Translating text between languages is not a simple practice of substituting each word in a sentence. In
English, adjectives are usually placed in front of the nouns that they _______, but in Spanish,
adjectives can be placed before or after nouns, which changes their meanings.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 1 Answer Choices
A. interpret
B. disrupt
C. modify
D. follow
Luxury goods brands have typically embraced a personal approach to their elite clientele, believing
only a hands-on, in-person experience can convey the value of their distinctive products. Researcher
Miao Wang has noted that leading manufacturers are now _______ technology, such as Virtual Reality
headsets, to expand the consumer experience beyond established boundaries.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 2 Answer Choices
A. utilizing
B. shunning
C. limiting
D. allocating
University of Torino researchers Giada Cordoni and Ivan Norscia wanted to determine if the bystander
effect—the decrease in likelihood of an individual to intervene in a conflict as the number of
bystanders in a group increases—might apply to a group of social mammals, such as pigs. After
observing strong indications of the effect in a group of pigs, the researchers declared that pigs are,
indeed, _______ some of the same social behaviors that humans are.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 3 Answer Choices
A. addicted to
B. repelled by
C. familiar with
D. prone to
The following text is excerpted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1845 story "The Black Cat." The narrator talks
about one of the many animals that he and his wife kept as pets.
Pluto -- this was the cat's name -- was my favorite pet and playmate. I alone fed him, and he attended
me wherever I went about the house. It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from
following me through the streets.
As used in the text, what does the word "attended" most nearly mean?
Question 4 Answer Choices
A. Trailed
B. Rejected
C. Hunted
D. Teased
Responding to an increasing world population, the United Nations has focused on food security and the
need for greater diversity in sustainable food sources. Traditional farming methods often add
substantial amounts of greenhouse gases and negatively impact biodiversity. Among possible
alternatives are “blue foods,” water-based foods such as seaweed, which have been farmed in countries
such as China and Japan for centuries. Harvesting these foods on such a large scale, however, could
change the ecosystems of coastlines, and further studies are needed to assess how transforming the
diets of large populations would affect the planet.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
Question 5 Answer Choices
A. It offers a viable plan to solve a potential global crisis and explains how the United Nations will lead
the world towards greater food security.
B. It clarifies the difference between “blue foods” and foods sourced from traditional methods that may
negatively affect biodiversity.
C. It discusses an emerging global food source problem and a potential solution, while noting one
possible obstacle to that solution.
D. It describes how China and Japan have advanced diets, but other countries will need to adjust their
farming methods to meet the demands of growing populations.
The following text is excerpted from The Duke of Stockbridge, an 1879 novel by Edward Bellamy. In
the text, the narrator describes a battle in Massachusetts during the American Revolutionary War,
fought between the American Continental Army and the nearby British forces, commanded by General
Burgoyne.
Here is the tavern, a low two-story building, without porch or piazza, and entered by a door in the
middle of its longest side. Over the door swings a sign, on which a former likeness of King George has,
by a metamorphosis common at this period, been transformed into a soldier of the revolution, in
Continental uniform of buff and blue. But just at this time its contemplation does not afford this
patriotic tippler as much complacency as formerly, for Burgoyne is thundering at the passes of the
Hoosacs, only fifty miles away, and King George may get his red coat back again, after all.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
Question 6 Answer Choices
A. It foreshadows how the outcome of a battle could shift the town’s fortunes.
B. It provides a tangible example of how the local people demonstrate their support for the Revolution.
C. It contrasts the respect shown for the monarchy with the disrespect shown to American soldiers.
D. It draws attention to how the architectural style of the town’s buildings was directly influenced by its
British rulers.
The following text is adapted from Henry James’s 1898 novella The Turn of the Screw. The speaker is
a governess who, having been assigned to a new position, has just been introduced to the housekeeper
as well as one of the girls that the governess will now be responsible for.
I had no drop again till the next day, for I was carried triumphantly through the following hours by my
introduction to the younger of my pupils. The little girl who accompanied Mrs. Grose appeared to me
on the spot a creature so charming as to make it a great fortune to have to do with her. She was the most
beautiful child I had ever seen, and I afterward wondered that my employer had not told me more of
her.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
Question 7 Answer Choices
A. To confirm that the girl is the younger of the two children the governess will be caring for
B. To describe how excited the governess was to have been entrusted with the care of the little sister
C. To argue that the children would prefer their parents to care for them
D. To emphasize how charming, fortunate, and beautiful the sister is
When asked to give up her first-class train seat, African American schoolteacher Ida Wells (1862–1931)
refused. Claiming protection from the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which banned racial segregation in
public accommodations, she protested and successfully sued the railroad company. When the Tennessee
Supreme Court reversed the ruling, her resolve to fight for African American rights was further fueled
by her adversity. For decades she wrote and edited articles for black publications condemning Jim
Crow policies, fighting to reverse racist wrongful convictions, and even toured Britain as a lecturer,
inspiring others to defend their rights under the law.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
Question 8 Answer Choices
A. The text discusses some of Wells’s accomplishments and then shows how they inspired major
changes in Civil Rights legislation.
B. The text details how Jim Crow policies in Tennessee specifically targeted women and then explains
how the policies violated the Civil Rights Act.
C. The text portrays how an American activist’s efforts were greatly aided by allies in Britain but then
discusses how her efforts were hindered by opponents in America.
D. The text describes a single confrontation and then explains how that confrontation may have
influenced a person’s commitment to activism.
The songs of male humpback whales typically develop and evolve slowly within discrete social groups.
But researchers in the South Pacific have observed total replacement of song types from one
neighboring humpback whale population to the next in rapid succession from French Polynesia to
Ecuador, with the potential for complete circumpolar transmission in the Southern Hemisphere. The
researchers have urged that humpback populations to the east of Ecuador be monitored for the song that
first evolved in French Polynesia.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Question 9 Answer Choices
A. Scientists have observed an unusual geographic spread of whale song that is worthy of monitoring.
B. Researchers have been unable to document the first occurrence of the regional replacement of an
evolved whale song.
C. Whale migratory patterns cause humpback whale songs to disperse in an easterly direction in the
Southern Hemisphere.
D. As humpback whale songs spread from French Polynesia to Ecuador, they have become more
complex and vocally interesting.
