Tuesday, October 31, 2023
12:35 PM
a. Sea ports
• Definition: A facility for receiving ships and/or transferring seamen or cargo.
Usually found at the edge of an ocean.
• Roles
○ Serve ships
 Place to clean, repair and perform maintenance on the ships.
 Lighterage (lõng hàng): when there is a huge ship that can’t enter the port
(usually because of draught problems) => use lighters (xà lan) to unload
the goods from the big ship
○ Serve cargo
 Load and unload the goods, store the goods at the warehouse.
 Consolidation services
 Repair goods during the carriage
• Requirements
○ Well-equipped with the most modern handling facilities
○ Vessel turnaround time: time a vessel remains at the port while it loads/
unloads the goods
 Factors affecting vessel turnaround time: weather conditions, methods of
loading and unloading (wharf - cầu cảng and crane), based on the length
… of a vessel
○ A well -organized container yard, for both storage and handling of containers
○ Immediate availability of fresh water and bunker supplies for vessels
alongside (at berth)
○ A high-end computerized system to control the smooth delivery of cargo to
and from the port, to avoid any congestion and delays;
○ …
I.
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Methods…
Liner Charter
Definition
Liner service is defined as one that operates to a regular sailing schedule,
transporting goods along a definite route to fixed ports of call.
=> operate like a bus
A liner - tàu chợ is a vessel that is engaged in this kind of transportation.
Liner characteristics
Vessels operate among ports to a regular sailing schedule
○ Cargo owner check schedule easily in website, magazine…
All relationships are regulated by bill of lading.
○ The only document that regulates between carrier, consigner, consignee. No
contract and negotiation.
All terms and conditions of carrier must be accepted by cargo owner, without
negotiation
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negotiation
○ All terms and conditions are shown on the back side of B/L
○ There are some normal conditions that cargo owners should arrange with the
carrier: port of loading/ unloading (lên ở chặng nào), name and quantity of
cargo, documents (…)
• Liner freight is fixed and be informed in liner bound freight tariff: 1 năm…?
• High freight. Why is the freight of liner charter higher than the freight of voyage
charter?
○ the ship must still operate, following the schedule whether it has enough
goods or not => costs cover for carriage without goods
○ Without negotiation
○ Freight is fixed in 3-6 months => High freight to cover inflation
○ The carrier of the liner chart always load/unload the goods causing
load/unload expense. While in voyage charter, …
• Suitable goods for liner charter
○ Small quantity; Goods with large quantity can still be transported
○ Khi không tìm được voyage charter and the contract requires the goods to be
transported on time
○ Low value
○ Case: Expenses to unload cargo B and C to unload cargo A in port D and then
re-load cargo B and C. How to prevent this situation?
c. What is a liner agent
• A person or company that acts on the shipping line’s behalf and carries out their
business while the vessel remains in the shipping line’s jurisdiction. (tàu vẫn thuộc
thẩm quyền của hãng tàu)
d. The order of liner charter
• Step 1: Shipper let a ship broker (logistic company) find a suitable ship
• Step 2: Ship broker chooses a carrier. Ship broker sends the Booking Note to the
carrier to make an order/ ask about this service, showing … .
• Step 3: Ship broker and the carrier negotiate some main terms and conditions such
as cargo name, quantity of goods, ports of loading, ports of discharge, issuing
documents
• Step 4: Ship broker inform to cargo owner of the negotiated results (5 terms and
conditions)
• Step 5: Cargo is transported to the loading port by the shipper
• Step 6: After receiving goods, the carrier is responsible for issuing B/L to the
shipper.
• Why should we hire a ship broker?
○ Communication between cargo owner and carries may lead to
misunderstanding
○ Professional ship broker…
• Why is there no contract in liner shipping? All terms and condition are stated on
the backside of the B/L, but there is no negotiation ⇒ No contract
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e. Ocean bill of lading
• Definiton and functions: the main document used in international maritime
transport. It is issued by a carrier or representative of the carrier, after cargo is
shipped on board or received for shipment.
○ Carrier: mentioned in international system about carrier's liability. The only
one who is responsible for the loss
○ Representative of carrier: issue, sign…?
• Issuing time: 2 kinds of B/L
• Receiver: shipper (exporter or representative)
• Function
○ Evidence of the contract of carriage
 Why is BL only the evidence of the contract, not the contract?
▫ Form of the B/L: Only 1 signature of one party (issuing party/
carrier). In contract there are two signature from both parties.
▫ Contents of the B/L: all information on the backside is printed
before which is all accepted by the Exporter (no negotiation)…
 What is the meanings of being evidence?
▫ unwritten contract…
▫ booking note
▫ Voyage charter: Step 3: all terms and conditions, step 4: sign
contract…
○ Confirmation of shipment - biên lai cho việc nhận hàng: After receiving
goods, issue B/L…
 How to use B/L at unloading port: Present B/L to liner's agent and
receive 3 delivery orders. One DO for customs clearance, one DO for
paying taxes, the last DO for …
○ Document of title (title of ownership) - chứng từ sở hữu: Owner of documents
is considered the owner of goods.
 Consignee can sell the goods by selling the B/L
○ Why only Ocean B/L has the function of being the document of title? (Airway
bill doesn't have the function of Document of title)
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