INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS
Meaning:
 Sport includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games which,
through casual or organized participation, at least in part aim to use,
maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to
participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Sports can
bring positive results to one’s physical health. Sports is generally recognized
as system of activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical
dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games
admitting only sports meeting this definition, and other organizations.
Objectives:
 To provide an environment for physical development of the students.
 To provide opportunity to the student to showcase their talent in sports
field.
 To promote sportsmanship among students by organizing various sports
activities.
 To promote healthy lifestyle, sports for peace and development among youth
worldwide.
Purpose:
 To connect and build relationships with our peers and make lasting
friendships.
 It presents limitless education and learning opportunities
 It encourages ongoing education in skill and personal development.
 To promotes social change by utilizing sport as a platform to advance social
change.
 Creates equal access and equal opportunity for all, and help eliminate
discrimination, violence and abuse.
 To use all youth sports activities primarily as a context to teach virtue.
 To teach our youth about virtuous concepts such as humility, faith, hope,
love, courage, discipline, leadership, work, ethic, empathy, thankfulness, and
more.
 To teach our youth about uniting wills for a common purpose which forms the
attitude of solidarity, so badly needed in today’s individualistic, self
centered life of consumerism
BASKETBALL- it is a game played between two teams of five players each on a
rectangular court, usually indoors. Each team tries to score by tossing the ball
through the opponent’s goal, an elevated horizontal hoop and net called a
basket.
VOLLEYBALL-it is a game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side,
in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net,
trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponent’s playing area
before it be returned.
SEPAK TAKRAW-(“kick ball”) is a uniquely Southeast Asian game (now played in
other regions) that is similar to volleyball but is played with a woven rattan ball
and without using the hands. The sport is internationally competitive, and
Malaysia has fronted winning teams.
SOFT BALL- is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of 10 players. It
is played between 2 teams on a large field, with nine or ten players from one
team on the field at a time. There are 4 bases on the infield (first base, second
base, third base, and home plate). Near the centre of this square is the
pitcher’s circle, and within the circle is the “rubber”, a small flat rectangular
area.
BASEBALL-is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take
turns batting and fielding. The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team,
called the pitcher, throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit
with a bat.
BADMINTON-is a racket sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or
two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular
court that is divided by a net.
TABLE TENNIS- is known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two
or four players hit a lightweight ball, also known as the ping-pong ball, back and
forth across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a hard table
divided by a net.
FOOTBALL- is a sport between two teams of 11 players that involves kicking a ball
with their feet with the objective of scoring more goals than the opposing team in
a fixed time (usually 2 x 45 minutes).
TYPES OF TOURNAMENT:

Single Elimination- knockout, or sudden death tournament is a type of
elimination tournament where the loser of each match-up is immediately
eliminated from the tournament. Each winner will play another in the next
round, until the final match-up, whose winner becomes the tournament
champion.

Double Elimination-is a type of elimination tournament competition in which
a participant ceases to be eligible to win the tournament’s championship upon
having lost two games or matches. It stands in contrast to a singleelimination tournament, in which only one defeat results in elimination.

