10
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Possible Causes of Plate
Movement
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Title Possible Causes of plate movement
First Edition, 2020
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10
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Possible Causes of Plate
Movement
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the SCIENCE GRADE 10
(Possible Causes of Plate Movement !
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
2
For the learner:
Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Causes of Plate Movements!
Possible
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
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process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This
includes
questions
or
blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
3
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References
This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the possible causes of plate movement. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
•
•
Lesson 1 – Convection Currents
Lesson 2 – Ridge Push and Slab Pull
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss how convection current causes plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5
2. illustrate the convection current within the mantle that could possibly affect
plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5
3. discuss how ridge push and slab pull cause plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5
5
What I Know
Before you start this module, kindly assess your understanding of the lesson
by answering the pretest.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which statement causes plate tectonic to move? Plate tectonic is caused by
convection within the ________.
A. crust
C. mantle
B. inner core
D. ocean
2. What happens in the mantle that causes the plates to move?
A. Conduction Current
C. Convection Zone
B. Convection Current
D. Subduction
3.
In which layer do convection current occurs?
A. Asthenosphere
C. Mesosphere
B. Lithosphere
D. Outer core
4. Which is a result of gravity in relation to moving tectonic plates ?
A. circulating material in the mantle
C. earth’s magnetic field
B. earth’s internal heating
D. ridge Push and Slab Pull
5.
Which does NOT play a role in mantle convection?
A. Density
C. Magnetism
B. Gravity
D. Temperature
6. What driving force behind the plate tectonics causes it to
move?
A. Gravity
C. Convection Current
B. Earthquake
D. Plates floating on the ocean
7. What causes the plate movements to move?
A. moon’s gravity
C. the rotation of the Earth
B. ocean Tides
D. convection current in the mantle
8. What causes tectonic plates to move?
A. convection current in the mantle
B. magnetic forces from the inner core
6
C. radiation from the inner core
D. slow continental drift
9. Which BEST describes a convection current?
A. direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another
B. movement of material caused by difference in temperature
C. transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
D. transfer of heat energy in a fluid
10. According to scientists, where do convection current flow?
A. Continents
C. Lithosphere
B. Inner core
D. Mantle
11. Who is the German meteorologist and geologist who proposed the mantle
Convection Theory?
A. Alfred Lothar Wegener
C. Harry Hammond Hess
B. Charles Darwin
D. Robert Dietz
12. How can you describe the rotation of the convection current?
A. Faster
C. Very Fast
B. Slowly
D. Very Slowly
13. What is the estimated speed to which the Earth’s mantle move?
A. 1 to 20 cm/year
C. 3 to 40 cm/year
B. 2 to 30 cm/year
D. 4 to 50 cm/year
14. Who stated that the position of the earth’s continent surface has changed
considerably over time?
A. Alfred Lothar Wegener
C. Harry Hammond Hess
B. Charles Darwin
D. Robert Dietz
15. What is meant by subduction zone? Subduction Zone is the
A. gradual movement of the continents across the Earth’s surface.
B. place where two lithospheric plates come together.
C. region of turbulent plasma between the star core.
D. movement of energy from one place to another.
How was your performance in the pretest? If you got a perfect score, you
may skip this lesson continue to further enrich your understanding about of the
evidence and theories that support the Earth’s plate movements.
7
Lesson
1
Convection Currents
What’s In
In this lesson, you will learn about the convection in the mantle that
our scientists in the past believed to be responsible for the movement of the
plates. There is heat inside the earth but the heat is not evenly distributed.
That some part within the mantle are hotter compared to other parts and the
differences in temperature lead to differences in density.
What’s New
Convection Current
You have learned that one of the reasons that Wegener’s ideas of
continental drift were initially rejected by the scientific community was that
he could not provide a plausible mechanism for plate motion. However, with
all that you have learned about the processes occurring in the Earth’s interior
since then, there is still some debate about the actual forces that make the
plates move. One side in the argument holds that the plates are only moved
by the traction caused by mantle convection. The other side holds that
traction plays only a minor role and that two other forces, ridge push and
slab pull, are more important. Some argue that the real answer lies
somewhere in between.
