CAD – DAY 1
Drawings Throughout Time
Over the centuries, people have made drawings to
represent things they wanted to build. Various tools
have been used to create these drawings. These tools
have ranged from wooden sticks used to scratch the
dirt to computers that allow us to create threedimensional, lifelike drawings.
 Ancient Plans
 Between 1,000 and 500 B.C. the Egyptians and
Greeks used detailed drawings to create plans for
structures such as the pyramids and the
Parthenon. By the 1st century A.D. the Romans
also were using detailed drawings as guides to
construct their structures and roadways.
 Drawn by Hand
 Until about 40 years ago, almost all plans used in
manufacturing and construction were drawn by
people using rulers and other drafting tools. The
drawings were very detailed and took a great deal
of time to produce. They couldn't be changed
easily.
 Computer-aided Design
 Since the 1970s, many businesses have been
using computer-aided design (CAD) programs to
create design plans. These plans are used in
designing machines, tools, buildings, and many
other objects. Work can be accomplished faster
with the use of CAD programs.
Note
Designers can make changes to their work more quickly
than they could when drawing by hand.
 Virtual Design
 New programs have been created that allow
designers to create a complete computer version
of a building or object.
 Architects use CAD programs to create computer
versions of a structure they're designing. They
can then see a three-dimensional image of it
before it's actually built.
CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD) is used to design many
objects that you see and use every day. Your car was
probably designed using CAD. CAD was probably
used in the design of almost any recently constructed
building that you see. CAD was possibly even used in
the design of your bicycle or skateboard.
Zoom
When you're creating a drawing, what do you do to
make part of the drawing very detailed? Do you get a
magnifying glass and put it on the computer screen?
Actually, all you have to do is use the CAD program's
zoom function. It allows you to get a close-up look at
a part of your drawing and make very accurate, small-
scale changes. You can also zoom out to see the larger
image of your drawing.
CAD System
A CAD system is made up of several parts. These
parts can be grouped into three categories according
to their purpose.
 Input
 Input devices input, or feed, information into the
computer. They tell the computer what you want
it to do.
Note
The input devices include the mouse, the keyboard, and
the digitizer.
 Processing
 The processing device for a CAD system is the
computer's central processing unit, or CPU. The
computer processes information given to it by the
input devices.
 Then it puts that information into the CAD
program and creates a drawing.
 Output
 The output devices use the information processed
by the computer to create an image.
 The image can be displayed on a computer
monitor. It can also be printed on paper by a
printer or plotter.
Standards
Drawings used in product design are created
according to a set of standards. These standards help
designers to understand each other's drawings--just as
a dictionary or a grammar book helps us to
communicate with each other by establishing
common rules.
 ANSI
 The American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) developed
and now maintains the standards that must be
followed by people who draw plans. Drawings
can be complex. They need to communicate a
great deal of information to the people who work
with them.
 Many types of lines are used in design drawings.
Different lines represent different materials, such
as wood or metal. Different lines communicate
different thicknesses of a material to be used in
the object or structure. There are even different
lines to indicate whether what you're seeing in the
drawing is above or below you.
 Alphabet of Lines
 ANSI provides a guide of all the different lines
that people can use to create a drawing.
 This guide is called the alphabet of lines. Just as
writers use a dictionary to make sure they're using
the correct words, architects and Structural
Engineers can use this guide to make sure they're
using the correct lines.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. CAM means "computer-aided manufacturing."
TRUE
2. In drafting, a view from right angles only is called an
isometric view. FALSE
3. In drafting, lines that can't be seen in a view are shown
by using extension lines. FALSE
4. In a multiple-view drawing, the front view requires
the dimensions of width and height. TRUE
5. When drawing a plan with a CAD program, you must
draw each door and window. FALSE
6. A monitor is an output device for a computer. TRUE
7. CAD means "computer-aided drafting." TRUE
8. Vertical means "straight up and down." TRUE
9. Drawings produced with computer-aided design are
difficult to change. FALSE
10. ANSI stands for the American National Standards
Institute. TRUE
11. Without CAD, some buildings would be difficult to
design and build. TRUE
12. The distance from the center point to the outside of a
circle or arc is called the radius. TRUE
13. By the 1st century A.D. the Romans also were using
detailed drawings as guides to construct their
structures and roadways.
