1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino; Pangasinan’s
Bangus festival signifies their bountiful harvest of fishes particularly
bangus; meanwhile, Bicolano’s “Bicol express” truly marks their
“Uragon” (courageous) style because of the spiciness and hotness of the
said food. The mentioned traditions represent culture as being .
a. symbolic
c. encompassing
b. intergrated
d. learned
2. Mang Isko and Aling Perla used to have a family devotion (prayer) every
Saturday. They demonstrate and explain to their children the reason
for having deep faith to God. What aspect of culture is best suitable for
this situation?
a. Culture is shared.
c. Culture is transmitted.
b. Culture is social.
d. Culture is learned.
3. Maharlika is a young woman of Agta tribe. She is excellent in performing
their ethnic dance. According to her, the elders in their tribe transferred
the steps of the dance to her. What characteristic or aspect of culture is
being referred to by this experience?
a. Culture is learned.
c. Culture is continuous.
b. Culture is shared.
d. Culture is transmitted.
4. The following are all considered as means of transmitting culture among
members of the society. Which one is the main vehicle of passing culture
from one generation to another generation?
a. Instruction
c. Language
b. Imitation
d. Symbols
5. Pinoys are fond of singing and listening to music. Before, people used
to do sing-a-long with a jukebox, then it was changed to karaoke, and
20
now, most people sing their favorite songs in videoke.
Their ways of enjoying music has gone through changes
but still lives up until today. Therefore, culture is .
a. learned
c. continuous
b. shared
d. transmitted
6. Gentriseños are known for celebrating Valenciana
festival. In times of barangay fiestas, people actively
participate in the so-called “karakul.” Carmela has
observed this specific way of life of the Gentriseños since
childhood. At present, this custom is still embedded in
her heart. This story tells us that culture is acquired by
being bornt into a particular society. What aspect of
culture does it describe?
a. symbolic
c. encompassing
b. intergrated
d. learned
7. Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of individuals in a
community?
a. Society
c. Manner
Culture
d. Organization
Evangelista family was known for their religiosity. Francis, the
youngest of the family, learned how to pray the Holy Rosary and the
“Oracion” at the age of 10. According to him, his grandparents were the
ones who taught him the proper way of praying.
CULTURE IS LEARNED
Marco didn’t know how to speak Tagalog well, not until he met his new
circle of friends. They were speaking the said language. His usual
interactions and bonding with them made him well versed in such
language, making him a good communicator in Filipino.
SOCIAL
A gay fashion designer, Roberta, migrated in the U.S.A since 2001.
This year, he visited his former employer in the Philippines to be the guest
speaker of an event. Roberta was able to introduce new fashion techniques
he had learned from the States.
SHARED
Mrs. Isabella owned a famous restaurant in their hometown. Its
bestsellers were the unique recipes of bulalo and kare-kare. According to
her, their family managed to run the business despite all the challenges.
In fact, she inherited the business from her great grandmother.
CONTINUOUS
He often shared his childhood experiences with them including
stories during the old times. He also demonstrated Filipino values such as
saying “po & opo”, pagmamano, etc. All these traits were being transferred
to and practiced by his grandchildren.
TRANSMITTED
COUNSELING AND ITS
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCE
What is clientele? Who are the
individuals or groups who need
counseling? What are their
characteristics and needs?
Clienteles are the people who
need help and support from
different groups of society. We,
as part of the society can go or
ask for the help of the counselors
but not all of us can undergo
counseling. According to Gibson
and Mitchell (2003), there is so
called the special population and
these clienteles have evolved
through the years. The special
clientele has been given
increasing attention by the
counseling profession due to
frequent occurrences and
growing number of clients. The
special population is composed
of people who abuse drugs,
people who use
tobacco/cigarettes, people who
abuse alcohol, women, older
adults, people with AIDS/HIV,
victims of abuse, LGBTQ and
people suffering from mental
illnesses. The items below briefly
describe each of the special
counseling population.  People
Who Abuse Drugs-In our society,
there are increasing number of
drug users. Drug abuse is not just
harmful to our physical health
but to our mental health as well.
It cannot be denied that drug
addiction creates more social
problems and contribute to social
disintegration. Consequently,
more youth victims cry for help
and seek for counselors’
attention.  People Who Use
Tobacco/Cigarettes-Slowly, our
population recognizes the bad
effects of tobacco or cigarettes to
our health. However, many
people still use and continue to
use tobacco or cigarettes even if
it is deadly. Users find it difficult
to stop smoking. Hence, smokers
who desire to quit smoking were
added to the list of the
counselor’s clientele.  People
Who Abuse Alcohol-Alcoholism is
seen as an illness and alcoholics
find it difficult to stop drinking
on their own. This requires help
from a professional as it
requires appropriate treatment.
However, an equally important
paradigm is to look at
alcoholism as a weakness of
self- control and self- discipline.
Therefore, this requires
intervention other than
treatment.  Women-Even with
the changing role of women in
society, men still predominantly
control purchasing and decisionmaking powers. Most men still
have less participation in
household responsibilities and
childcare. In this case, women’s
advancement is constrained.
What complicates this situation
is the women’s perception about
themselves and the society’s
expectations. Counselors are
responsible in helping women
appreciate their own values,
abilities, aptitudes, and
interests and utilize these to
develop their full potential. 
Older Adults-The aging
population is increasingly rising
and demands more attention.
Retirees who are adjusting to life
outside word feel lost and
ignored. Life for them suddenly
loses meaning. A transition from
a busy life to retirement stage
must be instituted. This is a
challenge to the counseling
profession. Other aging issues
that require attention of
counseling include loss of a
partner, decline of mental
capacity and mobility, increased
loneliness, decline in financial
security, etc.  People with AIDSAcquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) has been
labeled as the most feared
disease due to its incurability.
Victims of this disease are
seeking help to improve their
quality of life and to handle their
emotional stress and low selfesteem. Counseling approach
requires sensitivity and
appreciation of the intricacies of
the disease. Counselors may also
help in assisting and educating
the victim’s support system. 
Victims of Abuse-This population
represents victims of domestic
violence characterized by spouse
and child abuse. Spouse abuse is
often associated with poverty,
drug abuse, and career
disappointments. The abuse has
also become rampant and has
caused psychological damage to
the victims. The counselors are
increasingly being utilized to
help the victims.  Gay Men and
Lesbian Women (LGBTQ) –
There is a growing number of
LGBTQ that are coming out.
However, there are still sectors
in society, including their own
families,that avoid and
discriminate them. They are
usually the victims of
harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation.
LGBTQ, like other sectors of the
society, suffer from peer denial,
family clash, health
uncertainties, and prejudgment.
Counseling will focus on selfawareness, self- acceptance, and
understanding.  Persons with
Disabilities –Person with
Disabilities “have long-term
physical, mental, or sensory
impairments which in
interaction with various barriers
hinder their full and effective
participation in society on an
equal basis with others (United
Nations Enable, 2006).
Discrimination is rampant
against people with disabilities-
they receive lower pay and have
more difficulty finding job. For
counselors, treat people
regardless of disability status
with the same expectations.
Gather information about your
client’s disability- do not rely
solely on your client to educate
you. A client’s disability may not
be the focus of treatment.