BRIEF CONTENTS
PARTONE THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The nature and process of business research
Business research strategies
Research designs
Planning a research project and developing research questions
Getting started: reviewing the literature
Ethics in business research
Writing up business research
PARTTWO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
8 The nature of quantitative research
9 Sampling in quantitative research
10 Structured interviewing
11 Self-completion questionnaires
12 Asking questions
13 Quantitative research using naturally occurring data
14 Secondary analysis and official statistics
15 Quantitative data analysis
16 Using IBM SPSS statistics
PARTTHREE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
17 The nature of qualitative research
18 Sampling in qualitative research
19 Ethnography and participant observation
20 Interviewing in qualitative research
21 Focus groups
22 Language in qualitative research
23 Documents as sources of data
24 Qualitative data analysis
25 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo
PARTFOUR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
26 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide
27 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research
1
3
17
44
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89
109
137
161
163
185
207
231
252
272
294
310
333
353
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388
403
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499
517
538
555
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DETAILED CONTENTS
Abbreviations
xxvii
About the authors
xxviii
About the students and supervisors
xxx
Guided tour of textbook features
xxxii
Guided tour of the online resources
xxxiv
About the book
xxxvi
Acknowledgements
xlii
Editorial Advisory Panel
xliii
PARTONE THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
The nature and process of business research
1
3
Introduction
What is ‘business research’?
Why do business research?
Business research methods in context
Relevance to practice
The process of business research
Literature review
Concepts and theories
Research questions
Sampling
Data collection
Data analysis
Writing up
The messiness of business research
Key points
Questions for review
4
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11
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15
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Business research strategies
17
Introduction: the nature of business research
Theory and research
What is theory?
Deductive and inductive logics of inquiry
Philosophical assumptions in business research
Ontological considerations
Objectivism
Constructionism
Epistemological considerations
A natural science epistemology: positivism
Interpretivism
Research paradigms
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Detailed contents
Developing a research strategy: quantitative or qualitative?
Other considerations
Values
Practicalities
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 3
Research designs
44
Introduction
Quality criteria in business research
Reliability
Replicability
Validity
Research designs
Experimental design
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Case study design
Comparative design
Level of analysis
Bringing research strategy and research design together
Key points
Questions for review
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Chapter 4Planning a research project and developing
research questions
Chapter 5
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Introduction
Getting to know what is expected of you by your university
Thinking about your research area
Using your supervisor
Managing time and resources
Developing suitable research questions
Criteria for evaluating research questions
Writing your research proposal
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
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Getting started: reviewing the literature
89
Introduction
Reviewing the literature and engaging with what others
have written
Reading critically
Systematic review
Narrative review
Searching databases
Online databases
Keywords and defining search parameters
Making progress
Referencing
The role of the bibliography
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Detailed contents
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Avoiding plagiarism
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
105
107
107
108
Ethics in business research
109
Introduction
The importance of research ethics
Ethical principles
Avoidance of harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Preventing deception
Other ethical and legal considerations
Data management
Copyright
Reciprocity and trust
Affiliation and conflicts of interest
Visual methods and research ethics
Ethical considerations in online research
The political context of business research
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
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Writing up business research
137
Introduction
Writing academically
Writing up your research
Start early
Be persuasive
Get feedback
Avoid discriminatory language
Structure your writing
Writing up quantitative and qualitative research
An example of quantitative research
Introduction
Role congruity theory
Goals of the present study
Methods
Results
Discussion
Lessons
An example of qualitative research
Introduction
Loving to labour: identity in business schools
Methodology
Research findings
Discussion
Summary and conclusion
Lessons
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Detailed contents
Reflexivity and its implications for writing
Writing differently
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
PARTTWO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
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161
The nature of quantitative research
163
Introduction
The main steps in quantitative research
Concepts and their measurement
What is a concept?
Why measure?
Indicators
Dimensions of concepts
Reliability of measures
Stability
Internal reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Validity of measures
Face validity
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
The connection between reliability and validity
The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers
Measurement
Causality
Generalization
Replication
The critique of quantitative research
Criticisms of quantitative research
Is it always like this?