14. Architects use CAD programs to create a threedimensional image of a building before it's actually
built.
15. Hand drawings were very detailed, took a great deal
of time to produce and couldn't be changed easily.
16. Drawing tools, throughout time, have ranged from
wooden sticks to computers. TRUE
17. Until about 70 years ago, almost all plans used in
manufacturing and construction were drawn by
people using rulers and other drafting tools. FALSE
18. In order to make very accurate, small-scale changes
to a CAD drawing the zoom function is used.
19. Using the zoom function is like using a magnifying
glass.
20. A CAD program's zoom function allows you to get a
close-up look at a part of your drawing. (4 letters)
21. ANSI provides a guide of all the different lines that
people can use to create a drawing called the alphabet
of lines.
22. The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) developed and now maintains the standards
that must be followed by people who draw plans.
23. In design drawings, different lines represent many of
the same materials, such as wood or metal. TRUE
24. Drawings used in product design are created
according to a set of standards. (9 letters)
25. Drawings must never be complex. FALSE
26. A printer, plotter, or computer monitor is an example
of a output device.
27. CAD programs allow designers to create a complete
computer version of a building or object. TRUE
28. Input devices feed information into a computer.
TRUE
29. Architects and structural engineers use a guide
provided by ANSI to make sure they're using the
correct lines when they create a drawing. TRUE
30. The alphabet of lines is _____________. All of these
31. CAD stands for Computer-aided design.
32. The input devices use the information processed by
the computer to create an image. FALSE
33. Since the 1970s, many businesses have been using
computer-aided design (CAD) programs to create
design plans.
34. CAD system parts can be grouped into three
categories according to their purpose: input,
processing, and ouptut.
35. A input device is used to tell the computer what you
want it to do.
36. Designers can make changes to their work faster with
the use of CAD programs. TRUE
37. The processing device for a CAD system is the CPU.
TRUE
CAD – DAY 2
CAD Review
 Title Bar and Menu Bar
 The title bar at the top of the screen in a CAD
program lets you know which program and file
you're working on.
 Below the title bar is the menu bar. The menu bar
allows you to access almost any part of the
program you're working in.
 Toolbar and Property Bar
 Below the menu bar at the top of the CAD screen
is the standard toolbar. It's similar to the standard
toolbar found in most Windows programs.
 If you're not sure about which command an icon
on the toolbar represents, hold the cursor over it.
A ToolTip will appear that names it. Below the
toolbar is the property bar. It's used to change
layers, colors, styles, widths, and patterns.
 Edit Bar and All-in-One Toolbar
 Under the property bar is the edit bar. The edit bar
allows you to edit geometric properties of a
selected drawing or part of a drawing. Below the
edit bar is the all-in-one toolbar. It has many
shortcuts you can use to make a high-quality
drawing quickly.
 Status Bar
 The status bar has two components. On the left is
the message area. This is where command
descriptions,
prompts,
and
step-by-step
instructions are displayed during most activities.
On the right is the dial, which is used to identify
exact points.
 Symbol Library and Drawing Area
 On the right of the screen is the symbol library
bar. From this bar you can select a symbol to be
placed in a drawing. Symbols are used as time
savers. In the middle of the screen is the drawing
area. It has a grid on it where you can put lines
and symbols.
Coordinate System
How do you know where you are in a drawing? A
drawing has a coordinate system similar to that of
maps. This system allows you to locate or specify any
part of a drawing.
 Cartesian Coordinate System
 Most CAD programs use the Cartesian
coordinate system. The starting point, or origin, is
at the exact center of the drawing and is
represented by the numbers (0,0).
 X-coordinate
 The first of the two numbers is called the xcoordinate. It represents the distance left (-) or
right (+) of the origin.
