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SURFACE
VEHICLE
STANDARD
J/ISO 3449
Issued
ISSUED
APR1998
1998-04
Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard
Earthmoving Machinery—Falling-Object Protective Structures—
Laboratory Tests and Performance Requirements
Foreword—This document provides performance criteria for falling object protective structures (FOPS). It recognizes
that there are various classes and sizes of machines that operate in a variety of environmental conditions.
Therefore, two levels of acceptance criteria are provided based upon end use. It is intended to assure operators of
reasonable protection from falling objects of different sizes and masses under the conditions stated in 4.4.
SAE J/ISO 3449 is technically equivalent to ISO 3449 while noting the following expections:
0.1 Scope—This SAE Standard applies to operator-controlled machines as described in ISO 3471 and to the
following off-road work machines of mass greater than 700 kg that are commonly used in earthmoving,
construction, logging, and mining applications as identified in SAE J1116 JUN86 and designed for an on-board,
seated operator:
a. Crawler tractors and loaders (see SAE J1057 SEP88 Sections 3.1 and 7.1 and SAE J727 JAN86 for
description and nomenclature).
b. Graders (see SAE J1057 SEP88 Section 6 and SAE J870 JUL84 for description and nomenclature).
c. Wheel loaders, wheel tractors, and their modifications used for rolling or compacting, dozer equipped
wheel tractors, wheel log skidders, skid steer loaders, and backhoe loaders (see SAE J1057 SEP88
Sections 3.2, 7.2, and 9 for description and nomenclature.)
d. Wheel industrial tractors (see SAE J1092 JUN86 for description and nomenclature).
e. Tractor portion of semi-mounted scrapers, water wagons, articulated steer dumpers, bottom dump
wagons, side dump wagons, rear dump wagons, and towed fifth wheel attachments (see SAE J1057
SEP88 Sections 4.1.1.4, 4.1.2, 4.2.1.1, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3, 4.3.2, and 5 and SAE J869 JUL90 and SAE
J728 JUL90 for description and nomenclature).
f. Rollers and compactors (see SAE J1017 JAN86 for description and nomenclature).
g. Rigid frame dumpers with full mounted bodies (see SAE J1057 SEP88 Sections 4.1.1.1, 4.1.1.2,
4.1.1.3, 4.1.1.5, and 4.3.1.1, and SAE J1016 JUL90 for description and nomenclature).
NOTE—Additional machine types listed in SAE J1116 JUN86 may utilize these FOPS performance criteria if
so directed by other SAE reports.
EXCLUSIONS—Machines whose use is predominantly, or entirely, in manufacturing plants and/or warehouses are
specifically excluded. Rough terrain forklifts, 360-degree rotation excavators, and excavator
based machines are also excluded along with FOPS protection for the operator of an attachment
with an alternate seat position from that used for mobile operation (for example, an attachment
backhoe).
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely
voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.
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Copyright 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.
SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
0.2 Normative References—Because of the expanded scope, the following standards apply as normative
references:
SAE J1116—Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines
0.3 Affected SAE Documents—The following SAE documents will be replaced with the adoption of SAE J/ISO
3449:
SAE J231—Minimum Performance Criteria for FOPS
SAE J1043—Performance Criteria for FOPS for Industrial Machines
Other Documents which at this time reference SAE J231 and/or SAE J1043 are:
SAE J1040—Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures for Construction, Earthmoving,
Forestry, and Mining Machines
SAE J1042—Operator Protection for General Purpose Industrial Machines
SAE J1164—Labeling of ROPS and FOPS and OPS
0.4 General Requirements—The following requirements/additions shall apply:
0.4.1 Optional Drop Test Object for Level II—The use of the 400 mm ball as an option for the level II drop is not
allowed within SAE J/ISO 3449.
0.4.2 Variance of the Standard Drop Object Height—The drop heights shall be specified as 3.05 m for the level
I test and 5.19 m for the level II test.
0.4.3 FOPS/ROPS Requirement—The FOPS shall also meet the applicable minimum performance criteria for
rollover protective structure (ISO 3471).
