1. Motivation - A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. 2. Instinct - An unlearned, innate behavior pattern common to all members of a species.
3. Drive-Reduction Theory - The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need.
4. Homeostasis - The tendency to maintain a balanced, constant internal state. 5. Incentive - A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates action.
6. Yerkes-Dodson Law - The principle that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.
7. Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow's pyramid depicting basic human needs, from physiological needs at the bottom to self-actualization at the top.
8. Glucose - The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. 9. Set Point - The point at which a person's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. 10. Basal Metabolic Rate - The body's resting rate of energy expenditure when at rest.
11. Sexual Response Cycle - The four stages of sexual response described by Masters and Johnson.
12. Refractory Period - The resting period after orgasm when a man cannot achieve another erection/orgasm.
13. Sexual Dysfunction - Consistent problems that disrupt sexual response, such as erectile disorder or low desire. 14. Estrogens - Female sex hormones that contribute to sexual development and arousal. 15. Testosterone - The main male sex hormone. 16. Insecure Anxious Attachment - An attachment style characterized by constant concerns about the availability and responsiveness of relationship partners.
17. Insecure Avoidant Attachment - An attachment style characterized by discomfort with intimacy and attempts to minimize closeness. 18. Ostracism - Social exclusion or rejection.
19. Overjustification Effect - Diminished intrinsic motivation due to the addition of an external incentive for doing an already-enjoyed activity.
20. Extrinsic Motivation - Motivation to perform an activity to attain some external reward. 21. Intrinsic Motivation - Motivation to perform an activity for its own sake, for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from the activity itself. 22. Emotion - A response involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. 23. James-Lange Theory - The idea that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion.
24. Cannon-Bard Theory - The idea that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. 25. Two-Factor Theory - Schachter and Singer's view that emotion consists of physical arousal and cognitive labels.
26. Polygraph - A machine that measures bodily responses associated with emotion; often used in attempts to detect lies. 27. Empathy - The ability to identify with another's situation or feelings.
28. Health Psychology - A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. 29. Display Rules - Cultural norms that influence whether and how we display emotion publicly. 30. Stress - The process by which we perceive and respond to events appraised as threatening or challenging.
31. General Adaptation Syndrome - Selye's three stages of bodily adjustment to stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion). 32. Tend-and-Befriend - Under stress, especially women provide support to others and affiliate with others.
33. Psychophysiological Illness - Literally "mind-body" illness; physical illness influenced by stress and psychology.
34. Psychoneuroimmunology - The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and health. 35. Lymphocytes - The two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. 36. Coronary Heart Disease - Clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in developed countries.
37. Type A - Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone people. 38. Type B - Relaxed, easy going people.
39. Catharsis - Emotional release. 40. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon - Performing acts of kindness can elevate mood.
41. Subjective Well-Being - Self-perceived happiness; how people evaluate their lives. 42. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon - The tendency for stimuli to provide less intense positive or negative feelings with repeated exposure.
43. Relative Deprivation - Frustration that results when we compare our situation with others and notice that we have less than they do.
44. Personality - Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
45. Free Association - Saying whatever comes to mind to explore the unconscious
46. Psychoanalysis - Freud's theory attributing behavior to unconscious conflicts 47. Unconscious - Reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories
48. Id - Reservoir of unconscious energy seeking to satisfy basic drives
49. Ego - Conscious part of personality mediating demands of id, superego, and reality
50. Superego - Internalized ideals and standards for judgment
51. Psychosexual Stages - Childhood stages when pleasure-seeking focuses on erogenous zones 52. Oedipus Complex - Boy's unconscious sexual desire for mother and hatred for father
53. Identification - Incorporating parents' values into one's superego 54. Fixation - Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking at an unresolved psychosexual stage
55. Defense Mechanisms - Unconscious reactions reducing anxiety
56. Repression - Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories
57. Regression - Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage
58. Reaction Formation - Switching unacceptable impulses to their opposites 59. Projection - Attributing own threatening impulses to others 60. Rationalization - Offering self-justifying explanations for one's actions
61. Displacement - Shifting impulses toward a more acceptable target
62. Sublimation - Redirecting impulses into socially valued actions 63. Denial - Refusing to acknowledge painful realities
64. Psychodynamic Theories - View personality through unconscious conflicts
65. Neo-Freudians - Early Freud followers who emphasized social motives
66. Alfred Adler - Believed childhood social tensions shape personality 67. Karen Horney - Believed anxiety triggers needs for security and love
68. Carl Jung - Proposed a collective unconscious
69. Collective Unconscious - Shared inherited reservoir of memory traces 70. Projective Test - Personality test using ambiguous stimuli
71. Thematic Apperception Test - Tell stories about ambiguous images 72. Rorschach Inkblot Test - Analyze personality based on interpreting inkblots
73. False Consensus Effect - Overestimating how much others share our views
74. Terror Management Theory - Exploring responses to reminders of mortality 75. Humanistic Theories - Focus on potential for self-actualization 76. Abraham Maslow - Proposed hierarchy of human needs
77. Self-Actualization - Motivation to fulfill one's potential 78. Unconditional Positive Regard - Total acceptance of a person
79. Self-Concept - Thoughts and feelings about oneself
80. Trait - Enduring pattern of behavior or disposition 81. Factor Analysis - Identify clusters of related behaviors/traits 82. Personality Inventory - Questionnaire assessing traits
83. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Most used personality test 84. Empirically Derived Test - Selecting items that discriminate groups 85. Big Five Personality Factors - Major traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
86. Social Cognitive Perspective - Behavior is a function of person and situation
87. Behavioral Approach - Learning affects personality
88. Reciprocal Determinism - Behavior, cognition, environment interact 89. Positive Psychology - Study of optimal human functioning
90. Self - Center of personality and identity 91. Spotlight Effect - Overestimating how much others notice us 92. Self-Esteem - Feeling of self-worth
93. Self-Efficacy - Sense of competence
94. Self-Serving Bias - Taking credit for successes, denying failures 95. Narcissism - Excessive self-love and self-absorption
96. Individualism - Prioritizing personal goals over group goals 97. Collectivism - Prioritizing group goals over personal goals