 Y-coordinate
 The second number is the y-coordinate. It
represents the distance above (+) or below (-)
the origin.
Note
For example, in the Cartesian coordinate system (5,7)
defines the point that is 5 units to the right of the origin
then 7 units up.
CAD in Surveying
When a plot of land is surveyed, surveyors first
measure its length, width, and slope using electronic
instruments. Then Civil Drafters create drawings of
the plot using the surveyors' measurements and a
CAD program.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. The keyboard is a computer input device. TRUE
2. The mouse is a computer output device. FALSE
3. The alphabet of lines is a guide for design and
technical drawings. TRUE
4. The drawing area is the large area in the middle of the
CAD program screen. TRUE
5. The file menu displays the name of the program and
file you're working on in a CAD program. FALSE
6. The property bar can be used to change layers, widths,
colors, and patterns in a CAD drawing. TRUE
7. Styles can be changed using the property bar. TRUE
8. The left side of the status bar is the message area.
9. Below the menu bar at the top of the CAD screen is
the standard toolbar.
10. The status bar has two components: the message area
and the dial.
11. Geometric properties of a selected drawing or part
of a drawing can be edited using the edit bar.
12. A coordinate system allows you to locate or specify
any part of a drawing.
13. After length and width, what is the third measurement
taken while surveying a plot of land? slope
14. The property bar is used to change layers, colors, and
patterns.
15. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the starting point,
or origin, is at the exact center of the drawing.
16. The second of two numbers in a coordinate is called
the y-coordinate.
17. Hold the cursor over an icon on the toolbar and a
ToolTip will appear that names it.
18. Survey drafters create drawings of a plot using the
surveyors' measurements and a CAD program.
19. The title bar at the top of the screen in a CAD program
lets you know which program and file you're
working on.
20. A drawing has a coordinate system similar to that of
maps.
21. In CAD, the middle of the screen is the drawing
area.
22. From the symbol library bar you can select a symbol
to be placed in a drawing.
23. The message area is where command descriptions,
prompts, and step-by-step instructions are
displayed during most activities.
24. When a plot of land is surveyed, surveyors first
measure its length, width, and slope using electronic
instruments.
25. The y-coordinate represents the distance above (+) or
below (-) the origin. TRUE
26. Few CAD programs use the Cartesian coordinate
system. FALSE
CAD – DAY 3
Circles and Arcs
Not everything can be drawn using straight lines.
Most drawings require some type of arc or circle.
A Little Geometry




The important terms related to arcs and circles
are center
point, radius, diameter,
and circumference.
Center Point
 The exact center of an arc or circle.
Radius
 Distance from the center point to the outside of a
circle or arc. Equal to half the diameter.
Diameter
 Distance from one side of a circle to another,
passing through its center. Equal to twice the
radius.
Circumference
 Distance around the outside of a circle.
History of Arches
Arcs were very important in the historical
development of architecture and construction. Arcs,
when used in construction, create arches. Arches
allow the weight of a structure to be distributed
(Figure 1). An arc-shaped ceiling or doorway can
hold more weight than one that is flat (Figure 2).
Fact
The Pantheon in Rome (Figure 3) is one of the earliest
examples of construction in which arcs were used in the
design. The building's gigantic dome is unique in ancient
architecture. It demonstrates the possibilities of
construction based on arcs.
Isometric Drawing
 Isometric Lines
 In an isometric drawing, any line parallel to one
of the three isometric axes is called an isometric
line. Any line not parallel to an isometric axis is
called a non-isometric line. (Fig 1)
Note
In this figure, all lines of the block are drawn as isometric
lines except where noted.
 Ellipses
 To give the illusion of depth in an isometric
drawing, circles take on a different shape. That
shape is called an ellipse. An ellipse has the
appearance of a slightly smashed circle, as shown
in figure 2.
 Isometric Planes
 There are three different planes in an isometric
drawing. They are the top plane, left plane, and
right plane, as shown in Figure 3.
