Engineering GCSE Coursework
Ayowade Omisore
7090
Centre Number: 61419
Controlled Assessment Task Number 11
TASK LAMP
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
1
Task Lamp Analysis
Essential Parameters:
•
The lamp should have all its wires coated in a nonconductive material, as this will prevent the user from
getting shocked while using it.
•
The material itself should have a high melting point, so
that if the lamp’s circuitry does overheat, it will not melt
or burn the material.
•
When produced en masse, one should reuse the same
template, because if you continue making new templates,
the process will become inefficient. This will increase
prices of production, and will result in a waste of money.
Client Requirements
• It will have no sharp edges, as this may potentially injure the user when he is holding or
touching it.
• It may have an aesthetically pleasing design to appeal to the client’s preference.
• It could be able to change brightness according to client’s light needs – programmed using
PICAXE
• Students at a boarding school might use it, or people who work in a factory, or office, who are in
need of cheap, reliable lamps, which helps with their organisation.
• The colours should be plain and simple, as this will suit a working environment, and will not
bear distraction onto the workers
• Switch must also be on the base of the lamp, as this will affect time positively, when you are
looking for the light switch.
Key Features:
•
Form
•
•
•
Function
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The lamp should be a suitable size, depending on the desk length, width and space initially taken up on the desk, e.g. books, files etc.
If the lamp is too long/high, it may potentially be unbalanced, and may be more likely to fall over.
If it is too wide, it will take up too much space, and cramp up everything on the desk.
Power supply
•
•
•
It can be made out of wood. Although, this may be environmentally unsustainable, as wood is already being used for other things. E.g. making tables,
paper etc.
It may also be made out of plastics. Although, this may have manifold setbacks, such as making plastics, as it requires crude oil, and this in itself is
increasing in price, due to humans running out of reserves, and which has a knock-on effect, being affecting the supply of oil negatively, yet keeping the
demand the same, and increasing the price of production of our lamps.
Metal would not be an ideal material, as it will conduct the heat, and make the lamp hot to the touch. This may make the lamp difficult to transport. Also,
this may also damage the circuitry of the lamp.
Size
•
•
•
•
The lamp should have a simple function; to turn on, and emit light and brighten the surface of the desk, and turn off, to stop emitting light.
Although, depending on the users set desires, he may also want to vary the light intensity of the lamp, as may negatively affect his eyesight. This can be
done through a variable resistor, which will vary the resistance of the current, hence, varying the light intensity.
The lamp should be easily foldable, so if transport is required, then it shall become easier to do so.
It could also be used as a book stopper, as this may make your desk more organized.
Materials
•
•
The lamp should have no sharp edges, so when the user is handling it, they will not cut themselves.
The colour should be a bright colour, as if it is not, it will tend to insulate more heat, and potentially damage the circuitry within the lamp.
The lamp should not require a voltage too high to function, as this will make users have to purchase other items, such as a transformer, to power the lamp.
The voltage shouldn’t be too low, as this may affect the brightness of the lamp, and may also damage the circuitry of the lamp, and cause it to stop
functioning.
Control
•
•
•
The switch for the lamp should be on the base of the lamp, as it will be easily spotted.
If the switch is on the wire, then the user will spend and unnecessary amount of time looking for it just to turn the lamp on or off.
If the switch is on the head of the lamp, the user may miss the switch and may potentially end up burning himself.
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
2
Research – Existing Products
Introduction
• I have used the internet to research existing task
lamp designs. This is to help me broaden my idea
on what my task lamp’s shape and size should be,
and how it will suit and therefore benefit the user
and maximize their working output.
£20.00
Architect’s Lamp:
Curved metal task lamp.
Manifold
hinges
for
maximum
flexibility.
Green. Simple.
£23.50
Punk Style Theme Lamp:
Examples of ambient, task
and accent lighting interior
design. Asymmetric task
light, where the lamp is
placed at the side of the.