The force that has long been thought to be one of the most significant
driving mechanisms behind the plate motion is mantle convection. It has long
been known that throughout the mantle there are convection currents
circulating, caused by the difference in temperature at the earth’s interior
and surface. Hot material from the earth’s outer core rises very slowly (over
millions of years) throughout the mantle. This hot material eventually cools
enough to sink back down towards the core. It has been proposed that these
convection currents act as a sort of conveyor belt, carrying the lithospheric
plates along above it.
8
What is It
Mantle convection is a very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid
silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the
interior to the planet's surface. The estimated speed to which Earth’s mantle
moves range from 1 to 20 cm /year with an average of about 5 cm /year in
the case of plate motions to as much as 50 cm /year in hotspots such as the
Hawaiian Island.
The mantle convection theory was proposed by German meteorologist
and geologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 and states that the position of the
continents on the Earth surface has changed considerably over time.
As a substance like water is heated, the less dense particles rise while
denser particles sink. Once the hot less dense particles cool down, they sink,
and the other less dense particles rise. This continuous process is called
convection current. This is exactly what happens in the Earth’s mantle. The
hot, less dense rising material spreads out as it reaches the upper mantle
causing upward and sideward forces. These forces lift and split the
lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries. The hot magma flows out of the
mantle and cools down to form the new ocean crust. The downward
movement of the convection current occurs along a convergent boundary
where the sinking force pulls the tectonic plate downward.
The convection currents rotate very slowly, as they move and drag the
plates along. Because of convection current, the tectonic plates are able to
move slowly along the tectonic boundaries, pushing each other, sliding past
each other and drifting away from each other. This process is further
illustrated in Figure 1 below
Figure 1: Convection Current in the mantle
Source: www2.chilton.k12.wi.us
9
What’s More
Activity 1: Melt It with YOU!
Objective: To know how heat affects the density of water and how does the
difference in density of water at different temperature cause currents.
Materials needed:
Ice cube tray
black food coloring
Water
Clear drinking glass or jar
Procedure:
1. Mix water and black food coloring.
2. Pour the colored water into an ice cube tray.
3. Put the ice cube tray in the freezer until frozen.
4. Fill a clear glass with warm water.
5. Add one ice cube to the glass of water.
6. Observe what happens.
Q.1. What happens to the ice cube after putting it in the glass of water?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q.2. How can you describe the movement of the dye in the warm water?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q.3. Where does the cold dense water go?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q.4. How does the temperature of the water affects current?
10
Activity 2: FINDING CURRENT!
Direction: Find the ten (10) listed words below associated with Convection
Current. Encircle the word. Words could be horizontally, vertically or diagonally
written.
LITHOSPHERE
CONVEYOR
MAGMA
CRUST
WEGENER
CONVECTION
SUBDUCTION
OCEANIC CRUST
MANTLE
TEMPERATURE
What I Have Learned
Direction: Answer the following questions briefly to check if you have learned
something from the topic. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How does convection occur in the mantle?
How fast do the convection currents in the mantle occur?
Which theory best explains mantle convection?
Who proposed the mantle convection theory?
How do convection currents affect tectonic plates?
11
Lesson
2
Ridge Push and Slab Pull
What’s In
You learned from Lesson 1 about convection in the mantle as one of the
mechanisms that drives the plates in motion. You also learned that the current is
caused by the heat from the inner layer of the Earth.
As an oceanic crust moves away from a divergent boundary, it becomes denser
than newer oceanic crust. As the older seafloor sinks, the weight of the uplifted ridge
pushes the oceanic crust towards the trench at the subduction zone. This process is
called Ridge Push
Slab pull is the other possible process involved in the tectonic plate
movements. The weight of the subducting plate pulls the trailing slab into the
subduction zone just like a table cloth slipping off the table and pulling items with
it.
The Philippine Sea Plate or the Philippine Plate is a tectonic plate comprising
oceanic lithosphere that lies beneath the Philippine Sea, to the east of the
Philippines. Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of
the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is geologically and tectonically separate from the
Philippine Sea Plate. The Philippine Sea plate is bordered mostly by convergent
boundaries.
