REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Process Industry Practices
Insulation
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major industrial
users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical requirements
into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering costs to both the
purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice is expected to
incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may
involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice.
Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the
Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on
information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from time to time should
not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the
trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally correct and may be
substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with
applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these
Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations,
such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before
applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas
at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, Texas 78759. PIP member companies
and subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written authorization of
PIP. Authorized Users may attach addenda or overlays to clearly indicate modifications or
exceptions to specific sections of PIP Practices. Authorized Users may provide their clients,
suppliers and contractors with copies of the Practice solely for Authorized Users’ purposes.
These purposes include but are not limited to the procurement process (e.g., as attachments to
requests for quotation/ purchase orders or requests for proposals/contracts) and preparation
and issue of design engineering deliverables for use on a specific project by Authorized
User’s client. PIP’s copyright notices must be clearly indicated and unequivocally
incorporated in documents where an Authorized User desires to provide any third party with
copies of the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
December 1997 Issued
April 1999
Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds
October 2005
July 2007
Complete Revision
Editorial Revision
October 2010
Reaffirmation with Editorial Revision
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Process Industry Practices
Function Team
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2
8. Insulation Thickness ................ 16
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2
1.2 Scope ................................................. 2
8.1 General ............................................ 16
8.2 3E Plus ............................................ 17
2. References .................................. 2
9. Type Codes ............................... 18
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 2
2.3 Other References .............................. 3
3. Insulation Materials .................... 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Categories ......................................... 3
Closed-Cell Insulations ...................... 3
Fibrous Insulations ............................. 4
Granular Insulations ........................... 5
Jacket Materials and Accessories ..... 5
Vapor Barriers .................................... 7
4. Insulation System Design .......... 7
4.1 General .............................................. 7
4.2 Basic Design Criteria ......................... 8
4.3 Other Design Criteria ....................... 11
5. Corrosion under Insulation ..... 13
6. Insulation Material Selection ... 14
6.1 General ............................................ 14
6.2 ASTM Considerations ...................... 14
6.3 Insulation Materials Properties
Table ................................................ 15
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
General ............................................ 18
Hot Insulation Types ........................ 18
Cold Insulation Types ...................... 19
Insulation Types for Traced and
Energy Transfer Jacketed
Systems ........................................... 20
9.5 AC – Acoustic Control Insulation ..... 21
9.6 FP – Fire-Protection Insulation ........ 21
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table
(US Customary Units) .................. 22
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table
(SI Units) ...................................... 28
Data Forms
INEG1000-D1 – Documentation
Requirements Sheet
The following data forms shall be part of this Practice
only if indicated on the purchaser’s completed
Documentation Requirements Sheet.
INEG1000-D2 – Hot Service Insulation
Design Parameters
INEG1000-D3 – Cold Service Insulation
Design Parameters
7. Extent of Insulation .................. 15
Process Industry Practices
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Insulation Design Guide
1.
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Introduction
1.1
Purpose
This Practice provides guidance for the design of insulation systems.
1.2
Scope
This Practice describes the types of insulation systems that are indicated by the
type code on the Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs), data sheets, and
other design documents. This Practice provides guidance on insulation design
criteria, insulation materials, extent of insulation, determination of insulation
thickness, and insulation material properties.
2.
References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references
shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of
contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein
where appropriate.
2.1
Process Industry Practices (PIP)
– PIP CTSE1000 – Application of External Coatings
– PIP INSC2000 – Installation of Cold Service Insulation Systems
– PIP INSH1000 – Hot Service Insulation Materials and Installation
Specification
– PIP INSR1000 – Installation of Flexible, Removable/Reusable Insulation
Covers for Hot Insulation Service
2.2
Industry Codes and Standards
American Petroleum Institute (API)
–
API RP521 – Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
–
API RP2001 – Fire Protection in Refineries
–
API PUBL 2218 – Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and
Petrochemical Processing Plants
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
– ASTM C240 – Standard Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass
Insulation Block
– ASTM C533 – Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe
Thermal Insulation
– ASTM C547 – Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
– ASTM C552 – Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal
Insulation
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Insulation Design Guide
– ASTM C591 – Standard Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid
Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
– ASTM C610 – Standard Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block
and Pipe Thermal Insulation
– ASTM C680 – Standard Practice for Determination of Heat Gain or Loss
and the Surfaces Temperatures of Insulated Pipe and Equipment Systems
by the Use of a Computer Program
– ASTM C800 – Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Blanket Insulation
(Aircraft Type)
– ASTM C871 – Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Thermal
Insulation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate, and
Sodium Ions
– ASTM C1055 – Heated System Surface Conditions That Produce Contact
Burn Injuries
– ASTM C1104 – Standard Test Method for Determining the Water Vapor
Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber Insulation
– ASTM E96 – Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
Materials
NACE RP0198-2004 – The Control of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation
and Fireproofing – A Systems Approach, NACE International
North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) – 3E Plus
2.3
Other References
Federal Energy Administration Report
–
Economic Thickness for Industrial Insulation/ASM Metals Handbook,
“Corrosion” Volume 13, ASM International
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S.
Department of Commerce – www.noaa.gov
3.
Insulation Materials
3.1
Categories
Insulation materials fall into the following three major generic categories based
on the structure of the insulation material and each has properties that give it
unique performance characteristics:
a. Closed cell
b. Fibrous
c. Granular
3.2
Closed-Cell Insulations
3.2.1
Process Industry Practices
Closed-cell insulations include:
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Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
a. Cellular glass
b. Various organic materials such as rigid polymer foams,
polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, and polystyrene
c. Elastomeric foams
3.3
3.2.2
The closed-cell structure of these materials provides a natural resistant to
absorption and permeation by external water and water vapor as well as
to absorption of leaking process chemicals. Closed-cell insulations are
frequently chosen for low-temperature applications in which control of
moisture penetration is important. ASTM E96 is a test method for water
vapor permeability that can be applied to all insulation materials.
ASTM C240 is a water absorption test method that is published for
cellular glass. Some insulation manufacturers test their materials using
both of these procedures and publish the results in their product
literature. For both test methods, the lower the value, the more resistant
the material is to absorption and permeability.
3.2.3
The upper-use temperature of the rigid polymers and elastomeric foams
is limited, and the manufacturer’s recommended maximum temperature
should be followed. Cellular glass is made from inorganic material that
gives a wider, usable temperature range and applicability in elevated
temperature service in which absorption resistance is needed.
3.2.4
In applications below ambient, most of these materials should be used
with a separate vapor barrier and with a weather-proof jacket. All outerlayer joints should be sealed using the insulation manufacturer’s
recommended material in any application in which condensation could
occur on the insulated pipe or equipment. All the closed-cell materials
can be used for condensation control and cold conservation.
3.2.5
While the rigid foams and cellular glass have some strength, damage
resistance is not necessarily provided. The elastomeric foams are
resilient and should resist light physical abuse.
3.2.6
If exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light for extended periods of time, the
properties of most of the organic materials deteriorate. If using organic
closed-cell materials in an exterior application, a UV-protective finish
should be used.
Fibrous Insulations
3.3.1
Fibrous insulations include:
a. Fiberglass
b. Mineral fiber
c. Needled E glass
d. Ceramic fiber
3.3.2
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The fundamental difference between the fibrous insulations is the raw
material from which they are made. Mineral fiber is made from volcanic
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
rock; fiberglass and E glass are made from inorganic glass fibers; and
ceramic fibers are made from inorganic ceramics.
3.4
3.5
3.3.3
Fibrous insulation is not resistant to moisture permeation and can absorb
water or chemicals if exposed to liquid or vapor. There is no permeation
minimum included in the ASTM standards for any of the fibrous
materials. For this reason, fibrous insulation is not used alone for lowtemperature applications in which condensation can occur. If used at an
elevated temperature, the organic binder that helps to hold the insulation
together is burned away causing a reduction in strength and an increase
in the ability to absorb moisture.
