Mobile Package Training
Prepared by
Osama Mohamed Rizk
Supervisor
Dr/ Hala Nafea
Table of Contents
I. Introductions & History of communications
II. 2G “GSM, GPRS and EDGE”
III. 2G Drive test
IV. 3G “ WCDMA & UMTS”
V. 4G “LTE , LTE-A and LTE-A Pro”
VI. 4G Planning
VII. 5G NR “SA NSA”
VIII. 5G Planning
Introductions
Mobile networks, often identified by their "G" numbers (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G),
have evolved significantly, transforming how we connect and communicate
through our mobile devices.
In this report, we'll take a simplified technical dive into these generations, making
complex concepts easy to understand.
Our journey will cover:
• 1G (First Generation): We'll explore the initial phase of mobile
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communication, characterized by analog technology and the birth of
mobile phones for voice calls.
2G (Second Generation): This section will explain how 2G introduced
digital technology, leading to clearer calls and the advent of text
messaging, paving the way for SMS.
3G (Third Generation): We'll discuss how 3G brought faster data speeds,
enabling mobile internet access, video calls, and the rise of mobile apps.
4G (Fourth Generation): This part will describe how 4G networks
revolutionized mobile data with LTE technology, making seamless video
streaming and gaming on smartphones possible.
5G (Fifth Generation): Finally, we'll dive into the latest 5G technology,
known for its ultra-fast speeds, minimal delays, and the potential to
support futuristic technologies like augmented reality and the Internet of
Things (IoT).
By the end of this report, you'll have a simplified technical grasp of how each
mobile network generation built upon the previous one
History of communications
telecommunications is the process of long-distance communication, and its
history is rich with various methods and technologies that were used to relay
messages over vast distances, Let's explore some of these early
telecommunications methods:
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Smoke Signals
Flags and Semaphore
Drum Communication
Carrier Pigeons
Electric Telegraph
These early forms of telecommunications were essential for enabling
communication across long distances.
First Generation Cellular System: The Era of Analog Communication
In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, the world witnessed the birth of the
first generation of cellular systems, marking a significant milestone in the history
of telecommunications.
Analog System: The first-generation cellular systems were analog in nature.
Analog technology enabling mobile phones to connect wirelessly to cellular
networks.
Incompatible Systems:different regions and countries developed their own
analog cellular systems, resulting in a multitude of incompatible standards.This
change posed challenges for international communication and roaming.
Limited to Voice Service
No Encryption: Analog cellular systems did not employ encryption for voice
transmissions
FM Modulation:. FM was suitable for voice but less efficient in terms of spectral
efficiency compared to digital modulation techniques used in later generations.
FDMA Transmission Technology
Capacity Saturation: first-generation cellular networks faced challenges related to
capacity saturation. The limited number of available frequency channels resulting
in dropped calls.
The first generation of cellular systems represented a groundbreaking step in
mobile communication, demonstrating the feasibility of wireless voice
communication.
Second Generation Cellular System
In the 1990s, the world saw the arrival of second-generation (2G) cellular
systems, which brought digital technology to mobile communication. This shift
from analog to digital offering several improvements:
Unified Standard: 2G established a single global standard called GSM, making
mobile phones work across borders.
International Roaming: It allowed you to use your mobile phone while traveling
abroad, expanding the reach of mobile communication.
Digital Encryption: 2G systems used digital encryption to secure calls and data,
enhancing privacy and security.
More than Voice: 2G wasn't just for calls; it introduced text messaging and basic
data services, setting the stage for mobile internet.
Efficient Power Use: These phones were more energy-efficient, meaning longer
battery life for your mobile device.
Compact Phones: 2G phones were smaller, lighter, and could fit in your pocket,
making them more convenient.
TDMA Technology: They used Time Division Multiple Access, a clever way to
share the airwaves, allowing more users to connect.
Increased Capacity: 2G networks could handle more users, reducing congestion
and dropped calls.
This digital revolution paved the way for the modern mobile era, where our
phones do much more than just make calls.
GSM - Architecture
A GSM network comprises of many functional units.
The GSM network can be broadly divided into −
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The Mobile Station (MS)
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
The base station subsystem (BSS)
The Base Transceiver station (BTS)
BS contains the RF transmission equipment It performs
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Power amplification
channel coding
ciphering
modulation
The base station controller (BSC)
It carries out all control functions in the BSS as:
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Paging
Channel allocation
power control
Handover
The transcoding and rate adaptation unit (TRAU)
- It is used for speech compression/decompression
- Also adaptation of data to the requirement of the air interface BSC MSC VLR
The Mobile service switching center (MSC)
It is an electronic computerized exchange provides the interface between MS and the fixed
network
It will not contain any subscriber parameters
Its functions are:
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Switching
Charging
call routing
Communication with HLR and VLR
Communication with other MSCs
Control of connected BSCs
The MSC is connected to:
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HLR (Home location register)
VLR (Visitor location register)
AUC (Authentication Center)
EIR (Equipment identity register)
GSM AIR INTERFACE
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GSM bands
Channel Characteristics
Multipath fading
It gives a Rayleigh fading distribution.