Task light.
£45.50
£458.34
£30.00
Cork Task Lamp:
Focuses light onto one area.
Although not very efficient, as its
head can’t be moved to shine light
onto a different area. Made out of
recyclable cork, which means it’s
biodegradable.
Wade Omisore
Modern LED Lamp
Light is not focused to
one area, instead it is
shone improperly onto
the surface. Also, the
hinge on the lamp
allows you alter the
angle of which you
shine the light.
61419 // 7090
Storage Task Lamp:
The neck allows efficient
transportation by holding
it. Also allows storage of
office
components.
Although, it only focuses
light onto one area and it
is also short.
3
Research – Existing Products
INTRODUCTION:
LAMP SHADE:
£23.50
• This is used to help focus the
light onto a desired area. This
is to prevent too much light
entering and damaging the
eye of the user.
• I have used the internet to research existing task
lamp designs. This is to help me broaden my idea
on what my task lamp’s shape and size should be,
and how it will suit and therefore benefit the user
and maximize their working output.
NUTS AND BOLTS:
BULB:
• To help keep stability on the
lamp. Standardized nuts and
bolts help reduce the cost of
supplies
and
increases
production at the same price.
• Bulb is the light source of the
lamp.
Standardized
bulbs
reduce cost of manufacturing.
POWER CABLE:
• Used
for
transmitting
electricity to the circuitry
within the lamp to power
the bulb. Standardized
power cables help reduce
the cost of manufacturing.
ON/OFF SWITCH:
£30.00
To allow one to turn the light on
or off.
NECK:
• To
allow
manual
transportation of lamp to
become more efficient. It may
also be used for aesthetics.
Made
out
of
plastic.
Detrimental
for
the
environment.
BOSS:
• This is also to aid in stability of the
lamp. It helps by spreading out the
pressure from the upper structure of the
lamp along the base of the lamp.
£20.00
CONTAINER:
• To hold contents for the
user e.g stationery, or
mobile phones.
VENTILATION SLOTS:
BASE:
•
• It is made of a dense
material to minimize its
size and so that the
centre of mass is low for
stability.
Wade Omisore
Conclusion:
61419 // 7090
•
•
•
•
•
To help let heat escape from th
circuitry within the shade of lamp
built up by the bulb.
Switch should not be on wire for convenience
Should have a sturdy/stable base
Should have an adjustable neck
Wire should be hidden inside neck if possible
Least amount of material should be used for
maximum production at low prices.
4
Research – Disassembly
Introduction
I dismantled a lamp and analysed all its components and parts. The lamp had several joints where the positioning could be altered or changed to
the users desire. I figured out what parts did what, and why they were there.
Long wires allow user to move
lamp to further distances, while
still keeping the lamp turned on.
Rubber coating allow insulation
of electric current and protects
the
user
from
potential
electrocution
This is an image of the lamp
before I took it apart.
Here, the base is filled with low quality
concrete for a heavy and stable base
for
balance. Also, the low quality
concrete
reduces
the
price
of
production, therefore, allowing the
company to create more lamps.
The various hinges on the
lamps stalk allow the
lamp’s
head
to
move
backwards and forwards,
as
it
can
maximise
movement of the lamp.
Low quality nuts and screws allow
maximum production at low prices.
Although, this could be detrimental,
as
the
lamp’s
joints
could
potentially break or snap.
Tension
between
the
springs allow the user to
maintain the position of
the stalk of the lamp.
Head of the
allows
protection
for
the bulb, so it
limits damage
to the bulb and
its internals.
Knob
allows
the
user to loosen or
tighten the joints to
make the stalk stay
in one place and not
fall towards gravity.
Wade Omisore
The
base
within
is
hollow, with a hole
drilled at the top which
is where the base of the
lamp’s stalk slots it, and
is then screwed in with
the screws above.
The base has no sharp edges,
so when the switch is on the
base, one can minimize the
chance of injuring themselves.