3.3.4
The fibrous insulations, depending on form, are somewhat flexible and
have little compressive strength. As a result, piping should not be
supported through fibrous insulation, and higher strength materials
should be considered in damage-prone areas.
3.3.5
The fibrous insulations do not burn but do absorb flammable chemicals
that can burn. In cases in which leaking flammables are likely, the
fibrous materials should not be used.
Granular Insulations
3.4.1
Granular insulations include perlite and calcium silicate because of
composition from a starting material that is granular in form.
3.4.2
Granular insulations have much higher density and compression strength
than most fibrous and closed-cell materials. Because of the higher
strength, the insulations can be used to support piping loads and to resist
damage.
3.4.3
Calcium silicate is highly absorbent and should not be used if direct
exposure to moisture or leaking chemicals is likely. At temperatures
below 500 F (260ºC), perlite resists moisture absorption and may be
used if corrosion under insulation is a concern; however, perlite is not
typically used in low-temperature applications. At temperatures above
500 F (260ºC), the organic binder that imparts the moisture resistance is
no longer effective, and moisture absorption is possible.
Jacket Materials and Accessories
3.5.1
The jacket is a key part of an insulation system. The primary function of
the jacket is to protect the insulation material from the elements,
especially water and external mechanical abuse.
3.5.2
Aluminum Jacketing
3.5.2.1 The most commonly used jacket material in chemical and
petrochemical plant applications is aluminum. The aluminum
materials are available in several thicknesses and finishes
depending on the application. The two major aluminum finishes
are stucco-embossed and smooth. Stucco-embossed aluminum
has a rough finish that is rolled into the sheet metal during
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October 2010
manufacture. The benefit of this finish is that minor surface
damage is less visible. Owners prefer the appearance of the
smooth jacket rather than stucco embossed because of
appearance and ease of cleaning.
3.5.2.2 Increasing the thickness and adding corrugations improves the
damage resistance of both materials. Corrugations increase the
bending strength perpendicular to the axis of the corrugations.
3.5.2.3 Corrugated jackets should not be used on horizontal surfaces if
the corrugations are oriented parallel to the horizontal axis,
because water can be held in the troughs formed by the
corrugations on the top surface. This water can run to the joints
in the jacket and enter the insulation.
3.5.2.4 Aluminum has excellent weathering characteristics if exposed to
normal industrial atmospheres. There are specific chemicals
such as caustics and chloride salts that can damage aluminum
and aluminum should not be used if directly exposed to these
chemicals. If chemical exposure is likely, a corrosion specialist
should be consulted to determine the appropriate jacket material.
Aluminum jacket can be obtained with a coating to provide
added chemical resistance, color-coding, or increased emissivity.
3.5.3
Other Jacket Materials
3.5.3.1 Other common jacket materials are stainless steel, zincaluminum alloy-coated steel, and PVC.
3.5.3.2 Stainless Steel Jacketing
1. Stainless steel jacketing is used if fire resistance is needed.
Stainless steel has a much higher melting point than
aluminum and remains intact much longer during an external
fire than aluminum. The higher melting point allows the use
of smaller relief devices on insulated pressure equipment
and provides protection for both the equipment and
insulation.
2. Chemical resistance is also an important benefit of stainless
steel and can be used in areas where chemical fumes or
spills are a problem that aluminum cannot resist.
3. Stainless steel is stronger and heavier than aluminum, which
allows use in thinner sheets. The added strength improves
damage resistance in comparison to aluminum.
3.5.3.3 Zinc Aluminum Alloy-Coated Steel Jacketing
1. Zinc aluminum alloy-coated steel jacketing also is used if
mechanical strength or fire protection is needed.
2. Zinc aluminum alloy-coated jacketing should not be used on
stainless steel pipe and equipment because of the risk of zinc
embrittlement of the stainless steel in the event of a fire.
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Zinc embrittlement occurs if the zinc coating melts and the
liquid zinc makes contact with austenitic stainless steel. The
liquid zinc penetrates the stainless steel and causes cracking.
Welds are especially vulnerable to this type of cracking.
3.5.3.4 Nonmetallic Jacketing
1. Nonmetallic jackets are also commonly used. White PVC is
used in outdoor applications or if cleanliness is important.
PVC is also available in a variety of colors if the jacket must
be color-coded, however, colored PVC should not be used
outdoors.
2. Complicated shapes can be handled by fabricating the jacket
in place using mastic and reinforcing fabric. This approach
is often used in combination with metal jacket in which the
metal is used for the straight sections, and the mastic is used
for the complicated shapes. Metal fittings should be used for
tees and elbows for PIP installations.
3.6
4.
Vapor Barriers
3.6.1
Insulation systems that operate below the ambient dew point temperature
must be protected from the inward permeation of moisture. Water vapor
permeability is measured using ASTM test method E96, and the results
are reported in “perms.” Lower perm ratings represent better resistance
to moisture penetration. Closed-cell insulation materials have low perm
ratings, while fibrous and granular materials are generally not evaluated
for permeation. Because of the low perm rating, closed-cell materials are
used for low-temperature applications.
3.6.2
As an added measure of resistance against moisture penetration, an
additional vapor barrier is added to the outer surface of the insulation.
The vapor barrier can be sheet material or vapor barrier mastic that is
applied to the outside surface of the insulation. Nonsetting joint sealer is
used to seal the joints of single-layer insulation and the outer layer of
multilayer systems.
Insulation System Design
4.1
General
4.1.1
An insulation system consists of the insulation material, protective
covering if needed, and accessories used to secure the insulation in
place.
4.1.2
The insulation materials chosen depend upon the reasons that insulation
is being used. Many different criteria are important in the selection of an
insulation system. Not all the criteria mentioned in this Practice apply in
all cases. The criteria that apply to a project should be determined, and
priorities should be assigned to those criteria. In some cases, it may be
that only heat conservation or personnel protection are important. In
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October 2010
most projects, many criteria apply with some being much more
important than others. Because each project is unique, the criteria should
be assessed for each project, and selections should be made that are
appropriate to their unique circumstances. Design criteria that should be
considered in the selection of insulation materials are described in
Section 4.2 of this Practice.
4.2
Basic Design Criteria
4.2.1
The primary reason for using insulation should be established first.
Possible reasons are:
a. Heat conservation
b. Personnel protection
c. Process stability
d. Freeze protection
e. Condensation prevention
f.
Cold conservation
The possible reasons are aligned with the PIP type codes that are used on
P&IDs to designate the insulation type.
4.2.2
Heat Conservation Insulation
4.2.2.1 Heat conservation (HC) insulation is applied to prevent the
escape of thermal energy from process equipment and piping.
An optimum thickness can be determined that balances the cost
of installing and maintaining the insulation system against the
value of the energy saved. This thickness is referred to as the
“economic thickness” and can also be defined as the insulation
thickness that yields the minimum total cost of owning
insulation.
4.2.2.2 Calculation of the economic thickness depends on many
variables and must be determined on a case-by-case basis. The
National Association of Insulation Manufacturers (NAIMA) has
published software (3E Plus) that can be used to calculate
economic thickness. 3E Plus uses heat transfer calculations that
are based on ASTM C680 and economic thickness calculations
based on the Federal Energy Administration Report, Economic
Thickness for Industrial Insulation. This method assumes that
the total cost of owning an insulation system is defined as the
sum of the cost of the insulation system materials plus the cost
of the energy lost minus any tax savings.
4.2.2.3 Energy loss is reduced for a given insulation material by
increasing the insulation thickness. Increasing the thickness
raises the cost of the insulation but lowers the cost of lost
energy. At the economic thickness, the cost of adding additional
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insulation thickness exceeds the value of the additional energy
saved.
4.2.2.4 The calculations made to determine the economic thickness
require the input of project-specific data on process conditions,
ambient conditions, and economic data that is specific to the
project. To determine an accurate economic thickness, this data
must be obtained for each project. The software contains default
values for process, ambient, and economic variables. However,
the default values are subject to variation and can cause
inaccurate economic thickness calculations.
