[Understanding the Self
The Self from Various Perspective
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Module 1-2 The Self from various perspective
At the end of this module, you are expected t0:
1. Know the meaning of philosophy
2. Identify different philosophers and their contributions
3. Discuss and explain the answer to the famous question “Who am I?”
PHILOSOPHY
Comes from two Greek words philos which means “love” and sophia which
means “wisdom” In essence it can be translated to love of knowledge of
passion for learning. It is the investigation of normal and fundamental issues.
Concerning matters, for example, presence, information, values, reason,
psyche, and dialect. The term was likely instituted by Pythagoras (c. 570–
495 BCE). Philosophical strategies incorporate addressing, basic dialog,
judicious contention, and deliberate introduction. Exemplary philosophical
inquiries include: Is it conceivable to know anything and to demonstrate it?
What is generally genuine? Scholars likewise posture a more handy and solid
inquiries, for example, Is there a most ideal approach to live? Is it better to be
simply or shameful (in the event that one can escape with it)? Do people have
through and through freedom?
Generally, philosophy deals with the rationality employed by individuals in
learning. Starting from the Ancient Greek savant Aristotle to the nineteenth
century philosophers, who tried to explore and understand the rationality
employed in understanding and learning things. Aristotle looked into regular
reasoning in discovering and learning. Aristotle employed stargazing,
pharmaceutical, and material science. Another is, Newton's 1687
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later ended up named a book
of material science.
In the nineteenth century, the development of current research, methods of
inquiry has evolved. Different approaches to inquiry by different colleges
drove scholarly rationality and different orders to professionalize and
practice the continuous search for learning. In the cutting edge period, a few
examinations that were customarily part of logic wound up particular
scholarly approaches including brain science, humanism, phonetics, and
financial matters.
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PHILOSOPHERS>
Augustine (354—430 C.E.)
St. Augustine is a fourth century scholar whose notable theory implanted
Christian teaching with Neoplatonism. He is well known for being a
matchless Catholic scholar and for his freethinker commitments to Western
logic. He contends that doubters have no reason for asserting to realize that
there is no learning. In a proof for presence like one later made acclaimed by
René Descartes, Augustine says, "[Even] If I am mixed up, I am." He is the
primary Western savant to elevate what has come to be called "the
contention by relationship" against solipsism: there are bodies outside to
mine that carry on as I act and that seem, by all accounts, to be supported as
mine is sustained; along these lines, by similarity, I am defended in trusting
that these bodies have a comparable mental life to mine. Augustine trusts
motivation to be an extraordinarily human psychological limit that
appreciates deductive facts and sensible need. Furthermore, Augustine
receives a subjective perspective of time and says that time is nothing in all
actuality except for exists just in the human personality's worry of the real
world. He trusts that time isn't vast in light of the fact that God "made" it.
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Sigmund Freud (1856—1939)
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist,
medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth
century. Working initially in close collaboration with Joseph Breuer, Freud
elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the
structural investigation of which is the proper province of psychology. He
articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, infantile sexuality
and repression, and he proposed a tripartite account of the mind’s
structure—all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of
reference for the understanding of human psychological development and
the treatment of abnormal mental conditions. Notwithstanding the multiple
manifestations of psychoanalysis as it exists today, it can in almost all
fundamental respects be traced directly back to Freud’s original work.
David Hume (1711—1776)
"Hume is our Politics, Hume is our Trade, Hume is our Philosophy, Hume is
our Religion." This announcement by nineteenth century thinker James
Hutchison Stirling mirrors the novel position in scholarly idea held by
Scottish rationalist David Hume. Some portion of Hume's distinction and
significance owes to his strikingly wary way to deal with a scope of
philosophical subjects. In epistemology, he doubted basic ideas of individual
character, and contended that there is no lasting "self" that proceeds after
some time. He expelled standard records of causality and contended that our
originations of cause-impact relations are grounded in propensities for
considering, instead of in the impression of causal powers in the outer world
itself. He protected the incredulous position that human reason is
characteristically conflicting, and it is just through normally imparted
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convictions that we can explore our way through basic life. In the reasoning
of religion, he contended that it is irrational to trust declarations of asserted
extraordinary occasions, and he implies, likewise, that we should dismiss
religions that are established on supernatural occurrence declarations.