To overcome multipath fading we use :
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Microscopic diversity and combining techniques
Frequency hopping
Error correction with Interleaving technique
Adaptive power control
Shadow Fading
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The signal is blocked by large structures.
The obstacles create shadowing (screening) effect which decreases received signal
strength.
This shadow is not due to multipath.
Slow fading
Doppler shift
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+ve if the mobile moves toward the BS
-ve if the mobile moves away from the BS
The Doppler frequency shift should be compensated so that a correct frequency
synchronization is achieved .
Distance between MS and BS
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This makes Time alignment Problem
To overcome this system should respond to this delay
Types of logic channels
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Traffic channels
Control channels
Types of Traffic channels
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Full rate - 13 Kbps data rate
Enhanced full rate - 12.2 Kbps data rate
Half rate - increase network capacity
Types of control channels
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Broadcast control channel
Dedicated control channel
Common control channel
GSM Protocols
Main reasons for power control:
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Saving MS battery Power
Improve CIR.
Can be enabled or disabled.
Performed separately for UL and DL.
Measurements on UL and DL are sent to BSC every 480 ms.
Measurements in terms of: Signal strength in dBm. Signal quality in BER.
Handover Control
Automatic switching of a call from one TCH to another.
Can be within the cell or between cells.
Handover occurs on TCH when call is in speech stage. Only started if power control is not helpful.
Unique feature of mobile network.
Handover types:
Inter cell handover Involves change of carrier and BTS.
Intra-cell handover Involves change of carrier in same cell.
GPRS & EDGE
Methods of data transferring
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Circuit-Switching
Message-Switching
Packet-Switching
Circuit-Switching
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Best for Real-Time Applications
Reverse Charging
Incoming Calls Only
Outgoing Calls Only
Full Channel Connection
Same Protocol
Better Bandwidth (BW) Usage
Smaller Setup Time
Not Suitable for Real-Time.
Packet-Switching
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Message Divided into Packets
Packet Information
Individual Connections
Fastest Switching Method
Asynchronous Connectivity
Flexibility
Ease of Retransmission
Efficient Use of Paths
EDGE
• Enhanced Full Rate Speech
• multi-mode terminal equipment (satellite roaming)
• Internet access
• High Speed Circuit Switched Data
• General Packet Radio Service
• Enhanced Data Rates for the GSM Evolution (EDGE)
2G Drive Test
Types
➢ Single Site Verification test.
- Checking the handover between the sectors of the site. - Checking the handover (in & out) with
the neighbors of the site. - Checking the coverage of each sector. - Checking cross feeder. Checking the capability to access on the internet -Checking the capability to download files to
view the GPRS rate.
➢ Cluster Test.
For checking retainability the command sequence is adjusted as follow: - infinity
number of minutes. -call wait 10 to 15 sec.
For checking accessibility the command sequence is adjusted as follow: - 2
minutes per call. - call wait 10 to 15 sec.
➢ Main Road Test.
This test is mainly used to Avoid VIP complains and enhance the service in the
important areas.
➢ Benchmarking Test
This test is mainly used to compare between the quality of service of each
operator.
➢ SWAP test.
This test is mainly used in case of SWAP from vendor to vendor for one operator.
TEMS Windows
2G Field Problems
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Cross sector
Cross feeder
HO Failures.
Missing Neighbors.
Dropped calls.
Blocked calls.
Overshooting
Hardware problem
We simulate log files have this problems and investigate it using TEMS.
3G CDMA & UMTS
3G add value.
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Enhanced Voice Quality
Capacity for Voice and Data Usage
Faster Bit Rates
Reduced Delay for Improved Interactive Service Response Time
Enhanced Security
Services: Streaming, Video Telephony, and Mobile TV
Why Do we need new access techniques?
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Band Saturation
More BW efficiency
Capacity (more than 3/4 The population of the global use mobile phones)
CDMA Spread Spectrum
In the beginning it was decided to UMTS to be fully independent on
GSM
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In mid 1990 the point of view is changed about 3G
GSM proved that it more successful than other network and widely used in
the world
So it would be a risk that implement a fully incompatible UMTS
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is indeed a system that
operates with a carrier bandwidth of 5 MHz. This wide bandwidth allows for high
data rates and provides several advantages, including:
CDMA Advantages: WCDMA inherits the benefits of CDMA, such as efficient
spectrum utilization, enhanced capacity, and robustness against interference.