4.2.3
Personnel Protection Insulation
4.2.3.1 Personnel protection (PP) insulation is used to prevent contact
between personnel and hot operating surfaces. The maximum
allowable insulation system surface temperature is 140°F (60°C)
for metallic surfaces. Higher allowable surface temperatures
may be appropriate for non-metallic surfaces, as indicated in
ASTM C1055 Appendix for materials with lower thermal
inertia.
4.2.3.2 ASTM C1055 establishes a process for the determination of
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
ASTM C1055 also defines human burn hazards and presents
methods for use in the design and evaluation of heated systems
to prevent serious injury from contact with exposed surfaces.
The method establishes a safe surface contact temperature based
on an acceptable contact time and level of injury. A graph is
included in ASTM C1055 that establishes the temperature-time
relationship for burns of specific severity. For the purposes of
this Practice, the acceptable level of injury is reversible
epidermal injury as defined in ASTM C1055, and the PIP
adopted acceptable contact time is 2 seconds. Using the
ASTM C1055 graph and the injury and time parameters leads to
the PIP maximum allowable surface temperature of 140°F
(60°C). This temperature is used to calculate the personnel
protection thickness. The personnel protection thickness is
chosen so that the outside surface temperature of the insulation
system is no more than 140 F (60 C) for metallic surfaces under
the worst-case operating conditions of highest operating
temperature combined with the highest expected ambient
temperature.
4.2.3.3 Two very important variables in the calculation of outside
surface temperature are the emissivity of the jacket material and
the wind speed. As the wind speed increases, the surface
temperature falls significantly because of convective cooling.
The wind speed for indoor applications is low, resulting in
higher personnel protection thicknesses than for the same system
in an outdoor location. Choosing a jacket material with high
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emissivity also reduces the surface temperature and is a method
that can be used to lower the personnel protection thickness for
indoor applications or for high temperature outdoor installations.
As the process temperature drops, increasing the emissivity
becomes less effective at lowering the surface temperature.
4.2.3.4 3E Plus or an equivalent program can be used to calculate the
personnel protection thickness.
4.2.4
Process Stability Insulation
Process stability (PS) insulation is used to maintain the process
temperature at a desired level. The amount of heat loss or heat gain
allowed for a process depends on the nature of the process. 3E Plus can
be used to calculate both heat loss and heat gain through insulation as a
function of insulation type and process conditions.
4.2.5
Prevention from Freezing Insulation
4.2.5.1 Prevention from freezing (PF) insulation is used to prevent water
or process fluid piping from freezing without using supplemental
heat input (either electric or steam). The system design requires
consideration of all potential heat leak paths, such as pipe
supports and terminations at enclosures. These heat leak paths
can result in localized ice formation and line plugging.
4.2.5.2 Insulation can be designed to prevent the contents of a pipe or
vessel from freezing when ambient temperatures fall below the
freeze point temperature of the insulated liquid. 3E Plus is not
used to calculate the required thickness but can be used to
calculate the heat loss rate (heat flux) from an uninsulated
surface as well as through a range of insulation thicknesses. The
important variables in making this calculation are ambient
temperature and wind speed. When the heat flux is known it can
be used to calculate the time required for the process fluid to
freeze. The volume of fluid, its heat capacity and heat of fusion
must all be known in order to calculate the amount of energy
that must be lost and the length of time required for freezing to
occur. Flow through the item to be insulated greatly complicates
the calculation. Local freezing could occur faster or slower as a
result of attachments to the insulated item. The insulation
thickness is selected to provide a specified period of time before
freezing occurs.
4.2.5.3 Caution should be exercised when calculating time to freeze
since slush can form before then and plug orifices and strainers.
This insulation approach should not be used where freezing
conditions over multiple days occur on a regular basis, or the
service is critical to process control or plant operation.
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4.2.6
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
Cold Service Insulation
4.2.6.1 Cold service insulation (CC) is primarily intended to limit heat
gain by the process. The allowable heat gain must be determined
for each process. The required insulation thickness is determined
based on the local worst-case ambient conditions. In most cases,
the thickness should also be sufficient to keep the surface
temperature of the jacket material above the ambient dew point
temperature to prevent condensation on the jacket surface. 3E
Plus can be used to calculate heat gain, dew point, and surface
temperature.
4.2.6.2 The control of moisture penetration in low-temperature systems
is required to prevent condensation or the formation of ice inside
the insulation and on the surface of the insulated item. This
control is accomplished by designing an insulation system that
includes a closed-cell insulation material, a vapor barrier with a
low permeation rating as determined by ASTM E96, and an
appropriate jacket with moisture resistant caulking at all joints
and penetrations. Non-closed cell insulation does not resist
moisture penetration and is prone to moisture absorption if the
vapor barrier seal is broken. This insulation should not be used if
the operating temperature is below the highest expected ambient
dew point. In dual-temperature applications, fibrous material can
be used as an inner layer to compensate for thermal expansion,
but it should be covered by a closed-cell outer layer and vapor
barrier system to prevent condensation or ice formation on the
inner surface.
4.2.7
Condensation Prevention Insulation
Condensation prevention (CP) insulation is used only to prevent
condensation from occurring on the surface of piping and equipment that
is operating at or below the ambient dew point. The design of
condensation prevention systems is the same as cold service insulation.
Thickness is designed only to raise the surface temperature above the
project design ambient dew point. Condensation prevention is usually
important for housekeeping, safety and corrosion control. Closed-cell
insulation materials should be used in condensation control applications.
3E Plus can be used to determine the required thickness.
4.3
Other Design Criteria
4.3.1
Location of Facilities
The location of the items to be insulated determines the ambient
conditions that should be used in calculating the insulation thickness.
Location also plays an important role in the choice of accessories such
as the jacket type and the method of securement. In high wind areas,
band spacing should be reduced to keep the jacket in place. In corrosive
areas such as close to the seacoast or corrosive chemical fumes, it may
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be necessary to select a jacket material that is resistant to the specific
corrosive condition. Equipment that is located inside a building is not
exposed to weather extremes or UV light and less durable jacket
materials, or in some cases no jacket material, can be suitable. Flame
spread and smoke developed properties may be important properties
depending on location of insulation (e.g. indoor or enclosed) and type of
facilities.
4.3.2
Strength and Durability
Physical strength and durability requirements can determine the choice
of both insulation and jacket materials. In some cases, pipe support loads
are carried by the insulation. In that case, a rigid insulation material is
used. Rigid insulation materials can be selected for surfaces that are
easily accessible by personnel working on or around the equipment.
Jacket materials that are more damage resistant, such as thick aluminum
or stainless steel, can be used in conjunction with the rigid insulation to
produce a very damage-resistant system.
4.3.3
Appearance
Appearance requirements sometimes determine the type of jacket or
finish material that must be used. Applications that require a
continuously high degree of cleanliness can specify a jacket material that
has a gloss white or polished stainless steel finish to facilitate both
identification and removal of surface contamination. Embossed surface
finishes on metal jacket materials can be used to make minor surface
damage less visible to casual observation; however, it is more difficult to
clean embossed jackets. Smooth finishes are more reflective, and
damage is more easily visible.
4.3.4
Leak Detection
4.3.4.1 Leak detection is a regulatory requirement for some chemical
processes. If insulating piping and equipment that contains
chemicals that fall within the leak detection classification, it is
necessary to design the insulation to permit detection of leaks at
flanges, valves, and other locations that can be prone to leakage.
4.3.4.2 Leak detection provision can be done in hot systems by not
insulating leak-prone items or by using removable reusable
insulation as specified in PIP INSR1000. This approach is not an
option for low-temperature systems because there would be no
vapor seal and condensation or ice formation can occur. Lowtemperature systems require special consideration and should be
handled on a case-by-case basis.
4.3.5
Absorption Resistance
The absorption resistance of the insulation material is an important
attribute if insulating piping and equipment that contain flammable or
explosive chemicals. If leaks occur and the insulation absorbs the
chemical, it is possible to build up enough of the flammable or explosive
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chemical to achieve auto-ignition. It may be necessary to use an
appropriate closed-cell insulation that is compatible with the chemical and
does not absorb leaks. It is desirable to provide drainage to enable the
leaking chemical to escape from the insulation in a controlled fashion.