Vent holes allow
convection of heat
to
leave
the
internals of the
lamp, so that the
heat
doesn’t
damage
the
circuitry.
61419 // 7090
Ideas I can use:
I.
The idea of medium quality items as the components of the lamp,
so its is not too expensive, yet not too mediocre.
II. I may need to add hinges to my design, as this will maximize
flexibility and movement of the lamp.
III. Make the base heavy, as this will keep the lamp stable.
IV. Add vent holes to the lamp if possible, to minimize the build up of
heat within the lamp.
5
Types of Lamps
LED (LightEmitting Diode)
How it works?
• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor device that emits
light when an electric current is
passed through it. Light is produced
when the particles that carry the
current (known as electrons and
holes) combine together within the
semiconductor material. They tend
to be more efficient, as they do not
have a filament which will eventually
burn out after some time, and they
don’t get especially hot.
Wade Omisore
Incandescent
(Tungsten Argon)
Bulb
CFL Bulb
How it works?
•
CFLs contain argon and
mercury vapor housed within
a spiral-shaped tube. They
also have an integrated
ballast, which produces an
electric
current
to
pass
through
the
vaporous
mixture, exciting the gas
molecules. In older CFLs, it
took several seconds for the
ballast to produce enough
electricity to ramp up the
excitation. Newer CFLs have
more efficient ballasts and
require a shorter warm-up.
Either way, when the gas gets
excited, it produces ultraviolet
light. The ultraviolet light, in
turn, stimulates a fluorescent
coating painted on the inside
of the tube. As this coating
absorbs energy, it emits
visible light.
61419 // 7090
How it works?
• An electric current passes
through the wire filament,
which creates heat, and allows
the wire to glow with visible
light,
hence
the
name,
incandescent.
Because,
tungsten has such a high
melting point, (3,422 °C), it
glows
very
brightly.
Additionally, the filament is
protected from oxidation with a
glass or fused quartz bulb that
is filled with inert gas or
evacuated.
Halogen Bulb
How it works?
• The filament is made of
ductile
tungsten
and
located in a gas filled bulb,
just
like
a
standard
tungsten bulb. However,
the gas is at a higher
pressure (7-8 ATM), and
therefore,
requires
stronger glass, so that the
bulb will not explode due
to high pressure. The bulb
works like any other bulb,
although,
the
halogen
within allows the tungsten
to react, and produce a
brighter light. Although,
this comes at a cost, as
you will need more energy
to then power the lamp.
6
Which type of bulb would be ideal?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Benefits of Proper Task Lighting
Lighting for visual tasks is typically best served by the use of
cool light rather than warm light.
Cool light provides more contrast which allows you to see
differences clearer in the subject of your tasks.
This rules out the use of incandescent bulbs since they
generally produce a warm light, which is preferred for living
spaces.
Most task lamps today use fluorescent bulbs since they cast a
more cool tone.
LEDs are gaining popularity in task lighting applications, and
similar to fluorescent cast a cooler tone which provides higher
contrast, purely because they are the best type of bulb.
With all of the different types of task lamps available, LED,
Halogen, Incandescent, CFL (Full Spectrum), it may seem
confusing to select the lamp that provides the best lighting for
your needs.
•
Also, task lamps are an important tool that serves
to make your work easier and more efficient. The
ability to direct and focus the light is critical when
it comes to detail-intensive jobs. An easily
adjustable task lamp can pay dividends when it
comes to time saved, decreased frustration,
improved health, and overall satisfaction of
whatever your task may be. It may lead to:
o Increased productivity
o Improved viewing comfort, eye focusing
o Provided greater control over lighting needs
o Less irritated, dry or watery eyes
o Less eye fatigue
o Less blurred or double vision
o Less light sensitivity
o Less pain in the neck, shoulders, or back
o Less in energy expenditures
Lumen Conversion Chart
•
•
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
This chart shows how
much power is used by
each type of bulb to
reach a certain level of
brightness/lumen.
