MIDTERM REVIEWER 1-5. What are the factors that makes a planet habitable? 6-7. What is the importance of magnetic field to make a planet habitable? Magnetic field protect the atmosphere from solar wind. Without magnetic field, the planet can lose atmosphere, blown away by solar wind. Magnetic field protects atmosphere and thereby keeps liquid water on surface of the Planet. Without water, life cannot exist. 8-9. What is the importance of core in sustaining life on earth? Convection in the outer core sustains the magnetic field that protects us from harsh solar radiation and keeps our atmosphere intact. 10-11. What is a Goldilocks zone? The Goldilocks zone gets its name from the fairy tale, "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" The 'Goldilocks Zone,' or habitable zone, is the range of distance with the right temperatures for water to remain liquid. 12-13. How does temperature affects life on earth? Warmer temperatures can also lead to a chain reaction of other changes around the world. That's because increasing air temperature also affects the oceans, weather patterns, snow and ice, and plants and animals 14-17. What are the spheres of the earth? Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere 18-19. What is a geosphere and give its example? The geosphere includes the rocks and minerals on Earth – from the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the planet to the sand on beaches and peaks of mountains. 20-21. What is an atmosphere and give its example? Atmosphere is defined as the area of air and gas enveloping objects in space, like stars and planets, or the air around any location. Gasses. air and gases contained inside a greenhouse. 22-23. What is a hydrosphere and give its example? A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. Lakes, Oceans, 24-25. What is a biosphere and give its example? The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems. Plants, Animals, Humans, Fungi, Protozoans 26-27. What is the contribution of each spheres in water cycle? The Water Cycle Connects the Four Earth Systems For example, water in the hydrosphere can evaporate to become part of the atmosphere. Through precipitation, water in the atmosphere can return to the hydrosphere or percolate into the ground to become groundwater— part of the geosphere. 28-32. What are the characteristics of a mineral? naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline structure, and the same chemical composition throughout 33. Why coal is not a mineral? Coal is not classified as a mineral because it comes from organic materials. Coal is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that are compressed underground over millions of years. 34.Why mercury is not a mineral? Mercury is the only naturally occurring liquid metal at room temperature. Since it lacks a crystal structure Give the properties of minerals and describe each. Properties that help geologists identify a mineral in a rock are: color, hardness, luster, crystal forms, density, and cleavage. 35. Hardness – example glass with 5.5 hardness 36.Streak – 37. Breakage 38. Habit 39-45 What are the different groups of minerals? Silicates. Oxides. Sulfates. Sulfides. Carbonates. Native Elements. Halides. 46-49. What types of rocks are the following examples? Breccia granite. marble sandstone (Sedimentary) (Igneous) (Metamorphic). (Sedimentary) 50-51. What are the types of igneous rock? Intrusive or Plutonic (magma) forms when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. Extrusive (lava) are rocks that erupt onto the surface resulting in small crystals as the cooling takes place quickly 52-53. What are the types of sedimentary rocks? Non Clastic/Clastic formed when rock layers are formed due to the mechanical weathering of different rock types (composed of rock frames) Clastic/Organic are formed due to the accumulation and deposition of dead plants and animals in rock layers. (Organic, crystalline) 54-55. What are the types of metamorphic rocks? Foliated have platy or sheet structure (mineral alignment, pattern, layers) Non Foliated do not have a platy or sheet (no mineral alignment) 56-58. What type of mechanical weathering is shown by the picture? a. abrasion b. exfoliation c. freeze and thaw 1.) Exfoliation weathering process in which sections of the outer layer of a rock flakes off, typically as the result of freeze-thaw cycles 2.) Abrasion trough impact and friction, these rocks eventually become smaller and smaller 3.) Freeze and thaw occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. 59-60. What type of chemical weathering is shown by the pictures? a. carbonation b. oxidation c. hydration d. hydrolysis Hydration. Oxidation Carbonation is the mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid. OXIDATION occurs when oxygen combines with another substance and creates compounds called oxides. Hydration is a form of chemical weathering in which the chemical bonds of the mineral are changed as it interacts with water. Hydrolysis is formed as chemicals in rock interact with water 61-65. What the following mass wasting? Describe each. a. Creep is a slow and long term mass movement downslope movement of soil and earth materials. b. Falls are abrupt rock movements that detach from steep slopes or cliffs. c. Landslides are caused by disturbances in the natural stability of a slope d. A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope e. Flows are rapidly moving mass-wasting events in which the loose material is typically mixed with abundant water, creating long runouts at the slope base 66-71. refer to the illustration below. 4.) The heat that drives mantle convection comes from radioactive decay of elements within the core and mantle. This radioactive decay releases lots of energy and this energy causes those parts of the earth to become hot. 5. Point A, as the closer to the centre of the earth, the higher the temperature. Also this point is where the fluid in the convection begins to heat up, before rising to point B where it cools. 6. The density is greater at point C. At point C the magma is cooling, as the magma cools the particles move slower and the density increases and gravity pulls the magma back towards the core. 7. As the material moves from point B towards point C the temperature decreases. As the temperature decreases the density increases 8. The temperature between point D and A increases as the magma moves past the core. The density of the material between D and A decreases as the particles begin to move faster and further apart 9. Convection currents are identified in Earth's mantle. 72-74. Observe the illustrations below and relate these to the lesson on magmatism. (increase in temperature, decrease in pressure or addition of volatile) A. Increases in temperature B. 78. What is the most abundant element in magma? 79. What is the bend in rock/landmasses? 80.What is the break in rocks/landmasses? 81-83. What type of fault are shown? A. B. C. 84-87. Describe the following terms: a. fold b. fault c. stress d. strain 88-90. What type of folds are shown? 91-95. What are the different types of plate boundaries? 96-100. Explain the processes that occur at each type of plate boundary. 101-102. What is a hotspot? Give an example. 103-105. How do hotspots form volcanic islands? 106-107. What is the Ring of Fire? 108-110. Describe the three types of volcanoes. 111-113. How do earthquakes occur? 114-116. What is the difference between focus and epicenter in an earthquake? 117-120. Explain the four types of seismic waves. 121-123. How do scientists measure earthquakes? 124-126. What is the Richter scale and how does it work? 127-129. How do tsunamis form? 130-132. What are some ways to prepare for natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis?