What’s New
Ridge Push
Ridge push or sliding plate force is a proposed driving force for plate motion
in plate tectonics that occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the result of the rigid lithosphere
sliding down the hot, raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges.
Magma rises as the plates move apart. The magma cools to form new plate
material. As it cools, it becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge. This
causes other plates to move away from each other.
12
An example of this is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge known as ridge push in the
Atlantic Ocean. This push is caused by gravitational force, and it exists because the
ridge occurs at a higher elevation than the rest of the ocean floor.
Source: https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-3-mechanisms-for-plate-motion/
Figure 2 Models for plate motion mechanisms (Steven Earle, “Physical Geology”).
What is It
Slab Pull
Slab pull is a part of the motion of a tectonic plate caused by its subduction.
In 1975 Forsyth and Uyeda used the inverse theory method to show that, of the many
forces likely to be driving plate motion, slab pull was the strongest.
It is the pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging into the
mantle due to its own weight. It The theory is that because the oceanic plate is denser
than the hotter mantle beneath it, this contrast in density causes the plate to sink
into the mantle. The process of the tectonic plate descending into the mantle is
termed as Subduction.
Subduction zones happen where plates collide. When two tectonic plates meet
it is like the immovable object meeting the unstoppable force.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/slab-pull-definition-theory-quiz.html
Figure 3: Slab Pull (Study.com)
13
Ridge push and slab pull are thought to be the major forces driving the motion
of oceanic plates. Ridge push is caused by the potential energy gradient from the
high topography of the ridges. Slab pull is caused by the negative buoyancy of the
subducting plate.
The ridge push/slab pull model also relies on mantle convection, but in this
case it is not simply the traction from the convection cell that moves the plates. The
plates move through a combination of pull from the weight of the subducting edge of
the plates, and through the outward pushing of an ocean ridge where magma is rising
and forming new crust.
Some compelling arguments in favor of the ridge-push/slab-pull model are as
follows:
(a) plates that are attached to subducting slabs (e.g., Pacific, Australian, and
Nazca Plates) move the fastest, and plates that are not (e.g., North American, South
American, Eurasian, and African Plates) move significantly slower;
(b) in order for the traction model to apply, the mantle would have to be moving
about five times faster than the plates are moving (because the coupling between the
partially liquid asthenosphere and the plates is not strong), and such high rates of
convection are not supported by geophysical models; and
(c) although large plates have potential for much higher convection traction,
plate velocity is not related to plate area. Although ridge-push/slab-pull is the
favored mechanism for plate motion, it’s important not to underestimate the role of
mantle convection. Without convection, there would be no ridges to push from
because upward convection brings hot buoyant rock to surface. Furthermore, many
plates, including our own North American Plate, move along nicely — albeit slowly
— without any slab-pull happening.
What I Can Do
FIXING A BROKEN WORD!
DIRECTION : Arrange the jumbled letters to reveal the word described by the given
clue. Use a clean sheet of paper for your answer.
MAMAG
1.It is hot fluid or semi-fluid material below or within
the earth’s crust.
BLAS
2.It is a part of the motion of a tectonic plate caused
LULP
by its conduction.
HCNERT
3. It is a long narrow and usually steep-side
depression in the ocean floor.
ELTNAM
4. It is the most-solid bulk of Earth’s interior.
14
TNEGREVID
NOITCUDBUS
5. It is where two plates move away from each other.
ENOZ
DIGRE USHP
6. It is the place where two lithosphere plate come
together one riding over the other.
7. It is the driving force for plate motion in plate
tectonics that occurs at mid-ocean ridges.
CINAECO STURC
ETALP SCINOTCET
8. It is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a
tectonic plates.
9. This theory explains the structure of the earth’s crust
and many associated phenomena as resulting from the
interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move
slowly over underlying mantle.
EREHPSONEHTSA
10. It is the upper layer of the earth’s mantle below the
lithosphere.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which are the main causes of convection current in the asthenosphere?