0.4.4 Fasteners—Bolts and nuts used structurally may also be SAE Grades 5, 7, or 8.
1.
Scope
1.1
This SAE Standard specifies:
a. The laboratory tests for measurement of structural characteristics, and
b. The performance requirements in a representative test,
of a falling-object protective structure (FOPS).
1.2
The laboratory tests are a means of testing the characteristics of the structures used to protect the operator
from localized impact penetration and, indirectly, of the load-capacity of the supporting structure to resist
impact loading.
1.3
This document establishes a consistent, repeatable means of evaluating characteristics of FOPS under loading
and prescribes performance requirements for these structures under such loading in a representative test.
NOTE— For the purposes of this document, "representative test" means a test of a specimen whose material,
dimensional, and processing requirements are typical of those FOPS currently being produced.
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
1.4
This document applies to the following types of operator-controlled machines, regardless of the type of steering
system used, as defined in ISO 6165:
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.5
Crawler loaders, wheel loaders, and backhoe loaders
Crawler tractors and wheel tractors
Graders
Tractor-scrapers
This document does not apply to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Self-propelled compactors
Drills
Paving machines
Machines having a power rating less than 15 kW (20 hp)
Belt loaders
Excavators
Cranes
Drag lines
2.
References
2.1
Applicable Publications—The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this document. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this document are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of
IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise
indicated the latest revision of SAE publications shall apply.
2.1.1
ISO PUBLICATIONS—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.
ISO 148:1983—Steel—Charpy impact test (V-notch)
ISO 898-1:1988—Mechanical properties of fasteners—Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs
ISO 898-2:_1—Mechanical properties of fasteners—Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values—Coarse
thread
ISO 3164:1979—Earth-moving machinery—Laboratory evaluations of roll-over and falling-object
protective structures—Specifications for the deflection-limiting volume
ISO 3411:1982—Earth-moving machinery—Human physical dimensions of operators and minimum
operator space envelope.
ISO 3471-1:1986—Earth-moving machinery—Roll-over protective structures—Laboratory tests and
performance requirements—Part 1: Crawler, wheel loaders and tractors, backhoe loaders, graders,
tractor scrapers, articulated steer dumpers
ISO 6165:1987—Earth-moving machinery—Basic types—Vocabulary
2.2
Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a
required part of this document.
SAE J231—Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS)
SAE J1043—Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS) for Industrial Machines
1. To be published. (Revision of ISO 898-2: 1980)
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
3.
Definitions—For the purposes of this document, the following definitions and abbreviations apply.
3.1
Falling-Object Protective Structure (FOPS)—A system of structural members arranged in such a way as to
provide operators with reasonable protection from falling objects (for example, trees, rocks, small concrete
blocks, hand tools, etc.)
3.2
Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS)—System of structural members arranged on a machine in such a
way as to accomplish its primary purpose of reducing the possibility of an operator, when wearing a seat belt,
being crushed should his machine roll over. Structural members include any subframe, bracket, mounting,
socket, bolt, pins, suspension, or flexible shock absorber used to secure the system to the machine frame but
excludes mounting provisions which are integral with the machine frame.
3.3
Deflection-Limiting Volume (DLV)—That volume, related to the operator, which serves to set limits and
deflections permissible when performing laboratory evaluations of FOPS and ROPS. The volume, an
approximation, is based on the seated dimensions of a large operator.
4.
General—The following points are stated to aid in understanding principles, intention, and application of this
document.
4.1
The FOPS can be integrated in the cab of the operator.
4.2
The evaluation procedure will not necessarily duplicate structural deformations due to a given actual impact of
falling objects.
4.3
This evaluation procedure is generally destructive of the FOPS assembly, as permanent deformation is apt to
occur.
4.4
Two acceptance levels are defined:
a. Level I acceptance is intended for protection from falling bricks, small concrete blocks and hand tools
encountered in operations such as highway maintenance, landscaping, and other construction site
services.
b. Level II acceptance is intended for protection from falling trees or rocks for machines involved in site
clearing, overhead demolition, or forestry.