4.3.6
Emissivity
4.3.6.1 Emissivity is a measure of a body’s ability to radiate energy. A
body that radiates a large amount of energy has an emissivity
close to 1, while a material that is a poor radiator has a low
emissivity. All materials have a characteristic emissivity. New
aluminum jacket has an emissivity of about 0.04, while PVC
jacket has an emissivity of about 0.9. The emissivity value can
change as the surface characteristics of the insulation change
with time.
4.3.6.2 The surface temperature of an insulation system is a function of
the emissivity of the jacket material. On a hot insulation system,
with all other factors held constant, the outer surface
temperature of the insulation jacket is reduced by using a higher
emissivity jacket. If personnel protection is an important criteria,
it may be possible to reduce insulation thickness by using a high
emissivity jacket. On a cold insulation system, the jacket
temperature can be raised by using a higher emissivity jacket. If
condensation control is an important criteria, the surface
temperature can be raised by using a higher emissivity jacket.
5.
Corrosion under Insulation
5.1
A full discussion of corrosion under insulation is beyond the scope of this
Practice. There are numerous articles available in the technical literature
referenced in this Practice. An article in the ASM Metals Handbook, Volume 13,
Ninth Edition, page 1144 through page 1147 covers the subject of corrosion
under thermal insulation.
5.2
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs if a susceptible material is exposed to a
specific cracking agent while a tensile stress is present. The stress can be directly
applied, such as internal pressure or a piping load, or it can be residual from
forming or welding operations. There is disagreement about many aspects of the
SCC cause and prevention; however, there is agreement that SCC of 300 series
austenitic stainless steel requires water at the metal surface, some level of free
chloride ion and a temperature above approximately 140°F (60°C) and below
300°F (150°C ). The source of chloride can be from leachable chloride inherent
in the insulation or from atmospheric chloride that enters the insulation system
from rain or wash down water. Certain types of insulation are higher in leachable
chloride than others. ASTM C871 describes the standard testing procedure for
determining leachable chloride in insulation material. As a general rule,
atmospheric chloride is higher close to the seashore than inland, and is higher in
industrial areas than in rural areas. The ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition,
Process Industry Practices
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PIP INEG1000
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October 2010
Volume 13, page 909 provides a map showing relative levels of chloride in
rainwater in the U.S.
5.3
Mitigation efforts for corrosion under insulation include the following:
a. Proper installation and maintenance of insulation weather jacketing to
prevent water ingress
b. Use of low chloride insulation materials
c. Coating the metal to prevent water contact.
NACE RP 0198-2004 describes control measures for mitigating corrosion under
thermal insulation. Common coatings for mitigating corrosion under thermal
insulation are epoxy phenolic and coal tar epoxies. PIP CTSE1000 provides
more information on coatings.
6.
Insulation Material Selection
6.1
General
6.1.1
The appropriate insulation material for a given project is selected on the
basis of design criteria that are appropriate for that specific project.
Some important design criteria are as follows:
a. Operating temperature
b. Strength, rigidity, and the ability to resist mechanical abuse and
vibration
c. Absorption resistance
d. Water vapor permeation resistance
e. Fire resistance
6.1.2
6.2
Not all insulation materials perform equally well with respect to these
design criteria. Each insulation type has strengths and weaknesses and
the strengths of the material selected for a specific job should be
matched to the most important design criteria for that job. For example,
a low permeation material should be chosen for a low-temperature
application in which permeation resistance is needed to prevent
condensation on the surface of the insulated item. A rigid high
compressive strength material should be chosen in situations in which
mechanical abuse is likely.
ASTM Considerations
6.2.1
ASTM has identified many of the important material properties that
support specific design criteria. There are ASTM test methods for:
a. Strength
b. Dimensional stability
c. Surface burning characteristics
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PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
d. Water absorption
e. Water vapor permeability
f.
Water wicking
g. Water vapor sorption
The ASTM standards that define the requirements for specific insulation
materials do so in terms of performance in these various tests.
6.3
6.2.2
By comparing the minimum performance requirements defined by
ASTM, it is possible to compare different material types to determine
which is best for a given application. However, it should be remembered
that the ASTM values are minimum requirements and that in some cases,
critical values are not included in the ASTM standard for a given
material. For example, the standard for mineral fiber, ASTM C547 does
not have a requirement for water absorption. Instead, mineral fiber is
evaluated for water vapor “sorption” using ASTM C1104. ASTM C1104
does not expose the mineral fiber to direct immersion. Instead, it is
exposed to water vapor, a less demanding requirement that does not
indicate how mineral fiber performs if immersed in water. In other cases,
the properties of the insulation change with exposure to elevated
temperature. Both perlite and mineral fiber become much more
absorbent if exposed to temperatures that are sufficiently high to burn
away the binder that is applied when the insulation is made.
6.2.3
There is no ASTM test for water wicking except for aircraft-type glass
fiber blanket as published in ASTM C800. Some manufacturers test
material using the ASTM C800 procedure however, the appropriateness
of this procedure for all materials has not been demonstrated. The
relevance of the procedure to real world applications is also not clear. If
in doubt about the appropriate use of a specific insulation material
contact the owner’s representative for guidance.
Insulation Materials Properties Table
Table 1/1M is provided to assist in selecting materials for a specific application.
Table 1/1M, at the end of the Practice, is a compilation of material properties
defined by ASTM standards for generic material types. Not all materials are
evaluated by the same ASTM tests and in those cases in which a test does not
apply to a material, the table is left blank. Purchaser should review current
ASTM standards to confirm relevant material properties listed in Table 1/1M.
7.
Extent of Insulation
7.1
Extent of insulation refers to what can and cannot be insulated during a project.
PIP datasheets INSH1000-D3 and INSC2001 can be used to specify the extent of
insulation for a project. The extent of insulation varies depending on the design
criteria. For example, in the case of heat conservation, flanges, valves, or other
potentially high maintenance items can be left uninsulated to facilitate leak
detection and repairs. In the case of cold conservation, piping items cannot be
Process Industry Practices
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PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
left uninsulated because condensation and ice formation can occur. As a general
rule, all low-temperature surfaces should be insulated. Both heat conservation
and process stability applications should be insulated as much as possible to
ensure these criteria are met.
7.2
8.
If insulating only for mitigating personnel protection, the extent of insulation is
quite different than for heat or cold conservation. Personnel protection insulation
is only applied to those surfaces with which personnel can make contact under
normal operating conditions. If the normal operating temperature exceeds 140 F
(60°C), personnel protection insulation is required on all surfaces to 7-feet above
grade or platforms, and 3-feet horizontally from the periphery of platforms,
walkways, or ladders. In some circumstances, guards or barriers can be
substituted for insulation to provide personnel protection if insulation would
impair the function of the equipment. A guard is positioned near the pipe or
equipment to prevent personnel contact at a specific location. Guards can be
fabricated from a variety of materials including sheet or expanded metal.
Barriers or signs are used to prevent access to areas where hot equipment is
present. An example of a barrier is a chain that bars access to a ladder that leads
to a platform where hot equipment is operating. Hot items that typically cannot
be insulated are refractory-lined vessels, condensers, or equipment that can be
subject to corrosion under insulation.
Insulation Thickness
8.1
General
8.1.1
Insulation thickness depends on the design criteria applied to the project.
Insulation that is intended to conserve heat is usually installed with a
different thickness than insulation designed to protect personnel. There
are many variables that influence insulation thickness including:
a. Operating temperature
b. Average ambient weather conditions
c. Insulation material
d. Jacket material
e. Substrate material of construction
f.
Page 16 of 33
Basic Design Criteria (paragraph 4.2)
8.1.2
Because each project is unique, the insulation thickness should be
calculated specifically for each project. Generic thickness tables are not
provided in this Practice because any thickness calculated by 3E Plus is
completely dependent upon project specific variables. Instead,
information is provided in this Practice on when to use 3E Plus.