From
this,
we
can
conclude that LEDs are
most
efficient
in
comparison to the other
three, as it can reach the
highest
amount
of
lumen,
simultaneously
using
the
smallest
amount of power.
7
LED
Advantages
CFL Bulb
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
No hazardous materials
used in production
Not all LEDs are dimmable
Low bulb cost
Long warm up time
Cool, high contrasting light
for work areas
Highest upfront cost
Long lifespan, (2nd to LEDs)
Contains mercury
Most energy efficient
Flickering on some LEDs
Produces little heat
Fragile
Lowest cost over time
Colour quality needs
improvements
Uses less energy
Poor for outdoor use
Incandescent Light
Advantages
Halogen Light
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Least expensive bulb cost
Least energy efficient
High performance
Little energy saving
Easily disposable
Shortest lifespan
Inviting warm light
Bulb costs are higher
Instantly on after current is
passed through it
Poor availability
Dimmable
Short lifespan
Emits light in all directions
Fragile
Instant On
---
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
8
No.
Research – Specification & Justification
Specification
Justification
Test
1.
Task lamp must be easily transportable.
This is so when moving, or on delivery, it takes up as
little space as possible, and uses as little packaging
resources as possible.
Task Lamp must be able to fold and fix into a
relatively small box.
2.
Task lamp must be corrosion resistant.
This is so over time, the lamp does not become pale in
colour, or rust depending on the material, as this will
make it less aesthetically pleasing.
We can expose it to various aerial chemicals and
see if they react with any, so we can know what
material to make it out of.
3.
Task lamp should be strong, yet light.
If a slippage were to occur, then the lamp has to be
strong in order to endure the damage. Although, the
lamp cannot be too heavy, as if it were to fall on the
user’s foot or lower leg, it will injure them.
We should drop it from various heights and see if
it bends, breaks or shatters.
4.
Task lamp should allow altering of focus of
light.
If the user wants to change the amount of lumen in a
set area, then there should be a feature that should
allow this. So, essentially, there shouldn’t be a head.
We should allow a cover, or a translucent cover to
limit the amount of lumen getting to the surface of
the work table.
5.
Task lamp should be able to hold stationery or
office materials.
This is so it decrease the clutter and disorganization on
one’s desk, and also adds extra storage space for other
things that could be on one’s desk.
Test how much it can hold, and how it organises
the desk. Ask for views from different people.
6.
Task lamp should not have sharp edges.
This is so if the user were to catch their hands on it, or
be carry it, then the sharp edges could potentially
injure them while they are doing this.
Tester should brush hand against an edge, and
see if any injury is caused.
7.
Task lamp should be balanced.
This is so when placing the task lamp down
somewhere, it doesn’t fall over due to imbalance, or
weighted base for stability.
Place it down on a flat surface and see if there is
any unusual movement afterwards.
8.
Bulb must be bright enough to illuminate set
area.
This is because if the lumen level is too low, it could
damage the users eyes.
You could use the “Health and Safety Executive:
Lighting at Work” document as an indicator for
the correct lumen level.
9.
Bulb should be able to be removed.
This is so if the current bulb within the lamp becomes
faulty, then it should be replaceable, because if you
couldn’t, then the lamp itself would be a waste of
money.
Unscrew and re-insert the bulb into the lamp.
10.
Suitable for use on desk.
This is so the lamp can fit, or be properly placed on
a desk
Place it on a desk, and see if it functional.
11.
Task lamp must be electrically safe.
This is so the user does not get electrocuted while
using the lamp.
Send a current through it, and see if it affects
any other part of the lamp.
12.
Task lamp must have a low manufacturing
cost.
This is so we can maximize lamp production while
simultaneously minimizing prices of materials.
We can make a lamp, calculate the total cost
of materials, and compare it to other lamps.
