10 Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Possible Causes of Plate Movement Science – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 4: Title Possible Causes of plate movement First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Name Editors: Name Reviewers: Name Illustrator: Name Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Name of Regional Director Name of CLMD Chief Name of Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS Name of Regional ADM Coordinator Name of CID Chief Name of Division EPS In Charge of LRMS Name of Division ADM Coordinator Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region (Ex. Department of Education-Region III) Office Address: Telefax: E-mail Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 10 Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Possible Causes of Plate Movement Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the SCIENCE GRADE 10 (Possible Causes of Plate Movement ! Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. 2 For the learner: Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Causes of Plate Movements! Possible The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. 3 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 4 What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the possible causes of plate movement. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into two lessons, namely: • • Lesson 1 – Convection Currents Lesson 2 – Ridge Push and Slab Pull After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. discuss how convection current causes plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5 2. illustrate the convection current within the mantle that could possibly affect plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5 3. discuss how ridge push and slab pull cause plate movement; S9ES-la-j-36.5 5 What I Know Before you start this module, kindly assess your understanding of the lesson by answering the pretest. Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which statement causes plate tectonic to move? Plate tectonic is caused by convection within the ________. A. crust C. mantle B. inner core D. ocean 2. What happens in the mantle that causes the plates to move? A. Conduction Current C. Convection Zone B. Convection Current D. Subduction 3. In which layer do convection current occurs? A. Asthenosphere C. Mesosphere B. Lithosphere D. Outer core 4. Which is a result of gravity in relation to moving tectonic plates ? A. circulating material in the mantle C. earth’s magnetic field B. earth’s internal heating D. ridge Push and Slab Pull 5. Which does NOT play a role in mantle convection? A. Density C. Magnetism B. Gravity D. Temperature 6. What driving force behind the plate tectonics causes it to move? A. Gravity C. Convection Current B. Earthquake D. Plates floating on the ocean 7. What causes the plate movements to move? A. moon’s gravity C. the rotation of the Earth B. ocean Tides D. convection current in the mantle 8. What causes tectonic plates to move? A. convection current in the mantle B. magnetic forces from the inner core 6 C. radiation from the inner core D. slow continental drift 9. Which BEST describes a convection current? A. direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another B. movement of material caused by difference in temperature C. transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves D. transfer of heat energy in a fluid 10. According to scientists, where do convection current flow? A. Continents C. Lithosphere B. Inner core D. Mantle 11. Who is the German meteorologist and geologist who proposed the mantle Convection Theory? A. Alfred Lothar Wegener C. Harry Hammond Hess B. Charles Darwin D. Robert Dietz 12. How can you describe the rotation of the convection current? A. Faster C. Very Fast B. Slowly D. Very Slowly 13. What is the estimated speed to which the Earth’s mantle move? A. 1 to 20 cm/year C. 3 to 40 cm/year B. 2 to 30 cm/year D. 4 to 50 cm/year 14. Who stated that the position of the earth’s continent surface has changed considerably over time? A. Alfred Lothar Wegener C. Harry Hammond Hess B. Charles Darwin D. Robert Dietz 15. What is meant by subduction zone? Subduction Zone is the A. gradual movement of the continents across the Earth’s surface. B. place where two lithospheric plates come together. C. region of turbulent plasma between the star core. D. movement of energy from one place to another. How was your performance in the pretest? If you got a perfect score, you may skip this lesson continue to further enrich your understanding about of the evidence and theories that support the Earth’s plate movements. 