Round-robin-(or all-play-all tournament) is a competition in which each
contestant meets all other contestants in turn. A round-robin contrasts with
an elimination tournament, in which participants are eliminated after a
certain number of losses.
I. VOLLEYBALL
It is a game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the
players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make
the ball touch the court within the opponent’s playing area before it be returned.
The game was first developed by William G. Morgan who had completed his degree
in Physical Education in 1894 at Springfield College, then known as the School of
Christian Workers. While working at a YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) in
Holyoke, Massachusetts, he attempted to get the local businessmen involved in the
game of basketball, which had also been developed by a Springfield College man.
Morgan first called his game mintonette.
The game of minton was probably familiar to Morgan—it might be considered a
first cousin to volleyball. Minton was introduced into the United States in 1895.
1910- the volleyball game was introduced in the Phillippines.
FACILITIESAND EQUIPMENTS
The Court
The international court is 18 by 9 meters. The typical American court is 30 x 60
feet. The lines are in bounds.
The Net
The net height is 7 feet, 11-5/8 inches in the center of the net for men’s volleyball
and 7 feet 4-1/8 inches for the women’s game.
The Standards
The standards that support the net are mounted in the floor in some gyms. This is
the best and safest type of standard. Many gyms have standards that rest on a
base on the floor. These require additional anchoring with guy wires set into the
floor or the walls.
The Referee’s Stand
The referee’s stand is generally attached to one of the standards and allows the
referee to stand about four feet above floor level. From this vantage point the
official can better see the play at the net and can call net touching and illegal
movements over or under the net.
The Antenna
In official games a thin pole, usually fiberglass, is extended over the sideline from
the top of the net to a level three feet above the net. The antennae are there to
assist the officials and players in determining whether the ball passed over the net
in bounds (inside the antennae). If a team does not hit the ball over the net in
bounds, the ball is not in play.
The Ball
The official ball is made of leather and is 25 to 27 inches in circumference. Since
1998, the official rules call for the ball to have alternating white, blue, and yellow
panels for good visibility. Because of the cost of leather and the fact that school
volleyball is often played outside, manufacturers have developed both synthetic
leather balls and rubber balls.
TERMINOLOGIES

Ace. An in-bounds legal serve that the opponents cannot return, resulting in
a point for the serving team.

Attack. The offensive action of hitting the ball; the attempt by one team to
terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent’s side.

Attack line. A line three meters from the net; the attack line separates the
front-row players from the back-row players.

Attacker. Also “hitter” and “spiker” ; a player who attempts to hit a ball
offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team’s favor.

Back set. A set made when the setter’s back is toward the hitter.

Block. A defensive play by one or more players meant to intercept a spiked
ball; the combination of one, two, or three players jumping in front of the
opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.

Decoy. An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who will receive the
set.

Deep set. A set to be hit away from the net to confuse the blockers.

Dig. Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball; slang for the art of retrieving an
attacked ball close to the floor.

Dink. Also “tip”; a legal push of the ball around or over blockers.

Forearm pass. A pass in which the player’s arms are joined from the elbows
to the wrists; the player strikes the ball with the fleshy part of his or her
forearms in an underhand motion.

Free ball. A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike; the
receiving team should move into serve receive positions.

Foul. A violation of the rules.

Key. To discern the opposing team’s next play by observing its patterns or
habits.

Kill. An attack that results in an immediate point or side out.

Overhand pass. A pass made with both hands open, controlled by the
fingers, with the player’s face below the ball.

Overhand serve. A serve in which a player strikes the ball with his or her
hand above the shoulder.

Overhead pass. A ball-handling skill in which the player uses both hands
simultaneously to contact the ball above the head and to direct it to the
intended target.

Pass. The first hit, which is aimed at the setter.

