lOMoARcPSD|9060829 RWS -4th - reviewers English for Academic and Professional Purposes (Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Explicit and Implicit Claims in a Text Claim - A claim is a logical conclusion based on information, evidence, and reasoning that we know and have observed. - Claims in texts are significant in supporting propositions or arguments. Explicit Claim An explicit claim is clearly and directly stated in the text which means that you can easily point out the information in the passage. According to Stephanie Mitchell (2013), the word explicit means: ❖ clear and fully expressed ❖ no question as to what it means ❖ no hidden connotations ❖ no room for misunderstanding Implicit Claim Implicit claims are indirectly expressed but are being suggested or implied to be the meaning of the text. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Types of Claims 1. Claim of Fact - These are claims that are derived from factual information like definition, data, history, or causal connections. - A claim of fact must be verifiable. It shows explicit information. 2. Claims of Value - A claim of value is arguable since it is based on one's subjective opinion, judgment, appraisals, and evaluations. It can be shown explicitly or implicitly. - The value or worth of something is dependent on the standards utilized in assessing the value of a claim. 3. Claims of Policy - Specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues or concerns presented in an argument or proposition. - This must be verifiable and explicit. However, it can be measured subjectively and encourage debates. Also, claims of policy o en use <should=, <must,= and < ought to=. EXAMPLES FOR THESE CLAIMS : 1. The basic keys to success are perseverance and discipline. - CLAIM OF VALUE 2. Parents should not only be aware of how their children are using social media, but also understand the potential positive and negative impacts of social media use. - CLAIM OF POLICY 3. COVID-19 is primarily spread from person to person. You can become infected by coming into close contact with a person who has COVID-19. - CLAIM OF FACT 4. Global warming will impact future generations and eventually ruin the environment. - CLAIM OF FACT 5. It is better to be feared than to be loved. - CLAIM OF VALUE Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Context of Development HYPERTEXT - A method of organizing and accessing text or other data, such as tables, presentational content and images through the use of hyperlinks. - A non-linear way of presenting information that is accomplished by creating links between information. HYPERMEDIA - An extension of hypertext that employs multiple forms of media such as text, graphics, audio or video sequences, still or moving graphics , etc. The structure of hypermedia is quite similar to that of a hypertext, except it’s not constrained to be just text-biased. (picture,sound,spectogram) A brief History of Hypertext Vannevar Bush ○ It was proposed by Vannevar Bush, the head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development during World War Il, through a method of cataloguing and retrieving information prophetically. Why use Hypertext? ○ Hypertextuality gives the readers the ability to interact with a text and choose the path in reading. The readers can jump from one link to another depending on the interest or need. Given these, readers are more prone to disorientation because they can click on links that pique their curiosity anytime. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 INTERTEXT ○ Intertext was derived from the Latin intertexto, intermingle while weaving. ○ Intertext is the shaping of text 's meaning by another text. meaning to Julia Kristeva The notion of intertextuality presented by Julia Kristeva in 1980 argues that all texts are compilations and transformations of pre-existent texts. - "The text is not a product of a single author, but other texts and structures of language. Ted Nelson - He coined the term <hypertext= to mean non-sequential writing. Doug Engelbart - Was the first to be influenced by Bush’s concepts of associative links and browsing in the early 1960s. In literature, intertextuality is when a book refers to a second book by title, scene, or character, or storyline, or when a book refers to a social "text" such as media, social, or cultural story (Lemaster, 2012). Functions of Intertextuality COMPARISON ○ Intertextuality involves an implicit comparison by putting two "texts" together. When literature references another text, we are asked to draw from our knowledge of the text in its original form, and compare this to how it is being used, changed, or reframed by the primary book. Intertextuality functions on comparison and contrast of similarities and differences. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 DIALOGUE ○ Intertextuality invites a conversational dialogue between two "texts ". Because both the primary book and its intertext are narratives, rather than static items or images, we can engage the full storyline that each contains to create a narrative conversation. DESTABILIZATION ○ Intertextuality can sometimes destabilize, or shake up our understanding of the original text being referenced or a scene or idea in a primary book. E ects of Intertextuality Transformation of the Primary Book ❖ Why does the primary book choose this similar or dissimilar intertext? ❖ Where is it used? ❖ How does it add to or change our understanding Of the scene it is in? ❖ How does it evoke important arguments the book is making overall? Transformation of a Prior Text ○Does the author explicitly or implicitly change the intertext from its original form and in what ways? Reinterpretation of Both ○ This involves back-and-forth re-reading of each text based on what their similarities and differences reveal about one another. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Formulating Evaluative Statement and Determining Textual Evidence CLAIM - A claim is an explicit or implicit statement of logical conclusion based on information, evidence, and reasoning that we know and observed. - A claim persuades, argues, convinces, proves, or provocatively suggests something to a reader who may or may not initially agree with you. - A claim defines your paper's goals, direction, scope, exigency, and is supported by evidence, quotations, argumentation, expert opinion, statistics, and telling details. - A claim must be argumentative - A good claim is specific. It makes a focused argument rather than a general one. COUNTERCLAIM - • Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument. - • Counterclaims are provable and supportable by reasons and evidences. EVIDENCE - Evidence tells the reader how the claim is proved. - Evidence should be from a source that is reliable. - According to research, students with internet access on their phones are more likely to make the Honor Roll. DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE - Evidence is defined as the details given by the author to support his/her claim. The evidence provided by the writer substantiates the text. REASON - Tells why the claim is made and is supported by the evidence. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Evidence can include: • Facts and statistics • Opinions from experts • Personal anecdotes Steps in Determining Textual Evidence Step 1: State the Claim Step 2: Cite parts of the text that led you to the claim Step 3: Explain the evidence Steps in Making evaluative statements Step 1: Read Step 2: Collect and organize evidence/s Step 3: Look for relationship between facts. Use notes to let readers understand your opinion Step 4: Look for the significance of the relationship. Put everything together by being clear and simple. The following are some questions to help you determine evidence from the text: • What questions can you ask about the claims? • Which details in the text answer your question? • What are the most important details in the paragraph? • What is each one's relationship to the claim? • How does the given detail reinforce the claim? • What details do you find interesting? Why? • What are some claims that do not seem to have support? What kinds of support could they be provided with? • What are some details that you find questionable? Why do you think so? • Are some details outdated, inaccurate, exaggerated, or taken out of context? Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 • Are the sources reliable? Characteristics of Good Evidence • Unified • Relevant to the central point • Specific and concrete • Accurate • Representative or typical ASSERTIONS - These are the statements that are used to make a declaration or to express - strong belief on a particular topic. It is a sentence that is either true or false. Four common types of Assertion (According to the degree of certainty) 1. Fact - This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research. Ex. "The sampaguita's roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an anesthetic and a sedative." 2. Convention - A convention is a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms. 3. Opinion - Opinions are based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. 4. Preference - Preferences are based on personal choice; therefore, they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 (Not everything that we read and hear is true. Some pieces of the information that we perceive may seem or be made believable. That is why we need to scrutinize the text and see the information that we have gathered is true and promotes honesty. The skills of critical thinking will help us not only understand the texts that we read but also—in -real -life situations that involve decision making.) Purposeful Writing in the Discipline and for Professions Academic Writing • Academic writing is used in the academe where the main objective is to inform or explain. Formal language is used and informal expressions are avoided. • Aside from informing, academic writing can also be used to persuade or instruct. • Academic writing emphasizes on the main topic and evidences are used to affirm main points ○ Book report ○ Essay ○ Research Paper ○ Academic journal Thesis • Parts of Essay ○ Introduction ○ Body ○ Conclusion Professional Writing • Professional writing is also called workplace writing. How the text is written depends on the area of expertise or industry it is used in. • Professional writing can be used to inform, instruct, persuade, or to entertain. • Language can be formal or informal depending on the purpose and the audience. ○ Business Proposal ○ Business Repost ○ News article and review ○ Advertisement ○ Website Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Writing with Purpose • It is important to know the purpose of writing to be able to communicate effectively. Knowing the reason for writing can help us develop a strategy to make our intent known. The audience is a key factor in determining how the text should be written. Whether it is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain, we must think about our audience to determine the form, style, and tone to be used. Types of Purposes : 1. To Inform ○ Conveying information is one of the most common purposes in writing. Here, we can describe events and explore issues depending on what we want the readers to know. 2. To Instruct ○ Writing to instruct is usually used in writing how-tos, recipes, processes, etc. When instructing, content should be in a logical order and should be clear. ○ It is best to use commands or imperatives like "You should..." or "Make sure..." Numbers or argument markers like first, next, and finally can also be used so that the readers can identify the sequence easily. 