7 Lesson 1 Convection Currents What’s In In this lesson, you will learn about the convection in the mantle that our scientists in the past believed to be responsible for the movement of the plates. There is heat inside the earth but the heat is not evenly distributed. That some part within the mantle are hotter compared to other parts and the differences in temperature lead to differences in density. What’s New Convection Current You have learned that one of the reasons that Wegener’s ideas of continental drift were initially rejected by the scientific community was that he could not provide a plausible mechanism for plate motion. However, with all that you have learned about the processes occurring in the Earth’s interior since then, there is still some debate about the actual forces that make the plates move. One side in the argument holds that the plates are only moved by the traction caused by mantle convection. The other side holds that traction plays only a minor role and that two other forces, ridge push and slab pull, are more important. Some argue that the real answer lies somewhere in between. The force that has long been thought to be one of the most significant driving mechanisms behind the plate motion is mantle convection. It has long been known that throughout the mantle there are convection currents circulating, caused by the difference in temperature at the earth’s interior and surface. Hot material from the earth’s outer core rises very slowly (over millions of years) throughout the mantle. This hot material eventually cools enough to sink back down towards the core. It has been proposed that these convection currents act as a sort of conveyor belt, carrying the lithospheric plates along above it. 8 What is It Mantle convection is a very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The estimated speed to which Earth’s mantle moves range from 1 to 20 cm /year with an average of about 5 cm /year in the case of plate motions to as much as 50 cm /year in hotspots such as the Hawaiian Island. The mantle convection theory was proposed by German meteorologist and geologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 and states that the position of the continents on the Earth surface has changed considerably over time. As a substance like water is heated, the less dense particles rise while denser particles sink. Once the hot less dense particles cool down, they sink, and the other less dense particles rise. This continuous process is called convection current. This is exactly what happens in the Earth’s mantle. The hot, less dense rising material spreads out as it reaches the upper mantle causing upward and sideward forces. These forces lift and split the lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries. The hot magma flows out of the mantle and cools down to form the new ocean crust. The downward movement of the convection current occurs along a convergent boundary where the sinking force pulls the tectonic plate downward. The convection currents rotate very slowly, as they move and drag the plates along. Because of convection current, the tectonic plates are able to move slowly along the tectonic boundaries, pushing each other, sliding past each other and drifting away from each other. This process is further illustrated in Figure 1 below Figure 1: Convection Current in the mantle Source: www2.chilton.k12.wi.us 9 What’s More Activity 1: Melt It with YOU! Objective: To know how heat affects the density of water and how does the difference in density of water at different temperature cause currents. Materials needed: Ice cube tray black food coloring Water Clear drinking glass or jar Procedure: 1. Mix water and black food coloring. 2. Pour the colored water into an ice cube tray. 3. Put the ice cube tray in the freezer until frozen. 4. Fill a clear glass with warm water. 5. Add one ice cube to the glass of water. 6. Observe what happens. Q.1. What happens to the ice cube after putting it in the glass of water? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Q.2. How can you describe the movement of the dye in the warm water? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Q.3. Where does the cold dense water go? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Q.4. How does the temperature of the water affects current? 10 Activity 2: FINDING CURRENT! Direction: Find the ten (10) listed words below associated with Convection Current. Encircle the word. Words could be horizontally, vertically or diagonally written. LITHOSPHERE CONVEYOR MAGMA CRUST WEGENER CONVECTION SUBDUCTION OCEANIC CRUST MANTLE TEMPERATURE What I Have Learned Direction: Answer the following questions briefly to check if you have learned something from the topic. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How does convection occur in the mantle? How fast do the convection currents in the mantle occur? Which theory best explains mantle convection? Who proposed the mantle convection theory? How do convection currents affect tectonic plates? 