Although FOPS meeting these criteria do not give crush protection under all circumstances in which the
machine could be struck from above, it is expected that penetration protection will be ensured under at least
the following conditions: a round object dropped from a height sufficient to develop an energy of 1 365 J (level
I) or a blunt object (see Figure 1) dropped from a height sufficient to develop an energy of 11 600 J (level II).
NOTE—Drop height of a standard object is defined as a function of its mass. See Figure 3.
4.5
The material temperature requirement of 6.3 is intended to be a base-line of measurement for testing, to
ensure that the FOPS will have meaningful resistance to brittle fracture; it does not necessarily relate to
operating conditions.
4.6
Because, in an actual situation involving a falling object, loading will be dynamic (possibly impact), the use of
conventional "safety factors" based on static force loading should be treated with caution. The "safety factor" of
a FOPS is related more to energy absorption capability and details of weld design and welding procedure than
it is to static force resistance.
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
5.
Laboratory Tests
5.1
Apparatus
5.1.1
Solid steel or ductile iron or other sphere, having a mass of 45 kg (level I), with the sphere diameter not
exceeding 250 mm or a standard laboratory drop test object, made of steel as shown in Figure 1 (level II).
An optional drop test object is a sphere or ball with a maximum diameter of 400 mm and with the capability of
developing an energy of 11 600 J for level II.
FIGURE 1—STANDARD LABORATORY DROP TEST OBJECT
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
5.1.2
Means of raising the standard object to the required height.
5.1.3
Means of releasing the standard object so that it drops without restraint.
5.1.4
Surface of such firmness that it is not penetrated by the machine or test bed under the loading of the drop
test.
5.1.5
Means of determining whether the FOPS enters the deflection-limiting volume during the drop test.
This may be either of the following:
a. A DLV, placed upright, made of a material which will indicate any penetration by the FOPS; grease may
be put on the lower surface of the FOPS cover to indicate such penetration;
b. A dynamic instrumentation system of sufficient frequency response to indicate the relevant deflection
with respect to the DLV.
5.2
DLV Requirements—The DLV and its location shall be in accordance with ISO 3164. The DLV shall be fixed
firmly to the same part of the machine as the operator’s seat, and shall remain there during the entire formal
test period.
For skid-steer loaders, where front access is required and it is necessary to provide protection for the feet
separate from other parts of the FOPS, it is permissible that guards invade the DLV in the area above the foot
and at the front of the area representing legs and knees. The guards shall not extend into the area that will be
occupied by the legs and knees as defined in ISO 3411.
5.3
Test Conditions
5.3.1
MEASUREMENT ACCURACY—The measurement accuracy of the deflection of the FOPS shall be ±5% of the
maximum deflection measured.
5.3.2
MACHINE OR TEST BED CONDITION
5.3.2.1
The FOPS to be evaluated shall be attached to the machine structure as it would be in actual machine use.
A complete machine is not required: however, the portion on which the FOPS is mounted shall be identical
to the actual structure, and the vertical stiffness of a test bed shall be not less than that of an actual
machine as described in 5.3.2.2.
5.3.2.2
If the FOPS is mounted on a machine, the following stipulations apply:
a. There are no limitations on customary attachments and/or payload;
b. All ground-engaging tools shall be in the normal carry position;
c. All suspension systems, including pneumatic tires, shall be set at operating levels. Variable
suspensions shall be in the "maximum stiffness" range;
d. All cab elements, such as windows, normally removable panels, or non-structural fittings, shall be
removed so that they do not contribute to the strength of the FOPS.
5.4
Procedure—The test procedure shall consist of the following operations, in the order listed.
5.4.1
Place the standard laboratory drop test object (5.1.1) on top of the FOPS (small end down—level II) at the
location designated in 5.4.2.
5.4.2
The small end of the object shall be entirely within the vertical projection of the DLV, in that volume’s upright
position, on the FOPS top. It is intended that the drop location include at least a portion of the vertical
projection of the top plane area of the DLV.