 Ellipses are drawn according to the plane on
which they're drawn. Look at Figure 4. Notice
that the ellipse on the top plane is resting flat. The
ellipse on the right plane is lifted up on the right
side, and the ellipse on the left plane is lifted up
on the left side.
CAD Buildings
Many modern buildings could not have been designed
without CAD programs. Famous architects and
Interior Designers use CAD to create new types of
buildings and the spaces inside them.
Since most things that can be imagined can now be
built with modern materials, drawings have become
more and more complex.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. The drawing area is the area of the CAD program
where you put lines and symbols. TRUE
2. The status bar is at the bottom of the screen and
includes the message area and dial. TRUE
3. The properties toolbar is where you find icons for
many common commands in CAD. FALSE
4. The circumference is the distance from the center
point to the outside of the circle or arc. FALSE
5. On a circle, the radius is the distance from one side to
another, passing through the center. FALSE
6. The circumference is the distance around the outside
of a circle. TRUE
7. An arc-shaped ceiling or doorway can hold less
weight than one that is flat. FALSE
8. Arches allow the weight of a structure to be
distributed.
9. Arcs, when used in construction, create arches.
10. The Pantheon in Rome is one of the earliest
examples of construction in which arcs were used in
the design.
11. The three different planes in an isometric drawing are
the top plane, left plane, and right plane.
12. An ellipse has the appearance of a slightly smashed
circle.
13. In an isometric drawing, any line parallel to one of
the three isometric axes is called an isometric line.
14. The radius is the distance from the center point to
the outside of a circle or arc.
15. Everything can be drawn using straight lines. FALSE
16. Since most things that can be imagined can now be
built with modern materials, drawings have become
simpler. FALSE
17. Famous architects and interior designers use CAD to
create new types of buildings and the spaces inside
them.
18. The center point is the exact center of an arc or circle.
TRUE
19. Drawing an arc or circle requires an understanding of
it's center point, radius, diameter, and
circumference.
20. Terms related to arcs and circles are center point,
radius, diameter, and circumference.
21. Most drawings require some type of arc or circle.
TRUE
 Left Side View
 Here you can see the left view of the step block.
It looks like Side D of your model. In this
drawing you can't see the front, bottom, or top.
All you can really see is the rectangle side of the
block. The dashed lines show the position of the
steps.
 You can't see these actual lines in this view, so
they're drawn as hidden lines (dashed lines).
Again, the side view shows depth and height.
Six Views
CAD – DAY 4
Multiple Perspectives
How do you show different perspectives, or views, of
a building or object in design work? In the past, when
Industrial Engineers wanted to show an object or
machine they had drawn from multiple perspectives,
they had to create a different drawing for each view.
Now, with CAD, they can create one drawing that can
be altered, or changed, to give multiple perspectives.
Different Views
 Front View
 Here you can see the front view of the step
block. It looks like Side A of your model. In this
drawing, you can't see the top, bottom, or sides.
 You can see the front of the block, and the front
of the steps (or the risers). The front view shows
width and height.
 Top View
 Here you can see the top view of the step block.
It looks like Side B of your model. In this
drawing, you can't see the front, bottom, or
sides.
 You can see the top of the block (the part you
step on). The top view shows width and depth.
 Right Side View
 Here you can see the right side view of the step
block. It looks like Side C of your model. In this
drawing, you can't see the front, bottom, or top.
 You can see the side of the steps against the
background of the side of the block. The side
view shows depth and height.
Most shapes have six principal views: top, bottom,
front, back, right side, and left side (Figure 1).
You can also think of dice. Their sides are numbered
1 through 6; therefore, there are six sides (Figure 2).
These six principal views are sometimes
called orthographic views.
Fact
Orthographic comes from two Greek words: "ortho"
means "right," and "graphos" means "drawing."
An orthographic view is a view drawn as though it is seen
from right (90-degree) angles.
 Six Dimensions
 It is also important to note the depth, width, and
height dimensions for each view.
 Drawing Order
 The views must also be drawn in proper
relationship to each other.