8.1.3
Project-specific data sheets, PIP INEG1000-D2 and PIP INEG1000-D3,
formatted to record the variables required for 3E Plus calculations, are
furnished in the appendix of this Practice. Additional data sheets are
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
furnished to record project specific thicknesses calculated by 3E Plus
using project specific parameters.
8.1.4
8.2
Blank thickness data sheets are provided to record the calculated
thicknesses for both hot and cold services. The datasheets are included
in PIP INSC1000 and PIP INSH1000.
3E Plus
8.2.1
3E Plus can be downloaded free of charge from the NAIMA website at
www.pipeinsulation.org. The system of mathematical heat flux
equations used in the 3E Plus analysis is based on the equations
published in ASTM C680 and is applicable to most systems normally
insulated with bulk-type insulations. 3E Plus can be used to calculate
thickness for different design criteria. It can calculate thickness for
personnel protection based on easily obtained process data.
8.2.2
3E Plus can also calculate an economic thickness that is optimized based
on a series of economic variables that must be supplied by the designer.
To obtain an accurate economic thickness, these variables must be
determined for each project. Using the defaults supplied in the program
does not produce an accurate result. The 3E Plus user’s guide provides a
detailed description of the basis for the economic analysis that goes
beyond the scope of this discussion. Among the data required by 3E Plus
is climate information that requires both ambient temperature and wind
speed. Both affect heat transfer. Climate data for many locations in the
U.S. is available at www.noaa.gov, the website of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The actual climatic data used
depends upon the design criteria of the project and the location of the
item to be insulated.
8.2.3
Insulation used for condensation control should be designed for the
expected humidity conditions. 3E Plus can be used for the design of lowtemperature systems. If a low process temperature is specified, 3E Plus
should be supplied with the ambient temperature and relative humidity.
The highest expected relative humidity at the highest expected ambient
temperature can provide the worst-case dewpoint temperature. The
insulation thickness should be selected so that the surface temperature of
the insulation jacket is greater than the calculated dewpoint temperature.
The surface temperature of the insulation system can be significantly
altered by changing the emissivity of the jacket. Using a jacket material
with an emissivity close to 1 raises the temperature of the jacket surface
and reduces the thickness of insulation required. 3E Plus can be used to
calculate the effect of emissivity on surface temperature. If making
condensation control calculations, it is important to include an accurate
wind speed because the required thickness for condensation control goes
up as wind speed drops. An under estimate of wind speed can result in
excessive thickness and an over estimate can result in unwanted
condensation on the jacket surface.
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PIP INEG1000
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8.2.4
9.
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Process stability requirements are also project specific. 3E Plus can
calculate heat loss or heat gain for user-specified operating conditions.
The allowable amount of heat loss or gain depends upon the process and
should be determined for the specific project in consultation with the
process designer.
Type Codes
9.1
9.2
General
9.1.1
Insulation type codes should be used on P&IDs, data sheets, piping
isometrics, and other project documents.
9.1.2
Insulation type codes consist of up to four characters. The first two
characters are defined in this Practice. The second two characters can be
used to define additional requirements such as combination systems or
special requirements.
Hot Insulation Types
9.2.1
HC - Heat Conservation Insulation
9.2.1.1 Heat conservation insulation should be designated with the
code HC.
9.2.1.2 The primary consideration for using heat conservation insulation
should be economics.
9.2.1.3 Design of heat conservation insulation should be based on local
average ambient climatic conditions and project economics.
9.2.1.4 Heat conservation insulation should be used if normal operating
temperature exceeds 140°F (60°C), unless loss of heat is
desirable.
9.2.2
PS – Process Stability Insulation
9.2.2.1 Process stability insulation should be designated with the
code PS.
9.2.2.2 The primary consideration for using process stability insulation
should be control of process temperatures, including impact
because of sudden changes in ambient conditions.
9.2.2.3 Design of process stability insulation should be based on
anticipated extremes in ambient conditions.
9.2.3
PP – Personnel Protection Insulation
9.2.3.1 Personnel protection insulation should be designated with the
code PP.
9.2.3.2 The primary consideration for using personnel protection
insulation should be to limit the temperature of exposed
surfaces.
Page 18 of 33
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PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
9.2.3.3 Design of personnel protection insulation should be based on
summer dry bulb temperature and low wind velocity to reflect a
worst-case condition.
9.2.3.4 Personnel protection insulation should be used if normal
temperature of a surface exceeds 140 F (60 C) and if the
surface is in an area that is accessible to personnel. Accessible
area is defined as an area in which personnel regularly perform
duties other than maintenance during plant operation.
9.2.3.5 Personnel protection should be provided to 7 feet (2.13 m) above
grade or platforms and 3 feet (0.91 m) horizontally from the
periphery of platforms, walkways, or ladders.
9.2.3.6 Personnel protection should consist of insulation, shields,
guards, or barriers.
9.2.3.7 If corrosion under the insulation is a concern, or if heat loss is
desirable, use of fabricated shields/guards in lieu of insulation
should be considered.
9.2.4
PF – Prevention from Freezing Insulation
9.2.4.1 Freeze prevention insulation should be designated with the code PF.
9.2.4.2 The primary consideration for the use of this category is
protection from freezing.
9.2.4.3 Design of prevention from freezing insulation should be based
on local climatic conditions.
9.2.4.4 Prevention from freezing insulation can be combined with other
types of insulation.
9.3
Cold Insulation Types
9.3.1
CC – Cold Service Insulation
9.3.1.1 Cold service insulation should be designated with the code CC.
9.3.1.2 The primary consideration for using cold service insulation
should be based on maximum allowable heat gain.
9.3.1.3 The design of cold service insulation should be based on control
of heat gain and limiting surface condensation if the operating
temperature is below ambient.
9.3.1.4 Cold service insulation should be sealed against atmospheric
moisture intrusion and subsequent wetting/icing of the
insulation. Sealing normally involves special consideration for
design of equipment and insulation support details.
9.3.2
CP – Condensation Control Insulation
9.3.2.1 Condensation control insulation should be designated with the
code CP.
Process Industry Practices
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PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
9.3.2.2 The only consideration for use of condensation control
insulation should be control of external surface condensation.
9.3.2.3 Design of condensation control insulation should be based on
the normal operating temperature and local climatic conditions.
In some humid climates, it is impractical to prevent
condensation 100 percent of the time.
9.3.2.4 Use of surface finishes to control surface emissivity can be
considered to reduce insulation thickness.
9.4
Insulation Types for Traced and Energy Transfer Jacketed Systems
9.4.1
General Considerations
9.4.1.1 The primary consideration for using tracing or heat transfer
jacketing and associated insulation should be control of process
temperatures.
9.4.1.2 Design of insulation should be based on the operating
temperature, heat transfer jacketing temperature, or the tracer
temperature. The same insulation thickness as that for heat
conservation (HC) or cold service (CC), as appropriate, should
be used unless design optimization dictates a different thickness.
9.4.1.3 Optimization of the tracer or heat transfer jacketing design and
insulation thickness should be required if specified.
9.4.1.4 Oversize insulation should be considered to accommodate
tracer(s) or heat transfer jacketing.
9.4.1.5 Grooving of insulation to accommodate tracing is not allowed,
unless specified by the purchaser.
9.4.2
ET – Electric Traced
Electric tracing and associated insulation should be designated with the
code ET.
9.4.3
ST – Steam Traced
Steam tracing and associated insulation should be designated with the
code ST.
9.4.4
SJ – Steam Jacketed
Steam jacketing and associated insulation should be designated with the
code SJ.
9.4.5
HT – Hot Fluid Traced
Hot fluid tracing (except steam) and associated insulation should be
designated with the code HT.
9.4.6
HJ – Hot Fluid Jacketed
Hot fluid jacketing and associated insulation should be designated with
the code HJ.