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
Case 1—Where major, upper, horizontal members of FOPS do not enter the vertical projection of the DLV
on the FOPS top.
The drop test object shall be placed such that it is as close as possible to the center of gravity of the
upper FOPS structure (see Figure 2).
Case 2—Where major, upper, horizontal members of the FOPS do enter the vertical projection of the DLV
on the FOPS top.
Where the covering material of all the surface areas above the DLV is of uniform thickness, the center
of the drop test object shall be in the surface of greatest area. This area is the vertical projected area
of the DLV without major, upper, horizontal members. The center of the drop test object shall be at that
point, within the surface of greatest area, which has the least possible distance from the centroid of the
FOPS top (see Figure 2).
FIGURE 2—DROP TEST IMPACT POINTS
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
Where other materials or a different thickness are used in different areas above the DLV, each area in
turn shall be subjected to a drop test. If design features such as cutouts for windows or equipment or
variations in cover material or thickness indicate a more vulnerable location could obviously be
selected within the vertical projection of the DLV, the drop location should be adjusted to that location.
In addition, if cutouts in the FOPS cover are intended to be filled with devices or equipment to provide
adequate protection, those devices or equipment shall be in place during the drop test.
5.4.3
Raise the drop test objection vertically to a height above the position indicated in 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 to develop
energy as specified in 4.4 depending on the type of FOPS.
5.4.4
Release the drop test object so that it falls without restraint onto the FOPS.
5.4.5
As it is unlikely that the free fall will result in the drop test object hitting at the location and/or in the attitude of
5.4.1 and 5.4.2, the following limits are placed on deviations.
5.4.5.1
For a level II FOPS, the initial impact of the small end of the drop test object shall be entirely within a circle
of 200 mm radius (the center of this circle is to coincide with the vertical centerline of the drop test object
as positioned according to 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.
5.4.5.2
For a level I FOPS, the impact of the drop test sphere shall be entirely within a circle of 100 mm radius (the
center of this circle shall coincide with the vertical centerline of the drop test object as positioned according
to 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.
5.4.5.3
For level II FOPS test, the first contact between the test object and the FOPS shall only be along the small
end and/ or the radius contiguous to that end (see Figure 1).
5.4.5.4
There is no limitation on location or attitude of subsequent impacts due to rebound.
6.
Performance Requirements
6.1
Requirement for FOPS Alone—The protective properties of the FOPS system shall be estimated by the
ability of the cab or protective structure to resist the impact. The DLV (see ISO 3164) shall not be entered by
any part of the protective structure under the first or subsequent impact of the drop test object. Should the
drop test object penetrate the FOPS, it shall be considered to have failed the test.
6.2
Requirement for Both ROPS and FOPS—Where the structure provides for both ROPS and FOPS, the FOPS
shall also meet the performance requirements for the appropriate ROPS as given in ISO 3471. Where ROPS
is not involved, a different structure may be used to support the FOPS as long as the DLV is not violated in the
test.
The FOPS shall completely cover and overlap the vertical projection of the DLV.
Should the same structure be used for both evaluations, the drop test procedure shall precede the ROPS
loading: the removal of impact dents or replacement of the FOPS cover is permitted.
NOTE—It is not required that the included volume of a ROPS of ROPS having four or more vertical
members entirely enclose the positioned DLV. Nor is it intended that a simple (two-post) frame be
excluded as either a FOPS or ROPS.
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
6.3
Material Temperature Requirements
6.3.1
The laboratory evaluations shall be performed with FOPS and machine frame members soaked to –18 °C or
below.
6.3.2
If the evaluations are not performed at this temperature, the following minimum material requirements shall
be met.
6.3.2.1
Bolts and nuts used to attach the FOPS (or FOPS cover and its supporting structure) to the machine frame
and to connect structural parts to the FOPS cover shall be property class 8.8 or 10.9 bolts (see ISO 898-1)
or 8 or 10 property class nuts (ISO 898-2).