Against the basic conviction of the time that God's presence could be
demonstrated through a plan or causal contention, Hume offered convincing
reactions of standard mystical evidences. He likewise propelled speculations
on the source of prominent religious convictions, establishing such thoughts
in human brain research instead of in sound contention or heavenly
disclosure. The bigger point of his scrutinize was to unravel reasoning from
religion and along these lines enable theory to seek after its own closures
without normal over-expansion or mental debasement. In moral hypothesis,
against the basic view that God assumes an essential part in the creation and
support of good qualities, he offered one of the principal simply common
good speculations, which grounded profound quality in the satisfying and
helpful outcomes that outcome from our activities.
Plato (427—347 B.C.E.)
Plato is one of the world's best known and most broadly read and examined
thinkers. He was the understudy of Socrates and the educator of Aristotle, and he
wrote amidst the fourth century B.C.E. in antiquated Greece. In spite of the fact
that affected basically by Socrates, to the degree that Socrates is generally the
fundamental character in huge numbers of Plato's compositions, he was likewise
impacted by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans There are changing
degrees of debate over which of Plato's works are legitimate, and in what arrange
they were composed, because of their vestige and the way of their safeguarding
through time. In any case, his soonest works are by and large viewed as the most
solid of the old sources on Socrates, and the character Socrates that we know
through these compositions is thought to be one of the best of the old scholars.
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John Locke (1632—1704)
John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political
theorists of the 17th century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school
of thought known as British Empiricism, and he made foundational
contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also
influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational
theory. In his most important work, the Essay Concerning Human
Understanding, Locke set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its
acquisition of knowledge. He offered an empiricist theory according to which
we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. The mind is then able
to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different ways.
Knowledge consists of a special kind of relationship between different ideas.
Locke’s emphasis on the philosophical examination of the human mind as a
preliminary to the philosophical investigation of the world and its contents
represented a new approach to philosophy, one which quickly gained a
number of converts, especially in Great Britain. In addition to this broader
project, the Essay contains a series of more focused discussions on important,
and widely divergent, philosophical themes. In politics, Locke is best known
as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to
argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited
powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens
under certain circumstances. He also provided powerful arguments in favor
of religious toleration. This article attempts to give a broad overview of all
key areas of Locke’s thought.
René Descartes (1596—1650)
René Descartes is frequently credited with being the "Father of Modern
Philosophy." This title is defended due both to his break with the customary
Scholastic-Aristotelian theory predominant at his opportunity and to his
advancement and advancement of the new, unthinking sciences. His major
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break with Scholastic logic was twofold. To begin with, Descartes believed
that the Scholastics' technique was inclined to question given their
dependence on sensation as the hotspot for all information. Second, he
needed to supplant their last causal model of logical clarification with the
more current, robotic model.
Descartes endeavored to address the previous issue by means of his
technique for question. His essential technique was to consider false any
conviction that falls prey to even the smallest uncertainty. This "hyperbolic
uncertainty" at that point serves to make room for what Descartes considers
to be an unbiased look for reality. This clearing of his beforehand held
convictions at that point puts him at an epistemological ground-zero. From
here Descartes embarks to discover something that lies past all uncertainty.
He in the end finds that "I exist" is difficult to question and is, in this way,
sure beyond a shadow of a doubt. It is starting here that Descartes continues
to show God's presence and that God can't be a swindler. This, thus, serves to
settle the assurance of everything that is plainly and particularly
comprehended and gives the epistemological establishment Descartes set out
to discover.
TWO PHILOSOPHERS WHO ANSWER "WHO AM I?"