Formed by an accumulation of algae and agricultural nutrients and chemicals, sargassum—a type of
brown seaweed—contains alginate, a gelatinous substance that disintegrates naturally. Because of this
property, alginate has shown to be useful in creating biodegradable packaging as well as building bricks
that withstand earthquakes and strong winds better than traditional bricks. Due to these potential
benefits, investors and entrepreneurs alike have shown interest in extracting alginate from sargassum
despite the often-shifting locations from which sargassum can be harvested.
Which choice best states the text’s main idea?
Question 10 Answer Choices
A. The property of alginate to disintegrate naturally offsets its displeasing texture.
B. Alginate is not suitable for the construction of buildings.
C. The alginate produced by sargassum may aid in the production of packages and buildings.
D. Sargassum has inspired investors to call for a synthetic version of alginate
A team of researchers conducted an experiment that showed that expressions of gratitude can benefit
social relationships and psychological conditions. The researchers organized study participants into
two-person teams that had to complete a collaborative task, with some teams expressing gratitude to
each other before beginning the task while others started working directly on the task. Based on
biometric responses, the research team claims that expressions of gratitude during a stressful task cause
a person to react more positively to the task as a whole.
Which quotation from a participant would best illustrate the researchers’ claim?
Question 11 Answer Choices
A. “The sense of accomplishment I felt at the end of the task was a lot like that feeling when you fix a
car problem without a mechanic.”
B. “My partner remained silent as we were working through the task.”
C. “The task was daunting at first, but I knew I was only being given it for the sake of the study, so I
relaxed and did the best I could.”
D. “My teammate and I made acknowledged each other’s contributions during the task, and this made
it easier to complete.”
High blood pressure, or hypertension, contributes to cardiovascular disease and premature death. A
group of researchers wanted to identify ways to lower the prevalence of hypertension by identifying
causes of hypertension. They studied the effects of traffic noise (measured in decibels) and air pollution
on rates of hypertension and reported the hazard ratio. For their study, the team conducted its research
across three sites: Site 1 had lower-than-average air pollution, Site 2 had average air pollution, and Site
3 had higher-than average air pollution. Increased hypertension was associated with exposure to traffic
noise and was escalated by higher air pollution: for example, _______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?
Question 12 Answer Choices
A. at decibel levels greater than 65, participants at Site 3 displayed a higher hazard ratio than
participants at Site 1.
B. at decibel levels between 55-60, participants at Site 3 displayed a hazard ratio that was equal to that
of the participants at Site 2.
C. at decibel levels less than 55, participants at Site 2 displayed a hazard ratio that was nearly equal to
that of participants at Site 1.
D. at decibel levels between 60-65, participants at Site 1 displayed a higher hazard ratio than that of
participants at Site 2.
The Bureau of Transportation Statistics releases annual data on airlines’ on-time flights and flight
delays. It reports on the number of total flight operations, as well as on-time arrivals, arrival delays,
flights cancelled, and flights diverted. The data show an increase in flight situations, from on-time
performance to delays, across all categories of flight situations in 2022. However, the increase in ontime arrivals was significantly less than the increase in arrival delays: from 2021 to 2022, _______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
Question 13 Answer Choices
A. there was a 147% increase in arrival delays, but only a 40% increase in all flight operations.
B. there was a 24% increase in on-time arrivals, but a 147% increase in arrival delays.
C. there was a 40% increase in all flight operations, but only a 24% increase in on-time arrivals.
D. there was a 147% increase in arrival delays but only a 129% increase in cancelled flights.
Mosaic art flourished during the Hellenistic period of Greece, and the Greek island of Delos contains
about half of all surviving Hellenistic Greek mosaics. While art historian and archaeologist John
Boardman purports that the only known mosaic artist to have his name recorded was Sosus,
archaeologist Katherine Dunbabin asserts that a second artist also left his signature on his mosaic work
as “Gnosis epoesen,” which translates to “Gnosis created.” Therefore, while Sosus remains the only
mosaic artist whose name has been recorded in formal writing, _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 14 Answer Choices
A. mosaic artists who added personal signatures to their works are considered more interesting by art
historians than those who did not.
B. some art historians and archaeologists focus too strongly on signatures to authenticate Hellenistic
period mosaics.
C. historians and archaeologists researching Hellenistic art may need to look beyond the written record
for evidence of Hellenistic mosaic artists.
D. signatures on mosaics can have a strong influence on the conclusions reached by art historians.
The Saman dance is one of the most popular dances in _______ Saman dances are normally performed
during important occasions, such as national or religious holidays. The dance is done by a group of
individuals who sing without any musical accompaniment.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 15 Answer Choices
A. Indonesia.
B. Indonesia and
C. Indonesia,
D. Indonesia
There are different systems, known as romanization systems, for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin
alphabet. While some systems use glyphs or numbers to indicate the four tones of _______ Gwoyeu
Romatzyh system uses different spellings to convey the tones.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 16 Answer Choices
A.Mandarin the
B.Mandarin: the
C.Mandarin. The
D.Mandarin, the
Solace Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, considered one of the most wild and isolated places in
Ontario, contains a boreal forest and a chain of narrow _______ that appeal to backcountry canoeists.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 17 Answer Choices
A. lakes, and
B. lakes
C. lakes,
D. lakes—
The Cat’s Eye Nebula is part of the constellation Draco and was discovered by astronomer William
Herschel in 1786. Later, amateur astronomer William Huggins analyzed the nebula’s spectrum _______
that nebulae are made of gas and not actual stars.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 18 Answer Choices
A. to prove
B. is proving
C. proves
D. proved
Mapuche author Pedro Cayuqueo has authored investigative pieces analyzing the political conflict
regarding his Indigenous community for both books and _______ he also authored a children’s book in
2022.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 19 Answer Choices
A. newspapers
B. newspapers,
C. newspapers, and
D. newspapers and
The dazzling light show of the aurora borealis is most easily observed in the Arctic and occurs when
charged particles emitted from the Sun _______ with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the Earth’s
atmosphere, leading to the emission of visible light. These particle storms are concentrated around the
planet’s magnetic poles; the southern equivalent is called the aurora australis.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 20 Answer Choices
A. is colliding
B. collides
C. was colliding
D. collide
In 2010, physicists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were awarded a Nobel Prize for their
discovery of graphene. Made up of a two-dimensional network of carbon atoms, _______ possible
applications in emerging technologies in a variety of fields from sports equipment to electronics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 21 Answer Choices
A. Geim and Novoselov found that their discovery possesses a range of unusual properties and has
B. graphene’s properties are unusual, and it has
C. graphene possesses a range of unusual properties and has
D. an unusual property of graphene is that it has
Argentine scientist Karen Hallberg, a professor of physics, has noted that 92% of her graduate school
classmates were male. _______ Hallberg has promoted the need to break down barriers for female
scientists as well as for scientists from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 22 Answer Choices
A. Conversely,
B. Besides,
C. Furthermore,
D. As a consequence,
Named after the abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Garnet Douglass Baltimore was the first African
American student to graduate from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with an engineering degree in
1881. While working on a lock on the Oswego Canal in New York, Baltimore experimented with
different materials. _______ he developed a new method to test cement that was used for many years.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 23 Answer Choices
A. Actually,
B. Eventually,
C. Still,
D. However,
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Anna Coble was an American biophysicist.
