US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Chapter 5: Congress: The Legislative Branch
Overture
Section-1
Congress
Section-2
The Powers of Congress
Section-3
The House of Representatives
Section-4
The Senate
Section-5
Congress at Work
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Section 1 at a Glance
Congress
• Members of Congress strive to represent the
interests of their constituents while keeping
in mind the needs of the country as a whole.
• Congress is a bicameral legislature with a
House of Representatives and a Senate.
• Congress plays a vital role in the system of
checks and balances.
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Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying the Main Idea
What groups do members of Congress represent?
Answer(s): individual constituents, groups of constituents, the nation as a whole
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Structure of Congress
Congress is a bicameral legislature made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The House of Representatives
• 1929: number fixed at 435
• Number of representatives each state can
elect based on state’s population
• Apportionment: distribution of seats
according to population
• Representatives serve two-year terms
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The Senate
• 100 members
• Each state represented by two senators
• Senators serve six-year terms
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
114th United States Congress
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Party(Shading indicates majority
caucus)
Affiliation
End
of previous
Congress
53
Begin
(January 3,
2015)
44
Latest voting
share
Independ
ent
Demo
2
2
46%
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Republican
Total
Vacant
45
100
0
54
100
0
54%
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Party(Shading indicates majority
caucus)
Democratic
End of previous
Congress
Total
Vacant
234
435
0
Begin (January 3,
2015)
247
435
0
January 5,
2015[note 1]
246
434
1
February 6,
2015[note 2]
245
433
2
244
432
3
245
433
2
246
434
1
247
435
0
6
0
March 31,
2015[note 3]
201
Republican
188
May 5, 2015[note
4]
June 2, 2015[note
5]
September 10,
2015[note 6]
Latest voting
share
Non-voting
members
43.2%
5
56.8%
1
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Structure of Congress {continued}
The Two-House Structure
• Bicameral legislature proposed at the 1787 Constitutional
Convention
• Great Compromise combined elements of two previously
proposed plans, Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
• Bicameral system adopted parts of both plans: states
would have equal representation in Senate, but
proportional representation based on population in House
of Representatives
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the key features and purposes of the bicameral structure?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the key features and purposes of the bicameral structure?
Answer(s): possible answer—two houses with representation in one based on population, the
other with equal representation; to balance democratic representation with political stability
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Congress and Checks and Balances
The Power of the Purse
• Only Congress can deny funding requests
from executive branch
• Through appropriation, Congress can
prevent president from carrying out
policies
The Impeachment Power
• Impeachment power rarely used
• Congress can charge officials with
wrongdoing, bring them to trial
• Process only in cases involving treason,
bribery, “high crimes and misdemeanors”
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The Power of Advice and Consent
• Senate must approve treaties negotiated by
president
• Senate has power to reject presidential
appointees
Other Checks and Balances
• Begins process of amending Constitution
• Can override presidential veto of bill
• Congressional oversight: broad powers of
executive review
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are some examples of checks and balances Congress has over the executive branch?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are some examples of checks and balances Congress has over the executive branch?
Answer(s): possible answer—power of the purse, power of advice and consent, impeachment,
veto override, oversight
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Section 2 at a Glance
The Powers of Congress
• Congress has extensive expressed, inherent, and implied powers.
• The extent of Congress’s implied powers is a subject of debate.
• The powers of Congress have expanded over time with the growth of government.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Congress
Main Idea
The Constitution gives Congress many expressed powers, and it implies some others. The
Constitution also places limits on the powers of Congress.
Reading Focus
•
•
•
•
•
•
What types of powers does Congress have?
What are the expressed powers of Congress?
What are the implied powers of Congress?
What are some of Congress’s nonlegislative powers?
What are some of the limits on the powers of Congress?
How has the power of Congress changed during U.S. history?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Defining the Powers of Congress
• Three types of powers held by Congress
—Expressed: spelled out in Constitution
—Implied: suggested Constitution in the necessary and proper clause
—Inherent: powers a government maintains simply because it is a
government
• In addition to granting powers to Congress, the Constitution
explicitly denies powers to the legislative branch.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
What is the difference between an expressed power and an implied power?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
What is the difference between an expressed power and an implied power?