6.3.2.2
Structural members of the FOPS and ROPS (or FOPS cover) and the mounts which attach them to the
machine frame when made from steel shall have one of the following Charpy v-notch impact strengths (see
ISO 148):
10 mm x 10 mm specimen:
10 mm x 7.5 mm specimen
10 mm x 5 mm specimen:
10 mm x 2.5 mm specimen
10.8 J at – 30 °C
9.5 J at – 30 °C
7.5 J at – 30 °C
5.5 J at – 30 °C
Structural members made from materials other than steel shall have equivalent low-temperature impact
resistance.
Specimens are to be "longitudinal" and taken from flat stock, tubular, or structural sections before forming
or welding for use in FOPS. Specimens from tubular or structural sections are to be taken from the middle
of the side of greatest dimension and shall not include welds.
NOTE—The requirements of 6.3.2.2 are given until such time as ISO develops an International Standard.
7.
Labelling
7.1
A label shall be applied to every FOPS. When the structure meets the performance requirements for both
FOPS and ROPS, the labelling shall be as described in ISO 3471.
7.1.1
LABEL SPECIFICATION
7.1.1.1
The label shall be of a permanent type and permanently attached to the structure.
7.1.1.2
The label shall be located on the structure so that it can be easily read and is protected from defacing by
weather.
7.1.2
LABEL CONTENT—The label shall provide the following minimum information:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Name and address of the manufacturer of constructor of the FOPS
FOPS identification number, if any
Machine make, model(s), or serial number(s) the structure is designed to fit
The International Standard number(s) for which the structure meets all of the performance
requirements and the level being met. National regulations may be included.
NOTE—The manufacturer may include such other information as deemed appropriate (for example,
installation, repair, or replacement information).
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
FIGURE 3—HEIGHT AND MASS FOR DROP TEST OBJECT WITH CAPABILITY
OF DEVELOPING ENERGY OF 11 600 J
8.
Reporting of Test Results—The test report shall include the results of the test and be presented in a typical
test report according to Appendix A. Additional information presented in Appendix B shall be reported only to
the originator of the test request.
PREPARED BY THE SAE CONSTRUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL SOUND LEVEL COMMITTEE
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
APPENDIX A
(normative)
STANDARD TEST REPORT (See Section 8)
A.1
Identification
A.1.1 Machine(s)
Type:...............................................................................................................................
Manufacturer: .................................................................................................................
Model: ............................................................................................................................
Serial number (if any):....................................................................................................
Machine frame part number:..........................................................................................
A.1.2 FOPS
Manufacturer: .................................................................................................................
Model: ............................................................................................................................
Serial number (if any):....................................................................................................
FOPS (may include ROPS) part number: ......................................................................
A.2
Information Supplied by Manufacturer(s)
Location of DLV: .............................................................................................................
A.3
Conclusion—Confirm the test results by the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The minimum performance requirements of ISO 3449 were met (not met) in this test.
Date of test.
Name and address of the test facility.
Tested by (signature)
Date of report.
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
APPENDIX B
(normative)
TEST REPORT—ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR ORIGINATOR OF TEST REQUEST
(See Section 8)
B.1
Drop Test Object
B.1.1 Standard:
diameter:
length:
mass:
mm
mm
kg
B.1.2 Ball:
diameter:
mass:
mm
kg
B.1.3 Height of fall for the test:
B.2
m
Photographs
B.2.1 One photograph of drop test object and test arrangement before application of drop test(s).
B.2.2 Photographs as necessary to show top and bottom of FOPS structure after application of drop test(s).
B.3
Test Results
B.3.1 Drop Test—Energy imparted to the drop test object without causing penetration of any part of the FOPS
J
structure into the DLV nor penetration of the FOPS by the drop test object:
B.3.2 Material Temperature
°C or verification of
a. The test was performed with FOPS and machine frame members soaked to
the Charpy V-notch impact strength requirements for FOPS and ROPS (or FOPS cover) structural
metallic members.
b. Verification of the property class requirements for bolts and nuts (see 6.3.2.1).