11 Lesson 2 Ridge Push and Slab Pull What’s In You learned from Lesson 1 about convection in the mantle as one of the mechanisms that drives the plates in motion. You also learned that the current is caused by the heat from the inner layer of the Earth. As an oceanic crust moves away from a divergent boundary, it becomes denser than newer oceanic crust. As the older seafloor sinks, the weight of the uplifted ridge pushes the oceanic crust towards the trench at the subduction zone. This process is called Ridge Push Slab pull is the other possible process involved in the tectonic plate movements. The weight of the subducting plate pulls the trailing slab into the subduction zone just like a table cloth slipping off the table and pulling items with it. The Philippine Sea Plate or the Philippine Plate is a tectonic plate comprising oceanic lithosphere that lies beneath the Philippine Sea, to the east of the Philippines. Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is geologically and tectonically separate from the Philippine Sea Plate. The Philippine Sea plate is bordered mostly by convergent boundaries. What’s New Ridge Push Ridge push or sliding plate force is a proposed driving force for plate motion in plate tectonics that occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down the hot, raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises as the plates move apart. The magma cools to form new plate material. As it cools, it becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge. This causes other plates to move away from each other. 12 An example of this is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge known as ridge push in the Atlantic Ocean. This push is caused by gravitational force, and it exists because the ridge occurs at a higher elevation than the rest of the ocean floor. Source: https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-3-mechanisms-for-plate-motion/ Figure 2 Models for plate motion mechanisms (Steven Earle, “Physical Geology”). What is It Slab Pull Slab pull is a part of the motion of a tectonic plate caused by its subduction. In 1975 Forsyth and Uyeda used the inverse theory method to show that, of the many forces likely to be driving plate motion, slab pull was the strongest. It is the pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight. It The theory is that because the oceanic plate is denser than the hotter mantle beneath it, this contrast in density causes the plate to sink into the mantle. The process of the tectonic plate descending into the mantle is termed as Subduction. Subduction zones happen where plates collide. When two tectonic plates meet it is like the immovable object meeting the unstoppable force. Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/slab-pull-definition-theory-quiz.html Figure 3: Slab Pull (Study.com) 13 Ridge push and slab pull are thought to be the major forces driving the motion of oceanic plates. Ridge push is caused by the potential energy gradient from the high topography of the ridges. Slab pull is caused by the negative buoyancy of the subducting plate. The ridge push/slab pull model also relies on mantle convection, but in this case it is not simply the traction from the convection cell that moves the plates. The plates move through a combination of pull from the weight of the subducting edge of the plates, and through the outward pushing of an ocean ridge where magma is rising and forming new crust. Some compelling arguments in favor of the ridge-push/slab-pull model are as follows: (a) plates that are attached to subducting slabs (e.g., Pacific, Australian, and Nazca Plates) move the fastest, and plates that are not (e.g., North American, South American, Eurasian, and African Plates) move significantly slower; (b) in order for the traction model to apply, the mantle would have to be moving about five times faster than the plates are moving (because the coupling between the partially liquid asthenosphere and the plates is not strong), and such high rates of convection are not supported by geophysical models; and (c) although large plates have potential for much higher convection traction, plate velocity is not related to plate area. Although ridge-push/slab-pull is the favored mechanism for plate motion, it’s important not to underestimate the role of mantle convection. Without convection, there would be no ridges to push from because upward convection brings hot buoyant rock to surface. Furthermore, many plates, including our own North American Plate, move along nicely — albeit slowly — without any slab-pull happening. What I Can Do FIXING A BROKEN WORD! DIRECTION : Arrange the jumbled letters to reveal the word described by the given clue. Use a clean sheet of paper for your answer. MAMAG 1.It is hot fluid or semi-fluid material below or within the earth’s crust. BLAS 2.It is a part of the motion of a tectonic plate caused LULP by its conduction. HCNERT 3. It is a long narrow and usually steep-side depression in the ocean floor. ELTNAM 4. It is the most-solid bulk of Earth’s interior. 14 TNEGREVID NOITCUDBUS 5. It is where two plates move away from each other. ENOZ DIGRE USHP 6. It is the place where two lithosphere plate come together one riding over the other. 