Spike. Also “hit” or “attack”;. A ball contacted with force by a player on the
offensive team with the intent to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor
or off the opponent’s blocker.
When a serving team commits a violation, it is a sideout and the other team gains serve.
When a player commits a flagrant foul, the referee’s decision is to eject the player
from the game.
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
Officials & Their Duties in Volleyball
On the sidelines, at the back corners and at the net, someone always has an eye on
the volleyball court during a game. Although their duties vary, volleyball officials
ensure that the game is played fairly, cleanly and that points are given when they
are deserved. Those officials are the referees, the scorekeeper, assistant
scorekeeper or libero tracker, and the line judges.
Referees
The referee is the individual at the center of the court, dressed in black and white
stripes. A referee’s duties include signaling when a rally begins and ends. The
referee is responsible for officially recognizing team requests, substitutions, timeouts and communicating with the coaches at the appropriate times. There are
often multiple referees in a match, according to the Strength and Power for
Volleyball website.
Scorekeeper
The scorekeeper creates official records of volleyball games. Before play begins,
the scorekeeper records team and player information. Once the game begins,
scorekeepers not only track points, but also player substitutions, sanctions and
time-outs. The scorekeeper keeps an eye on the individual serving the ball to track
the rotation and notify referees of potential lapses. At the close of the game, the
scorekeeper records the final score of the game.
Assistant Scorekeeper
The assistant scorekeeper or libero tracker is responsible for updating the
scoreboard and keeping an eye on the libero. The libero tracking duty was added in
1999. This individual records changes in the libero rotation, notifying referees
when problems occur in the rotation.
Line Judges
There are usually two-line judges, one at either end of the court, usually in
opposite corners. Line judges work with the referees, signaling to assist in making
judgment calls. These officials often use flags to signal when a ball is in or out, hits
the antennae of the net, or when the server commits a foot fault, or steps outside
the line as they serve.
6 Basic Skills in Volleyball
The six basic volleyball skills are passing, setting, spiking, blocking, digging, and
serving.
Passing is often thought of as the most important skill in volleyball. If you can't
pass the serve, then you won't ever put your team in a position to score a point.
The importance of serving is often undervalued. Many coaches don't teach players
to serve aggressive and use this opportunity to give the team an advantage for
scoring points.
Blocking is perhaps the least taught skill in volleyball. Players can get away with
poor blocking skills because not blocking isn't going to hurt the team as much as
being poor at executing other skills in volleyball.
Digging is another skill that isn't focused on quite as much as most skills in
volleyball.
The setter position is considered to be the most important position in volleyball.
The setter basically runs the team offense.
II. BADMINTON
THE HISTORY AND RULES OF THE GAME OF BADMINTON
The name Badminton comes from Badminton House – home of the Duke of Beaufort
in the English county of Gloucestershire. The ancestral estate is now better known
for hunting and horse trials, it is credited as the formal birthplace of the racquet
sport. But badminton’s roots date back 1000’s of years.
Sports played with racquets and a shuttlecock most likely developed in ancient
Greece around two thousand years ago but are also mentioned in China and India.
In England a children’s game known as “battledore and shuttlecock” in which
players used a paddle – a battledore – to keep a small feathered cork – a
shuttlecock – in the air as long as possible – was popular from medieval times.
In the seventeenth century, Battledore or Jeu de Volant was an upper-class sport
in many European countries. Versions of the game had been played for centuries by
children in the Far East, and were adapted by British Army officers stationed in
Pune (or Poona), India in the 1860s.
They added a net and the game became a competitive sport called “Poona”, with
formal rules in 1867. In 1873 the game made its way back to England and gained its
current title after guests at a Badminton House lawn party held by the Duke of
Beaufort introduced it to their friends as “the Badminton game”.
It was credit to its popularity that in 1877 the first set of written rules were
formalized by the Bath Badminton Club. A national organizing body was formed
sixteen years later with the setting up of the Badminton Federation of England,
which in 1899 held the first All England Championships.
BADMINTON SCORING SYSTEM
All singles and doubles matches are the best-of-three games. The first side to 21
points wins a game.
A point is scored on every serve and awarded to whichever side wins the rally. The
winning side gets the next serve.
If the score is 20-20, a side must win by two clear points to win the game. If it
reaches 29-29, the first to get their 30th point wins.