Answer(s): An expressed power is specifically granted by the Constitution, whereas an implied
power is merely suggested by the Constitution.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Implied Powers of Congress
Loose and Strict Constructionists
• Founders disagreed about how necessary and proper clause should be defined
•Strict constructionists
—Congress should only exercise powers explicitly granted in Constitution
—Known as Antifederalists
•Loose constructionists
—Congress should have more freedom to interpret Constitution
—Known as Federalists
The Necessary and Proper Clause Today
•Has led to expanded federal authority over time
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Nonlegislative Powers
Powers Common to Both Houses
•Conduct investigations
•Ability to issue subpoenas and
documents that require person to
testify
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Making Inferences
Why do you think the subpoena power is important for Congress?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Making Inferences
Why do you think the subpoena power is important for Congress?
Answer(s): To conduct its investigations honestly and effectively, Congress needs to be able to
call people to testify.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are some of the limitations on the powers of Congress?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are some of the limitations on the powers of Congress?
Answer(s): possible answer—judicial review, executive veto, constitutional bans against
passing bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Changing Power of Congress
In the twentieth-century Congress expanded its
power to meet the needs of the growing nation.
• Responded to severe economic crisis in 1930s:
provided Social Security and help to unemployed
• Post–World War II, responded to new status of
nation as dominant world power: created new U.S.
Air Force, CIA, NASA
• Delegated some powers to federal agencies it
created
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Section 3 at a Glance
The House of Representatives
• Membership in the House of Representatives is
apportioned to each state on the basis of its population.
After each census, seats in the House are reapportioned
among the states and new district boundaries are drawn.
• The Speaker of the House is one of the most powerful
leaders in government.
• The House relies on a committee system to conduct much
of its business.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The House of Representatives
Main Idea
The House of Representatives, with its frequent
elections and regular reapportionment, is the more
representative chamber of Congress. Its members
carry out much of their work in committees.
Reading Focus
•
•
•
•
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What are the key features of the House of Representatives and its membership?
What are some of the challenges that reapportionment and redistricting raise?
How is the leadership of the House organized?
What is the role of committees in the operation of the House?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Membership in the House
Formal Qualifications
• House members chosen by direct popular
vote
• According to Constitution, House is
responsible for “Elections, Returns, and
Qualifications of its own Members”
• Representative must be at least 25 years
old and resident of state he or she
represents.
• Members must also have been U.S. citizen
at least 7 years
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Informal Qualifications
• Candidates with military backgrounds,
celebrities often popular choices for House
membership
• Ability to raise significant funds for
campaigning is important informal
qualification for House membership
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are the formal and informal qualifications for membership in the House?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying Supporting Details
What are the formal and informal qualifications for membership in the House?
Answer(s): at least 25 years old, U.S. citizen for seven years, resident of state represented,
high voter appeal, ability to raise money
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reapportionment and Redistricting
Changes in Population
• Each state must have at least one
representative
• Constitution requires that House redistribute
number of seats available to each state every
10 years
• Reapportionment based on most current
census figures
Gerrymandering
• State governments responsible for creating
voting districts within state
• Gerrymandering: redrawing district
boundaries for political gain
One Person, One Vote
• According to Constitution, each person’s vote must have same basic value
• Gerrymandering has been used to disenfranchise racial minorities
• Supreme Court has restricted use of gerrymandering
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Sequencing
What are the steps by which House seats are assigned to different states?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Sequencing
What are the steps by which House seats are assigned to different states?
Answer(s): A census is held; Congress reapportions seats to the states based on the changes
in population
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Leadership in the House
The Speaker of the House
• The presiding officer of the House is called the Speaker of the House.
—Elected by his or her peers
— Member of majority party
• The Speaker has authority over much of the business of the House.
— Presides over debates
— Rules on points of order
— Assigns bills to committees
• The Speaker is behind the vice president in the line of succession to the
presidency.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Leadership in the House (cont’d.)
Other Leadership Posts
•
•
•
•
Party officers elected at beginning of term at party caucus
Both Democratic and Republican Parties elect floor leader
Majority leader serves as assistant to Speaker of the House
Both parties elect whips: function is to secure votes in line with party leadership
House Rules
• House has congressional authority to make own rules
• House Rules Committee very powerful: responsible for setting conditions under which bills
are debated
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Making Inferences
What role does the leadership play in running the House?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Making Inferences
What role does the leadership play in running the House?
Answer(s): possible answer—Leadership sets committee assignments, shapes the House’s
agenda and debates, and enforces party discipline.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Role of Committees
Standing Committees
• Standing committees: permanent
committees that address broad topics
• Subcommittees: specialize in areas within a
broader topic
Committee Chairs
• Position of committee chair very powerful
• Chairs chosen by majority party
• Position usually goes to most senior
member on committee”
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Other Committees
• Select committees: meant to carry out
specific task
• Joint committees include both House and
Senate members; address issues that affect
both chambers
Committee Membership
• House members usually serve on two
standing committees, four subcommittees
at a time
• Members request assignments based on
personal interest, concerns of constituents
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying the Main Idea
What is the advantage of having committees in the House?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying the Main Idea
What is the advantage of having committees in the House?