She studied mathematics at Howard University.
She studied biophysics at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
She was the first Black woman to earn a doctorate in biophysics.
She was the first Black woman to be hired at Howard University.
The student wants to highlight a similarity within Coble’s achievements. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 24 Answer Choices
A. Anna Coble studied mathematics at Howard University; similarly, she was the first Black woman to
earn a doctorate in biophysics.
B. Despite being the first Black woman to earn a doctorate in biophysics, Anna Coble was the first
Black woman to be hired at Howard University.
C. Anna Coble studied biophysics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and was the first
Black woman to be hired at Howard University.
D. American biophysicist Anna Coble achieved two notable firsts in her career: she was the first Black
woman to earn a doctorate in biophysics and the first Black woman to be hired at Howard University
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
243 Ida is an asteroid discovered on September 29, 1884.
It is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
The Galileo spacecraft visited 243 Ida on August 28, 1993.
Scientist Ann Harch discovered a moon orbiting 243 Ida.
Harch used an image taken by Galileo to discover this moon.
This moon was named Dactyl.
The student wants to explain how a scientific discovery was made. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 25 Answer Choices
A. Scientist Ann Harch discovered a moon orbiting 243 Ida; this moon was named Dactyl.
B. Using an image taken by the Galileo spacecraft on its visit to the asteroid 243 Ida, scientist Ann
Harch discovered a moon orbiting the asteroid.
C. On September 29, 1884, 243 Ida, an asteroid, was discovered in the asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter.
D. The Galileo spacecraft visited 243 Ida in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter on August 28,
1993.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Esperanza Martínez-Romero is a Mexican scientist and professor.
She studied biomedical research and started her career researching nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
In 1991, she discovered that Rhizobium tropici, a strain of bacteria in the Rhizobia genus, helped
deliver nitrogen to legumes, one of the most widely consumed plants in the world.
Rhizobium tropici delivered high levels of nitrogen even under stressful conditions, such as high
temperatures or soil acidity.
Farmers in many countries use Rhizobium tropici as an inoculant on their crops to increase their yields.
Increased use of the bacteria in farming can also support global food security and reduce the need for
synthetic fertilizers.
The student wants to emphasize the significant positive effects of Martínez-Romero’s research. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 26 Answer Choices
A. Rhizobium tropici delivers nitrogen to legumes and increases crop yields.
B. The use of Rhizobium tropici can increase crop yields, support global food security, and reduce the
need for synthetic fertilizers.
C. Farmers in many countries use Rhizobium tropici, a strain of bacteria in the Rhizobia genus.
D. Rhizobium tropici can increase crop yields even under stressful conditions, such as high
temperatures and soil acidity
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Chéri Samba is a painter from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
His paintings typically include text in French and Lingala.
Lingala is a Bantu language spoken in parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic
of the Congo.
Samba’s paintings are shown in the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and the Museum of Modern Art
in New York.
Samba uses art and text to emphasize poverty, corruption, and chaos in a humorous way.
The student wants to emphasize Samba’s aims to an audience unfamiliar with him. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 27 Answer Choices
A. Chéri Samba, a painter from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, uses art and text to emphasize
poverty, corruption, and chaos in a humorous way.
B. Chéri Samba’s paintings typically include text in French and Lingala, which is a Bantu language
spoken in parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.
C. A painter from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chéri Samba has his works shown in the
Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
D. Samba uses art and text (in French and Lingala) to emphasize poverty, corruption, and chaos in a
humorous way.
MODULE 2. EASIER.
Juan Rojo, a physicist from the Netherlands, and his team have discovered that protons may be
composed of a charm quark and its antimatter form, an anticharm. Originally, atoms were believed to
_______ two up quarks and a down quark.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 1 Answer Choices
A. avoid
B. destroy
C. create
D. contain
German artist Natascha Sadr Haghighian is famous for working under different identities and providing
conflicting information about where and when she was born and where she currently lives. She
maintains this _______ by wearing a mask and using pseudonyms for her major public appearances.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 2 Answer Choices
A. anonymity
B. individuality
C. invisibility
D. protection
A 2022 study aimed to identify ways to make plastics, which are notoriously difficult to recycle due to
their stable covalent bonds, more eco-friendly. The researchers found that using liquid-liquid phase
separation could create a _______ type of plastic with adhesive and recyclable properties that may
allow plastics to become more biodegradable.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 3 Answer Choices
A. simple
B. refreshing
C. complex
D. novel
The Poeh Cultural center collects and displays artifacts of the Tewa people in an attempt to reclaim
their history. Some of these artifacts were gathered up in the nineteenth century by scientists and
historians, who removed these relics from their respective Tewa villages in the erroneous belief that
American indigenous cultures such as the Tewa were _______ decay. In reality, the Tewa culture never
entered such a decline.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 4 Answer Choices
A. responsible for
B. delayed by
C. working against
D. destined to
Dakota Nation member Philip J. Deloria is an award-winning author of books outlining the history and
experience of Native Americans within a non-Native society. Deloria is _______ source of information
on this topic, as both of his parents also worked on research regarding the lives of Native American
citizens.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 5 Answer Choices
A. a qualified
B. a unique
C. a questionable
D. an uncommon
Accreted, or accumulated, ice preserves the characteristics of the water source from which it froze.