Reverse operationism
Reliability and validity testing
Sampling
Key points
Questions for review
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Sampling in quantitative research
185
Introduction
Introduction to sampling
Sampling error
Types of probability sample
Simple random sample
Systematic sample
Stratified random sampling
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Detailed contents
Multi-stage cluster sampling
The qualities of a probability sample
Sample size
Absolute and relative sample size
Time and cost
Non-response
Heterogeneity of the population
Types of non-probability sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Limits to generalization
Error in survey research
Sampling issues for online surveys
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 10 Structured interviewing
Introduction
The structured interview
Reducing error due to interviewer variability
Accuracy and ease of data processing
Other types of interview
Interview contexts
More than one interviewee
More than one interviewer
In person or by telephone?
Computer-assisted interviewing
Conducting interviews
Know the schedule
Introducing the research
Rapport
Asking questions
Recording answers
Clear instructions
Question order
Probing
Prompting
Leaving the interview
Training and supervision
Other approaches to structured interviewing
The critical incident method
Projective methods, pictorial methods, and photo-elicitation
The verbal protocol approach
Problems with structured interviewing
Characteristics of interviewers
Response sets
The problem of meaning
Key points
Questions for review
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Detailed contents
Chapter 11 Self-completion questionnaires
Introduction
Different kinds of self-completion questionnaires
Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to
the structured interview
Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the
structured interview
Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in
comparison to the structured interview
Steps to improve response rates to postal and online
questionnaires
Designing the self-completion questionnaire
Do not cramp the presentation
Clear presentation
Vertical or horizontal closed answers?
Identifying response sets in a Likert scale
Clear instructions about how to respond
Keep question and answers together
Email and online surveys
Email surveys
Web-based surveys
Comparing modes of survey administration
Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire
Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method
of data collection
Experience and event sampling
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 12 Asking questions
Introduction
Open or closed questions?
Open questions
Closed questions
Types of question
Rules for designing questions
General rules of thumb
Specific rules when designing questions
Vignette questions
Piloting and pre-testing questions
Using existing questions
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 13 Quantitative research using naturally occurring data
Introduction
Structured observation
The observation schedule
Strategies for observing behaviour
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Detailed contents
Sampling for structured observation
Sampling people
Sampling in terms of time
Further sampling considerations
Issues of reliability and validity
Reliability
Validity
Criticisms of structured observation
On the other hand …
Content analysis
What are the research questions?
Selecting a sample for content analysis
Sampling media
Sampling dates
What is to be counted?
Significant actors
Words
Subjects and themes
Dispositions
Images
Coding in content analysis
Coding schedule
Coding manual
Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes
Advantages of content analysis
Disadvantages of content analysis
Key points
Questions for review
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Chapter 14 Secondary analysis and official statistics
294
Introduction
Other researchers’ data
Advantages of secondary analysis
Limitations of secondary analysis
Accessing data archives
Archival proxies and meta-analysis
Official statistics
Reliability and validity
Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive measure
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 15 Quantitative data analysis
Introduction
A small research project
Missing data
Types of variable
Univariate analysis
Frequency tables
Diagrams
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Detailed contents
Measures of central tendency
Measures of dispersion
Bivariate analysis
Relationships, not causality
Contingency tables
Pearson’s r
Spearman’s rho
Phi and Cramér’s V
Comparing means and eta
Multivariate analysis
Could the relationship be spurious?
Could there be an intervening variable?
Could a third variable moderate the relationship?
Statistical significance
The chi-square test
Correlation and statistical significance
Comparing means and statistical significance
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 16 Using IBM SPSS statistics
Introduction
Getting started in SPSS
Beginning SPSS
Entering data in the Data Viewer
Defining variables: variable names, missing values,
variable labels, and value labels
Recoding variables
Computing a new variable
Data analysis with SPSS
Generating a frequency table
Generating a bar chart
Generating a pie chart
Generating a histogram
Generating the arithmetic mean, median,
standard deviation, range, and boxplots
Generating a contingency table, chi-square,
and Cramér’s V
Generating Pearson’s r and Spearman’s rho
Generating scatter diagrams
Comparing means and eta
Generating a contingency table with
three variables
Further operations in SPSS
Saving your data
Retrieving your data
Printing output
Key points
Questions for review
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Detailed contents
PARTTHREE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Chapter 17 The nature of qualitative research
Introduction
The main steps in qualitative research
Theory and research
Concepts in qualitative research
Reliability and validity in qualitative research
Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research
Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research
Overview of the issue of criteria
The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers
Seeing through the eyes of people being studied
Description and emphasis on context
Emphasis on process
Flexibility and limited structure
Concepts and theory grounded in data
Not just words
The critique of qualitative research
Qualitative research is too subjective
Qualitative research is difficult to replicate
Problems of generalization
Lack of transparency
Is it always like this?