Answer(s): possible answer—Committees divide the workload and allow members to
specialize on specific areas of public policy.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Section 4 at a Glance
The Senate
•Each state has two senators,
regardless of population. Like the
House, the Senate relies on a
system of committees.
•Senate traditions, such as open
debate, make it a distinctive body.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Senate
Main Idea
Senators represent entire states, have longer terms, and follow different rules of debate.
These features help give the Senate its reputation as a more weighty and careful body than
the House.
Reading Focus
•
•
•
•
What are the major features of the Senate and its membership?
What are the Senate’s leadership posts?
What is the role of committees in the Senate?
What are some of the distinctive rules and traditions of the Senate?
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Chapter 5
The Power of the Speaker
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Senate and Its Membership
Formal Qualifications
•
•
•
•
Must be at least 30 years old
Must reside in state he or she represents
Must be U.S. citizen at least nine years
Serve six-year terms
Informal Qualifications
• Tend to be older and wealthier than House
members
• Senate does not reflect diversity of U.S.
population
• Less diverse body than House
Election of Senators
• State legislatures originally chose senators
• Since 1913, 17th Amendment, elected by direct popular vote
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
How do requirements for a senator’s seat differ from those for a House member?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
How do requirements for a senator’s seat differ from those for a House member?
Answer(s): senator, at least 30 years old, instead of 25, must have been a U.S. citizen for at
least nine years instead of seven
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Senate Leadership
Constitutional Positions
• Senate’s presiding officer
—Vice president of the United States is president of the Senate
—Largely ceremonial; votes only in circumstance of tie, casts deciding vote
• When presiding officer absent
—President pro tempore presides in absence of president of the Senate,
traditionally longest-serving senator of majority party
—Third in line in presidential succession behind Speaker of the House
Party Leaders
• Leading the majority
—Senate majority leader most powerful position in Senate
—Chosen by party caucus, works to fulfill party’s agenda in Senate
• Minority leader guides work of minority party in Senate
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying the Main Idea and Details
What is the Senate leadership structure?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Identifying the Main Idea and Details
What is the Senate leadership structure?
Answer(s): President of the Senate presides; president pro tempore presides in the absence of the
president of the Senate; Senate majority and minority leaders head their respective parties.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Committees in the Senate
Types of Senate Committees
• 16 standing committees and dozens of
subcommittees
• Assignments allow senators to become
familiar with specific issues of public policy
Committee Chairs
• No senator can chair more than one
committee
• Committee chairmanships generally chosen
by seniority rule
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Membership in Committees
• Usually serve on three committees and five
subcommittees
• Members seek assignments that align with
constituents’ concerns and personal
interests.
Senate Committee Power
• Top nominees of president reviewed by
relevant Senate committee
• Debate and vote on treaties, need twothirds majority to become law
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
How do committee assignments differ in the House and Senate?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Contrasting
How do committee assignments differ in the House and Senate?
Answer(s): Senate committee assignments are made by the party caucus rather than by party
leaders.
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Chapter 5
Rules and Traditions
The Filibuster
• Senate places fewer limits on debate than House
• Senators may use stalling tactics like filibuster
—Opponents of measure refuse to stop talking
hoping to prevent measure from coming to vote
—Cloture can limit filibuster, requires two-thirds
vote to end debate
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Rules and Traditions
Discipline in the Senate
•Constitution states Senate should judge
conduct of own members
•Senators can be expelled or censured
Filling Vacancies
• Vacancy occurs if senator dies in office or retires
during term
• State’s governor appoints temporary
replacement
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are some of the unique traditions of the Senate?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are some of the unique traditions of the Senate?
Answer(s): filibuster, cloture, governor-appointed replacements
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Debating the Issue: The Seniority System
Should seniority be a determining factor for committee chairs
in the House of Representatives and the Senate?
For most of the twentieth century, committee chairs were
chosen strictly according to the seniority system, which
reserved these posts for the long-serving committee members
of the majority party. A series of reforms in the 1970s and
1990s empowered party conferences to elect their committee
chairs through secret ballots and set term limits on a chair’s
service. Still, committee chairs and ranking minority party
members are almost always the longest-serving members of
their respective parties on a committee.
