1
THE COST OF
PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 13
1
Total Revenue, Total Cost, Profit
 Asumsi:
tujuan perusahaan adalah memaksimalkan laba.
Profit = Total revenue – Total cost
jumlah yang
diterima perusahaan
dari penjualan
outputnya
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
Beban dari input
yang digunakan
perusahaan dalam
produksi
4
BIAYA PRODUKSI
SELURUH BEBAN KEUANGAN YANG
DIKELUARKAN OLEH PRODUSEN UNTUK
MEMPRODUKSI SUATU BARANG ATAU JASA
EXPLICIT COST
2
BIAYA
IMPLICIT COST
EXPLICIT COST
ADALAH BIAYA YANG
MENGHARUSKAN PERUSAHAAN
MENGELUARKAN UANGNYA
CONTOH EXPLICIT COST :

Pembelian peralatan

Beban Gaji

Pembelian Bahan Baku

Beban Listrik dan Telepon
IMPLICIT COST
ADALAH BIAYA YANG TIDAK
MENGHARUSKAN SUATU
PERUSAHAAN MENGELUARKAN
UANGNYA.
CONTOH IMPLICIT COST:

Beban Perlengkapan

Beban Penyusutan Peralatan

opportunity cost

Dll
Economic Profit vs. Accounting Profit
3
 Accounting profit
= total pendapatan dikurangi biaya eksplisit total
 Economic profit
= total pendapatan dikurangi total biaya (termasuk biaya eksplisit
dan implisit)
 Accounting profit > economic profit.
Keuntungan Ekonomi
Keuntungan Akutansi
Biaya Implisit
Biaya Eksplisit
Biaya Eksplisit
11
4
FUNGSI PRODUKSI
 Fungsi produksi menunjukkan hubungan antara jumlah input yang
digunakan untuk menghasilkan barang, dan kuantitas output
barang tersebut.
 DAPAT DIGAMBARKAN DENGAN TABEL, GRAFIK ATAU
PERSAMAAN
 Contoh 1:
 Seorang petani Jack, menanam gandum.
 Dia memiliki 5 hektar tanah.
 Dia dapat mempekerjakan banyak pekerja sesuai keinginannya.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
12
Example 1: Jack Kurva Produksi
L
3,000
Q
(Jml
(Gandum)
Pekerja)
0
1
1000
2
1800
3
2400
4
2800
5
CHAPTER 13
3000
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
Jumlah Gandum
(output)
0
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
0
1
2
3
4
Jumlah Pekerja
(INPUT)
5
13
Marginal Product
 The marginal product merupakan seberapa banyak
peningkatan output terjadi apabila inputnya ditambah, Ceteris
Paribus
 Misalnya, Jack memperkerjakan satu pekerja lagi, maka
outputnya meningkat oleh produk marjinal tenaga kerja.
 Notation:
∆ (delta) = “Perubahan dari…”