The savant Rene Descartes proposed that our psyche and considerations are
our actual character. A personality, he called a "spirit". The savant John Locke
contended that passing musings are not predictable and change after some
time. They can't be our personality since character is something that must be
steady after some time. He proposed that what makes a man himself is an
insignificant measure of memory that must stay steady for the duration of his
life. For instance, I am myself and not another on the grounds that I was
myself as a little youngster, as an adolescent and as a grown-up. He named
this consistency of memory, "equality of cognizance".
Yet in addition, Lock's proposal isn't adequate since extremely youthful
children don't have a self-memory. The refinement amongst "myself" and
"other" creates after some time. Besides, the majority of us have no
recollections preceding a particular age (typically before the age of two
years) yet it is a foolish to assert that the infant I was and the grown-up I am
today are not a similar individual. So brain or memory can't be our actual
personality, and this is where western rationality stalled out.
[Understanding the Self
The Self from Various Perspective
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<Figure 1. Philosophy >
References and Supplementary Materials
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
1. <Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy >; < http://www.iep.utm.edu>; <May 10,2018>
2. <Learning Mind>;<https://www.learning-mind.com >; <May 10,2018>
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Module 3 SOCIOLOGY
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Know sociology and its meaning based on various thinkers.
2. Identify influential thinkers of Sociology and their various perspectives
3. List the 3 the sociological perspectives and its definition
What is sociology?
The origin comes from the Latin word “socious” which mean companionship and
the Greek word” logos” which means study.
Definitions off Sociology from various thinkers:
1. According to Max Weber “Sociology is the study of Social action”
2. Aguste Comte said that sociology is the scientific study of society
2. According to Park and Burgess, sociology is the study of collective behavior
3. “Sociology is the study of humans living together” (Tonnies)
3. Emile Durkheim said that sociology is the study of social facts through social institutions.
Therefore, we can say that sociology refers to the study of human companionship or association of humans in
the society.
Influential Thinkers of Sociology and their various perspective
Contributors to the sociological perspective:
1. August Comte
He is regarded as the father of sociology
He is a splendid student in his youth but because of his different perspectives and beliefs, he was removed
from Ecole Polytechnique. He proposed that for society to improve, scientific thinking must be employed.
Comte needed to utilize scientific perception to think about social conduct. He called this positivism. This
ought to be a science on learning of which we can be "certain", or beyond any doubt. He likewise recognized
concentration social dependability and investigation of social change for social progress
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2. Harriet Martineau
She is the one of the first thinkers who advocates feminism-a movement to empower women and be treated
as equal to men. She saw the connection of slavery and women oppression. She is known for translating many
of the works and writings of Comte.
She introduced different ideas about research methodologies, economics in politics.
3. Herbert Spencer
He made a comparison to a working society to that of the human body. In order to function effectively,
different parts should be in tune and work together for well-being and survival.
Social Darwinism
Patterned after Charles Darwin’s evolution theory, Spencer thought that evolutionary social change would
lead to progress as long as there is no human interference which is based on the idea of “survival of the
fittest”
He is against social reform. He said the are poor because they deserved it and the rich are rich because they
deserved it.
4. Karl Marx
Looked into class struggle in society. He looked at two groups of people in the society. The bourgeoisie or the
rich & the proletariat or the workers.
Class Conflict
The different interests of these different groups leads to constant class conflict. Marx stated that: the working
class would eventually would rise up against rich and overtake the capitalists. His proposal was to create a
classless society where no one would be powerless.
6. Emile Durkheim
A famous thinker who said that society exists due to expansive agreement. Individuals from society consent to
specific desires. In pre-modern circumstances, agreement of qualities and convictions encompassed family,
convention. This relationship is called mechanical solidarity.
The different roles played by individuals in society displays interdependence on each other for products and
services.
Scientific Methodology
The research styles she developed involves techniques to validate theories. Substitute assumption with
scrutiny, gather and organize data and use that data for analyzing social theory. Durkheim presented use of
statistical methods in research.
The sociological Perspective
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Sociologists dissect social wonders at various levels and from alternate points of view. From solid
understandings to enlightening speculations of society and social conduct. Sociologists think about everything
from particular occasions, from the minute level to the macro scale level to interpret human interactions.