Next
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Section 5 at a Glance
Congress at Work
• Bills may be introduced in either house and usually get assigned to committees for analysis
and revision.
• Floor debates differ in the House and Senate.
• Differences between House and Senate versions of a bill are resolved in a conference
committee.
• The president needs to sign a bill for it to become law.
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Chapter 5
Congress at Work
Main Idea
The main job of Congress is to make laws. The process of making laws is well established and
orderly.
Reading Focus
•
•
•
•
•
How are bills introduced in Congress?
What happens to a bill in committee?
What happens to a bill on the floor of the House and Senate?
What is a conference committee?
What actions can a president take on a bill?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Purpose of Laws
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Bills in Congress
Introducing Bills
• Both houses of Congress introduce bills
— Most bills are public and affect entire country
— Private bills affect only one individual or small group of people
• Rider: provision added to a bill that has little or no relationship to bill’s main intent
— Usually unpopular provisions unlikely to pass on their own
Other Types of Action
• Joint resolution: similar to a bill
— Used for certain circumstances
— Must be signed by president, carries force of law
• Concurrent resolutions: address operations in both chambers, do not carry force of law
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Reading Check
Summarizing
What are some of the legislative actions that Congress takes?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are some of the legislative actions that Congress takes?
Answer(s): passing bills, passing joint resolutions, passing concurrent resolutions
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Chapter 5
Bills in Committee
Most bills submitted to Congress do not become law.
Referral
• Bills first referred to particular committee
in House or Senate
• Bill may later be assigned to subcommittee
Committee and Subcommittee Hearings
• Public hearings get input on bills under
consideration
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The Subcommittee’s Report
• Subcommittee issues report on bill to full
committee following hearing
• Subcommittee’s report based on majority
of committee members’ recommendation
• Report can be favorable, unfavorable, neutr
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Bills in Committee {continued}
The Markup Process
• Full committee further debates bill, considers any amendments
• If committee decides to take no further action, bill is virtually killed
• Rarely, discharge petition used by House to force bill out of committee
House Rules
• House Rules Committee sets rules to govern how bills debated or amended
• Some major budget or appropriations bills bypass Rules Committee
• Three main types of rules: open, closed, modified
—Open rules allow amendments
—Closed rules forbid amendments
—Modified rules limit amendments
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Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the steps a bill follows while it is in committees?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the steps a bill follows while it is in committees?
Answer(s): assigned to subcommittee, hearings held, subcommittee report, markup process,
committee votes on how to report bill to full chamber or takes no action on bill, if approved by
committee, bill passes to Rules Committee
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Chapter 5
The Bill on the Floor
After a bill leaves committee, it moves on for the full consideration by the House or Senate.
The Bill in the House
• House votes to accept rules
• Committee of the Whole is formed by all
members
• Debates bill, recommends amendments
• Quorum for Committee of the Whole is
only 100
• Members must publicly state votes in rollcall vote
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The Bill in the Senate
• Requests for debate limits and amendment
restrictions require unanimous consent of
Senate.
• Important bills subject to roll-call votes, as
in House
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Reading Check
Comparing and Contrasting
How does floor debate on a bill differ in the House and Senate?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Comparing and Contrasting
How does floor debate on a bill differ in the House and Senate?
Answer(s): possible answer—The House limits time allowed for debate and the right to offer
amendments; the Senate usually does not place such limitations.
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
The Conference Committee
Resolving differences between House and Senate versions of a bill is the responsibility of a conference
committee.
• No formal rules for dual-chamber committee meetings
• If conference committee does not reach agreement, bill may die
• If conference committee does reach agreement, issues report to both houses
• If both House and Senate accept, bill moves on for president’s approval
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Comparing and Contrasting
What is the purpose of a conference committee?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Comparing and Contrasting
What is the purpose of a conference committee?
Answer(s): to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill; create a
common bill acceptable to both
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Presidential Action on a Bill
• President can sign bill into law
• President can choose not to sign bill.
—After 10 days if Congress still in session, bill becomes law
—If Congress adjourns during 10-day period, bill does not become law; known
as a pocket veto
• President may outright veto bill
• Congress can override veto with two-thirds majority vote in both houses
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the different ways a president has to reject a bill?
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
Reading Check
Summarizing
What are the different ways a president has to reject a bill?
Answer(s): pocket veto and veto
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution
The Sources of Laws
Where do members of Congress get ideas for legislation and information in deciding which bills to
introduce or support? As the people’s representatives, they must be open to ideas from a number of
sources.
• The executive branch
• Constituents
• Interest groups
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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US Government: Principles in Practice
Chapter 5
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