Examples:
∆Q = perubahan output, ∆L = perubahan tenaga kerja
∆Q
Marginal product of labor (MPL) =
∆L
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EXAMPLE 1: Total & Marginal Product
L
∆Q
Q
(Jml
(gandum)
Pekerja)
∆L = 1
0
1
∆L = 1
∆L = 1
∆L = 1
∆L = 1
2
3
4
5
0
MPL
∆Q = 1000
1000
∆Q = 800
800
∆Q = 600
600
∆Q = 400
400
∆Q = 200
200
∆L
1000
1800
2400
2800
3000
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EXAMPLE 1: MPL = Slope dari Fungsi Produksi
MPL
(Jumlah
(Gandum)
Pekerja)
0
0
1000
1
1000
800
2
1800
600
3
4
5
MPL
3,000
Q
2400
2800
3000
400
200
Jumlah Gandum (output)
L
equals the
slope of the
2,500
production function.
2,000
Notice that
MPL diminishes
1,500
as L increases.
1,000
This explains why
500 production
the
function
gets flatter
0
as L0 increases.
1
2
3
4
5
Jumlah Pekerja (Input)
16
Why MPL Is Important
 Recall one of the Ten Principles:
Rational people think at the margin.
 Ketika Farmer Jack menyewa pekerja tambahan,
 biayanya naik karena upah yang ia
bayarkan kepada pekerja
 outputnya meningkat oleh MPL
 Membandingkan MPL akan membantu Joko
dalam memutuskan apakah ia akan mendapat
manfaat dari menambah pekerja.
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PERTANYAAN?
18
5
TOTAL COST:
Kebalikan dari Fungsi Produksi
EXAMPLE 1: Farmer Jack’s Costs
 Petani Jack harus membayar $ 1000 per bulan untuk lahan,
(berapapun gandum yang dia tanam)
 Upah pasar untuk buruh tani adalah $ 2000 per bulan.
 Hal ini akan bergantung pada seberapa banyak Jack menanam
Gandum
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EXAMPLE 1: Total Biaya Jack
L
Q
(Jumlah
(Gandum)
Pekerja)
Biaya
lahan
Upah
@pekerja
/bln
Total
Cost
0
0
$1,000
$0
$1,000
1
1000
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
2
1800
$1,000
$4,000
$5,000
3
2400
$1,000
$6,000
$7,000
4
2800
$1,000
$8,000
$9,000
5
3000
$1,000 $10,000
$11,000
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EXAMPLE 1: KURVA BIAYA TOTAL JACK
(Gandum)
Total
Cost
0
$1,000
1000
$3,000
1800
$5,000
2400
$7,000
2800
$9,000
3000
$11,000
$10,000
Total cost
Q
$12,000
KEBALIKAN
DARI
FUNGSI
PRODUKSI
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
0
1000
2000
3000
Quantity of wheat
21
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MACAM-MACAM BIAYA
PRODUKSI:
TOTAL FIXED COST (TFC)
VARIABLE COST (TVC)
TOTAL COST (TC)
AVERAGE FIXED COST (AFC)
AVERAGE VARIABLE COST (AVC)
AVERAGE COST (AC)
MARGINAL COST (MC)
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TOTAL FIXED COST (TFC) ATAU BIAYA TETAP
biaya yang besarnya tidak tergantung
jumlah produksi.
TOTAL VARIABLE COST (TVC)
atau Biaya Tidak Tetap adalah
biaya yang besarnya
tergantung jumlah produksi.
CONTOH TVC:
BAHAN
UPAH
DLL
BAKU
TENAGA KERJA
TOTAL COST (TC) ATAU BIAYA KESELURUHAN
adalah seluruh biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk
memproduksi sejumlah barang atau jasa.
BESARNYA TOTAL COST DIDAPAT DARI:
TC = FC + VC
TOTAL FIXED COST + TOTAL VARIABLE COST
CONTOH: Costs
FC
VC
TC
0 $100
$0 $100
1
100
70
170
2
100 120
220
3
100 160
260
4
100 210
310
5
100 280
380
FC
$700
VC
TC
$600
$500
Costs
Q
$800
$400
$300
$200
$100
6
7
100 380
100 520
480
620
$0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
27
AVERAGE FIXED COST (AFC) ATAU BIAYA TETAP
RATA-RATA
adalah biaya tetap untuk setiap unit barang
yang di poduksi.
BESARNYA AFC DI DAPAT DARI:
AFC = FC
Q
AFC = FC
Q
CONTOH: Average Fixed Cost
FC
0 $100
1
2
CHAPTER 13
100
100
AFC
n.a.
$100
50
3
100 33.33
4
100
25
5
100
20
6
100 16.67
7
100 14.29
$200
Average
fixed cost (AFC)
is$175
fixed cost divided by the
quantity
of output:
$150
Costs
Q
AFC
$125
= FC/Q
$100
Notice
$75 that AFC falls as Q rises:
The firm is spreading its fixed
$50
costs over a larger and larger
$25
number