High Data Rates: The wide bandwidth of WCDMA enables it to support high data
rates, making it suitable for various applications, including mobile broadband and
multimedia services.
In summary, WCDMA combines the advantages of CDMA with a wide bandwidth,
which allows it to deliver high data rates, making it a powerful technology for
modern wireless communication systems.
3G Channels
UMTS Network Architecture
UMTS Protocol Stack
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Physical layer
MAC Layer
RLC Layer
RRC layer
NAS Layer (Non-Access
Stratum)
UMTS Protocols
• Power Control
o Closed loop
o Open loop “Autonomous” Power Control
• Admission Control Factor
UMTS Handover
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decision similar GSM
initiated by RNC
performed by UE
How UE measure neighbors’ Power?
- Dual Rx.
- Compressed mode
Handover types
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Hard “Break Before Make”
Soft “Make Before Break”
Softer
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between sector cells
Combining via RAKE
Node B internal
INTERSYSTEM HO (IRAT)
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GSM To UMTS
UMTS To GSM
❖ 3G Drive Test we investigate same Problems
as 2G
LTE Technologies
❖ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): to solve the BW
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inefficiency and H/W complexity.
Single Carrier FDMA
Frequency Domain Equalization: Frequency domain equalization does
something similar for data to improve its quality.
Channel Dependent Scheduling
Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Antenna System: MIMO uses multiple
antennas to make data transmission more reliable and faster.
OFDMA Advantages
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High data rate
High BW efficiency
ISI free communications
Low H/W complexity
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Air Interface
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Bands GSM&UMTS Bands, 2600Mhz , …..
Duplex Technique FDD & TDD
Multiple Access • DL: OFDMA • UL: SC-FDMA
Modulation Adaptive Modulation • DL: QPSK – 16QAM – 64QAM • UL:
BPSK - QPSK – 16QAM – 64QAM Note: 64QAM optional in UL Carrier
BW Scalable bandwidth : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20MHz
Max. Data rate “for 20MHz without MIMO” 100Mbps/50Mbps
Max Moving speed Up to 350 Km/hr
LTE Channels
LTE Protocol Stack
Layers like UMTS
Channel Coding
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CRC
o Error detection
Convolutional
o Error correction
o For low rate
Turbo
o Error correction
o For high rate
Voice over LTE
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VoLGA (Voice over LTE via Generic Access): Use legacy 2G/3G
as a generic access, voice services, and delivering via LTE.
Not Used
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CSFB (CS Fall Back): whenever the UE have the need to place a
call, make it revert (fallback) for legacy networks.
when UE wants to make voice call, MME tells MCS to accept
the call over 2G/3G
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VoLTE (Voice over LTE): make voice over LTE itself
o SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
o To make voice calls, LTE networks need to have an IMS (IP
Multimedia Sub-system) IMS offers several multimedia IP
services, including VoIP (Voice over IP)
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity).
Call Session Control Function (CSCF) It is a call transfer method
(handover), in a simplified and reliably way, when an LTE user has an
active voice session in IMS and is moving to areas without LTE
coverage, but with legacy 2G/3G coverage.
Finally it is comparison between Generations and it’s Releases
4G planning
Planning steps
❖ Data collection
❖ Dimensioning
o Coverage
o Capacity
❖ Simulation and prediction
❖ Site location
❖ Nominal planning ( pre – configuration )
❖ Site survey 1. Legal 2. Installation
❖ Detailed planning ( code – neighbor list …. )
❖ Site acceptance
No. of sites ( N ) needed to provide coverage to this area ,the site
radius ( R ) and the inter site distance ( D )
• D (inter-site distance ) →D=1.5 x R
• N (No. of sites needed)
• To calculate A site , there are two equation :
o For directive antenna ( site work with directive antenna) A site
=1.94 x 𝑅 2
o For site work with Omni antenna A site = 2.5 x 𝑅
Coverage Dimensioning
Wave propagation (Air Interface losses)
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Free space propagation.
Lfs=32.44+20 log (F) + 20 log (D)
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2 rays model.
Lfs=20 log (hbs) +20 log (F)+ 40 log (D)
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Multi path model (Hata model) Based on a practical measurements.
For F > 1500 MHz
For F < 1500 MHz
• As losses is a function of R
• So if we know the air losses we can get R
• And we can get air losses by using LINK BUDGET equation
MAPL = Txpwr-losses”feeder+connectors+jumpers”+Txant.gain-losses
margins+Rxant.gain-Rxsens
losses”feeder+connectors+jumpers”
Now you can get MAPLSo we can get RNow
we can get No. of sites
Capacity Dimensioning
No. of sites = Total area traffic / site traffic
Now we will calculate the actual site throughput for DL For FDD mode.