7. It is the driving force for plate motion in plate tectonics that occurs at mid-ocean ridges. CINAECO STURC ETALP SCINOTCET 8. It is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plates. 9. This theory explains the structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over underlying mantle. EREHPSONEHTSA 10. It is the upper layer of the earth’s mantle below the lithosphere. Assessment Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which are the main causes of convection current in the asthenosphere? A. density and weight C. pressure and density B. density and temperature D. temperature and pressure 2. What do you expect to find at a mid-ocean ridge? A. reverse faults C. relatively young rocks B. very ancient rocks D. thick accumulation of sediments 3. How do you define a slab pull ? A. Cooler, denser crust sinks into the mantle along a trench. B. Folding ,crumpling, and sliding upward creating mountains. C. When edges become denser and gravity pulls them downward and away from one another. D. Current just beneath Earth’s crust flow very slowly causing movements in the plates above them. 4. Which type of boundary is the Philippine Sea Plate? A. Convergent C. Transform fault B. Divergent D. None of the above 5. Which is an example of divergent boundaries? A. East Pacific Rise C. Mid Atlantic Ridge B. Galapagos Rise D. All of the above 15 6. What is the proposed driving force for plate motion in the plate tectonic that occurs at mid-ocean ridges as a result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down the hot raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges? A. Convection current C. Slab pull B. Ridge push D. Subduction 7. What do you call the process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate? A. Convection C. Slab pull B. Ridge push D. Subduction 8. Which type of plate boundary does slab pull forces occur? A. Convergent boundary C. Magnetism boundary B. Divergent boundary D. Transform boundary 9. Which increases with distance from a mid-ocean ridge? A. age of oceanic lithosphere C. thickness of the lithosphere B. depth to the sea floor D. All of the above 10. What can you infer from the continuous movements of the lithospheric plates over the asthenosphere? A. All the continents will cease to exist . B. All the volcanoes in the Philippines will become inactive. C. The continents will not be located in the same place as they are now. D. The islands of the Philippines will become scattered all over the world 11. What causes a ridge push? A. negative buoyancy B. plates collide C. plate to sink D. potential energy 12. Why does the oceanic crust sink beneath the continental crust at the subduction zone? The oceanic crust A. has a greater density B. is pulled downward by earth’s magnetic field C. is pushed from the ridge D. to less dense in composition 13. What happens to the warm air in the convection process? A. rises C. stays in the middle B. sinks D. nothing 14. What geologic features are the result of a divergent boundaries? A. Earthquake, B. Mountains, volcanoes, trenches and earthquake C. Rift valleys, oceanic ridge and earthquake D. Mountain formation and rift valley formation 15. Where do you expect to find parallel to a trench? A. Hot spots B. Ocean ridge C. Rift valley D. Volcanic arc 16 Additional Activities Title : BINGO TIME Direction : Describe the words inside the Bingo Card. Your score will depend on how many words can you answer correctly. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Scoring Guide 5 points if you answer a straight (either horizontal or vertical to diagonal) words 10 points if you answer a 2 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words 15 points if you answer a 3 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words 20 points if you answer a 4 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words 25 points if you answer a 5 consecutive straight (either horizontal or vertical) words 30 points if you answer all the words inside the Bingo card 17 18 Activity 2: Finding Current Answers may vary Additional Activities What I Have Learned What I Can Do 1. Convection current occur in a very slow motion of Earth’s solid silicate mantle caused by the heat from the inner core rising towards the crust. 2. The very hot material present in the deepest part of the mantle rises upward, cools and sinks repeatedly. This cause the movement of the convection current in the mantle. 3. Mantle Convection Theory 4. Alfred Wegener 1. magma 2. slab pull 3. trench 4. mantle 5. divergent 6.subduction zone 7. ridge push 8. oceanic crust 9. plate tectonics 10. asthenosphere 5. The convection current rotate very slowly, as they move & drag the plates along. The tectonic plates are able to slowly along tectonic boundaries pushing each other, sliding past each other and drifting away from each other. What I Know 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. A 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.A 14.A 15.C What's More How do convection currents affects tectonic plates? Assessment Activity 1: Melt It With You! 1. 