 The first view is always the front view. The top is
drawn on top of the front view. The right side
view is drawn to the right of the front view, and
so on until we get to the back view. The back view
is attached to either the left side view or the right
side view.
 Hidden Lines
 When you're looking at an object from overhead,
you can't see the bottom of it. Yet that doesn't

mean it isn't there. Plans allow you to see all parts
of an object.
Object lines are drawn to show the parts that are
visible. Hidden lines, indicated by dashed lines,
are drawn to show the parts that aren't visible.
Three Views
Some drawings require only two views to fully
explain the object, as shown in Figure 1. However,
we typically draw three of the six views, the top view,
front view, and right side view, as shown in Figure 2.
This is called a three-view drawing.
 Choose The View
 To create a three-view drawing, the first step is to
choose the three views that show everything you
need to see. These views should show the
minimum number of hidden lines.
 The views we chose for Figure 3 are the front,
top, and right side. To determine what to draw,
we must project the views to a flat surface in our
mind, as in Figure 4.
 Rotating

Next, we must rotate the top and the right side
views so that they appear flat and on the
same plane as the front view, as in this figure. It's
very important to rotate the views exactly as it's
been done here.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Most drawings require some type of arc or circle.
TRUE
2. The radius is the distance from the center point to the
outside of a circle or arc. TRUE
3. An arc-shaped ceiling or doorway can hold less
weight than one that is flat. FALSE
4. Most shapes have only six principal views. TRUE
5. Drawing three of the six views, the top view, front
view, and right side view is called three-view
imagining. FALSE
6. Thinking of the sides of dice can help you understand
six principal views of a drawing. TRUE
7. Plans allow you to see all parts of an object. TRUE
8. Typically, the top view, front view, and right side
view are used when drawing three of the six views.
9. In a properly drawn orthographic view, the top is
drawn on top of the front view.
10. All shapes have only six principal views. FALSE
11. To create a three-view drawing, the first step is to
choose the three views that show everything you
need to see.
12. An orthographic view is a view drawn as though it is
seen from right (90-degree) angles.
13. In the past, to show an object or machine drawn from
multiple perspectives, a different drawing for each
view had to be created.
14. With CAD, an industrial engineer can create one
drawing that can be altered, or changed, to give
multiple perspectives
15. Most shapes have only six principal views. TRUE
16. The six principal views of a drawing are sometimes
called orthographic views.
17. Multiple perspectives are different views from
different drawings that were created by other people.
FALSE
18. For three-view drawing, it is very important to rotate
the back and the left side views so that they appear
flat and on the same plane as the front view. FALSE
19. In a three-view drawing, rotate the top and the right
side views so that they appear flat and on the same
plane as the front view.
20. Hidden lines, indicated by dashed lines, are drawn to
show the parts that aren't visible.
21. Drawing three of the six views, the top view, front
view, and right side view is called three-view
drawing.
22. Object lines are drawn to show the parts of a drawing
that are movable shapes. FALSE
23. The six principal views that most shapes have are top,
bottom, front, back, right side, and left side
24. The first view in a properly drawn orthographic view
is always the front view.
CAD – DAY 5
CAD Possibilities
Now you know how to draw straight lines, arcs,
circles, and drawings with multiple views, or
perspectives.
Views

Most shapes have six principal views: top, bottom,
front, back, right side, and left side, as shown in
Figure 1. These six principal views are sometimes
called orthographic views. It's easy to think of each
view as one side of a six-sided die that you use to play
games (Figure 2).
Dimension Table
The oblique drawing shows a slanted, limited
perspective. It is the least realistic view.
 Isometric
 The isometric drawing is fairly realistic. It is the
type of drawing most commonly used in
industry. The drawing's proportions are the same
for the x-, y-, and z-axes.
Note
This is why the word "isometric" is used: It comes from
two Greek words: "iso" meaning "the same" and
"metric" meaning "measurement."
 Perspective
 The perspective drawing is the most realistic of
the three pictorial drawings. With this type of
drawing, the attempt is made to give viewers the
feeling that they're actually looking at the object,
rather than an illustration of it.