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SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
Rationale—At this time ISO 3449 is being accepted with a dual designation as SAE J/ISO 3449. This SAE
J231. SAE Recognizes several differences, some technically inconsistent with the SAE documents
being replaced. The following are those which are viewed as technically significant:.
a. Optional drop test object for level II. SAE does not accept the 400 mm ball as a technical equivalent
to the standard drop object. This has been addressed in the SAE foreword.
b. Variance of the standard drop object. As defined in ISO 3449, there are no restrictions on size,
mass, or height which the object is dropped from. In the foreword to the SAE J/ISO 3449, this has
been specified to match the comparison SAE documents.
c. FOPS/ROPS requirement. ISO 3449 makes no apparent requirement that a FOPS shall also meet
the ROPS requirements for ISO 3471. This has been clarified in the SAE foreword.
d. Fasteners—ISO 3449 excludes SAE Grades 5, 7, and 8 for use as structural bolts and nuts. This
has been modified in the SAE foreword.
Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—SAE J/ISO 3449 is technically equivalent to ISO 3449.
Application—This SAE Standard applies to operator-controlled machines as described in ISO 3471 and to the
following off-road work machines of mass greater than 700 kg that are commonly used in earthmoving,
construction, logging, and mining applications as identified in SAE J1116 JUN86 and designed for an onboard, seated operator:
Crawler tractors and loaders (see SAE J1057 SEP88 3.1 and 7.1 and SAE J727 JAN86 for description
and nomenclature).
Graders (see SAE J1057 SEP88 Section 6 and SAE J870 JULY84 for description and nomenclature).
Wheel loaders, wheel tractors, and their modifications used for rolling or compacting, dozer equipped
wheel tractors, wheel log skidders, skid steer loaders, and backhoe loaders (see SAE J1057 SEP88 3.2,
7.2 and 9 for description and nomenclature).
Wheel industrial tractors (see SAE J1092 JUN86 for description and nomenclature).
Tractor portion of semi-mounted scrapers, water wagons, articulated steer dumpers, bottom dump
wagons, side dump wagons, rear dump wagons, and towed fifth wheel attachments (see SAE J1057
SEP88 4.1.1.4, 4.1.2, 4.2.1.1, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3, 4.3.2, and 5 and SAE J869 JUL90 and SAE J728 JUL90
for description and nomenclature).
Rollers and compactors (see SAE J1017 JAN86 for description and nomenclature).
Rigid frame dumpers with full mounted bodies (see SAE J1057 SEP88 4.1.1.1, 4.1.1.2, 4.1.1.3, 4.1.1.5
and 4.3.1.1. and SAE J1016 JUL90 for description and nomenclature).
NOTE—Additional machine types listed in SAE J1116 JUN86 may utilize these FOPS performance
criteria if so directed by other SAE reports.
EXCLUSIONS—Machines whose use is predominantly, or entirely, in manufacturing plants and/or
warehouses are specifically excluded. Rough terrain forklifts, 360 degree rotation excavators, and
excavator based machines are also excluded along with FOPS protection for the operator of an
attachment with an alternate seat position from that used for mobile operation (for example, an
attachment backhoe).
SAE J/ISO 3449 Issued APR1998
Reference Section
SAE J231—Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS)
SAE J1043—Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS) for Industrial Machines
ISO 148:1983—Steel—Charpy impact test (V-notch)
ISO 898-1:1988—Mechanical properties of fasteners—Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs
ISO 898-2:_1—Mechanical properties of fasteners—Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values—
Coarse thread
ISO 3164:1979—Earth-moving machinery—Laboratory evaluations of roll-over and falling-object
protective structures—Specifications for the deflection-limiting volume
ISO 3411:1982—Earth-moving machinery—Human physical dimensions of operators and minimum
operator space envelope.
ISO 3471-1:1986—Earth-moving machinery—Roll-over protective structures—Laboratory tests and
performance requirements—Part 1: Crawler, wheel loaders and tractors, backhoe
loaders, graders, tractor scrapers, articulated steer dumpers
ISO 6165:1987—Earth-moving machinery—Basic types—Vocabulary
Developed by the SAE Construction and Agricultural Sound Level Committee
1. To be published. (Revision of ISO 898-2: 1980)