Some European sociologists offered an expansive conceptualization of the essentials of society and its
workings. Their perspectives shape the reason for the present hypothetical points of view, or standards, which
lead for sociologists a philosophical position—for getting some information about society.
Sociologists today utilize three essential hypothetical points of view: the emblematic interactionist viewpoint,
the functionalist point of view, and the contention point of view. These points of view offer sociologists
hypothetical ideal models for clarifying how society impacts individuals, and the other way around. Every
point of view interestingly conceptualizes society, social powers, and human conduct
1. The symbolic interactionist perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective, otherwise referred to as symbolic interactionism Mentions that
sociologists details, symbols and daily life activities should be looked into in order to understand and interpret
this how people react to certain things, situation and his/her environment.
According to this perspective, people react subjectively because of their own perception and interpretation to
various symbols and conclude meaning to things. An example would be the interpretation on oral or written
communication/conversations, in which words are the as the main symbols where the subjective conclusion is
drawn. Another example of symbolic interactionism is written music. The musical symbols are not just marks
on the pages but rather the musical notes that guide a musician to produce the desired tune. Thus, symbolic
interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals
assign to their own actions and symbols, as well as to those of others.
2. The functionalist perspective
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As per the functionalist viewpoint, likewise called functionalism, every part of society is associated and adds to
society's overall workings. The administration, or state, provides education to the children because of the
taxes paid by its citizens. BY getting a good education, these children would have better chances of finding a
good job. Eventually these children would grow up to be responsible citizens who are law-abiding and taxpaying members of society—thus contributing to keep the government running smoothly.
3. The conflict perspective
This perspective focuses on the negative, clashed, and ever‐changing nature of society. Not at all like
functionalists who safeguard business as usual, keep away from social change, and trust that individuals
participate to impact social order. The proponents of this perspective challenge existing conditions, empower
social change (even if this might lead to social upheaval), and believe rich and capable individuals force social
order on the poor people and the powerless.
References and Supplementary Materials
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
https://www.slideshare.net/ksupaulie/02-origins-of-sociology-14082543
https://www.slideshare.net/DrJBalamuruganPhD/introduction-to-sociology-30788701
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=max+weber&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH754PH754&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8v__Wo8jbAhUJl5QKHZzrCJ8Q_AUICigB&biw=12
42&bih=602
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH754PH754&biw=1242&bih=602&
tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=tKscW8mnIMim8QWv74yIAg&q=emile+durkheim&oq=EMILI+DUR&gs
_l=img.1.0.0i10i24k1.52261.55147.0.57017.11.10.1.0.0.0.187.1005.4j4.8.0....0...1c.1.64.im
g..2.9.1012...0j0i67k1j0i10k1.0.CDuD8ZNEHHY
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=harriet+martineau&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH754PH754
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ4dTvpsjbAhXFF5QKHRrTAYUQ_AUICigB&
biw=1242&bih=602
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH754PH754&biw=1242&bih=602&tbm=i
sch&sa=1&ei=2a8cW73ABcmq0gScx6nIAg&q=karl+marx&oq=karl+marx&gs_l=img.3..0i67k1j0l9
.127543.129155.0.130211.9.7.0.2.2.0.168.626.4j2.6.0....0...1c.1.64.img..1.8.646....0.a0X8MztUd
xY#imgrc=bEu7LNH6sDq3pM:
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Module 4 ANTHROPOLOGY
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Discover the meaning of Anthropology
2. Explains how Do Anthropologists Do What They Do
3. Compare the differences of Anthropology with other disciplines.
What Is Anthropology?
The investigation of the natural and social development and various people, over a significant time
span. It is the study of Anthropology aims to look at the differences and similarities of individuals.
What Do Anthropologists Do?
Anthropologists aims to clarify, describe and explain reality as they make test and hypothesize
about the evolution of humans.
The Development of Anthropology
Anthropology is a relatively new field of inquiry that has developed in recent times. Human interaction
started a long time ago. Reasons for contact are varies—it can be for trade or barter, acquiring land,
property, extension or power or even spreading religion. The study of Anthropology deals with the
similarities and differences of these connections.