of units.
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
$0
0
1
2
3
4
Q
5
6
7
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AVERAGE VARIABLE COST (AVC) ATAU BIAYA
TIDAK TETAP RATA-RATA
besarnya adalah biaya tidak tetap untuk setiap
unit barang yang di poduksi.
AVC DAPAT DICARI DENGAN:
AVC = VC
Q
CONTOH: Average Variable Cost
CHAPTER 13
VC
AVC
0
$0
n.a.
1
70
$70
2
120
60
3
160
53.33
4
210
52.50
5
280
56.00
6
380
63.33
7
520
74.29
is$175
variable cost divided by the
quantity of output:
$150
Costs
Q
AVC = VC
$200
Average
variable cost (AVC)
Q
AVC
$125
= VC/Q
$100
As$75
Q rises, AVC may fall initially.
In most cases, AVC will
$50
eventually rise as output rises.
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
$25
$0
0
1
2
3
4
Q
5
6
7
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AVERAGE COST (AC) atau Biaya Rata-rata
adalah Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk setiap unit
barang yang di produksi.
Besarnya AC dapat dicari dengan:
AC = TC atau AC = AFC +AVC
Q
contoh: Average Total Cost
Q
TC
0 $100
CHAPTER 13
ATC
AFC
AVC
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1
170
$170
$100
$70
2
220
110
50
60
3
260 86.67 33.33
53.33
4
310 77.50
25
52.50
5
380
76
20
56.00
6
480
80 16.67
63.33
7
620 88.57 14.29
74.29
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
AC = TC
Q
atau
AC = AFC +AVC
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CONTOH: Average Total Cost
TC
0 $100
1
2
170
220
ATC
$200
Usually,
as in this example,
$175
the ATC curve is U-shaped.
n.a.
$150
$170
110
Costs
Q
$125
$100
3
260 86.67
4
310 77.50
5
380
76
$25
6
480
80
$0
7
620 88.57
$75
$50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
34
MARGINAL COST (MC) atau Biaya Marginal
adalah Pertambahan biaya yang dikeluarkan yang
disebabkan pertambahan (perubahan) unit barang yang
di produksi.
Besarnya MC dapat dicari dengan:
MC = ∆ TC
∆Q
CONTOH 1 : CARA PERHITUNGAN MC
Q
(Gandum)
0
Total
Cost
$1,000
∆Q = 1000
1000
$3,000
∆Q = 800
∆Q = 600
∆Q = 400
∆Q = 200
1800
Marginal
Cost (MC)
$5,000
2400
$7,000
2800
$9,000
3000 $11,000
∆TC = $2000
$2.00
∆TC = $2000
$2.50
∆TC = $2000
$3.33
∆TC = $2000
$5.00
∆TC = $2000
$10.00
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CONTOH 2: Marginal Cost
TC
MC
0 $100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CHAPTER 13
170
220
260
310
380
480
620
$70
50
40
50
70
100
140
$200 Marginal Cost (MC)
Recall,
is $175
the change in total cost from
producing
one more unit:
$150
∆TC
MC =
∆Q
$100
Usually,
MC rises as Q rises, due
$75
to diminishing marginal product.
Costs
Q
MC = ∆ TC
∆Q
$125
$50
Sometimes (as here), MC falls
$25
before rising.
$0
(In other0 examples,
1 2 3 MC
4 may
5 6be 7
constant.)
Q
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
37
Why MC Is Important
 Petani Jack ingin memaksimalkan keuntungannya.
Apa yang harus dilakukannya?? haruskah dia
menghasilkan lebih banyak gandum, atau
mengurangi?
 Untuk menemukan jawabannya, Jack perlu
"berpikir di margin.”
 Jika terdapat biaya tambahannya (MC) lebih
sedikit dibanding pendapatan yang dia dapatkan
dari menjualnya, maka dia akan untung jika
produksi gandum lebih banyak (begitu sebaliknya)
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CONTOH: The Various Cost Curves Together
$200
$175
ATC
AVC
AFC
MC
Costs
$150
$125
$100
$75
$50
$25
$0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
39
7
Costs in the Short Run & Long Run
 Jangka pendek:
 Beberapa input fix (mis., Pabrik, tanah).
 Biaya input ini adalah FC.
 Jangka panjang:
Semua input bervariasi
(mis., perusahaan dapat membangun lebih banyak
pabrik,atau menjual yang sudah ada)
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
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EXAMPLE : LRATC with 3 factory Sizes