Contrasts between quantitative and qualitative research
Similarities between quantitative and qualitative research
Researcher–participant relationships
Action research
Feminism and qualitative research
Postcolonial and indigenous research
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 18 Sampling in qualitative research
Introduction
Levels of sampling
Purposive sampling
Theoretical sampling
Generic purposive sampling
Snowball sampling
Sample size
Not just people
Using more than one sampling approach
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 19 Ethnography and participant observation
Introduction
Organizational ethnography
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405
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Detailed contents
Access
Overt versus covert?
Ongoing access
Key informants
Roles for ethnographers
Active or passive?
Shadowing
Field notes
Types of field notes
Bringing ethnographic fieldwork to an end
Feminist ethnography
Global and multi-site ethnography
Virtual ethnography
Visual ethnography
Writing ethnography
Realist tales
Other approaches
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 20 Interviewing in qualitative research
Introduction
Differences between the structured interview and the
qualitative interview
Asking questions in the qualitative interview
Preparing an interview guide
Kinds of questions
Using an interview guide: an example
Recording and transcription
Non-face-to-face interviews
Telephone interviewing
Online interviews
Interviews using Skype
Life history and oral history interviews
Feminist interviewing
Merits and limitations of qualitative interviewing
Advantages of qualitative interviews
Disadvantages of qualitative interviews
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 21 Focus groups
Introduction
Uses of focus groups
Conducting focus groups
Recording and transcription
How many groups?
Size of groups
Level of moderator involvement
Selecting participants
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470
Detailed contents
Asking questions
Beginning and finishing
Group interaction in focus group sessions
Online focus groups
The focus group as an emancipatory method
Limitations of focus groups
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 22 Language in qualitative research
Introduction
Discourse analysis
Main features of discourse analysis
Interpretive repertoires and detailed procedures
Critical discourse analysis
Narrative analysis
Rhetorical analysis
Conversation analysis
Overview
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 23 Documents as sources of data
Introduction
Personal documents
Public documents
Organizational documents
Media outputs
Visual documents
Documents as ‘texts’
Interpreting documents
Qualitative content analysis
Semiotics
Historical analysis
Checklist
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 24 Qualitative data analysis
Introduction
Thematic analysis
Grounded theory
Tools of grounded theory
Outcomes of grounded theory
Memos
Criticisms of grounded theory
More on coding
Steps and considerations in coding
Turning data into fragments
The critique of coding
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Detailed contents
Secondary analysis of qualitative data
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 25 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo
Introduction
Is CAQDAS like quantitative data analysis software?
No industry leader
Limited acceptance of CAQDAS
Learning NVivo
Coding
Searching data
Memos
Saving an NVivo project
Opening an existing NVivo project
Final thoughts
Key points
Questions for review
PARTFOUR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
Chapter 26 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide
Introduction
The natural science model and qualitative research
Quantitative research and interpretivism
Quantitative research and constructionism
Epistemological and ontological considerations
Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast
Behaviour versus meaning
Theory tested in research versus theory emergent from data
Numbers versus words
Artificial versus natural
Reciprocal analysis
Qualitative analysis of quantitative data
Quantitative analysis of qualitative data
Quantification in qualitative research
Thematic analysis
Quasi-quantification in qualitative research
Combating anecdotalism through limited quantification
Key points
Questions for review
Chapter 27Mixed methods research: combining quantitative
and qualitative research
Introduction
The arguments against mixed methods research
The embedded methods argument
The paradigm argument
Two versions of the debate about quantitative and
qualitative research
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Detailed contents
The rise of mixed methods research
Classifying mixed methods research in terms of priority
and sequence
Different types of mixed methods design
Approaches to mixed methods research
The logic of triangulation
Qualitative research facilitates quantitative research
Quantitative research facilitates qualitative research
Filling in the gaps
Static and processual features
Research issues and participants’ perspectives
The problem of generality
Interpreting the relationship between variables
Studying different aspects of a phenomenon
Solving a puzzle
Quality issues in mixed methods research
Key points
Questions for review
571
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Glossary
589
References
599
Name index
623
Subject index
629
xix
LEARNING FEATURES
1.1
Key concept What is evidence-based management?
7
1.2
Key concept What are research questions?