Axes
Drawing Order
The views must be drawn in proper relationship to
each other.
Everything comes off the front view. The top is drawn
on top of the front view. The right side view is drawn
to the right of the front view, and so on until we get
to the back view. The back view is attached to either
the left side view or the right side view.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. With the six principal views, it's easy to think of each
view as one side of a six-sided die that you use to play
games. TRUE
2. In proper drawing order, the back view is attached to
either the left side view or the right side view
3. To maintain the proper drawing order, everything
comes off the front view. TRUE
4. In an orthographic view, some but not all of the views
must be drawn in proper relationship to each other.
FALSE
CAD – DAY 6
Pictorial Drawings
 Oblique
 A pictorial drawing of an object shows its width,
height, and depth. The three types of pictorial
drawings are oblique, isometric, and perspective.
Three directions are used in isometric drawings.
These directions are called axes. The word "axes" is
the plural form; the singular form is "axis." As shown
in Figure 1, the three axes are the vertical, or z-axis;
the front, or x-axis; and the side, or y-axis.
The z-axis is drawn at 90 degrees from the horizontal
line. Both the x-axis and the y-axis are drawn at 30
degrees from the horizontal line, as shown in Figure
2.
Why?
Why do we need all of these different types of
drawings? Why not have only one type of drawing
that everyone uses?
The reason there are different types of drawings is the
same reason there are different types of stories.
Different types are needed to communicate different
things.
Professional Needs
Mechanical Drafters rarely need anything more
realistic than an isometric drawing to show their
designs. On the other hand, Civil Engineers usually
need to display information as realistically as
possible. So they often create perspective drawings.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. The diameter of a circle is three times the radius.
FALSE
2. Orthographic views differ from each other by 90
degrees. TRUE
3. There are 5 principal orthographic views. FALSE
4. Perspective is the type of pictorial drawing in which
the object is drawn as realistically as possible. TRUE
5. Isometric is the type of pictorial drawing in which the
perspective is slanted and not very realistic. FALSE
6. Oblique is the type of pictorial drawing used most
commonly in industry. FALSE
7. The three types of pictorial drawings are oblique,
isometric, and perspective.
8. Civil engineers usually need to display information as
realistically as possible. TRUE
9. The proportions are the same for the x-, y-, and z-axes
in an isometric drawing.
10. The oblique drawing is the most realistic view of the
three pictorial drawings. FALSE
11. The three axes of an isometric drawing are the (ALL
OF THESE).
12. The word "axis" is the plural form; the singular form
is "axes." FALSE
13. A oblique drawing of an object shows its width,
height, and depth.
14. Three directions, called axes, are used in isometric
drawings.
15. In an isometric drawing, the z-axis is drawn at 90
degrees from the horizontal line.
16. "Isometric" comes from two Greek words: "iso"
meaning "the same" and "metric" meaning
"measurement." TRUE
17. The oblique drawing shows a slanted, limited
perspective.
18. Mechanical drafters rarely need anything more
realistic than an isometric drawing to show their
designs.
19. In an isometric drawing, both the x-axis and the y-axis
are drawn at 90 degrees from the horizontal line.
FALSE
20. The perspective drawing is the most realistic of the
three pictorial drawings. TRUE
CAD – DAY 7
Now What?
Fact
An architect does not actually build the structure, but does
make sure that it is safe and chooses the building
materials.
 An Architect's Job
 When a writer creates a story, he or she chooses
the words and how the words are written.
 When an architect creates a building, he or she
chooses where the walls will go and defines what
the space is to be used for. An office building
looks different from a mall which looks different
from a house.
Hand Sketches
Many times an architect will not use CAD when they
are developing an idea. They will first sketch and
draw freehand. Sometimes it is easier for people to
express their ideas on paper than on a computer.
Once they have gotten their idea more developed they
will begin to use CAD to create the actual working
plan for the structure.
Types of Architecture
Now that you are an architect it might be interesting
for you to know the different types of architecture
you might want to become involved in.
Three major types of architecture
include commercial, landscape, and residential.