A. density and weight
C. pressure and density
B. density and temperature
D. temperature and pressure
2. What do you expect to find at a mid-ocean ridge?
A. reverse faults
C. relatively young rocks
B. very ancient rocks
D. thick accumulation of sediments
3. How do you define a slab pull ?
A. Cooler, denser crust sinks into the mantle along a trench.
B. Folding ,crumpling, and sliding upward creating mountains.
C. When edges become denser and gravity pulls them downward and away from
one another.
D. Current just beneath Earth’s crust flow very slowly causing
movements in the plates above them.
4. Which type of boundary is the Philippine Sea Plate?
A. Convergent
C. Transform fault
B. Divergent
D. None of the above
5. Which is an example of divergent boundaries?
A. East Pacific Rise
C. Mid Atlantic Ridge
B. Galapagos Rise
D. All of the above
15
6. What is the proposed driving force for plate motion in the plate tectonic that
occurs at mid-ocean ridges as a result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down
the hot raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges?
A. Convection current
C. Slab pull
B. Ridge push
D. Subduction
7. What do you call the process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under
another tectonic plate?
A. Convection
C. Slab pull
B. Ridge push
D. Subduction
8. Which type of plate boundary does slab pull forces occur?
A. Convergent boundary
C. Magnetism boundary
B. Divergent boundary
D. Transform boundary
9. Which increases with distance from a mid-ocean ridge?
A. age of oceanic lithosphere
C. thickness of the lithosphere
B. depth to the sea floor
D. All of the above
10. What can you infer from the continuous movements of the
lithospheric plates over the asthenosphere?
A. All the continents will cease to exist .
B. All the volcanoes in the Philippines will become inactive.
C. The continents will not be located in the same place as they are now.
D. The islands of the Philippines will become scattered all over the world
11. What causes a ridge push?
A. negative buoyancy
B. plates collide
C. plate to sink
D. potential energy
12. Why does the oceanic crust sink beneath the continental crust at the
subduction zone? The oceanic crust
A. has a greater density
B. is pulled downward by earth’s magnetic field
C. is pushed from the ridge
D. to less dense in composition
13. What happens to the warm air in the convection process?
A. rises
C. stays in the middle
B. sinks
D. nothing
14. What geologic features are the result of a divergent boundaries?
A. Earthquake,
B. Mountains, volcanoes, trenches and earthquake
C. Rift valleys, oceanic ridge and earthquake
D. Mountain formation and rift valley formation
15. Where do you expect to find parallel to a trench?
A. Hot spots
B. Ocean ridge
C. Rift valley
D. Volcanic arc
16
Additional Activities
Title : BINGO TIME
Direction : Describe the words inside the Bingo Card. Your score will depend on
how many words can you answer correctly. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers.
Scoring Guide
5 points
if you answer a straight (either horizontal or vertical to diagonal) words
10 points
if you answer a 2 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words
15 points
if you answer a 3 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words
20 points
if you answer a 4 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words
25 points
if you answer a 5 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words
30 points
if you answer all the words inside the Bingo card
17
18
Activity 2: Finding Current
Answers may vary
Additional Activities
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
1. Convection current occur in a very slow motion of Earth’s
solid silicate mantle caused by the heat from the inner core
rising towards the crust.
2. The very hot material present in the deepest part of the
mantle rises upward, cools and sinks repeatedly. This cause
the movement of the convection current in the mantle.
3. Mantle Convection Theory
4. Alfred Wegener
1. magma
2. slab pull
3. trench
4. mantle
5. divergent
6.subduction zone
7. ridge push
8. oceanic crust
9. plate tectonics
10. asthenosphere
5. The convection current rotate very slowly, as they move &
drag the plates along. The tectonic plates are able to slowly
along tectonic boundaries pushing each other, sliding past each
other and drifting away from each other.
What I Know
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10.C
11.A
12.D
13.A
14.A
15.C
What's More
How
do
convection
currents affects
tectonic plates?
Assessment
Activity 1: Melt It With You!
1.
2.
3.
4.
The warm water will
melt the ice cube
The resulting color of
the ice cube will be
whatever color you
made your ice cube
The cold dense water
will sink to the bottom
of the glass
As the water warms, it
will rise back to the
top of the glass. The
colored water will
allow you to allow you
to see the convection
current in the glass
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B
10.C
11.D
12.C
13.A
14.C
15.D
Answer Key
19
References
Rabago Lilia M. et.al 2014,Science and Technology 10,Vibal group Inc.
