SEAL POINTERS TO REVIEW
ROLES OF LITERATURE (4)
Literature is Education
Living History
Gives a voice to the people
Conveys quality of life
Geography - Rural vs. Urban
Shows peoples lives and relate to it
Demonstrate in Culture
Shows how complex everything is
Pictures ethnic conflict
Explores relationship between Men and
Women and identifies gender role
Political Power and its corruption
Literature is Hope
“Even in hopelessness there is hope” (Prof.
Grant Olson)
Poem (Burma) “Let’s Go to Tahiti”
Short Story (Vietnamese) To Live
Novel (Philippines) Noli Me Tangere
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin
without success and satisfaction obtained by the
protagonist in a comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to
arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too
ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be
caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or
tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to
bring about changes in his social conditions.
TYPES OF PROSE (10)
There are many types of prose. These include
novels or biographies, short stories, contemporary
dramas, legends, fables, essays, anecdotes, news
and speeches.
a. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into
chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life
stories…and span a long period of time. There are
many characters involved. Example: WITHOUT
SEEING THE DAWN by Steven Javallena.
“Writers hope to bring the spirit of reform into all
spheres of life”
b. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or
more characters, one plot and one single impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos
Bulosan.
Literature is a Subversive Act
c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into
acts and each act has many scenes. Example:
THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero.
A medium for change
Writers and Readers alike join in the act
Promotes Social Responsibility and Social
Consciousness
VARIETIES OF DRAMATIC POETRY (5)
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek
term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form
usually is light and written with the purpose of
amusing, and usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays
with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just
as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and
intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a
happy ending for the principal character.
d. Legends. These are fictitious narrative, usually
about origins. Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio
Duran.
e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with
animals and inanimate thins who speak and act like
people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of
children to events that can mold their ways and
attitudes. Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE.
f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the
writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader. It can be stories about animals
or children. Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP.
g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of
the writer about a particular problem or event. The
best example of this is the Editorial page of a
newspaper.
h. Biography. This deals with the life of a person
which may be about himself, his autobiography or
that of others. Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by
Socorro O. Albert
i. News. This is a report of everyday events in
society, government, science and industry, and
accidents, happening nationally or not.
j. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and
is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the
intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the
audience.
GENRES OF LITERATURE (6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO SETTLED IN THE
PHILIPPINES BEFORE THE SPANIARDS CAME (3)
1.
VARIETIES OF NARRATIVE POETRY (3)
A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important
events in life either real or imaginary.
2.
3.
The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic
exploits often under supernatural control. Example:
THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in
English by Amador T. Daguio
2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written
in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a
metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by
Al Perez
3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered
the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure
and tells of a single incident. There are also
variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and
sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or
mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a
song accompanying a dance.
Traditional Oral Literature- Folktales,
Proverbs, Riddles, legends
Religious Narratives and LiteratureBuddhist Codes and verses, Jataka Tales
Narrative Poetry - Epic Stories
Non-narrative Poetry - songs, love poems
etc.
Historical Novels
Contemporary Literature - novels, short
stories, poems,
THE NEGRITOS- The first people believed
settled in the Philippines. The negritos have
sort in height, thick lips, flat nose and kinky
hair. They had black complexion.
THE INDO/ INDONESIAN- second group
arrived in the Philippines
THE MALAY- 3rd group arrived in the
Philippines, arrived by boat called
BALANGAY
SOCIAL CLASSES DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
(3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
THE MAGINOO- They were the royal and
the privileged in society. The Datu - leaders
of barangay, all came from this class.
THE TIMAWA- The freemen, probably made
up of people of the barangay community,
were called the Timawa class. They have
quite a lot of rights, like choosing wives and
the jobs they like, own property, and an
Alipin, but they were the taxpayers so they
played an important role in the society.
THE MAHARLIKA- was called the warrior
class and apart from having all the rights
the Timawa had, they were also highly
respected and revered. They did not have to
pay tax and what they did was to protect
the barangay.
THE ALIPIN- possessed the fewest rights.
They were not slaves but actually servants
serving masters of the Maharlika, Timawa,
or Maginoo class.
THEMES USED IN LITERATURE (6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
Animals and Forest
Supernatural/Mythical Beings and their
journeys
Gender Roles
Strong Familial Relationship, loyalty and
Identity, Ethnocentricity
Prostitution
Rural vs. Urban
Poignancy of Love Relationship
Wheels of Fate
Importance of Reciprocity
Struggles between humanity and poverty
Strength of Human Character
Political Corruption
Nationalism and anti-colonialism
OTHER THEMES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fortune Telling
Karma, Justice, Responsibility and
Retribution
Nature, Society, and Humanity uniting
together
Sadness of life
River is life and society
the will to love
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