9
1.3
Research in focus A research question about gender bias
in attitudes towards leaders
10
1.4
Thinking deeply What is big data?
13
2.1
Key concept What is empiricism?
20
2.2
Research in focus A deductive study
22
2.3
Research in focus An inductive study
23
2.4
Key concept What is abductive reasoning?
24
2.5
Key concept What is the philosophy of social science?
25
2.6
Key concept What is objectivism?
26
2.7
Key concept What is constructionism?
27
2.8
Key concept What is postmodernism?
28
2.9
Research in focus Constructionism in action
28
2.10
Key concept What is positivism?
30
2.11
Key concept What is empirical realism?
31
2.12
Key concept What is interpretivism?
31
2.13
Research in focus Interpretivism in practice
33
2.14
Key concept What is a paradigm?
34
2.15
Research in focus Mixed methods research—an example
36
2.16
Thinking deeply Factors that influence methods choice in
organizational research
38
2.17
Research in focus Influence of an author’s biography on research values
39
3.1
Key concept What is a research design?
45
3.2
Key concept What is a research method?
45
3.3
Key concept What is a variable?
47
3.4
Research in focus An example of a field experiment to
investigate obesity discrimination in job applicant selection
49
3.5
Research in focus Establishing the direction of causality
53
3.6
Research in focus A laboratory experiment on voting on CEO pay
54
3.7
Research in focus The Hawthorne effect
55
3.8
Research in focus A quasi-experiment
56
3.9
Key concept What is evaluation research?
57
3.10
Research in focus An evaluation study of role redesign
57
3.11
Key concept What is a cross-sectional research design?
59
Learning features
3.12
Key concept What is survey research?
59
3.13
Research in focus An example of survey research: the Study of
Australian Leadership (SAL)
60
3.14
Research in focus A representative sample?
62
3.15
Thinking deeply The case study in business research
64
3.16
Research in focus A longitudinal case study of ICI
65
3.17
Research in focus A longitudinal panel study of older workers’ pay
68
3.18
Key concept What is cross-cultural and international research?
69
3.19
Research in focus A comparative analysis panel study of female employment
71
4.1
Thinking deeply Marx’s sources of research questions
81
4.2
Research in focus Developing research questions
84
5.1
Key concept What is an academic journal?
90
5.2
Thinking deeply Composing a literature review in qualitative research articles
93
5.3
Key concept What is a systematic review?
94
5.4
Research in focus A narrative review of narrative research
6.1
Key concept Stances on ethics
111
6.2
Research in focus A covert study of unofficial rewards
112
6.3
Research in focus Two infamous studies of obedience to authority
112
6.4
Thinking deeply Harm to non-participants?
114
6.5
Thinking deeply The assumption of anonymity
117
6.6
Research in focus An example of an ethical dilemma in fieldwork
124
6.7
Research in focus Ethical issues in a study involving friends as respondents
127
6.8
Thinking deeply A funding controversy in a university business school
128
6.9
Research in focus Invasion of privacy in visual research
129
6.10
Research in focus Chatroom users’ responses to being studied
131
7.1
Key concept What is rhetoric?
138
7.2
Thinking deeply How to write academically
139
7.3
Thinking deeply An empiricist repertoire?
151
7.4
Key concept What is a rhetorical strategy in quantitative research?
151
7.5
Thinking deeply Using verbatim quotations from interviews
154
8.1
Research in focus Selecting research sites and sampling respondents:
the Quality of Work and Life in Changing Europe project
166
8.2
Key concept What is an indicator?
169
8.3
Research in focus A multiple-indicator measure of a concept
170
8.4
Research in focus Specifying dimensions of a concept: the case of
job characteristics
171
8.5
Key concept What is reliability?
172
8.6
Key concept What is Cronbach’s alpha?
173
8.7
Key concept What is validity?
174
8.8
Research in focus Assessing the internal reliability and the concurrent
and predictive validity of a measure of organizational climate
176
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Learning features
8.9
Research in focus Testing validity through replication: the case of burnout
179
8.10
Key concept What is factor analysis?
183
9.1
Key concept Basic terms and concepts in sampling
188
9.2
Research in focus A cluster sample survey of Australian workplaces
and employees
193
9.3
Key concept What is a response rate?
197
9.4
Research in focus Convenience sampling in a study of discrimination in hiring
199
10.1
Key concept What is a structured interview?