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October 2010
9.4.7
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
CT – Chilled Fluid Traced
Chilled fluid tracing and associated insulation should be designated with
the code CT.
9.4.8
CJ – Chilled Fluid Jacketed
Chilled fluid jacketing and associated insulation should be designated
with the code CJ.
9.5
9.6
AC – Acoustic Control Insulation
9.5.1
Acoustic control insulation should be designated with the code AC.
9.5.2
The primary consideration for use of acoustic control insulation should
be control of noise.
9.5.3
Normally, acoustic control insulation should have a dedicated design for
each application.
9.5.4
Special consideration of insulation materials and jacketing is normally
required.
9.5.5
Acoustic control insulation can be combined with other types of
insulation.
FP – Fire-Protection Insulation
9.6.1
Fire-protection insulation should be designated with the code FP.
9.6.2
The primary consideration for use of fire-protection insulation should be
control of the rate of heat gain in a fire.
9.6.3
Design of fire-protection insulation should be based on maximum
allowable heat gain, fire case characteristics, allowable time duration,
and process characteristics.
9.6.4
Refer to API RP521, API Publication 2218, and API RP2001 for
additional information on fire protective insulation.
9.6.5
Fire-protection insulation can be combined with other types of
insulation.
Process Industry Practices
Page 21 of 33
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Properties Table
Material Properties
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Flexible
Silicate Pipe Silicate Pipe Silicate Pipe Elastomeric
& Block
& Block
& Block
Cellular
C533-09,
C533-09,
C533-097,
C 534-08,
Type 1
Type 1
Type 1A
Grade 1 & 3
Flexible
Elastomeric
Cellular
C 534-08,
Grade 2
(Block)
(Pipe)
(Block)
Max Temp, °F
1200
1200
1200
220
350
Min Temp, °F
140
140
140
-297
-297
Density, lb/ft³
15.0 (max)
15.0 (max)
22.0 (max)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
100
N.A.
100
N.A.
N.A.
2%, max,
(C356,
1200°F)
2%, max,
(C356,
1200°F)
2%, max,
(C356,
1200°F)
7%, max,
(C534, 220°F)
7%, max,
(C534, 350°F)
4x dry weight
4x dry weight
4x dry weight
0.20% by vol.
(C209)
0.20% by vol.
(C209)
N.A.
0.10 perm-in.
(E96,
desiccant
method,
50% RH,
73°F)
0.10 perm-in.
(E96,
desiccant
method,
50% RH,
73°F)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
Dimensional Stability
Absorption, max.
Water Vapor
Transmission/
N.A.
N.A.
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Flame spread
0
0
0
Smoke developed
0
0
0
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
2
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
Page 22 of 33
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
0.41
100
0.41
100
0.50
100
0.16
-238
0.16
-238
0.45
200
0.45
200
0.54
200
0.18
-148
0.18
-148
0.50
300
0.50
300
0.58
300
0.25
-20
0.25
-20
0.55
400
0.55
400
0.61
400
0.26
0
0.26
0
0.60
500
0.60
500
0.64
500
0.28
75
0.30
75
0.66
600
0.66
600
0.67
600
0.30
120
0.32
120
0.71
700
0.71
700
0.70
700
0.31
150
0.34
150
0.42
300
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type I,
Grade A
Grade B
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type II, III
Grade A
Grade B
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type IV,
Grade A
Grade B
Cellular
Glass Block
C552-07
Grade 1,
Types I, II, III
Max Temp, °F
850
1200
1000
800
Min Temp, °F
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
-450
Density, lb/ft³
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
6.12 (min)
8.62 (max)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
60
(capped per
C240)
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
(C356, 850°F)
2%, max,
(C356,
1200°F)
2%, max,
(C356,
1000°F)
N.A.
Absorption, max.
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
0.5% by weight
(C552)
Material Properties
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
0.005 (max),
in.thk./h·ft2·in. Hg
Water Vapor
Transmission/
N.A.
N.A.
(E96, water
method,
73°F to 90°F)
N.A.
Flame spread /
smoke
developed
varies for Type
II and III fab
methods
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Flame spread
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
2
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
Process Industry Practices
5
0
(block only)
(consult manuf.
for pipe)
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
0.25
100
0.25
100
0.25
100
0.20
-150
0.31
200
0.31
200
0.31
200
0.22
-100
0.40
300
0.37
300
0.37
300
0.24
-50
0.51
400
0.45
400
0.45
400
0.27
0
0.64
500
0.54
500
0.54
500
0.30
50
0.65
600
0.65
600
0.31
75
0.77
700
0.77
700
0.33
100
0.40
200
0.48
300
0.58
400
Page 23 of 33
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October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Material Properties
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type IV
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type II
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type III
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type I
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type II
300
300
300
850
1200
Max Temp, °F
Min Temp, °F
-297
-297
-297
N.A.
N.A.
Density, lb/ft³
2.0 (min)
2.5 (min)
3.0 (min)
10.0 (max)
12.0 (max)
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
22
30
45
N.A.
N.A.
Dimensional Stability
4%, max, 158°F, 97% RH (D2126)
1%, max, -40°F, amb. RH (D2126)
2%, max, 212°F, amb. RH (D2126)
2.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
1.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
4%, max,
4%, max,
(C356, 850°F) (C356, 1200°F)
1.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
Absorption, max.
Water Vapor
Transmission/
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
4.0 perm-in.
3.5 perm-in.
3.0 perm-in.
(E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant
method, 73°F) method, 73°F) method, 73°F)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
(block only)
(block only)
(block only)
Apparent thermal
(consult manuf. (consult manuf. (consult manuf.
conductivity (k),
2
for pipe)
for pipe)
for pipe)
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
Page 24 of 33
k
°F
k
°F
0.13
-200
0.13
-200
0.14
-200
0.25
75
0.25
75
0.15
-150
0.15
-150
0.16
-150
0.27
100
0.27
100
0.17
-100
0.17
-100
0.18
-100
0.34
200
0.34
200
0.19
-50
0.19
-50
0.20
-50
0.43
300
0.42
300
0.20
0
0.20
0
0.21
0
0.55
400
0.53
400
0.19
50
0.19
50
0.20
50
0.70
500
0.64
500
0.20
75
0.20
75
0.21
75
0.75
600
0.24
150
0.24
150
0.25
150
0.86
700
0.27
200
0.27
200
0.28
200
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type III
Material Properties
Expanded
Perlite
Block and
Pipe
C610-09
Expanded
Perlite
Block and
Pipe
C610-09
(block)
(pipe)
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IA
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IB
Max Temp, °F
1200
1200
1200
450
450
Min Temp, °F
N.A.
80
80
N.A.
N.A.
Density, lb/ft³
8.0 (max)
10.0 (min)
14.0 (max)
10.0 (min)
14.0 (max)
8.0 (max)
8.0 (max)
N.A.
70
70
N.A.
0.17
(Category 2
only)
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
2%, max,
length
length
4%, max,
2%, max,
2%, max, width 2%, max, width
(C356, 1200°F)
(C356, 450°F)
8%, max, thick 8%, max, thick
(C356, 1200°F) (C356, 1200°F)
Absorption, max.
1.25% by
weight
(C1104)
Water Vapor
Transmission/
50% by weight, 50% by weight, 5% by weight
@600°F (C610) @600°F (C610)
(C1104)
2%, max,
(C356, 450°F)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
0
0
25
25
Smoke developed
50
5
5
50
50
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
2
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
Process Industry Practices
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
0.24
75
0.48
100
0.48
100
0.26
100
0.53
200
0.53
200
0.31
200
0.59
300
0.59
0.37
300
0.64
400
0.64
0.44
400
0.69
500
0.69
500
0.52
500
0.75
600
0.75
600
0.60
600
0.80
700
0.80
700
0.70
700
°F
0.26
75
0.26
75
0.28
100
0.27
100
300
0.36
200
0.34
200
400
0.46
300
0.42
300
Page 25 of 33
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type II
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type III
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IVA
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IVB
Max Temp, °F
850
1000
1200
1200
Min Temp, °F
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Density, lb/ft³
8.0 (max)
10.0 (max)
12.0 (max)
12.0 (max)
0.17
(Category 2
only)
0.08
(Category 2
only)
0.35
(Category 2
only)
0.35
(Category 2
only)
Material Properties
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
2%, max,
2%, max,
2%, max,
(C356,850°F) (C356, 1000°F) (C356, 1200°F) (C356, 1200°F)
Absorption, max.
