ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION KEY INFLUENCES ROMAN ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE KEY ARCHITECTURAL BULDINGS AND SAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS COMPARATIVE TABLE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE • believed to have been founded in the 8th century B.C., and lasted until the collapse of the Roman Empire during the 5th century A.D. • Romans have polytheistic religion - they believe in many different gods, mainly: Jupiter, Minerva, Neptune, Venus, and Mars. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION TO ROMAN ARCHITECTURE • ROMAN ARCHITECTURE is a marvelous mixture of civic and religious architecture. • Romans continued the legacy left by Greek architects and the established architectural orders, especially the Corinthian. • The Romans were also innovators and they combined new construction techniques and materials with creative design to produce a whole range of brand new architectural structures. The Romans developed the technology of concrete- which is a mixture of crushed rock and liquid, with these, they were able to build more extensive structures and shapes than the Greeks could. • Typical innovative Roman buildings included the basilica, triumphal arch, monumental aqueduct, amphitheatre, and residential housing block. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • GEOGRAPHICAL • GEOLOGICAL • CLIMATE • RELIGION • SOCIAL AND POLITICAL • HISTORICAL HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, AN ORDER IS A DISTINCT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONS THAT IS USED WHEN BUILDING A ROMAN STRUCTURE SUCH AS TEMPLE OR BASILICA. THE ORDER TYPE TELLS HOW HIGH THE COLUMNS AND ROOF SHOULD BE, AND ALSO HOW THEY LOOK EACH ORDER HAS A UNIQUE LOOK AND SIZE. THE EASIEST WAY TO RECOGNIZE ANY ORDER IS BY LOOKING AT THE CAPITAL LOCATED AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE THE ROMAN ORDER OF ARCHITECTU R E • THERE ARE THREE ORIGINAL ORDERS ESTABLISHED BY THE GREEKS WHICH ARE THE DORIC, IONIC, AND CORINTHIAN. AS THE ROMAN HISTORY PROGRESSES THE ROMANS CAME TO USE FIVE ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. • THE ROMAN COMBINED THE IONIC AND CORINTHIAN TO MAKE THE COMPOSITE CAPITAL AND ADAPTED THE DORIC ORDER INTO WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE TUSCAN COLUMN. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • NOT used often by the Romans • earliest of the three original Greek orders. • characterized by plain, unadorned column capital, and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base. • an example would be the temple in Paestum, though they were originally built by Greeks and not Roman doric in style. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ABACUS VOLUTE • one of the three original Greek orders. • more slender and elegant than the Doric • can be easily identified by its unique capital which sits above the column shaft. The Ionic capital has a Volute, a swirl or scroll-like ornament, on either side of the column shaft. • And below and between the volutes and their joining section above, is found the Echinus which typically contains a horizontal egg-and-dart motif. At the top of the capital is the Abacus, a common structure found at the top of nearly all capitals, which makes contact with the entablature above. ECHINUS GREEK AND IONIC CAPITALS COMPARED DIAGRAM GREEK IONIC CAPITAL ROMAN IONIC CAPITAL • Greek Ionic capital is more detailed, and the fluted shaft below stops well below the bottom of the volutes. Even the Astragal moulding located at the very top of the Greek Ionic capital is more intricate. And, of course, the Greek volutes are larger and more pronounced. • The Roman version, though indeed more detailed and elegant than a Tuscan capital, is nevertheless much simpler and smaller when compared to the Greek Ionic capital. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • tallest, most slender, detailed and graceful of the orders. • stands 10 column shaft bottom diameters high. • first appeared in the 5th century BC/BCE, and was created by Callimachus, an Athenian sculptor in Ancient Greece. • based on cylindrical, woven basket that had a large tile laying across the top. • the basket sits on top of shoots from Acanthus leaves rising up along the sides. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • uniquely roman and did not exixt in Greek civilization. • simplified, bare-bones variation of the doric order of Architecture. • everything is plain and basic, including an entablature that often has no decoration. • simplicity is the very essence of this order • The height of a Tuscan column is only seven times the diameter of the column shaft bottom. And the entablature height is 1.75 times the diameter of the column shaft bottom. Nevertheless, the Tuscan Order is grounded, simple, and wide-spaced, with a long history dating back to pre-Roman times in the Etruscan civilization HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • did not exist in Greek civilization. • though Romans use this often, they did not recognize it as an official order of Architecture. • more complex from the Corinthian order. • first used in the Arch of Titus in 82 AD approximately. • it was finally recognised as an order during the Renaissance period.. • this order evolved from the Roman corinthian order. • the difference between corinthian and composite is the structure of the capital on top of the column shaft. COMPOSITE VERSUS CORINTHIAN CAPITAL • Another major difference is found in the area between each pair of corner volutes: in a Corinthian capital you typically find two small and vertical volutes. However, in comparison, a Composite capital has an Echinus decoration made of up an egg-anddart motif pattern above an astragal-like moulding. • You will notice that the very top part of the capital, called the "Abacus" has a decoration in its centre that is different in each capital. These particular decorations can vary in either order, though in the Corinthian the carving is typically composed of a flower-like arrangement. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS. MONUMENTAL AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard Nimes (c. 14 CE) AQUEDUCT • Highest aqueduct ever built by the Romans. • built of unadorned, precut stone blocks, the sheer scale and beauty of it’s construction, along with its noble purpose- to provide free, cleen, fresh water to all citizens • rmains an impressive symbol of the Pax Romana, the civilization the Romans brought in their military wake. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BASILICAS Basilica of Constantine Rome, Italy (307) PALACE OF WORSHIP • Large, roofed hall in Rome, begun by the emperor Maxentius and finished by Constantine about AD 313. This huge building, the greatest of the Roman basilicas, covered about 7,000 square yards (5,600 square m) and included a central nave that was 265 feet (80 m) long and 83 feet (25 m) wide. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BATHS Baths of Caracalla Rome, Italy (216 CE) BATHS • Baths of Caracalla, Italian Terme di Caracalla, ancient (Latin) Thermae Antoninianae (“Antonine Baths”), public baths in ancient Rome begun by the emperor Septimius Semerus in AD 206 and completed by his son the emperor Caracalla in 216. • The extant ruins, together with modern excavations and restorations (including conspicuous reconstructions), are the most extensive of any surviving Roman bathing establishments and consist centrally of a block of large vaulted bath chambers covering an area of 750 by 380 feet (230 by 115 metres), with courts and auxiliary rooms, surrounded by a garden with space used for exercise and games. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PRIVATE HOMES House of Vettii at Pompeii Pompeii (1st century BCE - 79 CE) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE • The House of the Vettii is a relatively typical example of a home built during the Roman Period, and was located in one of the calmer parts of Pompeii. The house was owned by two relatives, Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus Vettius Conviva. • The House of the Vettii provides a detailed look into the transition that the city of Pompeii was undergoing in the mid-first century A.D. After a large earthquake in A.D. 62 TEMPLES Temple of Jupiter Rome, Italy (509BCE ) PALACE OF WORHIP • located on the Capitoline Hill • dedicated to Jupiter, the king of the gods. • it was the most important temple in ancient Rome and was first built in the 6th century BC. The temple was rebuilt multiple times, with the final version completed in 69 AD. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE The Pantheon Rome, Italy (c.128) PALACE OF WORHIP/CIVIC BUILDING • the Pantheon is one of the most iconic and wellpreserved buildings from ancient Rome, located in the heart of modern-day Rome, Italy. Originally commissioned by Marcus Agrippa in 27 BC and later rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian around 120 AD, the Pantheon is a remarkable example of Roman engineering and architecture. • one of the world’s greatest religious and civic buildings. It was built, and rebuilt. as a Roman temple and later consecrated as a Catholic church. • the only light, when the bronze doors are closed, shines through an opening center of the dome called an oculus. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE THEATRES AND AMPHITHEATRES Roman theatre in Bosra Syria Bosra, Syria (2nd century AD ) • a notable ancient Roman theater. The Bosra theatre is one of the most well-preserved and significant Roman theaters in the world. • built in the 2nd century AD, and can accomodate around 15,000 spectators. • The theatre is made of black basalt stones and has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It stands as a testament to the architectural and engineering prowess of the ancient Romans and is a major archaeological and historical landmark in Syria. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy (312 AD) MONUMENT • this arch celebrates the victory of Emperor Constantine I over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD. • It is situated near the Colosseum and incorporates earlier reliefs from other monuments, making it a unique amalgamation of various artistic styles from different periods. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE WALLS Roman wall of Lugo, Spain Lugo, Galicia, Spain (3rd century AD) WALL • The wall served as a defensive fortification to protect the Roman city of Lucus Augusti against external threats. • The Roman Wall of Lugo encircles the historic center of Lugo and stretches for a length of approximately 2,117 meters (6,946 feet) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Comparative table 01 PLANS • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 02 WALLS • • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 03 ROOFS • • • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 04 OPENINGS • • • • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 05 COLUMNS • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1.) DORIC COLUMN: • DORIC COLUMNS ARE STURDY AND SIMPLE IN DESIGN. THEY HAVE NO BASE, AND THEIR SHAFTS ARE FLUTED WITH 20 CONCAVE GROOVES. THE CAPITALS ARE PLAIN AND CONSIST OF A ROUNDED SECTION CALLED ECHINUS AND A SQUARE SLAB CALLED ABACUS. THEY WERE COMMONLY USED IN MAINLAND GREECE BUT WERE LESS PREVALENT IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. THEY WERE OFTEN USED IN MILITARY AND UTILITARIAN BUILDINGS. 2.) IONIC COLUMN: • IONIC COLUMNS ARE MORE SLENDER THAN DORIC COLUMNS AND HAVE A BASE. THE SHAFTS ARE FLUTED WITH 24 CONCAVE GROOVES. THE CAPITALS ARE MORE ELABORATE, FEATURING VOLUTES (SPIRAL SCROLLS) ON EACH SIDE. THEY WERE WIDELY USED IN ROMAN TEMPLES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. THEY ARE CONSIDERED MORE DECORATIVE THAN THE DORIC ORDER AND WERE OFTEN USED IN THE UPPER LEVELS OF BUILDINGS. 3.) CORINTHIAN COLUMN: • CORINTHIAN COLUMNS ARE THE MOST ORNATE OF THE THREE ORDERS. THEY HAVE A BASE, FLUTED SHAFTS, AND CAPITALS ADORNED WITH ACANTHUS LEAVES AND SMALL SCROLLS. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER IS THE MOST ELABORATE AND DECORATIVE. THEY WERE USED IN TEMPLES AND OTHER MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES WHERE A SENSE OF GRANDEUR AND OPULENCE WAS DESIRED. THEY BECAME PARTICULARLY POPULAR DURING THE LATER PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4.) TUSCANCOLUMN: • THE TUSCAN COLUMN IS A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE DORIC COLUMN. IT FEATURES A PLAIN SHAFT WITHOUT FLUTING AND A SIMPLE, UNADORNED CAPITAL. THE TUSCAN COLUMN HAS A BASE, SIMILAR TO THE IONIC AND CORINTHIAN COLUMNS. LIKE THE DORIC COLUMNS THEY WERE USED IN ROMAN MILITARY AND UTILITARIAN STRUCTURES, PROVIDING A MORE STRAIGHTFORWARD AND ROBUST ALTERNATIVE TO THE ORNATE ORDERS. IT WAS FAVORED FOR ITS PRACTICALITY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS. 5.) COMPOSITE COLUMN: • THE COMPOSITE COLUMN IS A COMBINATION OF THE IONIC AND CORINTHIAN COLUMNS. IT FEATURES THE VOLUTES OF THE IONIC COLUMN AND THE ACANTHUS LEAVES OF THE CORINTHIAN COLUMN. THE COMPOSITE CAPITAL IS HIGHLY DECORATIVE AND ORNATE, SHOWCASING BOTH SCROLLS AND ACANTHUS LEAVES.THEY WERE USED IN GRAND AND MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS WHERE A SENSE OF LUXURY AND OPULENCE WAS DESIRED. IT ALLOWED ARCHITECTS TO CREATE VISUALLY STRIKING AND ELABORATE COLUMNS, MAKING IT POPULAR IN THE LATER YEARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 06 MOULDINGS • • • • • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 07 ORNAMENTS • • HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE To Summarize Thank You. The group MEMBERS MARK JAYSON B. RICAFRENTE MARIELLE BELLEZA KIT ANDREI B. BUSTAMANTE NICOLE FLORES CHARMAINNE GWYNETH A. TED