Researchers at the Geophysical Institute in Norway are studying two types of accreted ice: frazil and
congelation. Frazil ice forms when water solidifies inside of a super cooled water column, while
congelation ice forms when water re-freezes beneath an existing ice cover, or ice sheet. The structure of
frazil ice is elongated to _______ how water once flowed inside the column, while congelation ice
appears smooth and circular, much like the ice sheet from which it formed.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 6 Answer Choices
A. mimic
B. disguise
C. instruct
D. counter
The following text is from Charlotte Brontë’s 1849 novel Shirley, A Tale.
The victims met these attacks each in his own way: Mr. Donne with a stilted self-complacency and
half-sullen phlegm, the sole props of his otherwise somewhat rickety dignity; Mr. Sweeting with the
indifference of a light, easy disposition, which never professed to have any dignity to maintain.
As used in the text, what does the word “phlegm” most nearly mean?
Question 7 Answer Choices
A. Abhorrence
B. Mucus
C. Complexity
D. Composure
Text 1
Supervolcanoes occur when magma rises to the surface of the earth but doesn’t break through, causing
a build-up of pressure that results in a super-eruption. When volcanoes go through these supereruptions, they expel crystals made of rocks composed of solidified lava. These crystals are developed
at temperatures above the melting points of rock and form relatively rapidly before being ejected in an
eruption extremely quickly. These super-eruptions can trigger ice ages and mass extinctions.
Text 2
While the violent nature of supereruptions suggests a rapid process from beginning to end, a team out
of Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences used modeling techniques to show that while the crystals from
supervolcanoes are expelled extremely rapidly during a super-eruption, they are formed over a long
period of time. This long time interval accounts for the infrequency of supervolcano eruptions, as they
take millions of years to form. The crystals are stored at low temperatures until the actual eruption
begins; they spend little time at high temperatures.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text
1?
Question 8 Answer Choices
A. By stating that while the claim appears logical, new evidence by the team out of Bristol’s School of
Earth Sciences provides evidence supporting a new theory of crystal formation and storage
B. By generally approving of the claim but stressing that the crystals form more rapidly than initially
thought
C. By emphasizing that all aspects of the claim surrounding the formation of supervolcanoes’ crystals
and their eruption are incorrect
D. By criticizing the claim for being based on the idea that supervolcanoes are caused by a build-up of
pressure from trapped magma
When Isaac Newton introduced his theory of gravity, it was almost universally accurate, but there were
some discrepancies between the theory and the behavior of matter in space. For example, the orbits of
some planets and stars in spiral galaxies do not follow the patterns predicted by his theory. Centuries
later, Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity to account for these discrepancies; relativity was
able to accurately predict almost every phenomenon that conflicted with Newton’s theory. Despite this,
Newton’s theory remains widely cited, as it was vital for understanding the gravitation properties of the
planet Earth.
According to the text, what was the main reason for the development of Einstein’s theory?
Question 9 Answer Choices
A. Planets’ unique orbits around stars
B. Accurate predictions by Newton
C. Discrepancies in Newton’s theory
D. Stars in spiral galaxie
War and Peace is an 1865 novel by Russian author Leo Tolstoy. The novel states that an individual’s
convictions regarding an emotion influence the individual’s ability to experience that emotion: _______
Which quotation from War and Peace most effectively illustrates the claim?
Question 10 Answer Choices
A. “If we admit that human life can be ruled by reason, then all possibility of life is destroyed.”
B. “A man on a thousand-mile walk has to forget his goal and say to himself every morning, ‘Today
I’m going to cover twenty-five miles and then rest up and sleep.’”
C. “Pierre was right when he said that one must believe in the possibility of happiness in order to be
happy, and I now believe in it.”
D. “It's not given to people to judge what's right or wrong. People have eternally been mistaken and
will be mistaken, and in nothing more than in what they consider right and wrong.”
When false statements are spread on social media, it can have negative impacts in a variety of ways.
Researchers investigated how false statements are spread to help identify strategies to prevent such a
spread. Participants were more likely to share information with others if they had encountered the
information in a previous situation. The repeated false statements had a higher assumed accuracy by
readers than that of ________
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?
Question 11 Answer Choices
A. all other types of statements.
B. new false statements.
C. new true statements.
D. repeated true statements.
A team at the University of Queensland researched clownfish and how they recognize other individuals
through their ability to see UV coloring in orange, white, and black patterns. The team facilitated
conflicts between clownfish of different sizes—the larger fish always won the battles while the smaller
fish adopted a side-lying position. When artificial UV light was applied to cancel out the natural
coloring pattern on the smaller fish, the larger fish no longer challenged the smaller fish. The scientists
determined that that smaller clownfish have more UV white and orange coloring than larger fish,
which, according to the team, indicates their submissiveness to the larger clownfish.
Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the team’s conclusion?
Question 12 Answer Choices
A. Smaller fish with more natural UV white and orange coloring were more likely to adopt a side-lying
position and more likely to challenge larger fish when no extra UV light was present.
B. When an artificial pattern was painted on larger fish to increase the percentage of their UV white
and orange coloring, they were challenged by the smaller fish.
C. Smaller clownfish are more likely to mate with multiple partners in one mating season than larger
clownfish are.
D. When similarly-sized clownfish were engaged in a conflict, the one with a larger amount of UV
white and orange coloring in its pattern tended to win.
One of the biggest challenges for potentially sustaining life on Mars is the lack of oxygen on the planet.
In 2021, NASA’s rover Perseverence brought the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization
Experiment (MOXIE) to Mars and reported that the technology was able to create oxygen at 6 grams
per hour, levels similar to those of a typical tree on Earth. The output was consistent in different
seasons and during day and night, but it has not yet been tested at dawn or dusk when temperatures
change rapidly. Researchers believe this technology could allow humans to potentially visit Mars much
sooner than initially thought.
Which finding from the experiment, if true, would most directly weaken the researchers’ belief?
Question 13 Answer Choices
A. The MOXIE only works at a small-scale and becomes less efficient when replicated in larger
formats.