 Commercial
 Commercial architects design commercial
properties such as office buildings, warehouses,
and stores. Most of the largest architectural firms
are commercial architecture firms.
 Some large commercial firms have divisions that
are involved with other types of architecture.
 Landscape
 Landscape architects help shape our natural
environment. They create designs for the lawns,
trees, water, and contour of the land.
Fact
Landscape architects are often responsible for making
sure a property is environmentally friendly. A golf course
architect is a highly specialized landscape architect.
 Residential
 Residential architects design houses, apartments,
and any other places where people live.
 They usually specialize in designing a certain
type of dwelling such as single family houses or
multifamily apartment complexes.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. The oblique drawing is the most realistic view of the
three pictorial drawings. FALSE
2. Ellipses are drawn according to the plane on which
they are drawn. TRUE
3. The word "axis" is the plural form; the singular form
is "axes." FALSE
4. Commercial architects design commercial properties
such as office buildings, warehouses, and stores.
TRUE
5. An architect actually builds the structure that he or she
designs. FALSE
6. An architect makes sure that a building is safe and
chooses the building materials. TRUE
7. Landscape architects are often responsible for making
sure a property is environmentally friendly. TRUE
8. Residential architects design houses, apartments, and
any other places where people live.
9. Three major types of architecture include
commercial, landscape, and residential.
10. A golf course architect is a highly specialized
commercial architect. FALSE
11. Many times an architect will first (ALL OF THESE).
12. When an architect creates a building, they choose
where the walls will go and defines what the space
is to be used for
CAD – DAY 8
CAD in Architecture
Architects design almost all of the structures that we
go in and out of every day. They use CAD to develop
plans that describe and explain to others what the
structure will be like.
 What dimensions it will have
 What types of construction materials should be
used
 Where every room, wall, door, and window will
be
How do you Decide?
As an architect developing an idea and then creating
a plan using CAD, you're responsible for making
decisions about what your building will look like and
what its function will be. How do you make those
decisions?
Many factors influence the way an architect or any
designer makes choices during the design work.
 The Society
 A structure's appearance is often determined by
the society in which it is built. A house in
Bangalore, India, may look very different from a
house in Indianapolis, Indiana. This is because
the two societies have different ideas of what a
building should look like.
Environment
 Whether you're in the Arctic, a desert, on top of a
mountain, or at the seashore, the location will
affect the type of structure you will build.
 For instance, a house near a beach may need to be
built on stilts to avoid being flooded. A house in
Montana may be built partially below ground for
insulating warmth.
 The Client
 Designers and architects work for their clients.
 An important factor in determining what your
building looks like may be your client's decisions.
 The Budget
 Many design decisions are related to the amount
of money available, or the budget.
 This is usually the most important factor in
determining how a structure will be designed.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. A structure's appearance is often determined by the
society in which it is built.
2. Due to location, a house in Montana may be built
partially below ground for insulating warmth.
3. The budget is usually the most important factor in
determining how a structure will be designed.
4. Designers and architects work for their clients.
5. Location affects the type of structure to be build.
TRUE
6. Architects use CAD to describe and explain to others
what dimensions a structure will have.
7. Architects use CAD to describe what types of
construction materials should be used.
8. Architects use (ALL OF THESE) to develop plans
that describe and explain to others what the structure
will be like.
9. An architect is responsible for making decisions
about what a building will look like and what its
function will be.
CAD – DAY 9
Other Uses for CAD
In this module, we've concentrated on the design of
buildings. Yet there are many other uses for CAD
programs. Today we'll look at uses for CAD in
manufacturing, automation, and rapid prototyping.
CAM
In computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), technical
drawings created with CAD programs are combined
with manufacturing equipment. This equipment
includes mills, lathes, and routers. When an engineer
creates a drawing using CAD, he or she can send the
drawing through a network to the machine for
manufacturing.
Note
CAM is a useful tool for industrial engineers. It allows
them to design better methods of manufacturing.