T site = T cell * ( No. of cells / site ) * Q
Where : T site ➔ actual site throughput .
T cell ➔ cell throughput
Q ➔ system load i.e. the percentage of the used resource .
for FDD the cell throughput can be calculated as the following .
T cell = 2000 * NRB * [ (12*(6 or 7)) – (4 * No. of Antennas)] * ( (1, 2, 4 or 6 )*
coding rate .) * ( 1- CCH )
Where NRB: No. of resource block based on carrier BW CCH: Ratio of the
control channel
Note: No . of Traffic resource element based on MIMO order
Total traffic = No. of active users * traffic per user
Traffic / user = Σ( BHSA) *(Service penetration)* ( session Traffic )
We can calculate the session traffic as the following . Session traffic = ( session
bearer ) * ( Session time ) * ( session duty ratio ) / ( 1-BLER )
Now we can get No. of sites
Session Bearer : rate required for this service Session Time : average service time Session
duty ratio : the actual time of transmission as percentage . BIER : Block error rate i.e the
allowed error in the transmitted Block ( BLER = 10%)
Using Atoll for planning area at Cairo
5G New Radio “NR”
NR is a major new radio access technology developed by 3GPP, as a logical
further step beyond LTE-Advanced Pro. But like LTE, NR uses modulation based
on OFDM for both downlink and uplink
Operation from quite low to very high bands: 0.4 – 100 GHz Including
stand-alone operation in unlicensed bands
Ultra wide bandwidth
• Up to 100MHz in bands below 7 GHz
• Up to 400MHz in bands above 7 GHz
5G shall provide wireless connectivity for anything that can benefit from being
connected To enable a truly networked society, there are three major challenges:
• A massive growth in the number of connected devices.
• A massive growth in traffic volume.
• A wide range of applications with diverse requirements and characteristics.
5G will target three use case families :
• enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)
o Hotspot connectivity
• massive machine-type communications (mMTC)
o Internet of Things (IoT)
• ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC).
o industrial manufacturing
o remote medical surgery
o Driverless and/or remotely driven vehicles
5G Air Interface
Reference Signals
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Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS)
Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS)
5G Channels
5G Network Architecture
SA (Standalone)
• eMBB/uRLLC/mMTC and network slicing
• New Core required
• High requirement for 5G NR coverage
NSA (Non Standalone)
• Focus on eMBB
• LTE as anchor, reuse current EPC, 5G NR quick introduction
• Less requirement for 5G NR coverage
5G Protocol Stack
• many similarities between LTE protocol stack and 5G-NR protocol stack
because LTE protocol stack is being taken as the base line for the
development of 5G-NR.
• 5G-NR User contains Phy, MAC, RLC, and PDCP same as LTE and has
introduced a new layer named as SDAP (Service Data Adaptation
Protocol).The main services and functions of SDAP include:
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Mapping between a QoS flow and a data radio bearer (Due to new QoS
framework)
Marking QoS flow ID (QFI) in both DL and UL packets
PHYSICAL CELL IDENTITY
Like LTE, 5G NR also has synchronization signal and known as Primary Synchronization
signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS). These signals are specific to
NR physical layer and provides following information required by UE for downlink
synchronization.
•PSS
•SSS
•Physical Layer Cell ID (PCI) information using both PSS and SSS
RANDOM ACCESS
• PRACH is used to carry random access preamble from UE towards gNB.
• It helps gNB to adjust uplink timings of the UE in addition to other parameters.
• Zadoff chu sequences are used to generate 5G NR random access preamble similar
to LTE technology.
• Unlike LTE, 5G NR random access preamble supports two different sequence lengths
with various format configurations as shown in the figure. The different formats help in
wide deployment scenarios.
POWER CONTROL
• Open loop power control calculated at the UE to get PRACH power
• Closed loop power control controlled by corrections transmitted by the gNB
HANDOVER
• Network Initiated 5G Handover
• UE Initiated 5G Handover
VOICE CALLS IN NR
5G Voice Evolution steps There are 3 steps to reach VoNR as below
1.Dual Connectivity .
2. EPS Fallback.
3.Voice over NR.
5G Planning
Like 4G put propagation models different
• Propagation Models
The four environment
categories are:
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Rma Rural Macro
(LOS&NLOS)
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Uma Urban Macro
(LOS&NLOS)
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UMi Urban Micro
Street Canyon
(LOS&NLOS)
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InH indoor Hot
Spot (LOS&NLOS)