WHAT IS A BADMINTON COURT’S DIMENSIONS?
In singles, a badminton court is 13.41m (44ft) long and 5.18m (17ft) wide. The
width extends to 6.1m (20ft) in doubles.
The net is 1.55m (5ft 1in) high at the ends and 1.52m high (5ft) where it dips in
the middle.
A serve must pass the short service line, which is 1.98m (6.5ft) from the net.
Beyond the short service line, there is a line which runs down the middle to split
the left and right service courts. There is also a doubles service line 0.76m (2.5ft)
in from the baseline.
That means each service court (four in total) is 3.96m (13ft) long and 2.59m
(8.5ft) wide.
THE BADMINTON BIRDIE (SHUTTLECOCK)
The birdie, also referred to as the shuttlecock, is badminton’s unique ‘ball’.
The cone-shaped projectile is formed using feathers or a synthetic material which
are attached to a cork or rubber base.
The birdie’s shape means it will always fly cork-first once struck, and remain so
until hit again.
Made up of 16 feathers, the birdie is between 62-70mm long and weigh between
4.74 and 5.5g. The tip of the feathers should create a circle with a diameter from
58-62mm, with the cork/rubber base 25-28mm in diameter and rounded at the
bottom.
Badminton Equipment & Facilities
Different versions of badminton have been played for centuries, but it was the
game of "Poona" in India that was the basis for the game of badminton we play
today. In the 1860's a group of stationed British army officers learned the game
and took it back with them from India. The game grew in popularity until 1895
when the Badminton Association of England was formed, along with the rules of
game play that are used around the world even today. In order to play this form of
badminton, certain equipment and facilities are needed.
Racket
The badminton racket is one of the most important tools a player has in the game.
Badminton rackets are much lighter than most other sports rackets because they
are made from materials such as carbon fiber or lighter metals such as aluminum.
Parts of the racket include the head, throat, shaft and handle with a maximum
length of 27.77 inches and a width of 9 inches. It Strings that are stretched
across the opening of the racket in a checkerboard pattern, which acts as the
hitting surface. Badminton rackets can vary widely in cost depending on whether
they are purchased as part of a basic backyard set or as more expensive
professional models.
Shuttlecock
The badminton shuttlecock also referred to as a shuttle or birdie, acts similarly to
a ball in other racket sports. However, the design of the birdie creates more drag
as it is propelled through the air due to its feathered shape. The shuttlecock is
made up of a cone shape with a hard cork at its tip. Shuttlecocks can be made from
a variety of materials -- more expensive models are actually made from feathers,
and less expensive models are made from plastic feathers. The shuttle has 16
feathers attached to the base and the length of the feathers range between 2.44
and 2.75 inches.
Net
A mesh net divides the badminton court into two sides. A badminton net is placed
lower than a volleyball net at five feet and one inch high on the sides and five feet
high in the center. The length may vary depending on whether doubles or singles
are playing, with singles reaching 17 feet and doubles reaching 22 feet. The net is
30 inches wide with a 3-inch white tape doubled over the top.
Facilities
The badminton court should be 44 feet long by 22 feet wide if playing doubles, and
44 feet long by 17 feet wide for singles. If the facility is indoors, there needs to
be enough height for the shuttlecock to be able to float across the net without
hitting the ceiling. This height will vary depending on the strength of the players.
BASIC DRILLS OF THE GAME BADMINTON
Basic Gripping Technique
Learn how to hold your racket using the forehand and backhand grip. If you are not
holding the racquet properly, you won’t be able to execute strong shots especially
to your opponent’s baseline.
Basic Footwork
Good footwork allows good movement around the court. Learn the basics of
covering the court to return your opponents’ shots!
III. SEPAK TAKRAW
Sepaktakraw or kick volleyball, is a sport native to Southeast Asia. Sepaktakraw differs
from the similar sport of volleyball in its use of a rattan ball and only allowing players to
use their feet, knee, chest and head to touch the ball. It is a popular sport in Southeast
Asia.
In Malaysia, the game is called sepak raga or takraw. It is also kataw (Lao: "twine" and
"kick”) [1] while in Thailand it is called takraw. In Myanmar it is known as chin lone, and is
considered more of an art as there is often no opposing team, and the point is to keep the
ball aloft gracefully and interestingly. In the Philippines, besides "takraw" it is also known
as sipa, meaning "kick".
"Sepak" is the Malay word for kick and "takraw" is the Thai word for a woven ball,
therefore sepak takraw quite literally means to kick ball. The choosing of this name for
the sport was essentially a compromise between Malaysia and Thailand, the two
powerhouse countries of the sport.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Measurements of courts and equipment often vary among tournaments and organizations
