Facial Bones Projection/Method Lateral Lateral: Bony & Soft Tissue Relationship Parietoacanthial: Waters Modified Parietoacanthial: Modified Waters/Shallow Waters Acanthioparietal: Reverse Waters Acanthioparietal: Reverse Waters [Trauma] PA Axial: Caldwell Central Ray Perpendicular Reference Point Lateral surface of zygomatic bone (halfway between outer canthus & EAM) Exit Acanthion Enter Acanthion Parallel to MML 15° Cephalad Exit Nasion Nasal Bones Lateral Tangential Perpendicular Parallel to GAL ½ distal to nasion - Zygomatic Arches SMV Tangential Perpendicular Tangential: May AP Axial: Modified Towne OML = 30° caudad IOML = 37° caudad IOML, 1” posterior to outer canthus IOML, 1 ½” posterior to outer canthus Enter glabella 1” above nasion Madibular Symphysis AP Axial 40-45° posteriorly/caudad Mandibular symphysis (midway between lips & tip of chin) Mandibular Rami PA PA Axial Perpendicular 20-25° cephalad Exit acanthion Mandibular Body PA Perpendicular PA Axial 30° cephalad Level of lips Midway between TMJ [Zanelli: Fill mouth with air] Mandible Axiolateral Oblique: Ramus/Body/Symphysis 25° cephalad SMV Perpendicular VSM Perpendicular Mandibular region of interest IOML, midway between gonions IOML, posterior to outer canthus Temporomandibular Articulations AP Axial 35° caudad Axiolateral 25-30° caudad Axiolateral Oblique 15° caudad Midway between TMJs, enters 3” above nasion Enters ½ anterior & 2” superior to EAM Exits TMJ closest to IR, enters 1 ½” superior to EAM