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
50
Water Vapor
Transmission/
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
2
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
Page 26 of 33
k
°F
k
°F
k
°F
k
0.25
75
0.27
100
0.25
75
0.27
100
0.35
0.44
200
0.35
300
0.44
0.55
400
0.70
500
°F
0.25
75
0.24
75
0.27
100
0.25
100
200
0.34
200
0.30
200
300
0.44
300
0.36
300
0.55
400
0.55
400
0.42
400
0.70
500
0.70
500
0.53
500
0.90
600
0.85
600
0.63
600
1.00
700
0.75
700
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type II
Grade 1
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type II
Grade 2
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type III
Grade 1
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type III
Grade 2
Max Temp, °F
257
257
257
257
Min Temp, °F
-290
-40
-290
-40
Material Properties
Cell Structure
closed
open
closed
open
Density, lb/ft³
2.0 (min)
2.0 (min)
2.0 (min)
2.0 (min)
18
18
18
18
Compressive strength,
min., psi
(C165, unless noted)
2%, max, 158°F, 97% RH
2%, max, -40°F, amb. RH
(D2126)
Dimensional Stability
3.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
Absorption, max.
Water Vapor
Transmission/
8.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
0.9 perm-in.
(core)
(E96, desiccant
method)
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
2%, max, 158°F, 97% RH
2%, max, -40°F, amb. RH
2%, max, 257°F, amb. RH
(D2126)
3.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
8.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
0.9 perm-in.
> 4.0 perm-in.
(core)
(core)
(E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant
method)
method)
N/A
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
Flame spread
25
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
50
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
2
Btu-in./h-ft -°F, at mean
temperature (°F)
(foam core)
(foam core)
(foam core)
(foam core)
Process Industry Practices
k
°F
k
°F
0.10
-250
k
°F
0.10
-250
k
°F
0.11
-200
0.11
-200
0.12
-150
0.12
-150
0.13
-100
0.13
-100
0.13
-50
0.13
-50
0.13
0
0.13
0
0.13
40
0.21
40
0.13
0.13
75
0.23
75
0.13
40
0.21
40
75
0.23
75
0.15
110
0.25
110
0.15
110
0.28
110
0.18
150
0.28
150
Page 27 of 33
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Properties Table
Material Properties
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Flexible
Silicate Pipe Silicate Pipe Silicate Pipe Elastomeric
& Block
& Block
& Block
Cellular
C533-09,
C533-09,
C533-09,
C 534-08,
Type 1
Type 1
Type 1A
Grade 1 & 3
Flexible
Elastomeric
Cellular
C 534-08,
Grade 2
(Block)
(Pipe)
(Block)
Max Temp, °C
649
649
649
104
175
Min Temp, °C
60
60
60
-183
-183
Density, kg/m³
240 (max)
240 (max)
352 (max)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
688
N.A.
688
N.A.
N.A.
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
7%, max,
(C534, 104°C)
7%, max,
(C534, 175°C)
Absorption, max.
4x dry weight
4x dry weight
4x dry weight
0.20% by vol.
(C209)
0.20% by vol.
(C209)
N.A.
1.44 x 10
(E96,
desiccant
method,
50% RH,
73°F)
1.44 x 10
(E96,
desiccant
method,
50% RH,
73°F)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
-10
Water Vapor
Transmission/
N.A.
N.A.
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Flame spread
0
0
0
Smoke developed
0
0
0
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
Page 28 of 33
-10
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.059
38
0.059
38
0.072
38
0.023
-150
0.023
-150
0.065
93
0.065
93
0.078
93
0.028
-100
0.028
-100
0.072
149
0.072
149
0.084
149
0.036
-29
0.036
-29
0.079
204
0.079
204
0.088
204
0.038
-18
0.038
-18
0.087
260
0.087
260
0.092
260
0.040
24
0.043
24
0.095
316
0.095
316
0.097
316
0.043
50
0.047
50
0.102
371
0.102
371
0.101
371
0.045
66
0.049
66
0.061
150
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type I,
Grade A
Grade B
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type II, III
Grade A
Grade B
Mineral
Fiber Pipe
C547-07
Type IV,
Grade A
Grade B
Cellular
Glass Block
C552-07
Grade 1,
Types I, II, III
Max Temp, °C
454
649
538
427
Min Temp, °C
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
-268
Density, kg/m³
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
98 (min)
138 (max)
Material Properties
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
415
(capped per
C240)
242 uncapped
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
(C356, 454°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 538°C)
N.A.
Absorption, max.
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
0.5% by weight
(C552)
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
0.007 (max),
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
Water Vapor
Transmission/
N.A.
N.A.
(E96, water
method,
73°F to 90°F)
N.A.
Flame spread /
smoke
developed
varies for Type
II and III fab
methods
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Flame spread
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
5
0
(block only)
(consult manuf.
for pipe)
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.036
38
0.036
38
0.036
38
0.029
-101
0.045
93
0.045
93
0.045
93
0.032
-73
0.058
149
0.053
149
0.053
149
0.035
-46
0.074
204
0.065
204
0.065
204
0.039
-18
0.092
260
0.078
280
0.078
280
0.043
10
0.094
316
0.094
316
0.045
24
0.111
371
0.111
371
0.048
38
Process Industry Practices
0.058
93
0.069
149
0.084
204
Page 29 of 33
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Material Properties
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type IV
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type II
Rigid
Cellular
Polyisocyanurate
C591-08
Grade 2
Type III
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type I
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type II
Max Temp, °C
150
150
150
649
649
Min Temp, °C
-183
-183
-183
N.A.
N.A.
Density, kg/m³
32 (min)
40 (min)
48 (min)
160 (max)
192 (max)
150
240
310
N.A.
N.A.
4%, max,
(C356, 454°C)
4%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
4%, max, 65°C, 97% RH (D2126)
1%, max, -40°C, amb. RH (D2126)
2%, max, 100°C, amb. RH (D2126)
Dimensional Stability
Absorption, max.
2.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
5.8 (max),
Water Vapor
Transmission/
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
Page 30 of 33
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
1.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
5.1 (max),
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
1.0% by vol.
(C272, Proc.
A)
4.4 (max),
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
(E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant
method,
method,
method,
23° C)
23° C)
23° C)
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
consult
manufacturer
(block only)
(block only)
(block only)
(consult manuf. (consult manuf. (consult manuf.
for pipe)
for pipe)
for pipe)
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.019
-129
0.019
-129
0.020
-129
0.036
24
0.036
24
0.022
-101
0.022
-101
0.023
-101
0.039
38
0.039
38
0.025
-73
0.025
-73
0.026
-73
0.049
93
0.049
93
0.027
-46
0.027
-46
0.029
-46
0.062
149
0.060
149
0.029
-17
0.029
-17
0.030
-17
0.079
204
0.076
204
0.027
10
0.027
10
0.029
10
0.101
260
0.092
260
0.029
24
0.029
24
0.030
24
0.108
316
0.035
66
0.035
66
0.036
66
0.124
371
0.039
93
0.039
93
0.040
93
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Mineral
Fiber
Blanket
C592-08
Type III
Material Properties
Expanded
Perlite
Block and
Pipe
C610-09
Expanded
Perlite
Block and
Pipe
C610-09
(block)
(pipe)
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IA
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IB
Max Temp, °C
649
649
649
232
232
Min Temp, °C
N.A.
27
27
N.A.
N.A.
Density, kg/m³
96 (max)
160 (min)
224 (max)
160 (min)
224 (max)
96 (max)
96 (max)
N.A.
483
483
N.A.