Firm can choose
from 3 factory
sizes: S, M, L.
Avg
Total
Cost
Each size has its
own SRATC curve.
The firm can
change to a
different factory
size in the long
run, but not in the
short run.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
ATCS
ATCM
ATCL
Q
41
EXAMPLE : LRATC with 3 factory Sizes
To produce less
than QA, firm will
choose size S
in the long run.
Avg
Total
Cost
ATCS
ATCM
To produce
between QA
and QB, firm will
choose size M
in the long run.
To produce more
than QB, firm will
choose size L
in the long run.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
ATCL
LRATC
QA
QB
Q
42
A Typical LRATC Curve
In the real world,
factories come in
many sizes,
each with its own
SRATC curve.
ATC
LRATC
So a typical
LRATC curve
looks like this:
Q
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
43
Economies of scale:
ATC (total biaya ratarata) – jangka panjangmenurun, Q (output)
meningkat
SKALA EKONOMI
8
ATC
LRATC
Constant returns to
scale: ATC – LRadalah tetap, Q
meningkat
Diseconomies of
scale: ATC meningkat,
Q meningkat
Q
44
How ATC Changes As
the Scale of Production Changes
 Skala ekonomi terjadi ketika pekerja melakukan spesialisasi
dalam proses produksi: pekerja lebih efisien ketika berfokus
satu tugas.
 umumnya ketika Q rendah.
 Diseconomies of scale adalah karena terjadi masalah
dalam koordinasi di organisas;: Misalnya, manajemen tidak
dapat mengendalikan biaya.
umumnya ketika Q tinggi.
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CONCLUSION
 Costs are critically important to many business decisions,
including production, pricing, and hiring.
 This chapter has introduced the various cost concepts.
 The following chapters will show how firms use these concepts to
maximize profits in various market structures.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
46
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 Implicit costs do not involve a cash outlay,
yet are just as important as explicit costs
to firms’ decisions.
 Accounting profit is revenue minus explicit costs.
Economic profit is revenue minus total (explicit +
implicit) costs.
 The production function shows the relationship
between output and inputs.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
47
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 The marginal product of labor is the increase in
output from a one-unit increase in labor, holding
other inputs constant. The marginal products of
other inputs are defined similarly.
 Marginal product usually diminishes as the input
increases. Thus, as output rises, the production
function becomes flatter, and the total cost curve
becomes steeper.
 Variable costs vary with output; fixed costs do not.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
48
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 Marginal cost is the increase in total cost from an
extra unit of production. The MC curve is usually
upward-sloping.
 Average variable cost is variable cost divided by
output.
 Average fixed cost is fixed cost divided by output.
AFC always falls as output increases.
 Average total cost (sometimes called “cost per
unit”) is total cost divided by the quantity of output.
The ATC curve is usually U-shaped.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
49
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 The MC curve intersects the ATC curve
at minimum average total cost.
When MC < ATC, ATC falls as Q rises.
When MC > ATC, ATC rises as Q rises.
 In the long run, all costs are variable.
 Economies of scale: ATC falls as Q rises.
Diseconomies of scale: ATC rises as Q rises.
Constant returns to scale: ATC remains constant
as Q rises.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
50