Meffe 1 Annotated Bibliography Anderson Esben, “Data Collection For Inquiry Project” On Word, Esben Anderson, Inc, 2023 Anderson’s survey “Data Collection For Inquiry Project” provides an inside look into LHS student athlete opinions. He surveys a variety of athletes all the way from bowling to track and field. His interviews include questions on audience participation, its effects on the overall sporting experience, and how it can be improved in the future. Anderson is a Lincoln athlete himself, being a track and field champion, his personal experience allows his rhetoric to reach and convince the primarily Lincoln High School audience. While Anderson is clearly experienced and knowledgeable within the Lincoln Sports community, his apparent bias cannot be overlooked. Anderson, in his investigation of student opinions, can be seen asking leading questions, to the benefit of his own research into the topic. In an analysis of his credibility, or lack thereof, his biases are clear, but his information on the topic is invaluable and provides a great resource for an examination of crowd effects on student athletes at LHS for this project. Bender Maddie “The Olympics Without Fans Is Harming Athletes’ Performance” Scientific American. July 27, 2021 Maddie Bender’s article “The Olympics Without Fans is Harming Athletes’ Performance” details the effects of audience on Olympic athletes, specifically Simone Biles of Team USA. Bender discusses the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, and how, because of the Covid 19 pandemic, a state of emergency was decreed, and spectators and even family members were banned from attending. This caused unanticipated pressure on a number of athletes. Biles especially felt this pressure which caused her to drop out of the women’s team event, along with deciding to not participate in the individual all-around event. Bender also discusses the psychology behind the Meffe 2 crowd’s effect on athletes. She specifically references “social facilitation, which refers to a “change in a person’s performance that occurs when others are around compared to when a person is alone. Maddie Bender is a self-stated, science, public health, and technology journalist. She was a 2021 AAAS Mass Media Fellow and graduated from Yale with an undergraduate degree in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Classics. Bender has multiple published articles, and her skill as a journalist makes this source highly informative for this project. There is no apparent bias, as the article was purely informative. Calleja Paul, Decalis Andrew, Muscat Adele, “The Effects of Audience Behavior on Football Players’ Performance”, Journal of New Studies in Sports Management, Shahid Babonar University of Kerman, 2020 “The Effects of Audience Behavior on Football Players’ Performance” is a study that focuses on how crowd behavior in Maltese football influences the players’ performance in the game. The intro states that “The influence of spectator behavior on the psychological state of six male national senior football team members and six male national team youth players was analyzed through data gathered from individual semi-structured interviews” Furthermore, by investigating these effects in a smaller country, they aimed to better understand how variables such as league size, and player recognition impacts crowd effects on footballers. This is highly relevant to our final product as these variables can be closely compared to an LHS sporting event. Paul Calleja is a Senior Lecturer in Sports Studies and Exercise for Health at the Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology within the Institute of Community Services. He has 7 publications, and his research interests lie in sports sociology and nutrition. Andrew Decalis is a Senior Lecturer and currently the Director of the Institute for Physical Education & Sport at the University of Malta. He has held multiple positions in this field and has recently been appointed Meffe 3 as Chair of SportMalta for a three-year term. Finally, like Decalis, Adele Muscat holds the position of lecturer at the Institute for Physical Education & Sport at the University of Malta. She also has multiple publications and is very well versed in her field. Due to their highly regarded positions in the sports industry, these authors’ credibility and knowledge on this subject is very apparent. No biases were apparent as this was a purely analytical study. Carron Albert, Paradis F Kyle “Home Advantage”, Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology, SAGE Publications, Inc. 2014, pp. 351-355 The chapter "Home Advantage" in the book "Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology" by Albert V. Carron and Kyle F. Paradis provides a comprehensive overview of the research on home advantage in sport, including its definition, evidence, causes, and psychological implications. They define home advantage as the tendency for teams to perform better when competing in their home venues. They write on the fact that “In almost every sport examined, teams have better results when they compete at home”. Albert Carron is a professor at The University of Western Ontario School of Kinesiology. Since 1985 Carron has made 80 publications on topics related to sports sociology, performance, and cohesion. Kyle Paradis, while younger, his knowledge on the subject of sports psychology is obvious. With over 71 publications, Paradis studied Sport and Exercise Psychology at both The University of Windsor, and The University of Western Ontario, with his PhD obtained at the latter. Carron and Paradis’s experience within the field of Sports Psychology make them especially credible for this topic, and their knowledge is very apparent in the chapter. Bias is unclear as the article is purely analytical. Meffe 4 Sofia Maddie, “How the Lack of Fans is Changing the Psychology of Sports” Short Wave, August 20, 2020 Maddie Sofia, in her NPR podcast, Short Wave, discusses the effects of the Covid-19 virus on athletes. Sofia discusses this lack of audience with an esteemed sports psychologist, Catherine Sabiston. Sabiston holds a Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity and Mental Health. She is a “leading authority in collaborative and interdisciplinary sport and exercise psychology research with specialization in body image and physical self-factors linked to physical activity.” They discuss the positive and negative effects of crowd interaction at sports games and how there are athletes who can thrive in the noise, and athletes who may feel anxious to play in front of a crowd. Maddie Sofia is a self-proclaimed science communicator and journalist. She is the host of the NPR podcast “Short Wave” and has been in the field of journalism for many years. Her credibility as a longtime science journalist makes her an excellent source for this project, her rhetoric is furthered by her guest, who provides sport psychology specific information, and helps further their knowledge on the topic.