1.2
(Category 2
only)
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
2%, max,
length
length
4%, max,
2%, max,
2%, max, width 2%, max, width
(C356, 649°C)
(C356, 232°C)
8%, max, thick 8%, max, thick
(C356, 649°C) (C356, 649°C)
1.25% by
weight
(C1104)
Absorption, max.
Water Vapor
Transmission/
50% by weight, 50% by weight,
@316°C
@316°C
(C610)
(C610)
2%, max,
(C356, 232°C)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
0
0
25
25
Smoke developed
50
5
5
50
50
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.035
24
0.069
38
0.069
38
0.037
24
0.037
24
0.038
38
0.076
93
0.076
93
0.040
38
0.039
38
0.045
93
0.085
149
0.085
149
0.052
93
0.049
93
0.053
149
0.092
204
0.092
204
0.066
149
0.060
149
0.063
204
0.099
260
0.099
260
0.075
260
0.108
316
0.108
316
0.087
316
0.115
371
0.115
371
0.101
371
Process Industry Practices
Page 31 of 33
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Material Properties
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type II
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type III
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IVA
Mineral
Fiber Board
& Block
C612-04
Type IVB
Max Temp, °C
454
538
649
649
Min Temp, °C
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Density, kg/m³
96 (max)
160 (max)
192 (max)
192 (max)
1.2
(Category 2
only)
0.6
(Category 2
only)
2.4
(Category 2
only)
2.4
(Category 2
only)
Dimensional Stability
2%, max,
(C356,454°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 538°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
2%, max,
(C356, 649°C)
Absorption, max.
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
5% by weight
(C1104)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Flame spread
25
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
50
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
Water Vapor
Transmission/
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
Page 32 of 33
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.036
24
0.036
24
0.036
24
0.035
24
0.039
38
0.039
38
0.039
38
0.036
38
0.050
93
0.050
93
0.049
93
0.043
93
0.063
149
0.063
149
0.063
149
0.052
149
0.079
204
0.079
204
0.079
204
0.061
204
0.101
260
0.101
260
0.101
260
0.076
260
0.130
316
0.123
316
0.091
316
0.144
371
0.108
371
Process Industry Practices
REAFFIRMATION WITH EDITORIAL REVISION
PIP INEG1000
Insulation Design Guide
October 2010
Table 1M: Insulation Materials Selection Table (Continued)
Material Properties
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type II
Grade 1
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type II
Grade 2
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type III
Grade 1
Rigid
Cellular
Phenolic
C1126-04
Type III
Grade 2
141
141
141
141
Max Temp, °C
Min Temp, °C
-179
-40
-179
-40
Cell Structure
closed
open
closed
open
Density, kg/m³
32 (min)
32 (min)
32 (min)
32 (min)
124
124
124
124
Compressive strength,
min., kPa
(C165, unless noted)
2%, max, 65°C, 97% RH
2%, max, -40°C, amb. RH
(D2126)
Dimensional Stability
3.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
Absorption, max.
8.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
3.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
N/A
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
1.3 (max),
Water Vapor
Transmission/
1.3 (max),
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
(E96, desiccant
method,
23° C)
Surface burning
characteristics (E84):
2%, max, 65°C, 97% RH
2%, max, -40°C, amb. RH
2%, max, 141°C, amb. RH
(D2126)
8.0% by vol.,
foam core
(C209)
>5.8 (max),
ng∙Pa-1∙s-1∙m-1
(E96, desiccant (E96, desiccant
method,
method,
23° C)
23° C)
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
foam core,
no facings
Flame spread
25
25
25
25
Smoke developed
50
50
50
50
(foam core)
(foam core)
(foam core)
(foam core)
Apparent thermal
conductivity (k),
W/mK, at mean
temperature (°C)
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
k
°C
0.015
-157
0.015
-157
0.015
-157
0.015
-157
0.016
-129
0.016
-129
0.016
-129
0.016
-129
0.017
-101
0.017
-101
0.017
-101
0.017
-101
0.019
-73
0.019
-73
0.019
-73
0.019
-73
0.019
-46
0.019
-46
0.019
-46
0.019
-46
0.019
-17
0.019
-17
0.019
-17
0.019
-17
0.019
4
0.019
4
0.019
4
0.019
4
0.019
24
0.019
24
0.019
24
0.019
24
0.022
43
0.022
43
0.022
43
0.022
43
0.026
65
0.026
65
Process Industry Practices
Page 33 of 33
DOCUMENTATION
REQUIREMENTS SHEET
ASSOC. PIP:
INEG1000
PAGE 1 OF 1
OCTOBER 2010
INSULATION DESIGN GUIDE
NO.
DATE
REVISION DESCRIPTION
PROJECT NO.
PIP INEG1000-D1
BY
CHECKED
APPROVED
PROJECT DOCUMENT NUMBER
FACILITY NAME
LOCATION
PIP DOC NUMBER /
PROJ DOC NUMBER
INEG1000-D2
YES
NO
INEG1000-D3
NO
NOTES:
YES
TITLE
HOT SERVICE INSULATION DESIGN
PARAMETERS
COLD SERVICE INSULATION DESIGN
PARAMETERS
REV
DATE
NOTES
ASSOC. PIP:
INEG1000
HOT SERVICE INSULATION
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PIP INEG1000-D2
PAGE 1 OF 1
OCTOBER 2010
INSULATION DESIGN GUIDE
NO.
DATE
PROJECT NO.
REVISION DESCRIPTION
BY
CHECKED
APPROVED
PROJECT DOCUMENT NO.
FACILITY NAME
LOCATION
HEAT CONSERVATION DESIGN BASIS:
Ambient temperature (average annual)
Wind speed (average annual)
Insulation finish emissivity
Minimum insulation thickness
PERSONNEL PROTECTION DESIGN BASIS:
Ambient temperature (average summer maximum)
Maximum surface temperature
Wind speed
Insulation finish emissivity
Minimum insulation thickness
ECONOMIC THICKNESS CALCULATION BASIS:
Interest rate
Effective income tax
Annual insulation maintenance
Annual physical plant maintenance
Annual fuel inflation rate
Physical plant annual operating hours
Physical plant depreciation period
New insulation depreciation period
First year cost of energy (Natural Gas)
Heating value
First year cost of energy (
Heating value
Design factor for thermal conductivity
Design factor for piping complexity
Productivity factor
Insulation installation labor rate
Insulation material cost
NOTES:
)
°C
m/s
°F
mph
mm
in.
°C
°C
m/s
°F
°F
mph
mm
in.
%
%
%
%
%
hr/year
years
years
$/Mm³
J/m³
(
(
simple
$/Mft³
Btu/ft³
)
)
complex
$/hr
Pipe Insulation
DN 50 x 50 mm
NPS 2 x 2 in.
$/m
$/m
$/m
$/m
$/ft
$/ft
$/ft
$/ft
Block Insulation
50 mm
2 in.
$/m²
$/m²
$/m²
$/m²
$/ft²
$/ft²
$/ft²
$/ft²
ASSOC. PIP:
INEG1000
COLD SERVICE INSULATION
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PIP INEG1000-D3
PAGE 1 OF 1
OCTOBER 2010
INSULATION DESIGN GUIDE
NO.
DATE
PROJECT NO.
REVISION DESCRIPTION
BY
CHECKED
APPROVED
PROJECT DOCUMENT NO.
FACILITY NAME
LOCATION
HEAT GAIN LIMIT DESIGN BASIS:
Maximum heat gain - insulation surface
Design ambient temperature
Wind speed (average annual)
Insulation finish emissivity
Design factor for thermal conductivity
Minimum insulation thickness
CONDENSATION CONTROL DESIGN BASIS:
Design ambient temperature
Design relative humidity
Design dew point temperature
Wind speed
Insulation finish emissivity
Design factor for thermal conductivity
Minimum insulation thickness
NOTES:
W/m²
°C
m/s
Btu/hr•ft²
°F
mph
mm
in.
°C
°F
%
°C
m/s
°F
mph
mm
in.