B. The MOXIE requires a certain number of human technicians in order to be operated.
C. The MOXIE converts carbon dioxide already present in Mars’ atmosphere into oxygen gas.
D. The MOXIE is found to generate a substantial amount of heat during its operation.
Sponges are some of the oldest organisms on the planet, and they play a crucial role in nutrient cycling.
They must utilize some process to avoid clogging their natural filtering system, but this process has not
been studied before. Niklas Kornder and colleagues studied video footage of the Caribbean tube sponge
Aplysina archeri and identified a mechanism of particle ejection that uses mucus to trap particles within
the sponge and eject them through pores by surface contractions, similar to a sneeze. Therefore, the
scientists hypothesize that _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 14 Answer Choices
A. all species of sponges must use a similar mechanism to eject waste.
B. the sponge is continuously expelling particles to remove excess solid waste from its insides.
C. ejecting the particles efficiently removes debris that would otherwise choke the sponges’ filter
systems with solid waste.
D. the expelled waste contains toxins that would be harmful to the sponge if allowed to fester within
the sponge.
Soil compaction is a serious impediment to plant growth as pore space in the soil is necessary for gas,
water, and nutrient exchange through the roots. Compaction can be caused by the weight of humans,
animals, or machinery. Tilling the soil with a plow or machinery has long been the predominant means
of addressing soil compaction in almost all large-scale agricultural systems. However, tilling itself is
damaging to healthy soil structure that develops in undisturbed ground. Therefore, advocates have
urged greater use of no-till methods, particularly in small-scale systems with soil types most capable of
recovering from compaction naturally. This recommendation implies that tilling _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 15 Answer Choices
A. has not been traditionally used in small-scale agricultural systems.
B. will likely remain the primary means of addressing soil compaction in most large-scale agricultural
systems.
C. will cease to be the predominant means of addressing soil compaction if the no-till advocates’
recommendations are heeded.
D. does not damage soil structure in those soils that are least capable of recovering from compaction
naturally.
Hundreds of quipu (devices made of a series of knotted strings) have been found in the Andean region
of South America, but the secrets of their interpretation have been lost since the fall of the Inca Empire.
Some researchers believe that the patterns and colors of the knots represent a unique writing system,
while others argue that _______ instead used to record numerical data.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 16 Answer Choices
A. one was
B. they were
C. he or she was
D. it was
Living fossils have often puzzled scientists, as they are organisms which closely resemble species that
are thought to be _______ example, the horseshoe crab is considered a living fossil as it is cosmetically
identical to fossils from over 440 million years ago.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 17 Answer Choices
A. extinct and for
B. extinct for
C. extinct, for
D. extinct. For
Archaeology dates back as far as the time of Ancient Mesopotamia, when a Babylonian king _______
an expedition to excavate a temple that had been built more than 1,500 years prior.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 18 Answer Choices
A. is leading
B. has led
C. led
D. leads
The city of Palmyra, an ancient city located in modern Syria, grew wealthy by trading along the Silk
Road and _______ the ability to build large structures, such as tower tombs, the Great Colonnade, and
the Temple of Bel.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 19 Answer Choices
A. to gain
B. having gained
C. gaining
D. gained
Hangul, the writing system used to write the Korean language, was created in 1443 by King Sejong and
was declared Korea’s official alphabet three years later. The new alphabet was part of a campaign for
universal literacy, and _______ letters were designed to mimic the shapes of the mouth and tongue
used to pronounce them in order to make the letters easier to memorize.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 20 Answer Choices
A. our
B. one’s
C. their
D. its
American astronomer Henrietta Leavitt developed a mathematical method to measure the distance to
the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds, which showed that these _______ were far beyond the stars in
our own Milky Way.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 21 Answer Choices
A. galaxies physical locations
B. galaxies’ physical locations
C. galaxies’ physical locations’
D. galaxy’s physical location’s
Insulin is a naturally occurring peptide that is used as a medication to treat diabetes. At first, medical
insulin was isolated from animals, but since 1982, genetically engineered bacteria _______ used to
make the peptide. A recent study shows that genetically modified safflower plants can also be used to
synthesize insulin, potentially at a lower cost compared to current methods.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 22 Answer Choices
A. were
B. will be
C. had been
D. have been
Cherokee Nation member Bill Glass Jr. began college as a computer science major, but after taking a
few art classes, he realized his passion for ceramics. His first job after graduating college was as the art
program coordinator for the Cherokee Nation. _______ Glass became a full-time artist and was
eventually named a Cherokee National Treasure, among other accolades.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 23 Answer Choices
A. In conclusion,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Later,
D. Similarly,
As a language activist, Irma Alvarez Ccoscco has developed software and technology using Indigenous
languages in Peru and the US. Her work has contributed to many different areas; _______ she has
recorded podcasts for Indigenous communities in New York and developed computer games and
learning platforms used by elementary schools.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 24 Answer Choices
A. in contrast,
B. for example,
C. therefore,
D. today,
A new field, “necrobotics,” is allowing scientists to explore the mechanics of spider movement.
Researchers were able to control movement in a dead wolf spider by pushing liquid into a spider’s leg
with a syringe, similar to the function of a hydraulic machine. This advancement could help engineers
develop more efficient mechanical robots using similar technology. _______ robots made from actual
spider corpses are unlikely to gain popularity, as the organic bodies will still break down over time.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 25 Answer Choices
A. However,
B. Consequently,
C. Subsequently,
D. In contrast,
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Tashirojima is an island off the coast of Japan.
The island has a small population of people.
It has a large population of stray cats.
People on the island believe that feeding the cats will bring good fortune and wealth.
The island is known as “Cat Island.”
The student wants to emphasize how Tashirojima got the name “Cat Island.” Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 26 Answer Choices
A. Both people and cats live in Tashirojima.
B. Some people believe that feeding cats will bring good fortune and wealth.
C. “Cat Island” is a small island off the coast of Japan.
D. Tashirojima is known as “Cat Island” because it has a large population of stray cats.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Dorothy Andersen was an American pediatrician, researcher, and pathologist.
She attended Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and studied endocrinology at Columbia University.
In 1938, she published her research on a disease she named “cystic fibrosis.”
She was the first person to identify the disease.