Acosta Herma P. et.al 2015, Science 10, Rex Book Store, Inc.
http://www.columbia.edu>~vjd1
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
Steven Earle “Physical Geology”
www2.chilton.K12.wi.us
http://enm.wikipedia.org>wiki
https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Book%3A_Introduction_to_
Oceanography_(Webb)/04%3A_Plate_Tectonics_and_Marine_Geology/4.03%3A_Mec
hanisms_for_Plate_Motion
20
SCIENCE 10 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
QUARTER 1-MODULE 4: POSSIBLE CAUSE OF PLATE
MOVEMENTS
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: __________
Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: _______________
Title of Activity: One Term, Four Words
Direction: Arrange the scrambled letters to reveal the hidden word. Use the key words to
unlock the hidden word.
Key words
Answer
1. O V C N A L O
2. G A M A M
3. C F R E O
4. E L Y A R
5. L T E P A
6. E C R U T R N
7. T I A S P L I T Y C
8. N O T C I N O E V C
9. E R A U M T E R T P E
Dormant
Lava
Mt. Mayon
Eruption
Molten
Interior
Hot
Rock
Newton
pull
Push
vector
Mantle
Core
Crust
Earth
Boundary
Pieces
Tectonic
Crust
Electric
Flow
Fluid
AC/DC
Characteristic
Soft
Asthenosphere
Property
Movement
Flow
Gas
Liquid
Cold
Hot
Celsius
Degree
21
VOLCANO
MAGMA
FORCE
LAYER
PLATE
CURRENT
PLASTICITY
CONVECTION
TEMPERATURE
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _________
Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: ______________
Title of Activity: Truth or Myth with Consequence
Direction: Write TRUTH if the statement is correct but if it is incorrect, write
MYTH then underline the word/s that makes it incorrect. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
TRUTH
_____________
1. The Earth’s crust is divided into different pieces called tectonic plates.
_____________ 2. Larger plate tends to move faster than smaller plate.
_____________ 3. Lithospheric plates float along a weak soft layer called Asthenosphere.
_____________ 4. Convection current continuously drag plates slowly.
_____________ 5. The core is the source of heat that facilitates convection in the mantle.
_____________ 6. Oceanic ridge is a result of a convergent boundary.
_____________ 7. Rocks found near the ridge are younger and denser than rocks found at the
trench.
_____________ 8. As you go deeper inside the Earth, pressure increases while temperature
decreases.
_____________ 9. Crust dives at the subduction zone melts and become part of the mantle.
_____________ 10. Temperature in the lower part of the mantle is higher than in the upper
part
_____________ 11. Particles with high temperature rises over particles with low temperature.
_____________ 12. A backward force that pulls oceanic crust is created by the cooling of
magma.
_____________ 13. Slab pull is made possible by force of the weight of the subducting plate
along the subduction zone.
_____________ 14. Convection current is a process which involves particles with different
densities.
_____________ 15. Upward and sideward forces are produced by the rising of less dense
materials in the mantle.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ___________
Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: _________________
Title of Activity: “Think Tok”
Direction: Answer all the parts of the activity by following the specified
direction.
I. The following statements are descriptions of the three possible causes of plate movement.
Classify them using the code below.
SP – Slab Pull
RP – Ridge Push
CC – Convection Current
______1. Denser particles sink at the bottom while less dense particles rise to the top.
______2. Newer crust push older one in the trench.
______3. A cycle occurs in the Earth’s mantle where temperature varies.
______4. Facilitated by gravity to create a downward force.
______5. A continuous slow rotation of magma due to change of density of particles.
______6. A denser plate is subducted in the convergent boundary.
______7. Drags plates along boundaries causing them to collide, separate and slide each
other.
______8. It occurs along divergent boundary.
______9. Buoyant upwelling mantle often found at the ocean.
______10. It is like a conveyor belt.
II. Create an illustration depicting the three possible causes of plate movement. (Use separate
sheet of paper if needed)
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ___________
Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: ________________\
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