construction
The total land area designated for the factory buildings is about 4,000 square meters. A minimum
of total built up area of 1,700 square meters would be allotted for production hall, for officers,
clinic and workers‟ quarters and other facilities. The building and construction cost is estimated
based on built up areas and rates for various categories of structures.
Packaging and Distribution
Understanding the types of packaging and distribution channels can provide some insights into
the population that has access to and may be consuming the various types of edible oils.
This will be important for prioritizing support for fortification within the industry to maximize
the reach and impact among vulnerable populations.
Packaging Sizes Available
Many kinds of packaging are used for edible oils, including tin cans, glass bottles, PET or HDPE
plastic bottles, and paper cartons. Of the 227 assessed edible oil factories, 21 reported the
packaging sizes they use. Most factories sell their edible oil in a variety of packaging sizes.
Over 70% of factories package their oil in ½ and 1 Liter containers. Around half package in 3 or
5 Liter containers. Fewer than15% package in 10, 20, and 25 Liter containers or package in
barrels. No small-scale factories package in sizes greater than 5 Liters, except for onereporting
packaging in barrels.
Geographic Distribution of Products
Nearly all edible oil factories distribute their products in local markets or to Addis Ababa. Only
one of the 102 factories reporting their geographic distribution sell their products nationally, and
this factory is based in Addis Ababa. All reporting factories located in Amhara Region distribute
only locally. Half of reporting factories located in Oromia Region distribute locally and half
distribute in Addis Ababa.
Distribution Method
Of the 219 edible oil factories reporting the method of distribution, 67% sell their products
directly to consumers through markets or retail outlets and 43% sell wholesale. One edible oil
factory located in Addis Ababa reported selling directly to an NGO for distribution. The
distribution method. Over 90% of all factories reporting selling wholesale are located in Oromia
Region.
Challenges Faced by Factories
Edible oil processing factories report facing many challenges to their operations. These are
shown below in Figure9. The top four challenges faced by over half of factories include:
Procurement, including raw materials, equipment and spare parts, and packaging materials;
Utilities and infrastructure, including consistent electric and water supply and availability of
roads for shipping and distribution;
Competition, mainly from palm oil, which is government subsidized, and from illegal imports;
and
Availability of working capital and foreign currency to purchase inputs and invest in factory
improvements.
Fewer than half of factories also reported the following challenges:
1. Lack of physical factory space as many of the factories were operating out of rented
houses and could not expand their operations;
2. Unfair taxation practices, where some types of oil must pay VAT and others don‟t; lack
of government support to the oil industry;
3. Lack of appropriately trained and capacitated staff;
4. Lack of consumer demand for products; and
5. Lack of warehousing and laboratory space.
Figure 18: Challenges Faced by Edible Oil Factories
Geographic Locations of Edible Oil Factories
The following maps show the geographic locations of edible oil processing factories in the
country with details for the various high-density regions (Addis Ababa City, Amhara Region,
and Oromia Region).
Figure 19: Shows geographical location of edible oil production in Ethiopia
4. PACKAGING, EDIBLE OIL
4.1. Key characteristics of edible oil bottle packaging
Since we are living in a world where our bodies are unknowingly exposed to many and different
types of ailments, it becomes extremely important for every family to cook using edible oils to
eliminate the chances of any health risk. These products have outstanding attributes.
A key factor to consider when talking about edible oils is their packaging: when you closely
observe them, how challenging it should be for the manufacturers to deal with them.
How do they send to customers thousands of liters of edible oil adequately bundled in those
colorful bottles?
How do they make sure that the oil reaches your home in complete safety?
4.2 Factors that could affect the quality of the oil
The packaging factors that could affect the quality of the oil should be analyzed. Referring to:
The light that passes through the packaging which, being a source of energy, activates the
oxidation process
The presence of oxygen in the head space of the packaging that comes in contact with the
product
Autocatalytic oxidation
The temperature and level of humidity during the storage phase
The transfer of substances from the packaging to the oil
Fragrances/odors passing through the sides packaging walls
4.3. Criteria for choosing packaging materials for edible oil
Edible oil should carefully choose the most suitable packaging in order to ensure the correct
storage of their product.
The right packaging must therefore prevent:
The loss of the flavor or acidity of the product
The filtering of light which may result in the oil turning rancid
The oxidation of the oil with a consequent loss of flavour
The absorption of odours
And that‟s not all. There are also other factors which, as well as protecting the edible oil, can
also influence sales. We are talking about leak-proof packaging, the price of materials (in terms
of direct costs and transport costs), branding and customization.
4.4. Micro-categories of edible oil bottle packaging
As mentioned, the nature of the material has an influence on the quality of the oil. We can
divide the types of edible oil packaging into macro-categories:
o Rigid packaging: HDPE, Tin, Glass, PET
o Flexible packaging: Plastic pouches, Stand-up pouches
o Semi-rigid packaging: Liquid cartons, Bag-in-box
The reasons for paying maximum attention to edible oil bottle packaging
It is useful to summaries the characteristics that good quality packaging should have in order to
meet various types of requirements:
Product
The ideal packaging is able to offer the best guarantees in terms of protection, cleanliness as well
as product freshness.
Distribution
The best packaging meets the need for lower costs and better logistics.
Packing
In order to optimize sales it is important to pay the utmost attention to the attractiveness of the
packaging and its ability to be displayed, the possibility of branding it, and the modularity of the
sizes, from the smallest to the largest.
4.5. PET: the most effective packaging material
For many years, PET has been the preferred packaging material for bottling water and
carbonated soft drinks.
Successfully in use for over 40 years in packaging food and beverage products, it has
recently been increasingly adopted also for liquid dairy products, beer, and other food products,
such as ketchup.