Conclusion:
• Wade
All the Omisore
these specifications will be taken into account when choosing designs
aspects of the life.
61419and
// 7090
• The tests will be taken when necessary.
9
Initial Design Ideas
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
10
Research – Light Levels
Introduction
• There is a document online called HSG 38, (mentioned in my specification), which is a UK Health and Safety Guide which says what light levels are
appropriate for numerous employed environments.
• How we will be measuring the amount of light is by using a unit called “lumen”. A “lumen” is a measurement of light output from a lamp, often called a tube
or a bulb. All lamps are rated in lumens. For example, a 100-watt incandescent lamp produces about 1,600 lumens.
• Also, The illumination needed varies according to the difficulty of a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum foot-candles necessary to allow you to
perform a task comfortably and efficiently without eyestrain or fatigue. According to the Illuminating Engineering Society, illumination of 30 to 50 footcandles is needed for most home and office work. Intricate and lengthy visual tasks — like sewing — require 200 to 500 foot-candles.
• A foot-candle is a non-SI unit for light intensity. One foot-candle is equal to one lumen per square foot or approximately 10.764 lux.
Activity
Typical
Average
Minimum
Locations Illuminan measured
/ types of ce (lux) 1x illuminanc
work
e (lux) 1x
Movement
of
people, which may
block your light
Lorry
park,
corridors
circulation routes.
20
5
Movement
of
machines
and
vehicles
in
hazardous areas
Construction site
clearance,
excavation
and
soil work. Loading
bays, bottling and
canning plant.
50
20
Work
requiring
limited perception
of detail
Kitchens, factories
assembling large
components,
potteries.
100
50
Work
requiring
perception
of
detail
Offices,
sheet
metal work, book
binding.
200
100
Work
requiring
perception of fine
detail
Drawing
offices,
factories
assembling
electronic
components,
textile production.
500
200
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
• I have concluded that the
average amount of lumen I
need
for
working
environments is around
200-500 lux, as students or
factory workers will be
working under my lamps.
The school has a wide
variety of lamps I could use
in my coursework, so I can
potentially use them for
example measurements.
11
Light switch
•
Ability to turn
source on or off.
Stationery store
•
•
Allows organisation of area on
desk. Can store stationery items.
Also, could add extra weight if
you use the stationery store
properly.
the
light
Design Idea 1
Heavy base/centre of
gravity
•
•
•
Book stop
•
Also helps for balance, and keeps
the lamp stable.
The acrylic stationery store will
hold a cast aluminium weight for
stability.
Circuitry will be on the exterior of
the cast aluminium base. It will be
covered in plastic, so it does not
interfere with the utensils.
•
Allows lap to store books and
keeps area organised.
Books used on the book stop
may also provide extra weight
for the lamp to stay stable.
Insulated wire
• Prevents potential electrocution
• Will be made out of a non-conductive material.
• It has to be coated with PVC, as this is a non-toxic
material and last at least four decades.
Flat Base
• Good for balance on a
flat surface
• Also, must have grip
on the surface.
• The base will be made
of white acrylic
Protection on Wire
•
LED
•
•
•
I will use LEDs as the light source for this lamp, as
they are most energy-efficient and last the longest out
of all lamps mentioned
Although, using LEDs may be detrimental, as over
time, the colour change may shift, and could
potentially damage the users’ eyes.
LEDs should be able to be replaced with other circuits,
as they may become damaged over time.
INPUT
Switch to
turn on light
source
Wade Omisore
•
So chance of wire breaking
and exposure of live wires is
minimized.
This is will be made of a nonconductive material, ideally
rubber or flexible plastic, as
the back will, be put up
against a wall.