In 1942, she, along with her colleague Paul di Sant’Agnese, created the first test to diagnose cystic
fibrosis.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of Andersen’s contributions to medicine. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 27 Answer Choices
A. Dorothy Andersen attended Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Columbia University before
researching cystic fibrosis.
B. Dorothy Andersen and Paul di Sant’Agnese created the first diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis, a
disease Andersen published research on in 1938.
C. Research on cystic fibrosis was published in 1938 by pediatrician Dorothy Andersen.
D. American pediatrician Dorothy Andersen was the first person to identify the disease cystic fibrosis
and, along with her colleague, created the first test to diagnose the disease
MODULE 2 HARDER
Native American writer Gloria Bird focuses on educating readers about the Spokane tribe she belongs
to while incorporating her favorite themes: birth, death, and rebirth. Her first poetry collection,
Scattered Red Roots, described the Nez Perce Retreat, a _______ between Native American tribes and
the United States military, and examined the harsh realities of battle and the processes by which a
society can heal in the aftermath of war.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 1 Answer Choices
A treaty
B compromise
C summit
D conflict
New Zealand writer Katherine Mansfield gained notoriety at only nineteen for her collection The
Garden Party and Other Stories. While this collection explores narratives of travel and relationships,
her later work, dating from her residency in Europe while battling tuberculosis, examines themes of
psychology and death, a turn which _______ the more innocuous tales of her youth.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 2 Answer Choices
A illustrates
B simplifies
C belies
D chronicles
Ecotourism is a phenomenon in which travelers journey to regions of _______ natural beauty, focusing
on conservation and sustaining the local populations. The benefits of ecotourism include education for
the traveler, greater awareness of different cultures, and fundraising to counter the impact of
urbanization and restore the biomes of regions not as fortunate as those ecotourists visit.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Question 3 Answer Choices
A aesthetic
B consecrated
C inviolate
D resurrected
The following text is adapted from Daniel Defoe’s 1720 novel Memoirs of a Cavalier. The narrator is
providing background information about his life.
It may suffice the reader, without being very inquisitive after my name, that I was born in the county of
Salop, in the year 1608, under the government of what star I was never astrologer enough to examine;
but the consequences of my life may allow me to suppose some extraordinary influence affected my
birth.
As used in the text, what does the word “consequences” most nearly mean?
Question 4 Answer Choices
A Inquiries
B Occurrences
C Infringements
D Chastisements
Text 1
Phagotherapy is the therapeutic use of phages, a form of virus that injects their genome into bacterial
cells, thus interrupting an infection. Phagotherapy has fewer side effects than antibiotics, and there is
less risk of the bacterium developing resistance. Phages are typically harmless to the host and other
beneficial bacteria because a phage will kill a bacterium only if it matches the specific strain, and
therefore a smaller effective dose can be used.
Text 2
In phagotherapy, finding an effective phage for a given infection is challenging. Therefore, using
phages in lieu of antibiotics entails a need to create screening methods for efficient identification of the
therapeutic phage(s). A system of certifications for the production, warehousing, safe transport, and
quality control of phages is necessary, and the medical field must be able to guarantee the beneficence
of phagotherapy.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assertion in the
underlined portion of Text 1?
Question 5 Answer Choices
A. By agreeing with the assertion in Text 1 that phagotherapy works by killing bacterium, but
disagreeing that a phage will only kill a bacterium that matches a specific strain.
B. By questioning that the straightforwardness of the process described in Text 1 and the notion that
phagotherapy is necessarily better than antibiotic therapy.
C. By conceding that the assertion in Text 1 is true, but arguing that the particular composition of the
phages is at the root of the challenge of finding an effective phage.
D. By emphasizing that the process described in Text 1 underscores the necessity for safe warehousing
and transport of phages
Viscometers are used to measure a fluid’s viscosity, or thickness, that remains constant or unchanged
by flow conditions. "Cup and bob" viscometers work using a sample of the liquid with a known
volume: the instrument measures the force needed to rotate, given the drag from the liquid. These types
of viscometers can be designed so that either the cup or the bob rotates. The rotating cup is preferred in
some cases because it reduces the onset of abnormal flow patterns or pockets at very high rates, but the
rotating bob has a broader scope of application.
Based on the text, what is the advantage of using a rotating bob design for a viscometer?
Question 6 Answer Choices
A. It allows the instrument to be used in differing conditions and for a variety of purposes.
B. It enables the user to judge viscosity using just a small sample of the liquid.
C. It avoids the distortion in the flow pattern that other designs are subject to.
D. It stabilizes the flow conditions so that the thickness of the fluid is constant.
The following text is adapted from Francis Marion Crawford’s 1894 short story “By the Waters of
Paradise.”
I remember my childhood very distinctly. I do not think that the fact argues a good memory, for I have
never been clever at learning words by heart, in prose or rhyme; so that I believe my remembrance of
events depends much more upon the events themselves than upon my possessing any special facility
for recalling them. A long series of little misfortunes, so connected with each other as to suggest a sort
of weird fatality, so worked upon my melancholy temperament when I was a boy that, before I was of
age, I sincerely believed myself to be under a curse, and not only myself, but my whole family and
every individual who bore my name.
Based on the text, how does the narrator most likely regard the events of his childhood?
Question 7 Answer Choices
A. He remembers every event of his childhood with exact detail.
B. The events were particularly memorable, causing him to remember them clearly.
C. Memorizing pieces of writing is harder than remembering personal events.
D. His melancholy experiences were due to a curse upon the family
The following text is adapted from Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1891 story "A Case of Identity."
"My dear fellow," said Sherlock Holmes, "life is infinitely stranger than anything which the mind of
man can invent. We would not dare to conceive the things which are really mere commonplaces of
existence. If we could hover over this great city, gently remove the roofs, and peep in at the queer
things which are going on, it would make all fiction, with its conventionalities and foreseen
conclusions, most stale and unprofitable."
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Question 8 Answer Choices
A Sherlock Holmes compares real life to the capacity of human imagination.
B Sherlock Holmes laments that fiction pales in comparison to real life.
C. Sherlock Holmes states that it would be hard to be an author if one couldn’t come up with new
ideas.