3. To persuade ○ Writing to persuade is usually done when the writer wants the readers to agree with an idea or opinion. ○ It is both about academic writing and professional writing ○ In Academic writing, rationalizations based on evidence are used to help to convince the readers. 4. To Entertain ○ To entertain the audience, the text must have an engaging or amusing content. Entertaining can also be used with other purposes like informing or instructing where humor is usually used to make the reading more bearable and enjoyable. Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL Academic Texts ○ Academic texts are texts which are specifically written to be used by students and teachers. There are various forms of academic texts such as articles, books, essays, reports, and reviews. A. Critique Review - A critique or review is a paper that provides a critical assessment of the main points of a text, and whether or not these are backed up properly with reasonable arguments and facts. - A critique answers the questions how, why, and how well. B. Book Review - Book review is a form of literary criticism which evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the content and style of a given book. - Book review is different from book report. While a book report o en summarizes only the major plot or the main idea of a book, a book review evaluates and provides comments on the idea that the book is trying to convey. Tips on Writing a Book Review: Novels, Short stories, and similar texts • Think about the style or method of the author in developing the major areas or points in the book. • Locate the time frame and its relevance in the development of the characters in the book. • Take note of the book format and design: layout, typography, and maps. • Note the book's characters, plot, setting, symbols, mood, and overall theme. Article Critique • It is a form of objective evaluation of a literary or scientific article. ○ An article can be a: a) journal article b) magazine article c) newspaper article d) published reports Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 Purpose of Article Critique • Identifies an article's background and purpose • Engages in the discussion that the article has started • Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments and the thesis of the article • Provides reactions (can be positive and/or negative) on the content of the article • Offers one's personal opinion regarding the topic of the article, the content of the article, and one's reaction to the article Tips on Writing an Article Critique • Examine the research methods used in the article. • Assess the accuracy of the facts and evidence that the article provided. • Try to evaluate other implied assumptions in the article. • Eliminate trivia and redundancies in the summary. • Try to compare the article's idea to other similar texts. • Try to think about the possible effects of the main idea of the article to society. • Try to use generic terms for technical terms. Literary Review • Literary Review is a critical assessment of books, scholarly articles, thesis, dissertations, and other forms of text relevant to a particular topic. - Introduction. Purpose Of Literary Review • Define and limit the topic one is working on • To establish the relevance and uniqueness of one's study • To divide works according to their contribution and on the topic (supports, opposes, offers alternative option) • To evaluate the research methods done in the topic • To relate one's findings to the current pool of knowledge and suggest further possible study Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|9060829 B. Proposal ○ A proposal is a request for financial support from various institutions to sponsor a research or project. a) Research Proposal - A research proposal is a document which shows the topic of an investigation and its significance in the field of study. - A research proposal is like an outline which shows all the key elements involved in the research process. b) Project Proposal - A project proposal is a document which outlines the details of the proposed project to be given to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or approval. - There is no specific format that fits in all kinds of project proposals. Each project proposal varies depending on the subject area, objectives, and the institutions which a project is proposed to. Here are some questions that a researcher can use to build his or her proposal: • What do you want to do? How do you plan to do it? • How much will the study costs? • What is the interest of the sponsor to the proposed project/research? • What will be the impact of the study to the field of study? • What are the past studies about it and its current situation? • What is your credibility to conduct the proposed project/research? Goodluck! - Cervantes & Lopez Downloaded by Joshua Aquino (ajoshua920@gmail.com)