CONTROL OUTPUT
08M2 picaxe,
Microprocessor
61419 // 7090
Turns on
LED bulbs
Specification
Achieved
Suitable for a desk
Flat base for extra stability
along desk
Must be electrically safe
Rubber coating on wire helps
prevent electrocution
Must have low manufacturing
costs
Low quality nuts and bolts
will help in keeping body
together and maximizing
production
Task lamp should be able to
hold stationery or office
utensils
Space behind the neck of the
lamp will hold items
12
Design Idea 2
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
Specification
Achieved
Suitable for a desk
It has suction cups at the
bottom of the lamp
Must be electrically safe
Most of the wires in the
design will be kept internal
Bulb must be bright enough
to light up desk area
Long rectangular shape will
help achieve this
Task lamp should be able to
hold stationery or office
utensils
Spaces on both sides of the
lamp will hold items
13
Design Idea 3
Specification
Achieved
Suitable for a desk
Not really. Its not going to be
on a desk, so that’s a start
Must be electrically safe
Coating over wire will help
prevent exposure of wire
Must have low manufacturing
costs
Very small and compact,
therefore, will use little
resources
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
14
Evaluation of Design Ideas
Specification
Design Idea 1
Design Idea 2
Design Idea 3
Conclusion
Low
Manufacturing
Costs
Low cost is achieved by pre-made
LEDs
and
acrylic
moulds.
Furthermore, the nuts and bolts used
to make keep the joints strong in the
parts are going to be low quality to
maximize production and low prices.
Mainly made out of acrylic. Low
quality nuts and bolts to help hold
lamp together will be cheap. Also,
cast aluminium for base will be cheap.
Small, therefore, little resources used
in production.
I will be using LEDs from design idea
1, as these will help in lowering the
manufacturing cost. I would also like it
to be made out of acrylic, as this is
cheaper than metal
Rubber casing over wires help insulate
wires and minimize chance of
electrocution.
Coating over the wire as it leaves the
lamp so no wires are exposed
Will require low voltage, so if
electrocution were to happen, it
wouldn’t do much damage
I would like to keep the rubber casing
over my wires as they leave the lamp,
as this would prevent them from
becoming exposed after usage over
long periods of time
Flat base, provided with
aluminium for extra stability.
heavy
Suction cups under the lamp to help
for grip. Cases for keeping office
utensils.
Only suitable for shining over a desk.
Cannot be placed on a desk, but can
be placed on a shelf above a desk
I will be using suction cups like design
idea 2, as this will help in keeping the
lamp stable along the surface
Simple colours will fit almost theme
that the desk has.
Majority will be made out of acrylic so
a theme of modernity will be present
Punk-style made lamp for rock
themed people. Cast aluminium body
may also support the look.
I will be using acrylic because they
have simple colours that can help fit
any theme, like Design Idea 1.
Touch sensitive switch will alter the
brightness of light. Will be prevented
from becoming too bright, as this may
cause a short circuit.
Again with design idea one, I will also
use a touch sensitive switch to alter
the brightness of the lamp
Variable resistor is provided to alter
brightness of lamp.
Instead of having a variable resistor, I
would like to use a simple button to
alter the brightness of the lamp.
Almost all of the bulb in the lamp is
exposed so maximum area is covered
over the desk
Flat casing for LEDs will maximize area
covered by lamp
From a high point, the lamp will be
able light up the entirety of the desk
and maximize the area on the desk.
I will be keeping the same shape of
bulb, except I want to get rid of the
panel on the posterior of the lamp, as
I want the light to cover all areas of
my desk
Switch of the lamp will be on the head
of the lamp. Or switch at the outlet by
the wall
Bulb of lamp is easily rotatable, and
button to turn lamp on or off is found
right next to it.
Made out of acrylic, so light, in terms
of transportation, and variable
resistor is found on top of the lamp.
Button on the side of the lamp neck
on the left hand side will be easy to
find.
Electrically Safe
Suitable for use
on a desk
Aesthetically
Pleasing
Allows variation
of brightness of
lumen
Lights up
maximum area on
desk
Easy to use, able
to easily turn on
and off
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
15
Final Design Idea
Wade Omisore
61419 // 7090
16