PET has numerous qualities:
it's shatterproof and ensures product integrity;
It maintains great taste;
It offers a premium look and feel;
It creates a more convenient experience for the consumer;
It provides significant cost and environmental benefits in the production and supply process.
These are the features consumers are looking for today. Thanks to these characteristics , the
benefits of this material are also recognized by producers of edible oils, and this is the
reason why the transition from glass and other materials to PET looks set to continue.
From sourcing raw materials through to quality control, refining, blending, and
packaging, food safety is the most important consideration in what we do as a business.
When packaging is in direct contact with its contents, it needs to meet the very highest
standards of product quality and safety. Both shelf life and consumer expectations of the
finished product play a key role in the choice of the material.
Figure 20: Pet oil packaging materials
The packaging development process of PET includes the analysis of how the oils
performed when packaged in PET, simulating the environmental conditions to which the
product would be subjected throughout the supply chain in the company's dedicated
laboratories.
Packaging manufacturers focused on the effects of light, oxygen, and temperature on the
oils and considered factors such as viscosity, density, and surface tension. Moreover, in
analyzing the liquid-package interaction, they also evaluated the effect that the filling
temperature has in terms of variation of the volume of the edible oils.
PET is a biologically inert plastic, with well-defined constituent materials and no additives
required for enhanced performance: for this reason, it has been fully approved for food and
drug use by all official food safety organizations, including the US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Summing up, PET has revolutionized the packaging market in recent years offering
solutions that meet practically all the needs of producers, also in the edible oil segment.
It is approved as food contact grade all over the world. Safety also includes mechanical
resistance, also during transportation.
Costing less than traditional materials, PET is convenient from a supply costs
perspective and is also light, a factor that has a notable impact on transport costs.
In terms of sustainability, PET is 100% recyclable. Pet, made from recycled packaging, is
also becoming increasingly popular and ensures savings in terms of virgin materials.
Finally, its versatility gives manufacturers maximum scope in terms of shapes, sizes and
customizations when marketing their products.
Popularity of different types of packaging
Waste disposal treatment
Exploitation of Soybean Oil Acid Degumming Waste: Biocatalytic
Synthesis of High Value Phospholipids
The treatment and biocatalytic transformation of the waste residue from the acid water sfocus of
this research. This complicated by-product, which is abundant in phospholipids, is often
discarded, but in this case, high-value polar head modified phospholipids have been created from
it, offering an alternate strategy to the simple disposal from a circular economy perspective.
Currently, the acid degumming waste from the seeds oil refining business is disposed of, but it
might be used as a significant source for making numerous products. In this study, the waste
generated during the refining of soybean oil was first recovered and processed, which enabled
the separation of a fraction high in phospholipids (PLs). The latter was then converted into more
valuable products, including polar head modified PLs-enriched mixtures containing
phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and
phosphatidylhydroxybutyrate (PB), via an enzymatic reaction catalysed by phospholipase D
(from Streptomyces netropsis). In the sections that follow, we demonstrate how biocatalysis can
be used to create value-added PLs from a renewable feedstock for use as functional food and
nutraceutical additives. According to the bioeconomy paradigms for a wiser reuse of renewable
resources from a circular economy perspective, this alternative to the industrial customary
disposal procedures should give the entire process a larger value in terms of carbon recycling.
The primary objective of these procedures is the elimination of unwanted small components that
can impair the final product's quality. When phospholipids (PLs) are removed from crude oils, it
improves their physical stability and makes further processing easier. The initial refining stage is
made up of two subsequent processes: water degumming and acid degumming.The building
blocks of 3 PLs are a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains esterified at sites sn-1 and sn-2,
and a phosphate diester bearing the polar head at position sn-3. The source of PLs determines the
composition of acyl chains and polar heads, which is crucial for determining the physical and
biological characteristics of PLs.4 PLs, the primary constituents of natural membrens, , which
are essential for many cellular processes like differentiation, regeneration, and molecule
transportation through membranes as well as for promoting the biological functions of several
membrane-linked proteins and receptors, play a crucial role.5 PLs are also being investigated as
diagnostic indicators for a number of disorders and as components of numerous nutraceutical
formulations for neurological and diseases associated with cholesterol.6 It has been shown that
dietary PLs are crucial for preventing a wide range of human disorders, including cancer,
coronary heart disease, problems with cholesterol metabolism, and inflammations. Additionally,
PLs spontaneously aggregate in aquatic environments due to their unusual structure, which
causes the production of micelles, bilayers, and liposomes. Such supramolecular assemblages
have great potential for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
Figure 1:- Schematic representation of raw soybean oil purification (Panel A), treatment
of the waste coming from the acid degumming step (Panel B), and phospholipids
conversion (Panel C).
Figure 2:- Picture of the solid fractions recovered from water degumming and acid
degumming in soybean refining plant (SF1-I (Panel A), SF2-I (Panel B), and SF4-S
(Panel C))
Conclusion
Agro-based industries are mainly responsible to remove unemployment and create further
employment opportunities for rural areas such that most of the rural population does not migrate
to urban lands. We have chosen an agro industry which focus on the refining of soybean seed
because the demand of oil is very high and its supply is less but when finding our surrounding as
a producer of soybean it became a solution to many other environmental and social problems.
The beans pass through different stages, Oil seeds should be cleaned and sifted to remove
extraneous matter and conditioned or pre-treated. Depending on the type of oil seed, this may
include soaking, cooking, removing hulls, and/or flaking or crushing. Then goes to a refinery
plant and again pass through another stage to remove harmful impurities, such as protein,
phospholipid, pigment, moisture, wax and other impurities. And the waste is treated accordingly
not realeased to out side environmrnt. Its changed to phospholipids used to numerous
nutraceutical formulations for neurological and diseases associated with cholesterol.