that operate from a recreational to a competitive level; international competitive rules and
regulations are used in this section. There are two types of event categories: the
reguand the doubles regu. The regu category is played by three players on each team while
the doubles regu is played by two players on each team.
Expressions
Takraw is the Thai word for the hand-woven rattan ball originally used in the game.
Therefore, the game is essentially "kick ball.] The concept of Foot volley originates from
Thai Takraw pronounced (Tha-Graw) Also, sometimes misnamed by foreigners as "Shaolin
Soccer" however it is an ancient game mainly enjoyed between Thai and Laos.
Net
The net shall be made of fine ordinary cord or nylon with 6 cm to 8 cm mesh. Similar to a
volleyball net.
The net shall be 0.7 m in width and not shorter than 6.10 m in length and taped at 0.05 m
from tape double at the top and sideline, called boundary tape.
The net shall be edged with 0.05 m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net
supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and strain over
and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1.52 m (1.42 m for women)
in height from the center and 1.55 m (1.45 m for women's) at the posts.
Ball
A sepak takraw ball made out of rattan
The sepak takraw ball shall be spherical, made of synthetic fibre or one woven layer.
Sepak takraw balls without synthetic rubber covering must have 12 holes and 20
intersections, must have a circumference measuring not less from 42 to 44 cm (17–17 in)
for men and from 43 to 45 cm (17–18 in) for women, and must have a weight that ranges
from 170 to 180 g (6.0–6.3 oz) for men and from 150 to 160 g (5.3–5.6 oz) for women.
The ball can be in plain single colour, multi-colour, and luminous colours, but not in any
colour that will impair the performance of the players.
The sepak takraw ball can also be constructed of synthetic rubber or soft durable
material for covering the ball, for the purpose of softening the impact of the ball on the
player’s body. The type of material and method used for constructing the ball or for
covering the ball with rubber or soft durable covering must be approved by ISTAF before
it can be used for any competition.
All world, international, and regional competitions sanctioned by International Sepak
Takraw Federation, including but not limited to, the Olympic Games, World Games,
Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and SEA Games, must be played with ISTAF approved
sepak takraw balls.
Players
A match is played by two teams, also known as 'regus', each consisting of three players.
One of the three players shall be at the back; he is called a “Tekong”. The other two
players shall be in front, one on the left and the other on the right. The player on the left
is called a “Left Inside” and the player on the right is called a “Right Inside”.[15]
Start of play and service
The side that must serve first shall start the first set. The side that wins the first set
shall have the options of “Choosing Service”.
The throw must be executed as soon as the referee calls the score. If either of the
"Inside" players throw the ball before the referee calls the score, it must be re-thrown
and a warning will be given to the thrower.
During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players are allowed to move
about freely in their respective courts.
The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and
inside the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of the opponent’s court.[15]
Faults in the game
Serving side during service
The "Inside" player who is making service throws, plays with the (throwing up the ball,
bumping, giving to other "Inside" player etc.) after the call of score has been made by the
referee.
The "Inside" player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or touches the net
while throwing the ball.
The Tekong jumps off the ground to execute the service.
The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw.
The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court.
The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court.
The ball does not cross to the opponent side.
A player uses his hand or hands, or any other part of his arms to facilitate the
execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touch the ball, but it touches
other objects or surfaces instead when doing so.
Serving and receiving side during service
Creating distracting manner or noise or shouting at his opponent.
For both sides during the game
Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side.
Any part of player's body crosses over into opponent's court whether above or under the
net except during the follow-through of the ball. Playing the ball more than 3 times in
succession.
The ball touches the arm
Stopping or holding the ball under the arm, between the legs or body.
Any part of the body or player's outfits e.g. shoes, jersey, head band etc., touches the
net or the post or the referee's chairs or falls into the opponent's side.
The ball touches the ceiling, roof or the wall (any objects).
IV. TABLE TENNIS
History of Table Tennis
The history of table tennis began in England in the nineteenth century, this being a way to
play tennis in an enclosed space. In the beginning books were used as a hammock, and with