D. Sherlock Holmes describes his desire to observe the people in the city.
“The Token” is an 1848 poem by James Russell Lowell. In the poem, a decaying flower is shown to be
the means of inspiring nostalgic reminiscence: _______
Which quotation from “The Token” most effectively illustrates the claim?
Question 9 Answer Choices
A. “It is a mere wild rosebud, / Quite sallow now, and dry, / Yet there's something wondrous in it, /
Some gleams of days gone by,”
B. “Lips must fade and roses wither, / All sweet times be o'er; / They only smile, and, murmuring
'Thither!' / Stay with us no more.”
C. “And yet ofttimes a look or smile, / Forgotten in a kiss's while, / Years after from the dark will
start, / And flash across the trembling heart.”
D. “Thou hast given me many roses, / But never one, like this, / O'erfloods both sense and spirit / With
such a deep, wild bliss.”
Since users of social media websites rarely delete content regarding such events, the data on past events
remain available for years after the event itself. Social media analysts investigating online discussions
of events in outer space, such as solar eclipses, often observe an increase in attention on social media in
the weeks leading up to the event. For example, when analyzing posts created about the 2017 solar
eclipse, experts monitoring social media websites noted _______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
Question 10 Answer Choices
A. the greatest percentage of posts about the event on the day of the eclipse.
B. an increasing percentage of posts about the event in the weeks leading up to the eclipse.
C. a low percentage of posts about the event in the week leading up to the eclipse.
D. a very low percentage of posts about the event two weeks before the eclipse.
Kabuki is a 400-year-old form of Japanese theatre, marked by elaborate make-up and overly dramatic
performance. Beginning in 1986, the actor Ichikawa En-ō updated the dramatic form of Kabuki with
his new performances, named “Super Kabuki,” which incorporate modern sets and lighting, including
video technology. Super Kabuki productions have taken themes from manga, or Japanese illustrated
novels, such as Naruto or One Piece. Jean Wilson, a theater critic who focuses on Japanese drama, sees
Super Kabuki as a revitalization of the classical Kabuki form, instead of a departure from it, saying
“[Ichikawa En-ō] realized that this was what modern audiences needed.”
Which finding about Naruto and One Piece, if true, would most directly support Wilson’s claim?
Question 11 Answer Choices
A. Naruto and One Piece have generated criticism within the older Japanese theater-goers, who see
these performances as “circus Kabuki.”
B. Naruto is more widely attended by younger adults while One Piece is popular with audiences of all
ages.
C. A large percentage of fans surveyed while leaving Super Kabuki shows stated the influence of
Naruto and One Piece on the performances helped the performances feel more contemporary to them.
D. Naruto and One Piece both generate a strong interest in younger actors, who compete vigorously to
be cast in the productions.
Researchers in the field of behavioral finance have identified a tendency of investors to sell assets after
they have increased in value but to retain assets after they have decreased in value. Some assert that
such behavior is irrational because long term studies of the stock market indicate that on average stocks
that have performed well in the last six months are more likely to perform well in the next six months
than stocks that have performed poorly in the recent past. One hypothesized explanation for this
supposedly irrational behavior is that people do not enjoy winning as much as they dislike losing.
Which of the following, if true, would most directly weaken the potential explanation?
Question 12 Answer Choices
A. Practitioners of the behavior claim that both selling high value stocks and retaining low value stocks
are solely motivated by the thrill of a potential fiduciary triumph.
B. Most investors believe that stocks that have trended in a particular direction for many months are
more likely to reverse course than continue their present trend.
C. The most experienced investors are the most likely to retain stocks that have increased in value
recently.
D. The more competitive a person ranks themselves, the more likely they are to retain stocks that have
declined in value recently.
Indigenous peoples who were displaced from their lands and severed from their cultures have the use of
ancestral techniques, materials, and symbols. Annie Antone, a Tohono O'odham basket weaver in
Arizona, works only with plant material harvested from her Sonoran Desert homeland. However, she
does not limit herself to reproducing art that is traditional in form and subject matter. The designs on
her baskets are highly graphic and realistic depictions of anything that intrigues her, from a panther to a
semi-truck. In doing so, Antone _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 13 Answer Choices
A. prioritizes commercial success over faithfulness to her cultural traditions.
B. exemplifies the ability of indigenous artists to express themselves as individuals.
C. accepts that most people could not relate to purely traditional subject matters.
D. highlights the importance of conserving her Sonoran Desert homeland.
Pregnant mothers are often extremely interested in healthy eating habits to help support their growing
babies. Researchers from Durham University performed a study to identify how unborn children
responded to different foods in their mom’s diets. Unborn children exposed to sweeter flavors, such as
carrots, expressed happier facial expressions, while those exposed to more bitter flavors, such as kale,
expressed sadder facial expressions. Since there is strong evidence from previous studies to suggest
that positive facial expressions in newborn babies indicate the presence of similarly positive emotions,
________
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 14 Answer Choices
A. the foods a mother eats while pregnant could potentially influence the emotional disposition of their
future children.
B. the responses from the unborn child will tell the mother exactly which categories of foods her baby
will like once born.
C. the disparity between the levels of enjoyment of different types of vegetables is displayed in both
unborn children and newborn babies.
D. the study indicates that the expressions of unborn children may represent similar emotions to those
of newborn babies making similar expressions
Purslane is considered an exotic weed by most farmers in America. It is tolerant of poor soil and
drought, and one plant can produce almost 200,000 seeds. Such super competitors are normally the
bane of farmers, but some organic farmers actually will plant it in between rows of commercial crops,
as it will outcompete other weeds, yet is more easily removed through manually hoeing than most other
weeds. Additionally, it is edible, indeed highly nutritious, and widely consumed in Europe, the Middle
East, North Africa, and Mexico, indicating that purslane _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Question 15 Answer Choices
A. has evolved into a more noxious form in North America than other parts of the world.
B. would find commercial success if grown by American farmers.
C. may or may not be considered an unwanted weed depending on where it is growing.
D. is more widely distributed geographically than most weeds common to agricultural fields.
Researchers at MIT have developed a camera that can capture color images underwater using sound.