Anthropological Perspectives
A basic tenet of anthropology, is that culture should be perceived in a vast context to comprehend
the interconnectedness and interdependence of humans. This perspective would allow people to
understand, appreciate and respect different culture.
Sub-Fields of Anthropology
1. Physical
2. Archeological
3. Linguistic
4. Cultural
5. Applied
1. Physical Anthropology
Sometimes referred to as Biological Anthropology which deals with the advancement, and
assorted variety of individuals. It is focused on studying fossils or remains of both human and nonhumans to understand and provide answers to the biological evolution of species. Physical
anthropologists work comprehensively on three noteworthy issues:
1. Human and nonhuman primate advancement,
2. Significance of human race and it's advancement
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3. Natural bases of human conduct.
2. Archaeology
This is focused on the study of material remains in an attempt to describe the behavior of humans.
Studies material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior.
3. Linguistic Anthropology
Based on the word itself, this field of Anthropology aims to study different human language. It is
an attempt to give a description to a language focusing for example on the way sentences are constructed.
It aims to discover the history and evolution of language and how language is used to convey messages in
different cultural settings.
4. Cultural Anthropology
Focuses on the study various forms of human behavior, human thoughts and human feelings as it
aims to discover different patterns. It’s sub parts focuses on ethnology and ethnography.
Culture
• A society’s shared and learned ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make
sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that culture. It is a
society’s way of life.
Studying Culture by Fieldwork
Sometimes referred to as location-search whereby the method of investigating culture is by direct
participation by studying and immersing in the day to day life of the people.
Studying Culture: Ethnology
The study and analysis of various cultures from a comparative and/or historical viewpoint using
ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological principles that would aid in explaining
similarities and/or differences between groups of people.
Cultural Resource Management
A branch of archaeology connected with government strategies for the safety of cultural resources that
usually involves surveys and excavation of archeological and/or historical sites or remains that is a threat
with the advent of structural innovations or developments
5. Applied Anthropology
This is Anthropology in actions and is characterized by utilizing and applying different techniques
and hypothesis of Anthropology for the benefits of society.
How Do Anthropologists Do What They Do?
1. Anthropology as an approach to Humanities
2. Anthropology as an approach to Science
3. The Comparative Method
Anthropology as one of the Humanities
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The rounded and comparative standpoint of Anthropology has directed to many insights on
human downsides and accomplishments, flaws and magnitude that allows us to think about the shared
involvement of being human.
Anthropology as a Science
The view of Anthropology as being empirical in nature which is based on human observation of the
environment rather than relying on faith or on intuition.
Theory
o A justification of natural phenomena, held by a dependable data.
• Hypothesis
o A cautious description of the relative connectedness between certain phenomena.
Anthropology’s Comparative Method
Utilizing the scientific methods of other scientist by offering hypothesis in order to arrive at
proposed theories. This is done by making comparisons between people examining their past and
present culture or by comparing related species through their remains or fossils.
.
How Does Anthropology Compare to Other Disciplines?
Anthropology is concentrated on the interconnectedness and interdependence of human experience in
the past or present. This holistic approach enable Anthropologists to understand and deal with the issue
of Globalization.
Anthropology and Globalization
Globalization speak the interconnectedness of humans in a world-wide setting. It is evidenced in global
activities related to natural resources, human employment, investment/economics, data or information,
communicable diseases, and trade properties. The forces that drive globalization nowadays are
technological in nature.
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References and Supplementary Materials
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUTa5hjiMlE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5aglbgTEig
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yzh4nXZHg44
Reference
https://www.google.com/search?q=anthropology+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefoxb-ab
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8
&ved=0ahUKEwjn7ue51vraAhXHfLwKHbKBDJ8QFgglMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cod.edu
%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstaeck%2FAnthropology%2520introduced.ppt&usg=AOvVaw1gl8ABY
NpcqZvhJVICZ9HK
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