his hands he would beat a ball or cover from side to side.
With the growing popularity of this activity, a toy company got the idea and developed
wooden rackets to play. These made a lot of noise and hence comes the name of “ping
pong.”
Later an English company named J. Jaques registered the brand and from there the other
manufacturers began to call table tennis.
Over time, the equipment has been changing and the popularity of the sport has been
increasing all over the world. It is currently estimated that at least about 300 million of
people play ping pong as a recreational form.
Since 1988, Table Tennis is an Olympic sport, having been held in Seoul.
Table Tennis Game
It is known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two or four players hit a
lightweight ball, also known as the ping-pong ball, back and forth across a table using small
rackets.
The table tennis game is played by sets, and its number is defined by the organization of
the event, which may have 3,5 or 7 sets and wins the player who reaches more than half of
the sets first.
To win the set, a player has to reach the 11 points, and the set will only end if there is a
difference of 2 points between the players (if they have 10 × 10, the game only ends up if
12 × 10 or so in succession).
Each play begins with the service and the goal is to make the ball hit the opponent’s field
during the play and he could not return it in the same way.
How to Play and Table Tennis Rules
Concierge
The table tennis rules say that the service should begin by placing the ball in the open palm
facing upwards for the referee and opponent to see the ball and then throw it at least
16cm and when the ball you are dropping you do the service by making him bounce on your
side of the table and then on the opponent’s side.
In a game of doubles, the service has to be crossed and made from its right side to the
right side of the opponent.
If the ball touches the net and moves to the side of the opponent, touching its field, it is
considered net, and this service was invalid, not counting point to anybody. The number of
invalid postings is unlimited and can be postponed until the posting is valid or fails to dial.
Table Tennis Techniques
One of the great peculiarities of this sport is that you can spin a very large ball and thus
achieve a very different number of effects and speeds, which requires a lot of strategy
during a game. Let’s see which are the most used spins:
Cato: This effect causes the spinning ball to “flee” from its opponent back to itself, being
that it does not hit as far forward as normal and so thanks the opponent cannot put force
on the ball and it ends up in the net.
Topspin: If you want a way to fight Cato, this is the way. The Topspin is made with a fast
and strong upward movement when you are off the table, from the knee to the forehead,
which causes the ball to rotate forward and so the bounce is faster and stronger, thus
making it difficult to block the opponent.
Driver: The Driver is similar to Topspin but the movement is shorter, giving you more
speed in a more compact beat and in most occasions, with the goal of unbalancing the
opponent, causing him to block this Driver and thus open spaces to finish the point.
Over-Driver: Few times used, even because it is difficult to perform, is to make a Driver in
response to a Driver. The ball already comes with effect and a lot of speed and you try to
have the same effect, thus doubling your speed. As said, it is difficult to achieve but when
done correctly it is extremely effective.
Equipment
Table
This can be made of any material, provided it is solid and flat and smooth, and it should
make a bounce of 23cm when the ball is thrown from a height of 30cm.
The measurements for the table should be 2,74 meters long, 1,52 meters wide and 0,76
meters high.
The top should also be painted with a dark, matte color so as not to reflect too much light
and be easy to identify the position of the ball. The lines should be white, covering the
ends and dividing the field into 2, using its width as a reference, with a line of 3mm to
separate the service sides in the matches in pairs.
Net
The net for the table tennis table should be a network interlaced, must have 15,25cm of
height and that same distance out of the table on each side. The bottom of the net should
always be in contact with the table top.
Ball
The ball used in ping pong or table tennis is made of celluloid or a similar plastic, weighing
about 2,74 grams and with a diameter of 40mm.
Interesting fact: 2000 balls before 38 were around 40mm, which were replaced by
XNUMXmm at the Sydney Olympic Games, with the aim of increasing their resistance to
the air and speeding up the game so that the spectators could see better the game and
thus increase its popularity.
Racket
The table tennis racket can be of various sizes, shapes and weights. However, they should
be made of 85% natural wood. The racket blade can be reinforced with a layer of
adhesives mixed with fibrous materials such as carbon fibers, glass fibers or paperboard.
The thickness of each of these blades can not be greater than 7,5% of the total thickness
or 0,35 millimeters, with the lowest value prevailing.
The colors on each side should be bright red and black, even if one side has no rubber
coating.