This camera is battery-free, instead converting the mechanical energy from sound waves into electrical
energy for _______ this device will allow researchers to circumvent the issue of needing to recharge
cameras during undersea exploration.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 16 Answer Choices
A. power and
B. power,
C. power
D. power;
Mohegan tribe member Stephanie Fielding is a professor of linguistics, and she has devoted her life to
the revitalization of the Mohegan _______ A Modern Mohegan Dictionary in 2006 and creating the
online Mohegan Language Project.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 17 Answer Choices
A. language. Publishing
B. language; publishing
C. language, publishing
D. language publishing
Microplastics are ubiquitous: these tiny plastic fragments, mostly formed by the breakdown of larger
objects, have been found in every terrestrial and marine environment. A recent research paper that
investigated the impact of microplastics _______ that they are even absorbed into the human
bloodstream, although any possible health effects of this exposure are still not known with certainty.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 18 Answer Choices
A. were showing
B. show
C. shows
D. are showing
A study led by Gregory Berns at Emory University found that dogs’ brains are wired to focus on
actions in their environments rather than on the individuals performing the actions. During the
experiment, Berns’ _______ used a large brain scanner called an fMRI to record the brain activity of
dogs.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 19 Answer Choices
A. lab, which studies how canine brains process words, smells, and rewards
B. lab—which studies how canine brains process words, smells, and rewards—
C. lab, which studies how canine brains process: words, smells, and rewards,
D. lab—which studies how canine brains process words, smells, and rewards.
In the 1960s and 1970s, American psychologist David Rosenhan conducted a study in which he sent
several people, including himself, to twelve different psychiatric hospitals to gain admission for their
auditory hallucinations. The hallucinations were _______ the purpose of the study was to determine
whether the healthy volunteers would be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 20 Answer Choices
A. fake, though,
B. fake, though;
C. fake; though,
D. fake though,
Neuroscientist Sophie Schwartz and her team at the University of Geneva recently discovered that
altering the emotions of dreamers can lead to a reduction in frequency of _______ participants who
received an intervention focused on emotional regulation reported fewer nightmares than did those who
received a control intervention.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Question 21 Answer Choices
A. nightmares:
B. nightmares
C. nightmares,
D. nightmares while
When the landscape produces an optical illusion, gravity hills, also known as mystery spots, are
created. In these locations, gravity appears to work in reverse, with objects appearing to roll up an
incline. This effect is typically due to an obstructed view of the horizon; _______ many tourists visit
these spots as potential sites of supernatural or paranormal activity.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 22 Answer Choices
A. today,
B. to this end,
C. furthermore,
D. nevertheless,
Aïda Muluneh is a photographer from Ethiopia who believes that photos can influence how the world
perceives types of people. Muluneh wanted to expand upon this idea and bring photography to the
general public. _______ she founded Addis Foto Fest to allow different photographers to bring their
work to the masses.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 23 Answer Choices
A. Similarly,
B. Finally,
C. For these reasons,
D. In conclusion
As a result of his appearances on television and radio segments, Diego Golombek has become a worldrenowned biologist who strives to make science accessible for average people. _______ he has starred
in a children’s show focused on explaining the science behind everyday tasks.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Question 24 Answer Choices
A. On the other hand,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Rather,
D. Accordingly,
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Monte Kaolino is a human-made mountain of sand in Bavaria, Germany.
It was created when the company Amberger Kaolinwerke started mining kaolinite, a common mineral
used in items such as porcelain, toothpaste, and cosmetics.
Mining kaolinite involves separating kaolinite from dirt and results in leftover quartz sand, which the
company started to pile up.
By the 1950s, the pile of quartz sand had become quite large, reaching a height of 110 meters.
It was tall enough that an adventurous skier who wanted to practice in the summer skied down the
mountain.
Monte Kaolino is now known for summer skiing, along with other warm-weather activities.
The student wants to emphasize how Monte Kaolino was formed. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 25 Answer Choices
A. Amberger Kaolinwerke started mining kaolinite, a common mineral used in porcelain, in Bavaria,
Germany, in 1901.
B. Monte Kaolino has a height of 110 meters, tall enough for people to ski down the sand in summer.
C. Made of quartz sand, Monte Kaolino is known for summer skiing.
D. Monte Kaolino was created when the company Amberger Kaolinwerke piled up quartz sand, a
byproduct of the company’s kaolinite mining process.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Lat is a Malaysian cartoonist.
He started selling comics to his friends at nine years old.
He published his first work in a local movie magazine, Majallah Filem, at 13 years old.
He published his first comic book, Tiga Sekawan, at 13 years old.
He first wrote for his comic strip Keluarga Si Mamat, which appeared in the newspaper Berita Minggu,
at 17 years old.
He wrote Keluarga Si Mamat weekly for 26 years.
The student wants to emphasize the length of Lat’s career to an audience familiar with Keluarga Si
Mamat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
Question 26 Answer Choices
A. Malaysian cartoonist Lat wrote his first comic book, Tiga Sekawan, at 13 years old and published
the first contribution to his comic strip Keluarga Si Mamat in Berita Minggu at 17 years old.
B. Lat wrote Keluarga Si Mamat, a comic strip that appeared in the newspaper Berita Minggu, weekly
for 26 years.
C. Lat started selling comics to his friends at nine years old, published his first work at 13 years old,
and started writing Keluarga Si Mamat at 17 years old, writing that comic for 26 years.
D. Lat published two works at 13 years old: a contribution to the local movie magazine Majallah Filem
and the comic book Tiga Sekawan.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The International Standards Organization is known by the letters ISO.
The ISO is a nongovernmental organization that publishes technological, scientific, and business
standards.
“ISO” is not an acronym or initialism because the acronym or initialism would be different in different
languages, including the ISO’s official languages.
The three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian.
“ISO” is a short form coming from the Greek word “isos,” which means “equal.”
The student wants to clarify a possible misconception for an audience familiar with the ISO. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Question 27 Answer Choices
A. The International Standards Organization, also known as ISO, is a nongovernmental organization
that publishes technological, scientific, and business standards.
B. ISO is not an acronym or initialization; rather, it is a short form of the name coming from the Greek
word “isos,” which means “equal.”
C. If ISO were an acronym or initialization, the name would be different in the three official languages
of the ISO, a nongovernmental organization that publishes technological, scientific, and business
standards.
D. English, French, and Russian are the three official languages of the International Standards
Organization.