CIM
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the
fully automated manufacturing envelope. With a CIM
program, the designer creates the design on the
machine that will complete the manufacturing.
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping has sped up the manufacturing
process. With the help of computers, manufacturers
can create one drawing of a part and then quickly
convert the drawing to a coded file that can be read by
a manufacturing machine.
Today most rapid prototyping is done using a 3D
printer. 3D printers can cost from several hundred
dollars to many thousands of dollars. They use several
types of plastic and even metal to create prototypes
very rapidly.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Rapid prototyping has hindered the manufacturing
process. FALSE
2. CIM
stands
for
Computer-integrated
manufacturing.
3. Manufacturing, automation, and rapid prototyping
are all other uses for CAD.
4. CAM stands for computer-aided manufacturing.
5. Technical drawings created with CAD programs are
combined with manufacturing equipment in
computer-aided manufacturing.
6. Using CAM, when an engineer creates a drawing
using CAD, he or she can send the drawing through a
network to the machine for manufacturing. TRUE
7. Technical drawings created with CAD programs can
be combined with (ALL OF THESE).
8. With a CIM program, the designer creates the design
on the machine that will complete the manufacturing.
9. Rapid prototyping is the process of creating one
drawing of a part and then having the computer create
as many of those parts as needed.
10. Without rapid prototyping, parts would require weeks
or months of design and could not be manufactured
quickly. TRUE
11. There are uses for CAD programs, other than
designing buildings. TRUE
CAD – DAY 10
The Views
Most shapes have six principal views: top, bottom,
front, back, right side, and left side. These six
principal views are sometimes called orthographic
views. It's easy to think of each view as one side of a
six-sided die that you use to play games.
Pictorial Drawings
Pictorial drawings show width, height, and depth. The
three
types
of
pictorial
drawings
are oblique, isometric, and perspective.
 Oblique
 This figure is an oblique pictorial drawing.
Oblique drawings are named this because of the
way they slant.
 They present only a limited perspective.
 Isometric
 This figure is an isometric pictorial drawing.
Isometric drawings are somewhat realistic.
They're the type most commonly used in industry.
The drawing's proportions are the same for each
of the three principal directions, or axes.
 Perspective
 The perspective drawing is the most realistic type
of pictorial drawing. With this type of drawing,
the attempt is made to give viewers a realistic
perspective of the drawn object.
Axes
The three directions in isometric drawing are called
axes. The word "axes" is the plural form; the singular
form is "axis." As shown in this figure, the three axes
are the vertical, or z-axis; the front, or x-axis; and the
side, or y-axis.
Architects
Landscape architects specialize in designing natural
environments that meet people's wants and needs.
Commercial architects design structures such as
warehouses, office buildings, and retail spaces.
Residential architects design places where people
live, such as homes and apartment buildings.
 Factors
 Whenever an architect designs a structure, there
are factors that influence what he or she creates.
o The society in which the structure is built
o The natural environment that surrounds the
structure
o The client's wants and needs (very
important)
o The budget of the project (most important)
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. The six principal views are sometimes called
orthographic views.
2. Top, bottom, front, back, right side, and left side are
considered the six principal views.
3. Oblique drawings are named this because of the way
they slant
4. With this type of drawing, the attempt is made to give
viewers a realistic perspective of the drawn object:
perspective.
5. This type of drawing's proportions are the same for
each of the three principal directions, or axes:
isometric.
6. Pictorial drawings show width, height, and depth.
7. Oblique, isometric, and perspective are three types of
pictorial drawings.
8. The client's wants and needs are very important
factors that influence the designer.
9. The three axes of an elevtion drawing are the vertical,
or z-axis; the front, or x-axis; and the side, or y-axis.
FALSE
10. There is no more important factor than the budget of
a project. FALSE
11. Commercial architects design places where people
live, such as homes and apartment buildings. FALSE
12. The natural environment that surrounds a structure is
factor in it's design. TRUE
13. The society in which the structure is built is not a
factor that influences it's designer. FALSE
14. Landscape architects specialize in designing natural
environments that meet people's wants and needs.