Lecture 6: Sensory Integration & Reflex Responses • What are General Senses? What are the Special Senses? • What is the difference between Sensation and Perception? • Where do processes that deal with complex “thinking” occur during Sensory Integration? • What stimuli does the Somatosensory Cortex typically process? (Hint: General Senses) • What are the THREE levels of Sensory Integration? • What is Adaptation? • What is a Phasic Receptor? What is a Tonic Receptor? • Are Pain Receptors Phasic or Tonic? Why? • Describe an example of Adaptation at the Receptor Level of Sensory Integration? • Describe an example of Adaptation at the Circuit Level of Sensory Integration? • Describe an example of Adaptation at the Perceptual Level of Sensory Integration? • What is Rhodopsin? What is Retinal? Where do they function? (Hint: Photoreceptors) • What is 11-cis-retinal? When is it the predominant form in Rods? (Hint: Dark) • What is All-trans-retinal? When is it the predominant form in Rods? (Hint: Dark) • Briefly, what are the three stages of Light Detection in Rod Cells? • What happens when Rod Cells are exposed to bright light, in Light-Dark Adaptation? • (Hint: Transducin leaves, so no more Phototransduction) • What is a Reflex Response? What are two types? (Hint: Somatic vs. Visceral) • What are the different types of Somatic Reflect Responses? (Hint: Intrinsic vs. Learned) • What are the 5-steps of a general Reflex Arc? • Briefly, how does The Stretch Reflex work, using Muscle Spindles? Why is it important? • How does The Tendon Reflex work, using the Golgi Tendon Organ? Why is it important? Lecture 7: Autonomic Nervous System / Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Divisions • What responses does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control? (Hint: Involuntary) • What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? • What are some key differences between the Somatic Nervous System and ANS? • How many “steps” of motor-neurons are there in PNS circuits of Somatic Nervous System? • How many “steps” of motor-neurons are there in PNS circuits of ANS? • Are there motor ganglia in the Somatic Nervous System? • Are there motor ganglia in the ANS? Where are they located? • What are preganglionic neurons? Where are their cell bodies located? • What are postganglionic neurons? Where are their cell bodies located? • What are the myelination patterns of neurons in the Somatic Nervous System and ANS? • Can motor-neurons in the Somatic Nervous System stimulate and inhibit? (Hint: just +) • Can motor-neurons in the ANS stimulate and inhibit? (Hint: yes, can + and – responses) • Bonus: Why is the relaxation caused by “tendon reflex” in the Somatic Nervous System not an inhibitory response, at the motor-neuron level? (Hint: think interneurons…) • Bonus: Why are “involuntary” reflexes like the “muscle spindle reflex” not considered a part of the ANS? (Hint: because they wire to skeletal muscle) • What is the Sympathetic Nervous Division? What are its responsibilities? • • • • • • • • • • • • • What is the Parasympathetic Nervous Division? What are its responsibilities? Be able to explain “Dual Innervation”, and why is it important for the ANS. Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) used in the Somatic Nervous System and the ANS? What is a Cholinergic Receptor? What are Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors? Where is ACh stimulatory? What Cholinergic Receptors mediate stimulatory responses? Where is ACh inhibitory? What Cholinergic Receptors can mediate inhibitory responses? Where is Norepinephrine/Epinephrine (NE/E) used in Somatic Nervous System and ANS? What is a Adrenergic Receptor? What are Alpha and Beta Receptors? Where is NE stimulatory? What Adrenergic Receptors mediate stimulatory responses? Where is NE inhibitory? What Adrenergic Receptors can mediate inhibitory responses? Understand how a single hormone, like NE in the Sympathetic Division, can mediate many different responses across different tissues (Hint: different Receptors) What are Variscocities? How are the different than neuron-neuron synapses? What is the distinction between a hormone and a neurotransmitter? How are they different, with regard to where they migrate? Lecture 8: Endocrine System Introduction & Signaling Molecules • What is the Endocrine System? How does it differ from the Nervous System? • What is a Gland? What types of glands are in the Endocrine System? (Hint: ductless) • What brain region provides a link to the ANS and the Endocrine System? • What is Hypothalamus’ glandular connection to the Endocrine System? (Hint: Pituitary) • What are different Glands, Neuroendocrine Organs, and Organs in the Endocrine System? • At the molecular level, how do Receptors work to detect/bind Chemical Messengers? • What are the main types of Hormones in the Endocrine System? • Hint: 1. Steroids (long-range, modified lipids), 2. Amino Acid Based, 3. Eicosanoids • What are the properties of these different signaling molecules? List some examples. • Know the difference between Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine chemical messengers. • What type of feedback loop are typically involved in Autocrine responses? • What are Neurohormones? • What are Pheromones? Do humans use a lot of Pheromones? • Know the differences between Water-Soluble and Lipid-Soluble Hormones, in regard to: o Release from Secretory Cells o Migration through Bloodstream, Interstitial Fluid, or Lymphatic Vessels o Receptor-Binding at the Target Cells o Induction of Response in the Target Cells • What is an example of a Water-Soluble Hormone? What is a Second Messenger? • What is an example of a Lipid-Soluble Hormone? What is a Transcription Factor? • Why don’t all cells respond to all hormones, and in the same way? Lecture 9: Feedback Loops and Tropic Signaling • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What is Homeostasis? What brain region controls many Homeostasis processes? How does the Hypothalamus work like a thermostat during Thermoregulation? What is a Negative Feedback Loop? How does it work, generally? What are some biological examples of Negative Feedback Loops? What process do insulin and glucagon control, via Negative Feedback Loops? What is a Positive Feedback Loop? How does it work, generally? What are some biological examples of Positive Feedback Loops? What must every Positive Feedback Loop have to stop pathological conditions? (Hint: a “Circuit Breaker” from an outside pathway). What are the different ways glands in the Endocrine System can be stimulated to secrete? What is a Tropic Hormone? What is a Non-Tropic Hormone? What is the Pituitary Gland? What cells make up each half of the Pituitary Gland? What is the tissue difference between Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary? What hormones are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary? Where do they come from? Briefly, what are the functions of hormones from the Posterior Pituitary? What hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? Where do they come from? Briefly, what are the functions of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary? Lecture 10: Endocrine Physiology • What is the Pituitary Gland? What cells make up each half of the Pituitary Gland? • Briefly list what hormones are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary? • Briefly list what hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? • What does Oxytocin target? Is Oxytocin Tropic or Non-Tropic? (Hint: Non-Tropic) • Is Growth Hormone Tropic or Non-Tropic? (Hint: Both) • What are the short-term responses of Growth Hormone? • What are the short-term targets of Growth Hormone? • What are the long-term responses of Growth Hormone? • What are the long-term targets of Growth Hormone? • Does GH generally act “directly” or “indirectly” in short-term responses? • Does GH generally act “directly” or “indirectly” in long-term responses? • How is GH controlled? What is Somatostatin (GHIH)? • What are some consequences of improperly regulated GH? (Hint: Gigantism/Dwarfism) • What does recent research say about how Hot Flashes are generated during Menopause? • Compare-and-Contrast short-term vs. long-term stress responses. • What stimulates short-term vs. long-term stress responses? (Hint: Sympathetic vs. Pituitary, respectively). • Do short-term and long-term stress responses both (eventually) use elements of the Endocrine System? (Hint: Yes). • Which part of the Adrenal Gland is involved in the short-term stress response? • Which part of the Adrenal Gland is involved in the long-term stress response?