2. 3. 4. The warm water will melt the ice cube The resulting color of the ice cube will be whatever color you made your ice cube The cold dense water will sink to the bottom of the glass As the water warms, it will rise back to the top of the glass. The colored water will allow you to allow you to see the convection current in the glass 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10.C 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.D Answer Key 19 References Rabago Lilia M. et.al 2014,Science and Technology 10,Vibal group Inc. Acosta Herma P. et.al 2015, Science 10, Rex Book Store, Inc. http://www.columbia.edu>~vjd1 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html Steven Earle “Physical Geology” www2.chilton.K12.wi.us http://enm.wikipedia.org>wiki https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Book%3A_Introduction_to_ Oceanography_(Webb)/04%3A_Plate_Tectonics_and_Marine_Geology/4.03%3A_Mec hanisms_for_Plate_Motion 20 SCIENCE 10 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET QUARTER 1-MODULE 4: POSSIBLE CAUSE OF PLATE MOVEMENTS Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: __________ Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: _______________ Title of Activity: One Term, Four Words Direction: Arrange the scrambled letters to reveal the hidden word. Use the key words to unlock the hidden word. Key words Answer 1. O V C N A L O 2. G A M A M 3. C F R E O 4. E L Y A R 5. L T E P A 6. E C R U T R N 7. T I A S P L I T Y C 8. N O T C I N O E V C 9. E R A U M T E R T P E Dormant Lava Mt. Mayon Eruption Molten Interior Hot Rock Newton pull Push vector Mantle Core Crust Earth Boundary Pieces Tectonic Crust Electric Flow Fluid AC/DC Characteristic Soft Asthenosphere Property Movement Flow Gas Liquid Cold Hot Celsius Degree 21 VOLCANO MAGMA FORCE LAYER PLATE CURRENT PLASTICITY CONVECTION TEMPERATURE Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _________ Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: ______________ Title of Activity: Truth or Myth with Consequence Direction: Write TRUTH if the statement is correct but if it is incorrect, write MYTH then underline the word/s that makes it incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. TRUTH _____________ 1. The Earth’s crust is divided into different pieces called tectonic plates. _____________ 2. Larger plate tends to move faster than smaller plate. _____________ 3. Lithospheric plates float along a weak soft layer called Asthenosphere. _____________ 4. Convection current continuously drag plates slowly. _____________ 5. The core is the source of heat that facilitates convection in the mantle. _____________ 6. Oceanic ridge is a result of a convergent boundary. _____________ 7. Rocks found near the ridge are younger and denser than rocks found at the trench. _____________ 8. As you go deeper inside the Earth, pressure increases while temperature decreases. _____________ 9. Crust dives at the subduction zone melts and become part of the mantle. _____________ 10. Temperature in the lower part of the mantle is higher than in the upper part _____________ 11. Particles with high temperature rises over particles with low temperature. _____________ 12. A backward force that pulls oceanic crust is created by the cooling of magma. _____________ 13. Slab pull is made possible by force of the weight of the subducting plate along the subduction zone. _____________ 14. Convection current is a process which involves particles with different densities. _____________ 15. Upward and sideward forces are produced by the rising of less dense materials in the mantle. 22 Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ___________ Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: _________________ Title of Activity: “Think Tok” Direction: Answer all the parts of the activity by following the specified direction. I. The following statements are descriptions of the three possible causes of plate movement. Classify them using the code below. SP – Slab Pull RP – Ridge Push CC – Convection Current ______1. Denser particles sink at the bottom while less dense particles rise to the top. ______2. Newer crust push older one in the trench. ______3. A cycle occurs in the Earth’s mantle where temperature varies. ______4. Facilitated by gravity to create a downward force. ______5. A continuous slow rotation of magma due to change of density of particles. ______6. A denser plate is subducted in the convergent boundary. ______7. Drags plates along boundaries causing them to collide, separate and slide each other. ______8. It occurs along divergent boundary. ______9. Buoyant upwelling mantle often found at the ocean. ______10. It is like a conveyor belt. II. Create an illustration depicting the three possible causes of plate movement. (Use separate sheet of paper if needed) Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ___________ Grade/Section: _______________________________________ Score: ________________\ 23 24