209
10.2
Key concept Major types of interview
211
10.3
Research in focus A telephone survey of dignity at work
213
10.4
Research in focus A question sequence
219
10.5
Research in focus An example of the critical incident method
223
10.6
Research in focus Using projective methods in consumer research
224
10.7
Research in focus Using pictorial exercises in a study of business
school identity
225
10.8
Key concept What is photo-elicitation?
225
10.9
Research in focus Using photo-elicitation to study tourist behaviour
225
10.10 Research in focus A study using the verbal protocol method
226
10.11 Research in focus A study of the effects of social desirability bias
228
Research in focus Combining the use of structured interviews with
­self-completion questionnaires
233
11.2
Research in focus Administering a survey in China
235
11.3
Key concept What is a research diary?
246
11.4
Research in focus A diary study of managers and their jobs
247
11.5
Research in focus A diary study of text messaging
248
11.6
Research in focus A diary study of emotional labour in a call centre
249
11.7
Research in focus Using diaries to study a sensitive topic: work-related gossip
249
12.1
Research in focus Coding a very open question
254
12.2
Research in focus Using vignette questions in a tracking study
of ethical behaviour
264
Research in focus Using scales developed by other researchers in a study
of high performance work systems
266
13.1
Key concept What is structured observation?
274
13.2
Research in focus Mintzberg’s categories of basic activities involved
in managerial work
274
13.3
Research in focus Structured observation with a sample of one
277
13.4
Key concept What is Cohen’s kappa?
278
13.5
Key concept What is content analysis?
281
13.6
Research in focus A content analysis of courage and managerial
decision-making
283
13.7
Research in focus A computer-aided content analysis of microlending
to entrepreneurs
284
11.1
12.3
Learning features
13.8
Research in focus Issues of inter-coder reliability in a study of text messaging
289
13.9
Research in focus A content analysis of Swedish job advertisements
1960–2010
291
14.1
Key concept What is secondary analysis?
295
14.2
Research in focus Exploring corporate reputation in three
Scandinavian countries
296
Research in focus Combining primary and secondary data in a single study
of the implications of marriage structure for men’s attitudes to women in
the workplace
297
Research in focus Cross-national comparison of work orientations:
an example of a secondary dataset
299
Research in focus Workplace gender diversity and union density:
an example of secondary analysis using the WERS data
299
Research in focus Age and work-related health: methodological issues
involved in secondary analysis using the Labour Force Survey
300
Research in focus The use of archival proxies in the field of
strategic management
304
14.8
Key concept What is meta-analysis?
305
14.9
Research in focus A meta-analysis of research on corporate social
responsibility and performance in East Asia
305
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.10 Key concept What is the ecological fallacy?
306
14.11 Key concept What are unobtrusive measures?
307
15.1
Key concept What is a test of statistical significance?
328
15.2
Key concept What is the level of statistical significance?
329
17.1
Thinking deeply Research questions in qualitative research
359
17.2
Research in focus The emergence of a concept in qualitative research:
‘emotional labour’
361
17.3
Key concept What is respondent validation?
363
17.4
Key concept What is triangulation?
364
17.5
Research in focus Seeing practice-based learning from the perspective
of train dispatchers
367
17.6
Research in focus Studying process and change in the Carlsberg group
368
17.7
Research in focus An example of dialogical visual research
370
17.8
Research in focus An example of practice visual research
372
17.9
Thinking deeply A quantitative review of qualitative research
in management and business
375
17.10 Research in focus Using visual methods in participatory
action research study of a Ghanaian cocoa value chain
380
17.11 Thinking deeply Feminist research in business
383
17.12 Research in focus A feminist analysis of embodied identity at work
384
17.13 Research in focus Indigenous ways of understanding leadership
385
18.1
Key concept What is purposive sampling?
389
18.2
Key concept Some purposive sampling approaches
390
xxiii
xxiv
Learning features
18.3
Key concept What is theoretical sampling?
392
18.4
Key concept What is theoretical saturation?
394
18.5
Research in focus An example of theoretical sampling
394
18.6
Research in focus A snowball sample
396
18.7
Thinking deeply Saturation and sample size
399
19.1
Key concept Differences and similarities between ethnography
and participant observation
404
Research in focus An example of an organizational ethnography
lasting nine years
405
19.3
Research in focus Finding a working role in the organization
408
19.4
Research in focus A complete participant?
410
19.5
Research in focus An example of the difficulties of covert observation:
the case of field notes in the lavatory
411
19.6
Key concept What is ‘going native’?
414
19.7
Research in focus Using field note extracts in data analysis and writing
417
19.8
Research in focus An ethnography of work from a woman’s perspective
419
19.9
Research in focus ‘Not one of the guys’: ethnography
in a male-dominated setting
420
19.2
19.10 Research in focus A multi-site ethnography of diversity management
421
19.11 Research in focus Netnography
422
19.12 Research in focus Using blogs in a study of word-of-mouth marketing
423
19.13 Research in focus Ethical issues in a virtual ethnography
of change in the NHS
424
19.14 Key concept What is visual ethnography?
425
19.15 Key concept Three forms of ethnographic writing
426
19.16 Research in focus Realism in organizational ethnography
427
19.17 Key concept What is the linguistic turn?
429
19.18 Key concept What is auto-ethnography?
429
19.19 Research in focus Identity and ethnographic writing
430
20.1
Research in focus An example of unstructured interviewing
437
20.2
Research in focus Flexibility in semi-structured interviewing
437
20.3
Research in focus Using photographs as prompts in a study
of consumer behaviour
439
20.4
Research in focus Part of the transcript of a semi-structured interview
444
20.5
Research in focus Getting it recorded and transcribed: an illustration
of two problems
446
Research in focus Constructionism in a life history study
of occupational careers
455
21.1
Key concept What is the focus group method?
463
21.2
Research in focus Using focus groups to study
trade union representation of disabled employees
467
Research in focus Moderator involvement in a focus group discussion
469
20.6
21.3
Learning features
21.4
Research in focus Using focus groups in a study of female entrepreneurs
472
21.5
Research in focus An asynchronous focus group study
473
21.6
Research in focus An example of the focus group
as an emancipatory method
477
21.7
Research in focus Group conformity and the focus group method
479
22.1
Key concept What is discourse analysis?
484
22.2
Research in focus The application of mind and body discourses
to older workers
484
Research in focus Interpretative repertoires in the identification
of role models by MBA students
485
22.4
Key concept What are organizational narratives?
490
22.5
Research in focus An example of narratives in a hospital
491
22.6
Research in focus The rhetorical construction of charismatic
leadership
492
22.7
Key concept What is conversation analysis?
493
22.8
Research in focus A study of hospital teamwork using
ethnomethodology and conversation analysis
495
Research in focus A study of online diaries written
by white-collar workers
501
Research in focus Using autobiographical sources to study
high-profile women leaders
503
Research in focus Two studies using public documents to analyse
a policing disaster
504
Research in focus An analysis of public documents
in leadership research
506
23.5
Thinking deeply Three ways of using photographs as documents
508
23.6
Research in focus Analysing photographs in a study
of brand identity in a UK bank
508
23.7
Research in focus A semiotic analysis of a funeral business
513
23.8
Thinking deeply Three arguments for historical analysis
in studying organizations
513
Research in focus A genealogical historical analysis
of management thought
514
24.1
Key concept What is a theme?
519
24.2
Key concept What is grounded theory?
521
24.3
Key concept Coding in grounded theory
523
24.4
Research in focus Categories in grounded theory
523
24.5
Research in focus A grounded theory approach in a study
of a corporate spin-off
526
24.6
Key concept What is first- and second-order analysis?
528
24.7
Research in focus A memo
528
24.8
Key concept What is meta-ethnography?
535
24.9
Research in focus A meta-ethnography of research on the experiences
of people with common mental disorders when they return to work
536
22.3
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.9
xxv
xxvi
Learning features
25.1
Key concept What is a node?
26.1
Research in focus A critical realist study of innovation in Australia
560
26.2
Research in focus The construction of meaning from numerical data
564
27.1
Key concept What is mixed method research?
569
27.2
Research in focus Using qualitative data to inform
quantitative measurement
577
Research in focus Using quantitative research to facilitate
qualitative research
577
Research in focus Using quantitative data about time use to fill
in the gaps in a qualitative study
578
27.5
Research in focus A mixed methods case study
580
27.6
Research in focus Expanding on quantitative findings with
qualitative research in a study of leadership
582
Research in focus Combining netnography and an online survey
in a study of a virtual community of consumers
583
Research in focus Using mixed methods research to solve a puzzle:
the case of displayed emotions in convenience stores
584
27.3
27.4
27.7
27.8
543